Early History of Africa, South of the Sahara
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Early History Early History of Africa, of Africa,
South of the South of the SaharaSahara
Ch. 21.2
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1. Nomadic Groups (Berber, Bushmen)
2. Southern Nile River civilization
3. Trans-Saharan Trade (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)
4. East African Trade (Swahili)
5. Exploration of Africa
6. Slave Trade Expands
7. European Colonialism
8. Independence
9. Present-Day: Problems & Successes
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Ghana: The Kingdom of Gold• 1st great W. Afn trading empires
• Practiced trad. Afn religions, but very tolerant of Muslim traders
CAMEL CARAVANS!
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• Power came from ability to use iron weapons to control gold and salt trade– Taxed all trade
– Collected harvest portions
• Weakened w/ Berber attacks enter Islam
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The Kingdom of Mali• Rose to power after
Ghana (about twice the size)
• Most powerful under rule of Mansa Musa
– Encouraged Islam (officials had to read/write in Arabic)
– Made the hajj
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Songhai Empire• Replaced Mali gradually
• Islam became official religion
• Built university in Timbuktu (keeping city @ center)
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Timbuktu and Major Trade Routes
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Bantu Migrations• Absorbed other ppl
into their society– 60 to 150 million ppl
speak a Bantu lang.
• Iron tools allowed more efficient work
• Est. colony-like states
• CULTURAL DIFFUSION
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Swahili Trading States
• Swahili is a Bantu lang.
• Traded gold, slaves, ivory, leopard skins, etc. with Persia, India, & China
• City development
Another Bantu grp. (Shona)
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The Slave Trade
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The Atlantic Slave Trade
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Berlin Conference- 1884• How did the Industrial Rev. impact colonialism in
Africa?– Need cheap labor, raw materials, new markets, and
competition b/w countries
• Why was the Berlin Conf. called?– Settle territorial disputes, controlling slave trade,
humanitarian work promotion– Really just to divvy up continent
• What was the doctrine of “effective occupation”?– To own coastal land, had to prove you were capable of
protecting freedom of trade & transit (wealthy and powerful enough to handle it). “Sphere of Influence”
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Berlin Conference Summary–
-14 powers divided up Africa without consideration of cultures
-Result of boundaries:
1. African peoples divided
2. Hostile societies thrown together
3. Migration routes cut off
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Which two
European
powers ruled
much of
Africa south
of the Sahara?
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African Independence
• Really took off after WWII – weakening of Europeans
• Used Africans for military- How might have African participation in this war have aided freedom movements?
• Larger grp. of educated Afns
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Colonial Legacy- Set Up for Failure• Weakened African traditions – imposed own culture
(“civilizing”)• Antagonism between tribes• Low level of development
*most rely on a single crop or mineral – plantations, mines, etc.
• Authoritarian governments
*Europeans did not allow opportunities for Africans to participate in government, never knew democratic rule.
- political corruption, lack of respect for rule of law
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List 3 examples in which political boundaries divide an ethnic group. What problems might result from the political divisions created by colonial powers?
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Colonial Economies
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Present Day
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Ethnic Groups in Nigeria
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In what ways did colonialism affect the region’s development and set the stage for current conflicts in Sub-
Saharan Africa?
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List some major migrations that occurred in Sub Saharan Africa. Then
choose one migration, and write a paragraph about the motivation for
and the effects of the migration.