Early man to civilizations
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EARLY MAN to First Civilizations
Paleolithic Period and Neolithic Period
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The Paleolithic Period 2.5 Million BCE to 12000 BCE ish
(Before the Common Era)
• Humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, & the Americas
• Used fire in new ways• Used wider range of tools • Humans were hunter – gatherers
– (1 square mile needed to support two people• Economic structures focused on kinship
groups (family and clan)
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Archeologists interpret remains to describe early man.
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The “Ice Man”
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The Ice Man?
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/11/iceman-autopsy/hall-text
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Mesoamerica
Andes Amazonia
Eastern North America
New Guinea
China
Ethiopia
WestAfrica
Fertile Crescent
In response to warming climates, from about 10,000 years ago, SETTLED AGRICULTURE
appeared in a number of places..
Nile valley
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Settled Agriculture led to what is called
the Neolithic Revolution • Neolithic Revolution is the period known
for changes in human societies caused by agriculture and pastoralism (herding of animals)
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How did people learn to farm and domesticate animals?
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The Neolithic Revolution transformed societies
Changes to the environment
Increased population
More complex economies and social systems
• Patriarchy & forced labor systems• Specialization of labor (including artisans &
warriors)• More hierarchical social structures (elites and
commoners)
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- Improvements in agricultural production, trade, & transportation
Wheeled vehicles
Pottery
Plows
Woven textilesMetallurgy
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Domestication of Plants and Animals
Farming
Surplus Food SpecializationPopulation
Intensification
Complex Society,also known asCIVILIZATION
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7) Complex Technologies
Chariot5) Specialized jobs
6) Social classes
Bronze Sword
3) Writing and record keeping
4) Highly organized religion
1) Cities
2) Central governments and law codes
Elements of Civilization include:
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Early River Valley Civilizations
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Is civilization more “civilized”?
Agricultural settlements led to achievements, but also. . .
• Population increases• Stronger Patriarchy & Slavery• Rigid social classes• War• Increased dependence on agriculture
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So . . .• If a society is not a “civilization,” with
cities, complex institutions and record keeping, what is that society?– Barbarian?– Uncivilized?– Outsiders?– Backward or Unimportant?
• How that society is described depends on the INTERPRETATION of the archeologist and/or historian!