Early Mesoamerican Civilizations
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Transcript of Early Mesoamerican Civilizations
Early Mesoamerican CivilizationsThe Olmec and the Chavin
The Isolated AmericasTotal and complete—all the ideas,
technology, agriculture, writing, etc. flying around Eurasia was absent from here
Environmental challenges: north-south axis, lots of mountains, changing terrain kept people separated and not alike
Around 1000 BC the development of some trade, some domestication of plants led to urbanization and social stratification
The OlmecsA cultural force—considered the mother of Mexican cultureFlourished between 1200-400 BCCoincides with the Greeks, the
Zhou, the Assyrians (western Asia), the Israelites in the Promised Land (Canaan); after the Hittites
The OlmecsFamous for their 16giant head sculpturesprobably “portraits”of important leaders
Agriculture led to development of urban areas—corn, beans, and squash, maybe manioc
As leaders emerged, they organized irrigation and public works projects
Large-scale religious and civic buildings became the cultural draw
The OlmecsSpecial buildings and largeartificial platforms were sites of gatherings—peoplewould visit from surrounding areas for theseCities laid out according to astronomical patterns like starsProduced high quality crafts like jade figurines,
necklaces, etc. that distinguished their cultureBall game—rubber ball through a small stone
hole in the wall, went on for days, players often died
The OlmecsRulers controlledPeople with awe-Inspiring religious Rituals; rulers wereAssociated with the gods through
sacrifices and bloodlettingPolytheistic, most gods dual natures
(gender), the jaguar was important symbol/god
Political center at San Lorenzo, then moved to La Venta
The ChavinLocated in Peru, in the Andes MountainsThe coast of Peru had a dependable food supply (maize), which lends itself to urbanizationCoastal populations traded textiles, food,
ideas with those in the mountains and each other; Chavin de Huantar (capital) located at crossroads of trade
Chavin is simply one group that dominated a long time and seems to have inherited culture from this area
The ChavinLarge labor projects indicate developed elite &maybe military control of neighbors to help constructbuildings with very elaboratedrainage system beneath them to resist floodsLike Olmec, used religious rituals to attract
“followers”/gain influence—jaguar again a major religious symbol
Chavin de Huantar seems like a pilgrimage site
The ChavinSocial Classes: class ofpriests, main king and morelocal leaders existed, highlyskilled artisans, must have been a large lower (slave?)class to buildNo evidence of destruction of
society—increased warfare did occur at certain times, but when this group lost power is unknown
Compare the ContemporariesUse of religion by elites to control some aspect of society
Role of lowest class of peopleGeographical
advantages/disadvantagesDo this for:
◦Chavin◦Olmec◦Egypt◦China◦Mesopotamia