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Early Middle East: Hebrews and Persians. What is the Middle East? And Central Asia? “Never mind...
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Transcript of Early Middle East: Hebrews and Persians. What is the Middle East? And Central Asia? “Never mind...
Early Middle East: Hebrews and Persians
What is the Middle East? And What is the Middle East? And Central Asia?Central Asia?
““Never mind what the fact is, it depends Never mind what the fact is, it depends what it is called.”what it is called.”
What’s wrong with these names?What’s wrong with these names? Near East/LevantNear East/Levant ““Middle East”/Greater & CentralMiddle East”/Greater & Central Southwest AsiaSouthwest Asia Maghrib Maghrib
FactsFacts Vast -Region stretching from Rabat to Tehran Vast -Region stretching from Rabat to Tehran
(3400 miles)(3400 miles) Few distinct natural boundariesFew distinct natural boundaries Intercontinental—Europe, Africa, and Intercontinental—Europe, Africa, and
Asia-”Crossroads”Asia-”Crossroads” ““Greater Middle East” - Equal to U.S. in size.Greater Middle East” - Equal to U.S. in size. 20 independent states20 independent states 3 Sub-regions: North Africa, Arab lands, 3 Sub-regions: North Africa, Arab lands,
Highlands of Turkey and IranHighlands of Turkey and Iran Land of the 7 Seas Land of the 7 Seas
Physical map of northern Middle East - north to south includes Black Sea, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan
Note green vegetation areas in Israel on the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean sea, and along the Nile river and delta.
Mirage. . .
Fertile Crescent
The World of the Old Testamenthttp://scriptures.lds.org/biblemaps/4
Empires in Greece, Persia, RomeEmpires in Greece, Persia, Rome
Definition of Empire:Definition of Empire:
The political control of one people over other, The political control of one people over other, different peoplesdifferent peoples
But how to control?But how to control?
-hegemony-foreign rule that governs with the -hegemony-foreign rule that governs with the consent of the governedconsent of the governed
-dominance-exercise of military power, with -dominance-exercise of military power, with frequent resistance.frequent resistance.
PersiaPersia
Present-day IranPresent-day Iran
Iran derived from Iran derived from “Aryan”“Aryan”
Indo-Europeans Indo-Europeans [Medes and Persians] [Medes and Persians] moved into regions of moved into regions of later Mesopotamian later Mesopotamian empires [c. 1000 BCE]empires [c. 1000 BCE]
Stone relief of Medes
Chronology of Early PersiaChronology of Early Persia
1000 BCE1000 BCE Indo-European migrations into Indo-European migrations into Central Central PersiaPersia
600 BCE600 BCE Achaemenids united Persian Achaemenids united Persian tribestribes
521-486 BCE521-486 BCE Reign of DariusReign of Darius
500-479 BCE500-479 BCE Wars with GreeceWars with Greece 334-330 BCE334-330 BCE Conquest by Alexander of Conquest by Alexander of
MacedonMacedon
Persia
Key AchievementsKey Achievements
unifiers of the Middle East.unifiers of the Middle East. ruled diverse peoples. ruled diverse peoples. hegemony through tolerance of local hegemony through tolerance of local
traditions and granting of local control.traditions and granting of local control. uniform standards.uniform standards. trade from India to Egypt.trade from India to Egypt. skillful leadership (bureaucracy) and skillful leadership (bureaucracy) and
diplomacydiplomacy
The Persian Royal RoadThe Persian Royal Road
2575 kilometers 2575 kilometers longlong
Took 90 days to Took 90 days to travel from one travel from one end to the otherend to the other
Post stations, inns, Post stations, inns, courier servicecourier service
““Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers gloom of night stays these couriers from swift completion of appointed from swift completion of appointed rounds” rounds” Herodotus Herodotus
PersepolisPersepolis
The “Axial Age”The “Axial Age”500BCE – 100CE500BCE – 100CE
IndiaBuddha
Hinduism
PalestineJesus
PersiaZaruthustra
GreeceSocrates
PlatoAristotle
ChinaConfucius
Laozi
TheAxialAge
Revolutionary monotheisms:Revolutionary monotheisms:Jews, Christians, and Muslims (Abrahamic Jews, Christians, and Muslims (Abrahamic
faiths)faiths)
(J-C-I Tradition) believe:(J-C-I Tradition) believe:
There is ONE God (monotheism)There is ONE God (monotheism)
God is above nature and human weakness God is above nature and human weakness (transcendent)(transcendent)
Sacred books are revealedSacred books are revealed
Judaism, Christianity, IslamJudaism, Christianity, IslamAbrahamic TraditionsAbrahamic Traditions
All three religions All three religions consider Abraham consider Abraham their originating their originating prophetprophet
Islam places Islam places Muhammad in a line of Muhammad in a line of prophets including prophets including Abraham, Moses, and Abraham, Moses, and JesusJesus
Muslims consider Muslims consider Muhammad the “Seal Muhammad the “Seal of the Prophetsof the Prophets
Guercino, “Abraham Casting Out Hager andIshmael,” [1657]
ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism Prophet: Zoroaster / Prophet: Zoroaster /
Zaruthustra [c. 500 BCE?]Zaruthustra [c. 500 BCE?]
One supreme god: Ahura One supreme god: Ahura Mazda Mazda
conflict dualism-struggle conflict dualism-struggle between good and evil between good and evil
personal ethics and salvationpersonal ethics and salvation
Opponent of Ahura MazdaOpponent of Ahura Mazda Angra MainyuAngra Mainyu
There are few adherents of There are few adherents of Zoroastrianism today but it left Zoroastrianism today but it left many important legacies to the many important legacies to the Judeo-Christian traditionJudeo-Christian tradition
Modern image of Zoroaster
“King Darius says: By the grace of Ahuramazda am I king; Ahuramazda has granted me the kingdom.”
Jamsheed Choksy, THE SOLAR DIVINITY MITHRA ON LEFT, THE SASANIAN KING ARDASHIR II IN CENTER, AND THE CREATOR GOD AHURA MAZDA ON RIGHT, TAQ-E-BOSTAN, IRAN (300-400)
Greece and RomeGreece and RomeAncient WestAncient West
Mediterranean-centeredMediterranean-centered Cities and tradeCities and trade Self-governmentSelf-government Rise of empireRise of empire Decline and discontinuityDecline and discontinuity Shared culture (Greco-Roman)Shared culture (Greco-Roman)
• Chart: RGH p. 136Chart: RGH p. 136
JudaismJudaism Approximately 3800 years Approximately 3800 years
oldold
Founder of Judaism: Founder of Judaism: AbrahamAbraham
Foundational stories of Foundational stories of Judaism are ones of journey, Judaism are ones of journey, exile, returnexile, return
Descendants of Abraham Descendants of Abraham comprise a divinely chosen comprise a divinely chosen family and ethnic groupfamily and ethnic group
World’s first monotheistic World’s first monotheistic religionreligion
Rembrandt’s Abraham
922 B.C. The Jewish kingdom is established
70 A.D. The Romans conquer the Jewish kingdom – the Temple of Solomon is destroyed.
11-12th Cent. Massacres on Jews in the Rhineland and by the Crusaders.
1215 Jews in Europe are forced to dress in a certain way or carry the Jewish mark.
1290 The Jews are expelled from England.
14th Cent. The Jews are expelled from France.
1492 The Jews are expelled from Spain, unless they are willing to be baptised.
1648 Massacres on Jews in Poland and the Ukraine.
19th Cent. The Jews are gradually emancipated in Germany and in other Westernm European countries.
1819 Pogrom against the Jews of Copenhagen.
1881 Pogroms in Russia following the murder of the Tsar.
1919 Pogroms in Eastern Europe – 60,000 Jews are killed in the Ukraine by Ukrainian nationalists.
Key Historical Events Key Historical Events JudaismJudaism
Moses and the 10 Commandments-Moses and the 10 Commandments-ethical monotheism-the Covenantethical monotheism-the Covenant
Hebrew Kingdoms—David and Hebrew Kingdoms—David and SolomonSolomon
Diaspora – Torah (“Bible”) and Diaspora – Torah (“Bible”) and Talmud (Law)Talmud (Law)
Chosen PeopleChosen People Sacred Geography-Israel, JerusalemSacred Geography-Israel, Jerusalem
Exodus
Moses and his Covenant with God
HANAKKUH
Importance of Ritual
Torah
Basic Beliefs of JudaismBasic Beliefs of JudaismMeaning in God – ethical monotheismMeaning in God – ethical monotheism
““God is righteous and loves man”God is righteous and loves man”
Meaning in CreationMeaning in Creation
““The universe is god-created”The universe is god-created”
Meaning in ManMeaning in Man
““Man is created in God’s image”Man is created in God’s image”
““The Chosen People”The Chosen People”
Meaning in HistoryMeaning in History
““The Promised Land”The Promised Land”
Basic Beliefs of JudaismBasic Beliefs of Judaism
Meaning in Morality – the Covenant with Meaning in Morality – the Covenant with GodGod
““Ten Commandments” and TorahTen Commandments” and Torah
Meaning in JusticeMeaning in Justice
““injustice breeds its own demise”injustice breeds its own demise”
TalmudTalmud
Meaning in Suffering-Last Judgment, Meaning in Suffering-Last Judgment, SalvationSalvation
Holy City of JerusalemHoly City of Jerusalem
Dome of the Rock
Church of the HolySepulcher
The Western Wall
Jews within the Roman EmpireJews within the Roman Empire
During Roman times, During Roman times, there was already a there was already a “Jewish diaspora”“Jewish diaspora”
Jewish communities Jewish communities often came into conflict often came into conflict with Romans when they with Romans when they refused to worship refused to worship Roman deities or Roman deities or emperorsemperors
66-70 CE—Jerusalem 66-70 CE—Jerusalem defeated by Romedefeated by Rome
Oldest Synagogue in US – Newport, RI
DiasporaDiaspora