EARLY LIFE HISTORY STAGES OF FISHES

OF ORANGE LAKE, FLORIDA:

AN ILLUSTRATED IDENTIFICATION MANUAL

Roxanne Conrow

and

Alexander V. Za le

F l o r i d a Cooperative F ish & W i l d l i f e Research U n i t School o f Forest Resources & Conservation

I n s t i t u t e o f Food & A g r i c u l t u r a l Sciences

117 Newins-Ziegler Hal 1

U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a

Gainesvi l l e , F l o r i d a 32611

TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 15

May 1985

C i t a t i o n should read:

Conrow, R. , and A. V . t a l e . 1985. E a r l y l i f e h i s t o r y stages o f f ishes o f

Orange Lake, F l o r i d a : an i 1 l u s t r a t e d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n manual. F l o r i d a

Cooperative F ish and W i l d l i f e Research U n i t Technical Report No. 15.

45 PP-

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish t o thank R. W. Gregory and H. F. Pe rc i va l f o r t h e i r advice and

support. Fr iends and col leagues who ass i s ted i n f i e l d sampling inc luded M.

Buck, J. Christoph, J. DeFazio, J. DeValerio, C. Jeske, and S. Upchurch.

We a re g r a t e f u l t o them a1 1. Special thanks a re extended t o Jacquel ine L.

Carter , who generously vo lunteered many hours t o t h e p r o j e c t . I d e n t i f i -

ca t i ons o f c e r t a i n specimens were a ided by advice o r specimens f rom Robert

Wal l us , Tennessee Val l e y Au tho r i t y ; Paula M. Mabee, Department of Bio logy,

Duke Un ive rs i t y ; and Gerald McGowan, Caro l ina Power and L i g h t Company.

George H. Burgess, Jr., Clay L. Montague, and F r a n k l i n F. Snelson, J r .

reviewed d r a f t s o f t h i s repo r t .

Funding f o r t h i s s tudy was prov ided by t h e F l o r i d a Cooperat ive Fish

and W i l d l i f e Research Un i t . The F l o r i d a U n i t i s j o i n t l y supported by the

Un i ted States F i sh and W i l d l i f e Service, t h e F l o r i d a Game and Fresh Water

F i sh Commission, t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f F lo r i da , and the W i l d l i f e Management

I n s t i t u t e .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ac know1 edgments ........................................................ i i Introduction ............................................................ 1

.............................. Key to fishes less than 10 mm total length 3 .................................................... Cl upeidae (herrings) 7

........................................................ Esocidae (pikes) 9

Cyprinidae (minnows) ................................................... 11 Cyprinodontidae (kil lifishes) .......................................... 15 Poeci 1 i idae (1 ivebearers) .............................................. 19 Atherinidae (si lversides) ............................................... 21 Centrarchidae (sunfishes) ........................................ 23

..................................................... Percidae (perches) 39

Additional species ..................................................... 41

Literature Cited ....................................................... 42

INTRODUCTION

From June 1983 t o June 1984, t h e sen ior author examined t h e h a b i t a t

assoc ia t ions and seasonal succession of e a r l y l i f e h i s t o r y stages o f f i shes '

o f Orange Lake, Alachua County, F l o r i d a (Conrow 1984). The study inc luded

an eva lua t ion of th ree sampling gears -- a 0.5-m diameter tow net , a Breder

t r a p (a p l a s t i c t r a p w i t h leaders; Breder 1960), and a l i g h t t r a p (Floyd e t

a l . 1984).

A t o t a l of 23 f i s h species was captured du r ing the study. I l l u s t r a -

t i o n s and i d e n t i f y i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f 18 o f these a re presented, along

w i t h b r i e f mention o f h a b i t a t assoc ia t ions and seasonal occurrences. Note

t h a t a l l i l l u s t r a t i o n s and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s were made from f i s h captured i n

t h e f i e l d and are the re fo re n o t d e f i n i t i v e . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n s were based on

desc r ip t i ons i n the 1 i t e r a t u r e and, when possib le, comparisons w i t h known

ser ies . Species repor ted from Orange Lake (Reid 1950; DuRant 1980; Conrow

1984) b u t n o t considered i n t h i s r e p o r t a re l i s t e d on page 41.

Orange Lake has a sur face area o f approximately 5000 hectares and a

maximum depth o f 3.5 meters (Fig. 1). The f o u r h a b i t a t s de f ined f o r t he

study were open water, panic grasses (Panicum spp. ) , h y d r i l l a (Hydr i l l a

v e r t i c i 11 a t a ) , and, f 1 oating/emergent vegetat ion. The 1 a t t e r i n charac-

t e r i z e d p r i m a r i l y by spatterdock (Nuphar luteum), b u t a l s o inc ludes water

hyac in th (E ichorn ia crassipes) , c o o n t a i l (Ceratophyl lum demersum) , cabomba

(Cabomba c a r o l i n iana ) , and bladderwort ( U t r i c u l a r i a i n f l a t a ) .

Fig. 1. Distribution o f four major habitat types of Orange Lake, Florida, 1983. Sampling was res t r ic ted to the northeast section of the lake, inside L-shaped l ine on the map.

KEY To f i shes less than 10 mm Tota l Length (TL)

1. a. Chin barbels present: ICTALURIDAE I c t a l u rus nata l i s 1. nebulosus moturus y r i nus

b. Chin barbels absent -- 2

2. a. Adhesive d isc present on snout -- 3

b. Adhesive d i sc absent -- 4

3. a. Adhesive d isc w i t h pap i l l ae : LEPI SOSTE I DAE Lepisosteus p la ty rh incus

b. Adhesive d isc smooth: AMIIDAE Amia calva --

4. a. Preanal length (measured from t i p o f snout t o pos te r i o r margin of vent) less than 33% TL: ATHERINIDAE; Labidesthes s iccu lus I

(page 21)

b. Preanal length greater than 33% TL -- 5

I. a. Mouth superior, lower jaw extends past upper jaw; i f present, yo l k w i t h small o i l d rop le ts scat tered throughout -- 6

b. Mouth not superior; yo l k w i t h one o r no o i l globules -- 10

6. a. Dorsal and anal f i n f o l d s + present: CYPRINODONTIDAE -- 7 c - 3 -

?-

+ b. Dorsal and anal f i n s present

a t b i r t h : POECILIIDAE -- 8 @-ZLB -

t

7. a. Or ig in o f dorsal f i n f o l d begins s l i g h t l y an te r i o r t o anal f i n f o l d : Lucania goodei (page 15) -?=) -

I

b. O r i g i n o f dorsal f i n f o l d o r i g i n a t i n g pos te r io r t o the l eve l o f the o r i g i n o f the .anal f i n f o l d : <Qq-$J .+ Fundul us chrysotus (page) I

8. a. O r i g i n o f dorsal f i n an te r i o r '

b. Or ig i n of dorsal f i n pos te r io r t o o r i g i n o f anal f i n -- 9

D i s t i n c t l a t e r a l pigment band c rossed by 6-9 bars : Heterandr ia formosa (page 19)

No l a t e r a l pigment band: Gambusia a f f i n i s (page 19)

Preanal l eng th g r e a t e r than o r equal t o 70% TL -- 11

Preanal l eng th l e s s than 70% TL -- 12

Preanal l eng th about 70% TL: ESOCIDAE; - Esox spp. (page 9 )

Preanal l eng th about 84% TL: CLUPEIDAE; ~ r o s o m a spp. (page 7 )

Preanal l e n g t h 36-46% TL: CENTRARCHIDAE (page 23)

Preanal l ength 49-62% TL -- 13

13. a. Preanal length 49-50% TL -- 14

b. Preanal length 60-62% TL: CYPRINIDAE (page 11)

14. a. Narrow body w i t h s t r a i g h t gut: PERCIDAE; Etheostoma fusiforme (page 39)

b. Deep-bodied w i t h gut massively c o i l e d : CENTRARCHIDAE Micro terus salmoides &cm

Suggested references:

Auer 1982 Hogue e t a l . 1976 Lathrop 1982 Lippson and Moran 1974 Margul i e s 1983

CLUPEIDAE (he r r i ngs )

Two species of c lupe ids (F ig. 2), g i zza rd shad (Dorosoma cepedianum)

and th read f in shad (D. - petenense) occur i n the l a k e . We d i d no t 'a t tempt t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e the species because p o s i t i v e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n between t h e two

species i s d i f f i c u l t a t e a r l y l a r v a l stages, Young g izzard shad (7.0- ca.

21 mm TL) have 39-44 preanal myomeres; whereas young t h r e a d f i n shad (5.2-20

mm TL) have ca. 36 preanal myomeres (Jones e t a l . 1978). Shelton and

Stephens (1980) repor ted t h a t newly hatched t o one-day-old g i zza rd shad

(3.5-4.5 mm TL) were devoid of pigment ( i n c l u d i n g eyes). She1 ton and

Stephens (1980) a1 so repor ted t h a t t h read f in shad la rvae have scat te red

melanophores and pigmented eyes a t hatching. However, i n Orange Lake, these

c r i t e r i a apparent ly do n o t apply (Figs. 2a and 2b).

I n Orange Lake, l a r v a l shad were f i r s t captured i n February (sur face

water temperature 16-17' C ) . Peak abundance was i n A p r i l (18-22" C).

Although shad less than 6 mm TL were captured i n panic grasses, very few

were found i n open water. F i sh 6-12 mm TL ( the l a r g e s t s i z e category) were

most abundant i n open water.

Clupeids a re r e a d i l y d i s t i ngu ishab le from o the r f a m i l i e s by t h e i r very

long and narrow shape, and t h e p o s t e r i o r l o c a t i o n of t h e vent (preanal l eng th

i s approximately 85% o f the t o t a l length) .

Suggested references:

Hogue e t a l . 1976

Jones e t a l . 1978

Shelton and Stephens 1980

T i n 1982a

18.4 nun

F i g . 2. Shad, Dorosoma spp .

ESOCIDAE (pi kes)

Both the chain pickerel (Esox - niger) and the redfin pickerel (E. - americanus) occur in the lake. Only seven larval pickerel (10.5-14 mm TL)

were captured. All were caught in January (surface water temperature 14-15'

C) in the floating/emergent vegetation.

Esox larvae have a large, oval yo1 k sac and, as with the shads, the 7

vent is placed well back (preanal length about 70% of TL). However, unlike

the shads, - Esox larvae are robust and deep-bodied (Fig. 3).

At early stages, the two pickerels may be distinguished by myomere

counts. At 11-18 mm TL, - E. americanus has ca. 46 myomeres; at 10-14 mm TL,

E. niger has 53-54 myomeres (Fuiman 1982a). Intermediate counts (Fig. 3b) - preclude positive .differentiation of a1 1 specimens.

At 20-120 mm TL, a lateral pigment-free stripe is evident on - E. americanus; lateral pigmentation of - E. niger is homogeneous (Fig. 3d)

(Fuiman 1982a).

Suggested references:

Fuiman 1982a

Hogue et a1 . 1976 Jones et al. 1978

McGowan 1984

10.5 mm 45 myomeres

13.0 mrn 49 myomeres

15.0 mrn

Fig. 3. Pickerel, a . Esox americanus; b. and c . Esox spp. ; d . E . niger. - - -

CYPRINIDAE (minnows)

Three cypr in ids, pugnose minnow (Notropis emil i ae ) , t a i 11 i g h t shiner

(Notropi s maculatus) , and golden shiner (Notemigonus cryso l eucas) have been

reported from the lake (Reid 1950). The pugnose minnow was not found by

Durant (1980) o r by Conrow (1984).

Only golden shiners (Fig. 4) were captured i n la rge numbers. Golden

shiners less than 8 mm TL were f i r s t caught i n e a r l y March, were most dense

l a t e r t h a t month and were co l lec ted through Ap r i l . Young shiners were cap-

tured almost exc lus ive ly i n the f loat inglemergent and panic grass hab i ta ts .

Larval cypr in ids and catastomids are super f ic ia l l y s im i la r . The lake

chubsucker, Erimyzon sucetta, occurs i n Orange Lake, bu t only a few juve-

n i l e s (no larvae) were captured. They may be separated on the basis o f

preanal myomere counts; 27-29 f o r the lake chubsucker vs. 23-25 f o r golden

shiner (Jones e t a l . 1978).

Very few t a i l l i g h t shiners (Fig. 5) were captured. They may be d i s t i n -

guished from golden shiners by preanal myomere counts. By 5.9 mm TL, - N.

maculatus has 21 preanal myomeres (Beach 1971); a t 5-11 m TL, - N. cryso-

leucas has 23-25 (Buynak and Mohr 1980). I n add i t ion, up u n t i l the forma-

t i o n o f the caudal f i n rays, the golden shiner has a heavy concentrat ion of

pigment around the u ros t y l e (Fig. 4); t h i s pigmentation i s absent i n the

t a i l l i g h t shiner (Fig. 5 ) .

Suggested references:

Beach 1971

Heufelder and Fuiman 1982

Jones e t a l . 1978

Snyder 1979

Snyder e t a l . 1977

35.0 mm

Fig. 4. Golden shiner, Notemiqonus crysoleucas.

Fig. 5. Taillight shiner, Notropis maculatus.

This page intentionally blank.

CYPRINODONTIDAE ( k i l l i f i s h e s )

S ix species have been reported f o r Orange Lake: b lue f in k i l l i f i s h

(Lucania goodei ) , pygmy k i l l i f i s h (Leptolucania omata ) , golden topminnow

(Fundulus chrysotus) , 1 ined topminnow (F. I ineola tus) , seminole k i l l i f i sh - (F. - seminol is), and f l a g f i s h (Jordanel la f l o r i dae ) .

Juveni 1 e and adu l t b1 uef i n k i 11 i fishes and go1 den topmi nnows were

abundant from May through October. Golden topminnows were captured i n a l l

four hab i ta ts ; however, the ma jo r i t y of specimens was found i n the

f loat ing/emergent and panic grass hab i ta ts . B luef in k i 11 i f i shes occurred

r a r e l y i n panic grasses and were most abundant i n the floating/emergent

vegetation. Flagf ishes and l i n e d topminnows were rare, and no pygmy k i l l i -

f i s h o r seminole k i l l i f i s h were captured.

Species separation a t e a r l y stages i s f a c i l i t a t e d by the l oca t i on o f

the dorsal f i n f o l d . O r i g i n o f the f i n f o l d i s pos te r io r t o the o r i g i n o f the

anal f i n f o l d f o r the pygmy k i l l i f i s h and topminnows (Fig. 6), we l l i n f r o n t

o f the o r i g i n o f the anal f i n f o l d f o r the f l a g f i s h , and on ly s l i g h t l y

an te r i o r t o the anal f i n f o l d f o r the b l u e f i n k i l l i s h (Fig. 7) (Foster 1967).

Suggested reference:

Foster 1967

I

Fig. 6 . Golden topminnow, Fundulus chrysotus.

16

13.0 m F i g . 7. B l u e f i n k i l l i f i s h , Lucania goodei.

This page in ten t iona l Jy blank.

POECILI IDAE (1 ivebearers)

Three species o f l ivebearers are present i n the lake. The mosqui t o f i s h . (Gambusia a f f i n i s ) and l e a s t k i l l i f i s h (Heterandria formosa) were both very

common i n the f loat ing/emergent vegetation. The s a i l f i n mol l y (Poeci 1 i a

l a t i p i n n a ) was a lso captured p r i m a r i l y i n the f loat ing/emergent hab i ta t ;

however the frequency of capture was much lower than t h a t o f the other two

species . The e a r l i e s t post -par tur i t i o n stages o f poec i l i i d s are much more

advanced than the e a r l i e s t stages o f oviparous f i sh . The three species o f

p o e c i l i i d s found i n Orange Lake are e a s i l y d i f fe rent ia ted. O r i g i n o f the

dorsal f i n i s an te r i o r t o the o r i g i n o f the anal f i n i n the molly, but

pos te r io r t o the anal f i n o r i g i n i n the mosquitof ish and l e a s t k i l l i f i s h

(Fig. 8). The l e a s t k i l l i f i s h has a l a t e r a l band w i t h 6-9 crossbars and a

black spot on the dorsal and anal f i ns ; these are absent i n the mosquito-

f i sh . By 8.5 mm TL a cha rac te r i s t i c subocular bar ( ' t e a r drop') pigmen-

t a t i o n pa t t e rn i s v i s i b l e below the eye o f the mosquitofish.

Suggested reference: ,

Hardy 1978a

F i g . 8. a. Least kill ifish, Heterandria formosa; b. mosqui tofish, Gambusia affinis; c. sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna.

ATHERINIDAE ( s i l ve r s i des )

Only one species, the brook s i 1 verside (Labidesthes s i ccul us) (Fig. 9)

i s found i n the lake. Young s i l ve rs ides were f i r s t captured i n May;

however, the greatest number was caught i n Ju ly and August (surface water

temperature 24-27' C). The smallest s i ze group ( less than 6 mm TL) was

caught almost exc lus ive ly i n h y d r i l l a . Fish 6-8 mm TL were captured i n a l l

fou r hab i ta ts but were most abundant i n open water. S i lvers ides captured i n

the panic grasses and, espec ia l l y i n the f loat ing/emergent vegetation,

tended t o be la rge (greater than 12 nnn TL).

Suggested references:

\ Rasmussen 1980

T in 1982b

F i g . 9. Brook s i l v e r s i de, Labi desthes s i c c u l us.

2 2

CENTRARCHIDAE (sunfishes)

S ix genera and 15 species o f centrarchids have been reported f o r Orange

Lake (Reid 1950; DuRant 1980; Conrow 1984). The bluespot ted sunfish

(Enneacanthus g lor iosus) , black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) , warmouth

(Lepomis gulosus), b l u e g i l l (L. - macrochirus), and redear sunfish (L. - microlophus) are the dominant sunf ish i n the lake (Chable 1947). These

species, along w i t h the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), dominated

the cent rarch id catch.

Enneacanthus g l or iosus

Bluespotted sunf ish (Fig. 10) were captured almost exc lus ive ly i n the

f loat ing/emergent 'vegetat ion. A1 though juven i les were p l e n t i f u l , on ly one

l a r v a l specimen (3.9 mn TL) was captured.

D is t ingu ish ing cha rac te r i s t i c s o f t h i s l a r v a are i t s small s ize, and

the presence o f pigmentation. The very dense pa t t e rn o f melanophores

located on the ventrum from the anus t o the caudal f i n f o l d i s unique t o t h i s

species .

Suggested references:

Anjard 1974

Hardy 1978b

McGowan 1984

Wang and Kernehan 1979

Fig. 10. B1 uespotted sunfish, Enneacanthus aloriosus.

Elassoma okefenokee

A l l b u t one o f t h e 55 Okefenokee pygmy sunfish ( F i g . 11) c o l l e c t e d were '

found i n t h e f loat ing/emergent vegetat ion. No specimens l e s s than 12 mm TL

were captured.

Sugggested references:

Conner 1979

Mettee 1974 Walsh and Burr 1984

Fig . 11. Okefenokee pygmy sunf ish, Elassorna okefenokee.

Micropterus salmoides

Largemouth bass (F ig . 12) were captured p r i m a r i l y i n t h e panic grasses

and t h e f l oa t i ng lemergen t vegetat ion, beginning i n March.

Larvae a r e r e l a t i v e l y robust , t h e preanal l e n g t h i s approximate ly equal

t o postanal length, and t h e g u t i s t h i c k and massively co i led .

Suggested references :

Anjard 1974

Hardy 1978b

T i n 1982c

Fig. 12. Largemouth bass, Mic rop terus salmoides f lo r idanus.

F i g . 12. Continued.

Pomoxis niqromaculatus

Black crappie (Fig. 13) less t h a n 8 mn TL were captured i n greatest numbers from February through April (surface water temperature 1 4 - 1 8 O C ) . Abundances were equivalent in open water, floating/emergent vegetation and panic grasses (hydril la was sparse in the lake during those months).

Postanal length greatly exceeds preanal length, the body i s slender, there i s massive g u t coiling even in specimens less t h a n 5 mrn TL, and the

vent i s under or only slightly behind the a i r bladder. If present, the oil globule i s located in the anterior-middle portion o f the yolk sac.

Suggested references: Anjard 1974; Hardy 1978b

Fig. 13. 01 ack crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus.

29

11.1 Hun

Fig . 13. Continued.

Lepomis spp.

The most frequently captured Lepomis was the b l u e g i l l (Fig. 15),

fo l lowed by the warmouth (Fig. l 6 ) , and the redear sunfish (Fig. 17). Peak occurrence o f b l u e g i l l s was i n J u l y and August (surface water temperature

24-27" C); however, specimens less than 8 mn TL were captured from A p r i l

through September. The smallest b l u e g i l l s were taken i n the open, h y d r i l l a ,

and panic grass hab i ta ts . Very few b l u e g i l l s greater than 12 mn TL were

captured i n open water. Conversely, few b l u e g i l l s less than 20 mm TL were

captured i n the f 1 oatinglemergent vegetation. Occurrence o f warmouths

extended through the summer (June-September). The smal l e s t warmouths ( less

than 8 mm TL) were captured i n h y d r i l l a and panic grasses. Larger juven i les

(greater than 17 mm TL) predominated i n the f l oating/emergent hab i ta t .

Redear sunfish were uncommon; only 23 ind iv idua ls were captured. Two were

taken from open water; the remainder were equal ly d i s t r i b u t e d between the

hydr i 1 la , panic grass, and f loat ing/emergent hab i ta ts .

Species i n the genus Lepomis may be d is t ingu ished by the presence o f a

melanophore immediately above the anus. The gut i s S-shaped and long, w i t h

the vent we l l pos te r i o r t o the a i r bladder. A f t e r about 6 nun TL, the

warmouth i s d is t ingu ishable from the b l u e g i l l and redear sunf ish by mouth

s i ze (extending past the an te r i o r edge o f the o r b i t i n the warmouth;

an te r i o r t o the eye i n the other two). I n addi t ion, pigmentation pat terns

d i f f e r f o r the three species. A t 4-5 mn TL the supra-anal pigment spot i s

more prominent on the b l u e g i l l than on the other two species. Chromato-

phores on the dorsum o f the head appear e a r l y on the redear sunf ish (ca. 5-6

m i TL), s l i g h t l y l a t e r on the warmouth (ca. 7 mn TL), and r a r e l y before 8 mm

TL on the b l u e g i l l . By about 14-15 mm TL the three species can be separated

by the r e l a t i v e shape of t h e i r a i r bladders (Fig. 14). The eas iest way t o

do so i s t o p lace the specimens on a c l ea r surface and view them against a

back l ight . Also, by t h a t size, g i l l rakers have a t ta ined a d u l t morphologies

and the redear sunfish may be separated from the other two species by i t s

short, stubby rakers (Fig. 14).

Suggested references: Anjard 1974; Hardy 1978b; Larimore 1957; Wang and

Kernehan 1979

F i g . 14. Shapes of air bladders and g i l l arches o f a . redear sunfish, Le ornis microlophus, b. warmouth, L. gulosus, c . bluegill , - k o c h i rus .

Fig. 15. Bluegill, Lepomis rnacrochirus.

F ig . 15. Continued.

Fig . 16. Warmouth, Lepomis gulosus.

Fig . 16. Continued.

Fig. 17. Redear sunfish, Lepomis microlophus.

Unidentified centrarchids

Two unidentified centrarchids (Fig. 18), possibly the same species, were captured at the end of March in the floating/emergent habitat. Note the incipient dorsal and anal fin rays in the larger specimen.

Fig. 18. Unidentified centrarchids captured in Orange Lake.

PERCIDAE (perches )

One species, the swamp dar te r (Etheostoma fusiforme), occurs i n the

lake. Specimens less than 8 mm TL were captured from November through A p r i l

w i t h a peak i n November (surface water temperature 15-17' C). Swamp dar ters

less than 8 m TL were caught p r i m a r i l y i n open water and panic grasses.

Pre- and postanal lengths are approximately equal, and the gut i s

s t ra igh t . Ear ly larvae have cha rac te r i s t i c v e r t i c a l s1 ashes o f pigment on

the lower ha l f of the body pos te r io r t o the vent (Fig. 19).

Suggested references:

- Hardy 1978b

McGowan 1984

w

Fig . 19. Swamp darter, Etheostoma fusi forme.

ADDITIONAL SPEC1 ES

The f o l l ow ing f ishes have been reported from Orange Lake (Reid 1950; DuRant 1980; Conrow 1984) b u t e a r l y l i f e h i s t o r y stages of these were absent from our co l lec t ions.

Species Suggested references

Lepisosteidae Lepi sosteus p la ty rh incus

Ami i dae Amia calva

Cyprinidae N o t r o ~ i s emi l iae

Catostomidae Erimyzon sucetta

I c t a l u r i d a e I c t a l u rus na ta l i s l c t a l u r u s nebulosus Noturus gyr inus

Cyprinodontidae - .

Le to lucan ia ommata h l ~ 'Fundulus s e m Fundulus l i neo la tus

Centrarchidae Enneacanthus chaetodon 'Enneacanthus obesus

'Centrarchus macro~ te rus

Heufel der 1982a (see a lso page 3)

Heufel der 1982b (see a lso page 3 )

none

Fuiman 1982b (see a lso pace 11)

T i n 19824 II 11

#I I t

Foster 1967 I1 . I t

I t I t

Foster 1967; McGowan 1984

Hardy 1978b; McGowan 1984 Hardy 1978b Conner 1979; Walsh and Burr 1984 Mettee 1974

I t II

Conner 1979 none

I t

Lippson and Moran 1974; Buynak and Mohr 1978

LITERATURE CITED

Anjard, C. A. 1974. Centrarchidae - sunfishes. Pages 178-195 i n A. J. Lippson and R. L. Moran, ed i tors . Manual f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of ea r l y developmental stages of f i shes o f the Potomac River Estuary. Mar t in Mar ie t ta Corporation, Special Pub1 1 i c a t i o n PPSP-MP-13. Baltimore, Mary1 and, USA.

Auer, N. A., ed i t o r . 1982. I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of l a r v a l f i shes o f the Great Lakes bas in w i t h emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Pub l i ca t ion 82-3. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Beach, M. L. 1971. Some aspects of the l i f e h i s t o r y o f the t a i l l i g h t shiner, Notro i s maculatus, i n cen t ra l F lor ida. Thesis. Un ive rs i t y o f South F l d a m p a , F lor ida, USA.

Breder, C. M., Jr. 1960. Design f o r a f r y t rap. Zoologica 45:155-160.

Buynak, 6. L., and H. W. Mohr, Jr. 1978. Larval development of the redbreast sunf ish ( L e p ~ i s a u r i tus ) from the Susquehanna River. Transactions .of the American Fi-s Society 107:600-604.

Buynak, 6. L., and H. W. Mohr, Jr. 1980. Larva1 development o f golden sh iner and comely sh iner from northeastern Pennsylvania. Progressive Fish-Cul t u r i s t 42: 206-211.

Chable, A. C. 1947. A study o f the food hab i t s and eco log ica l r e l a t i o n - ships of the sunfishes o f northern Flor ida. Thesis. Un ive rs i t y of F lor ida, Gainesvi l le , F lor ida, USA.

Conner, 3. V. 1979. f d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f l a r v a l sunfishes (Centrarchidae, Elassomatidae) from southern Louisiana. Pages 17-52 i n R. D. Hoyt,

I ed i t o r . Proceedings o f the t h i r d symposium on l a r v a l T i s h . Western Kentucky Univers i ty , Bowl i ng Green, Kentucky, USA.

I Conrow, R. 1984. Hab i ta t preferences and seasonal succession o f e a r l y l i f e stages o f f i shes i n Orange Lake, F lor ida, w i t h an eva luat ion of sampling methods. Thesis. Un i ve r s i t y o f F lor ida, Gainesv i l le ,

I Flor ida, USA. I DuRant, D. F. 1980. F ish d i s t r i b u t i o n among hab i ta ts i n h y d r i l l a infested

Orange Lake, F lor ida. Thesis. Un i ve r s i t y o f F lor ida, Gainesvi l le ,

I Flor ida. USA. 1

Floyd, K. B., W. H. Courtenay, and R. D. Hoyt. 1984. A new l a r v a l f i sh l i g h t t rap: the q u a t r e f o i l t rap. Progressive Fish-Cul t u r i s t 46:217-219.

Foster, N. R. 1967. Comparative studies on the b io logy of k i l l i f i s h e s (Pisces, ~ypr inodon t idae) . Doctoral d isser ta t ion. Cornel 1 Univers i ty , I thaca, New York, USA.

Fuiman, L. A. 1982a. Family Esocidae, pikes. Pages 155-173 i n N. A. Auer, ed i to r . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f l a r v a l f ishes o f the Great Lakes basin w i t h emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commis- sion, Special Publ ica t ion 82-3. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Fuirnan, L. A. 1982b. Family Catostomidae, suckers. Pages 345-435 i n N. A. Auer, ed i t o r . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of l a r v a l f ishes of the Great ~ a k K basin w i t h emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publ i c a t i o n 82-3. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Hardy, J. D., 3r. 1978a. Development of f ishes o f the Mid-At lant ic Bight: an a t l a s of egg, l a r v a l and juven i le stages. Volume 11. Angui l l idae through Syngnathidae. U. S. F i sh and W i l d i f e Service, FWSIOBS-78/12.

Hardy, J. D., Jr. 1978b. Development of f ishes o f the Mid-At lant ic Bight: an a t l a s o f egg, l a r v a l and j uven i l e stages. Volume 111. Aphredo- deridae through Rachycentridae. U.S. F ish and W i l d i f e Service, FWS/OBS-78/ 12.

Heufelder, G . R. 1982a. Family Lepisosteidae, gars. Pages 45-55 i n N. A. Auer, ed i t o r . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of l a r v a l f ishes of the Great Lakes basin w i t h emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publ i c a t i o n 82-3. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Heufelder, G. R. 1982b. Family Amiidae, bowfins. Pages 56-62 i n N. A. Auer, ed i t o r . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f l a r v a l f i shes o f the Great Lakes basin w i t h emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publ ica t ion 82-3. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Heufelder, G. R., and L. A. Fuiman. 1982. Family Cyprinidae, carps and minnows. Pages 174-344 i n N. A. Auer, ed i to r . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of l a r v a l f ishes of the Great Lakes basin w i t h emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Comnission, Special Publ i c a t i o n 82-3. Ann Arbor, .Michigan, USA.

Hogue, 3. J., Jr., R. ~ a l lus, and L. K. Kay.. 1976. Pre l iminary guide t o the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f l a r v a l f ishes i n the Tennessee River. Technical Note B19. Tennessee Val l e y Author i ty , Norr is , Tennessee, USA.

Jones, P. W., F. D. Mart in, and 3. D. Hardy, Jr. 1978. Development o f f ishes o f the Mid-At lant ic Bight: an a t l a s o f egg, l a r v a l and j uven i l e stages. Volume I. Acipenseridae through Ic ta lu r idae . U.S. F ish and Wi ld i fe Service, FWS/OBS-78/12.

Larimore, R. W . 1957. Ecological l i f e h i s t o r y o f the warmouth (Centrarchidae). B u l l e t i n o f the I l l i n o i s Natural H is to ry Survey 27: 1-83.

Lathrop, B. F. 1982. Keys to the larval and juvenile fishes from the lower Susquehanna River near Middl etown, Pennsylvania. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Etters, Pennsylvania, USA.

Lippson, A. J., and R. L. Moran. 1974. Kanual for identification of early developmental stages of fishes of the Potomac River estuary. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Power Plant Siting Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Margulies, D. 1983. A preliminary guide to the identification of families of lsrval fishes occurring in the Ohio River. Ohio Journal of Science 83:135-138.

McGowan, E. 6. 1984. An identification guide for selected larval fishes from Robinson Impoundment, South Carolina. Biology Unit, Carolina Power & Light Company, New Hi 11, North Carol ina, USA.

Mettee, M. F., Jr. 1974. A study on the reproductive behavior, embryology, and larval development of the pygmy sunfishes of the genus Elassoma. Doctoral dissertation. University of Alabama, Montgomery, Alabama, USA.

Rasmussen, R. P. 1980. Egg and larval development of brook silversides from the Peace River, Florida. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109:407-416.

Reid, G. K., Jr. 1950. The fishes of Orange Lake, Florida. Quarterly Journal of the Florida,Academy of Science 12:173-183.

Shelton, W. L., and R. R. Stephens. 1980. Comparative embryogeny and early development of threadfin and gizzard shad. Progressive Fish-Cul turist 42: 34-41.

Snyder, 0. E. 1979. Myomere and vertebra counts of the North American cyprinids and catostomids. Pages 53-69 in R. D. Hoyt, editor. Proceedings of the third symposium on larvarfish. Western Kentucky University, Bowl ing Green, Kentucky, USA.

Snyder, D. E., M. B. M. Snyder, and S. C. Douglas. 1977. Identification of

Tin,

Tin,

golden shiner, Notemi!

H. T. 1982a. Family Clupeidae, herrings. Pages 64-73 in N. A. AueG, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great L a E s basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commis- sion, Special Publication 82-3. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

H. T. 1982b. Family Atherinidae, silversides. Pages 487-493 in N.A. Auer, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great LakeTbasin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publication 82-3. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Tin, H. T. 1982c. Family Centrarchidae, sunfishes. Pages 524-580 in N.A. Auer, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great Lakerbasin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Comnission, Special Publ ication 82-3. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Tin, H. T. 19824. Family Ictaluridae, bull head catfishes. Pages 436-457 in N. A. Auer, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great Lakes basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publ ication 82-3. Ann Arbor, Michigan, . .- .

Walsh, S. J., and B. M. Burr. 1984. Life history of the banded pygmy sunfish, Elassoma zonatum Jordan (Pisces: Centrarchidae) , in western Kentucky. Bulletin- Alabama Museum of Natural History 8: 31-52.

Wang, 3. C. S., and R. J. Kernehan. 1979. Fishes o f the Delaware estu- aries: a guide to the early life histories. Ecological Analysts, Inc., Towson, Mary1 and, USA.