Earth- Our Heritage : Challenges & Opportunities

OUR Earth - our heritage

To understand where we are Frequent floods Receding glaciers Climate change Carbon credits and to help predict where we are going, it is useful to review where we have been

Current Scenario

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Panch Bhuthas Prithvi – Mother Earth - Prakruthi Apas Water Tejo Fire Vayur Air Akash Space

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Kautilya• Kautilya has described the procedure of construction

of dams for irrigation • • The king should construct dams and canals in areas

where there is shortage of water. • The dams may be built in partnership on hiring basis. • If people participate in the dam building then they

should be given concession for purchase of land, wood etc

• The farmers should spare their servants and animals for construction or share the construction cost.

• King should appoint an officer to supervise the fishing, disposal of silt and floating objects(trees etc).

King Bhagirath – the first Irrigation engineer of India• Sir William Wilcox (The father of Irrigation Engineering) has praised

Bhagirath in following words

“Following the genius of your country, your ancient writers (Vyas in Mahabharata) described the physical facts they were writing about in spiritual language, but the facts were there all the same. Every Canal which went southward, whether it has become a river like the Bhagirathi, or remained a canal like the Mahabharata was originally a Canal.

They were lined out and dug fairly parallel to each other. They were spaced apart that Canals should be placed. I remember quite well when I began to line out a system of Canals for the irrigation of the country;

I was astonished to find everywhere that a so-called “dead river” on the map was just where a canal should be place”

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Tanks constructed in India during 11th and 17th century A.DPeriod Name

• 1010 – 1011 Arikesari Mangalam • 1012 - 1044 Gangaikoda Cholapuram • 11th century Bhojapura (near Bhopal )• 11th century Rajatataka • 11th century Bhavadeva Bhatta (WB) • 1106 – 1107 Sindhuvalli (Mysore Dist.) • 1219 Periyavayakkal Trichi • 13th century Pakhala Lake Warangal, Telangana• 1369 Porumamilla Tank, A.P • 1409 Firangipuram Guntur Dist. A.P • 1410 Haridra dam Vijayanagar • 1489 Narsambwddhi Dist.Annantpur • 1520 Nagalapura Dist Bellary • 1521 Korragala and Basavanna Channels Dist Bellary • 1531 – 1532 Shivsamudra lake Guddapah dist. • 1326 Satpulah bund Delhi • 14th century Old Jamuna Canal Delhi • 1627 - 1657 Ravi River Canal


OUR Earth - our heritage

Challenges & Responsibilities

THE CHALLENGES India (Indian sub-continent) Long coast line (3,000 km) Widely varying terrain Geological features Geotechnical surprises

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Water Resources

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Majuli Island – River Brahmaputra

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OUR EARTH G V RAO 1320 Sept 2015

PURI BEACH EROSION


PURI – Coastal area


Beach Erosion near Calicut

Versov, Coast of Maharashtra

Infrastructure related to Water

Dams Earth and Rockfill, ConcreteCanals In clays (black), sands, rock cutsWater ways in rivers (Brahmaputra – Min. draft)Interlinking of reservoirsLift Irrigation SchemesTunnels


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Infrastructure related to Water (contd)

Water supply systems River Godavari to Hyderabad (250 km)Pumped storage systems River Krishna Haldi Neva (~ 450 km)Floods – ControlErosion – river and coastal

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GEOSYNTHETICS andGEOSYSTEMS

IN WATER RESOURCES Dr.G.Venkatappa Rao


What Are GeosyntheticsA planar, polymeric (synthetic or natural) material used in contact with soil/rock and/or any other geotechnical material, for Filtration, Drainage, Separation, Reinforcement, Protection, Sealing .

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Geosynthetics –The wide variety

• Geotextiles –Woven, non-woven Filter fabrics• Geogrids• Geomembranes• Geocomposites• Geonets, Geofibres,mesh mattings, Geopipes


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Geosynthetics: types and propertiesTerrafix non-woven compositeWovens vs. Non-wovens

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Geosynthetics – the functions

• Separation• Drainage• Filteration• Reinforcement• Moisture barrier• Cushion


Example of wovenGeotextiles20 Sept 2015 OUR EARTH G V RAO 27

ICOLD – Geotextiles & Geomembranes in Dams

1. Geomembrane2. Geomembrane

underdrain3. Chimney Drain4. Finger Drain

outlet5. Protecting &

weighing



Geotextiles & Geomembranes in Dams

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Maraval Dam – France (1976)

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Maraval Dam


Principles of Filters

arrest grains


O90 < (1 to 2) D90, base

Definitions- aperture of geotextile and migration of fine particles


Geotextiles - comparison with granular filters

Possible effectiveness of geotextile in filter: sieve curves and situation



Valcros Dam, France

A B C

250 smm stone, 400 mm thick

Geotextile 400 gsm

250mm stone, 400 mm thick

6 - 40 mm gravel, 150 mm thick

Geotextile 400 gsm20 Sept 2015


Valcros Earth Dam in France

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Rehabilitation Of Concrete & Masonry Dams – Geomembrane Water Proofing

• Seepage Problems Th’ Dam body• Alternate 1-Reinforced Gunite,Steel plate• Alternate 2-Geomembrane –

– Simple installation, – Rapid, – Low cost ,– Ease of future maintenance

contd.

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Rehabilitation of concrete & Masonry Dams – Geomembrane Water proofing (contd.)

• Lago Nero Dam, Italy (1929 – 1934)• Concrete Gravity Dam – Height 40 m• Major Remedial Works 1979• PVC Membrane 1.93 mm• Support - Polyester Geotextile 200 gsm • Machanical fastening ny plates/anchor• ADOPTED FOR OTHER DAMS IN

ITALY,FRANCE,PORTUGAL 1976 - 1991

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Lago Nero Concrete Dam Upstream Facing

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Construction Procedure

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State : TAMIL NADUOwner : Tamil Nadu State Electricity BoardDistt : CoimbatoreScheme : Pumped Storage Project (4x100 MW)

Upper Aliyar Dam Kadamparai Dam

KADAMPARAI DAM

• 67 m high RandomRubble Masonry Dam 480 m• 1984 - Commissioning – Leakage 15 litres/min.• 1990 – Signs of distress• 2002 – Major problem of leakage • 2004 – Leakage (38,000 litres/min.) • 2005 – Membrane installed 200 - 60 litres/min. Total Cost – Rs. 12 crores• 10 years warranty

REMEDIAL MEASURES

• Racking, packing and pointing the front face mortar joints with rich cement mortar (cement : sand ratio 1:2)

• Epoxy treatment of joints• Vertical drilling and grouting inside the u/s face at close

intervals• Drilling and grouting from inside the drainage gallery• Laying of Geomembranes (M/s CARPI of Switzerland) after

emptying the reservoir• Geomembrane• First Layer - Geotextile 1 cm thick (to provide mobility to seepage water)• Second Layer – 3-4 mm thick PVC geomembrane

Total Cost – Rs 12 crores• 10 years warranty

– Laid for the first time in the country in 2005


Davis Creek earth dam in United States (after Cancelli and Cazzuffi, 1991)

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Geotextile bags

• Geotextile bags of suitable size can be filled with locally available sand

• Bags are encased in gabion box for integrity of smaller units.

• Gabion box filled with geotextile bags can be lifted and lowered to required depth with the help crane.

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Geotextile bags in groyne construction

Vinjinzham fishing Harbour

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Geotextile bags for beach erosion protection

Good interlock Durable Abrasion resistant

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Protection System with Geobags for Majuli Island, Brahmaputra

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Geobags

Used in Fishing Harbour at Vinjinjham,Kerala – Specially fabricated Coir Geotextile bags

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Typical Design section of erosion control works at Farakka Project

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Kakrapar Canal grouted mattress

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foto van betonmatras

Concrete mattresses under wave action



Geotextile Tubes (Geotubes)

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Breakwaters Using Geotubes Haldia Port , Kolkotta

Geotube in Barge

Geotube at site

5.0

mH

ydra

ulic

fill

5.0

m Geotubes

1:5:1

1:5:1

Geotextile Apron

Notes:- Circumference of the geotube is 9.2 mwith a consolidated height approximatelyequla to 1.7m.

Breakwaters Using Geotubes Haldia Port , Kolkata

Completed Dyke

A Polymer Rope Gabion..

Swaminarayan Mandir, Tithal

HWL

Original beach profile

5 – 20 Kg stones 8

4

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Polymer rope gabions

Swaminarayan Mandir Sea wall During Construction

Projects In India Using Geoextiles In Earth Dams

1. Medha Creek Dam, Gujarat Filter layer slope protection

2. Hiran Dam-II, Gujarat Filter layer3. Ramman Hydroelectricity project,

West BengalFilter layer

4. Dharoi Earth Dam, Gujarat U/s & d/s slope Protection

5. Salal Hydroelectric project, Jammu

Filter layer around the relief well.

Also in Farakka canal Bed Protection



Salal Project, Jammu

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VISION

SustainabledevelopmentGlobal

Competition

European Challenges

•Ageing population•Health•Safety& Security•Growth & Jobs

•New technologies•New products•Low wages

•Pollution•Water demand•Cost of energy•Climate change


Innovation cycles


Karmayogi Sri Kanuru Lakshmana Rao20 Sept 2015 OUR EARTH G V RAO 72

Country’s Development and Prosperity depended on

Self sufficiency in food, water and electricity

Utilize the River water for the aboveGuiding force Mahatma GandhiInspiration from Sir Arthur Cotton

Support from Pandit Nehru temples of Modern India

PHILOSOPHY

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Closing remarks• A number of concepts still need further

elaboration to achieve the level of design quality comparable with more conventional solutions and systems.

• For a number of systems more practical experience is also still needed under various hydraulic conditions.

• The realization of this need is only possible if manufacturers, clients and researchers cooperate closely.

Krystian W. Pilarczyk


A presentation bySai Master Geoenvironmental

Services Private Limited

S e r v i n g t h e E n v ir o n m e n tSAI MASTER ACHARYA SRI EKKIRALA BHARADWAJA20 Sept 2015 OUR EARTH G V RAO 78

Earth- Our Heritage : Challenges & Opportunities

Engineering

Transcript of Earth- Our Heritage : Challenges & Opportunities