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Transcript of Earth
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Earth
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Earth
radius3957 miles
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Earth: Then and Now•(4.6 Billion years ago)
Differentiation: Process that led to Earth’s layers; Denser materials like Iron sank to the center, and lighter materials rose to the crust
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Earth’s Interior3 Compositional Zones
Crust-thin, outermost layer- varies in thickness-continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust
Mantle- middle layer- more dense than the crust
Core- central sphere- iron and nickel
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Earth’s Interior
5 Structural Zones
Lithosphere- crust and upper mantle- rigid layer
Asthenosphere- less rigid layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere- ‘plastic’ means that it flows very slowly
Mesosphere- Lowest part of the mantle- solid rock
Outer Core- liquid
Inner Core- solid
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How do we know anything about the interior of Earth?
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Kola Superdeep Borehole(1970-1989)
12,261m180° C
How deep can we drill into Earth?
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CAT Scan
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Using Seismology:
Earthquakes generate waves that travel through Earth and are recorded on the surface.
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Exploring Deep EarthSeismology, Gravity, Geomagnetism
Seismometer
(real life)
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Continental Drift:
The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations
Scientist: Alfred Wegener1912
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15 major plates (and many smaller ones)
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Pangea
Supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago and that began to break up beginning 250 million years ago
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Evidence for Continental Drift• 1. Fossil Evidence
– Found small extinct land reptile fossils on both South America and Africa continent which had lived 270 million years ago.
• 2. Rock Formations– The ages and types of rocks in the coastal
regions of widely separated areas matched closely.
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Identical fossils match up on different continents
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Rocks and mountain formations match where continents used to meet
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Evidence for Continental Drift• 3. Climatic Evidence
– Geologists have found glacier debris in Africa and South America suggesting they were once in a colder region. Plant fossils from the tropics at the poles.
• 4. Shape of the Continents– The Shape of the continents fit together like a puzzle
such as South America and Africa.
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Several continents show evidence of having glaciers in the past
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1858 Map – Continents fit together
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Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics is the theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called
plates, move and change shape.
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How do they move around the planet?
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Convection
Convection is the movement of heated material due to differences in density that are caused by differences in temperatures
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Convection in everyday life
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Evidence for plate tectonics
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Locations of earthquakes
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Locations of volcanoes
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Mid-Ocean Ridges (MOR)
Oceanic crust was formed more recently than almost all continental crust, and the youngest of all crust is at
the MORs.
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Seafloor spreading:
New oceanic lithosphere forms as magma rises to Earth’s surface and solidifies at a mid-ocean ridge
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Magnetic reversals and magnetic symmetry:
Earth’s magnetic field has flipped direction in the past, meaning that sometimes magnetic
North is towards Earth’s North Pole and sometimes magnetic North is towards Earth’s
South Pole.
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Newly formed ocean crust gets magnetized
Makes ‘Stripes’ of Normal and Reverse Polarity
‘Stripes’ symmetrical around mid-ocean ridge
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North Geographic Pole: the point in the northern hemisphere where the Earth’s spin axis meets the Earth’s surface
North Geomagnetic Pole: the point in the northern hemisphere today where the pole of an imaginary bar magnet producing Earth’s field meets Earth’s surface
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North Geographic Pole: top of Earth
North Geomagnetic Pole: where your compass points
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Rocks with iron in them got magnetized by Earth’s field!
Paleomagnetism: studying magnetization of old rocks
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Earth’s field sometimes flips (Reverses)
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Types of plate boundaries
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Divergent Boundaries
• Divergent boundaries occur when plate are rifted, or split, apart and begin to move apart.
• Creates large sections of oceanic crust. • Crust is created in this type of boundaries.
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Off the coast of Central America
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Convergent Boundaries
• Convergent means to converge, or bring together.
• Plate boundaries in which one plate (Oceanic) is pushed down under another (Continental) plate.
• Oceanic crust is destroyed at this type of boundary.
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Off the coast of Chile
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Oblique-Slip Boundaries
• Boundaries in which one plate slide past another with neither loss or creation of crust.
• San Andreas Fault• Also called “transform boundaries”
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San Andreas Fault, California