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Early Civilizations

Early Man

Early HumansWhat we know about the earliest people comes from the things they left behind.Archaeologists hunt for evidence buried in the groundArtifacts - weapons, tools, and other things made by humans

Fossils - traces of plants or animalsAnthropologists - focus on human society (how they developed and how they related to one another.

Ask what major artifacts have been discovered? Or something to that extent.4

Discuss meeting the archaeologist that I met in Jamestown and what he shared with us. Maybe show them the poster I got from that trip that has Jamestown at various levels of the dig.5B.C. and A.D.B.C. --- Before ChristA.D. --- Latin words Anno Domini and means the year of our Lord.B.C. is the time period before Christ and you count backwards from A.D. 1. *-------------*-------------*--------------*-------------*--------------*---------------*3 B.C. 2 B.C. 1 B.C. A.D. 1 A.D. 2 A.D. 3 A.D. 4

Common Mistake: Many people refer to A.D. and after death which is not accurate. This is not accurate because it does not account for the years that Christ was alive on Earth.

B.C. and A.D. are western and Christian oriented. Some people prefer the terms to be neutral to all global regions and religions. Instead people around the world use the abbreviations B.C.E. (Before the Common Era) and C.E. (Common Era).

Primary and Secondary sourcesDifferences?Primary SourcesORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (excerpts or translations acceptable): Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, official recordsCREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, artRELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings

Secondary SourcesPUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopediasinterprets and analyzes primary sources

Examples:Primary SourcesDiary of Anne Frank - Experiences of a Jewish family during WWIIThe Constitution of Canada - Canadian HistoryA journal article reporting NEW research or findingsWeavings and pottery - Native American historyPlato's Republic - Women in Ancient Greece

Secondary SourcesA journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findingsA history textbookA book about the effects of WWI

Primary or Secondary?

Tell which one is a primary/secondary source and why.Mona Lisa would be a primary source only if it was the original and not a copy 10Paleolithic or Old Stone AgePaleolithic means old stone in the Greek language. Roughly 2.5 million years ago around 8000 B.C.Students would begin to fill in their notes as I teach which in a chart comparison format.Reading Passages over the Stone AgePaleolithic people adapted to their environment and invented many tools to help them survive. What do you view as the greatest human achievement? Sending people to the moon, or perhaps, inventing the computer?11Hunters-Gatherers

NomadsTraveled in bands of 30 or more and camped near streams or another water source (Why?)Men huntedClubs or drove off cliffsInvented spears, traps, and bows/arrowsWomen looked after children, searched for berries, nuts, and grains

migration13Adapting to the EnvironmentClimate clothing/protectionCavesFire

5 Themes of Geography HEI. Why caves? Decorate caves. Why was a fire so important? 14Ice AgesLong periods of extreme coldLast Ice Age was from 100,000 B.C. 8000 B.C.

Discuss where the last Ice Age was located in the world.15AdvancementsDevelopment of the spoken languageHow did they express themselves prior to this?Paintings religious meaning? (brought good luck for the hunt)Taming of fireTechnology flint used to make tools axes and spears; skilled tools fishhooks and needles (animal bones)

Answer question and discuss.16Lascaux Cave in Dordogne, Francediscovered in 1940 by 4 teenage boys

What does this tell us about life in the Paleolithic Age?

Primary or Secondary Source?

Actual picture of this place. Couldnt find an exact copy of the one in the book. Activity????? Things drawn on the cave walls had importance in the everyday lives of early peoples. Have students into small groups. Each group could discuss what kinds of items could be drawn on a wall to tell something about our lives today. Give each group a large piece of paper and they are to work together to decorate their wall that tells something about our present day culture. Share out.17

Neolithic or New Stone Age8000 4000 B.C.People started farming, building communities, producing goods, and trading.Beginnings of agriculture/domesticationIn the Neolithic Age, people started farming, building communities, producing goods, and trading. Did you know that , today, more than a third of the worlds people work in agriculture? 18Why was farming important?Farming revolution

The word revolution refers to changes that greatly affect many areas of life. Some historians consider the farming revolution the most important event in human history. It did not begin in one region and spread. People in different parts of the world discovered how to grow crops at about the same time. (info from textbook). Discuss the various countries and the crops that were grown there. Why were certain crops limited to a certain area?19tzi the IcemanDiscovered in 1991Named tzi after the tztal Alps where he was found

Reading passage and activity/ videoFirst thought he was frozen at time of death. However, they realized that layers of fat under the corpses skin had turned into another substance sometimes called grave wax. Fat turns to was only when the body lies in water. They now believe that at one time the body unfroze and the grave wax formed. Grave wax hardly decays. This explains why it is in such good shape for so long. Scientists have determined that Otzi was 5 2 tall, probably in his mi-40s which was very mature for people of that time. He is kept in a refrigerated room at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy because he was found just outside of there.20Earliest Villages

atal Hyk8000 B.C.atal HykMud- brick homes packed tightly together and decorated inside with wall paintingsSpaces between were used as a garbage dumpBuried dead below floor of houseBabies buried wearing jewelry

The houses do no have doorsused ladders to enter from the roof. Bodies of adults were accompanied by few goods when buried.The well-planned layout of Catal Huyuk made it possible to keep the city clean even with a rising population. Consider how well organized your community is. What kinds of services are available to keep the area clean? 22Benefits of a Settled LifeGreater securitySteady food supplies healthy, growing populations more workers to produce a bigger cropSurplus trade/barterSpecialization (i.e. pottery, weaving)

AdvancementsBetter farming tools sickleDomestication of animalsWorked with metals (copper)After 4000 B.C., craftspeople in western Asia mixed copper and tin to form bronze, which was widely used. Bronze was harder and longer lasting.Hence, the Bronze Age from 3000 B.C. and 1200 B.C.

The Neolithic Revolution

Effects of Farming

Migration of Man

Click on the small pic for an animated version.27Paleolithic AgeNeolithic AgeArt and CraftsHow Humans Obtained FoodHow Humans adaptedWork of Men and WomenPaleolithic AgeNeolithic AgeArt and CraftsPainted cave walls (usually animals)Made pottery and carved objects our of wood; built shelters and tombsHow Humans Obtained FoodHunters and gatherersFarmed in permanent villages, raised and herd animalsHow Humans adaptedLearned to make fire, created a language, and made simple tools and sheltersBuilt mud-brick houses and places of worship, specialized in certain jobs, used copper/bronze to create more useful toolsWork of Men and WomenWomen gathered food and cared for children. Men hunted.Women cared for children and performed household tasks. Men herded, farmed, and protected the village.Review QuestionsQuestionsWho are archaeologists and what do they study?How did domesticating animals help with the Neolithic people?Why were Paleolithic people nomads?Why was the ability to make a fire so important?

Archaeologists are scientists who hunt for, dig up, and study artifactsAnimals supplied meat, milk, and wool. They also carried goods and pulled carts.They moved around to hunt animals and gather other foods.Fire kept humans warm, scared animals away, and was used to cook food315. Complete the chartCause: Farming beginsPeople had a steady supply of food.People settled in villages and worked at jobs other than farming.People began to trade.32

GEOGRAPHY influenced the development of river valley civilizations. Click on the map.33

Early River Valley Civilizations

SumerFlooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictableNo natural barriersLimited natural resources for making tools or buildingsEgyptFlooding of the Nile predictableNile an easy transportation link between Egypts villagesDeserts were natural barriersIndus ValleyIndus flooding unpredictableMonsoon windsMountains, deserts were natural barriersChinaHuang He flooding unpredictableMountains, deserts natural barriersGeographically isolated from other ancient civilizationsWhy were River Valleys important?Good farming conditions made it easy to feed larger #s of people.Provided fish and freshwaterTravel and tradeAncient Mesopotamia

CivilizationsCivilizations are complex societies that have cities, organized governments, art, religion, class divisions, and a writing system.

Into what body of water does the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers flow?Why do you think the region of Mesopotamia was so well suited for the growth of civilization?

Explain that Mesopotamia is often called the cradle of civilization.Mesopotamia included present-day Iraq, eastern Syria, and southeastern Turkey. 37Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is in present day Iraq. Later, the Greeks called this area Mesopotamia meaning the land between the rivers. 38

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA (4000 B.C.)land in between the rivers

Why was this a perfect place for the 1st civilization?Fertile Crescent - large arc of fertile land in the Middle EastTigris & Euphrates Rivers made it possible for farmingCattle, pigs, goats & sheep were accessible

39What was it like?Hot, dry climateSpring rivers often flooded (not always) destroying crops, homes, etc. Farmers believed they needed their gods to bless their efforts.Irrigation Some areas were marshy.Vulnerable to attack and invasion

Flooding left natural levees (raised areas of soil). Built higher to keep back the flood waters. Chief crop was barley. Others were wheat, sesame, flax, fruit trees, date palms, other veggies.40Mesopotamia Fertile CrescentSumer The Earliest of the River Valley Civilizations

Sumerian Civilization grew up along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Kuwait.

41Over thousands of years, the separate mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gradually came together to form a swampy, single stream emptying into the Persian Gulf. How would a river changing its course affect a civilization? What is the impact of these rivers on present day countries. They are the only major sources of freshwater in the Mesopotamian region. What are some difficulties countries might face with limited water supplies?The City of Ur today sits lifeless in the desert, perhaps 10 miles from the Euphrates River. Thousands of years ago, when the city was built, the river ran much closer to the site. Over time, the rivers path has changed, moving it farther and farther from Ur.City-statesTheir own govtOften went to war with each otherTo gain glory and to control more territoryProtection = wall made of river mud

One of the greatest cities was Ur. Each city-state had their own govt and god. Sun-dried brick walls with bronze gates which were open during the day but closed at night to keep the lions and bandits out. Narrow winding streets. Near the center is where the upper class lived in 2 story houses with wooden balaconies that overlooked courtyards around which the living quarters were built. Courtyards provided light and air for rooms. Outer walls kept sun and smells of street out.Write a paragraph identifying some of the responsibilities of the governments of early civilizations. Why did they use river mud? Why not stone or wood? (b/c they were in short supply)River mud bricks were used for homes, temples, and other buildings as well.42Ziggurat mountain of god or hill of heaven

Click on the pictures.The Sumerians believed in many gods. Each was thought to have power over a natural force or a human activity such as flooding or basket weaving. They tried hard to please their gods. Each city-state had a grand temple called a ziggurat to its chief god. They dominated the city.More than 3,000 gods. 43

At the top was a shrine or a special place of worship that only the priests and priestesses could enter.The area around the ziggurat contained palaces and royal storehouses. The surrounding walls had only one entrance because the ziggurat also served as the citys treasury.ZigguratPriests and Priestesses were powerful and controlled much of the land. They may even have ruled at one time. Later, kings ran the govt. They led armies and organized building projects. The first were probably war heroes. Their position became hereditary.How did people reach the upper levels of the ziggurat? Main stair to top, side stairs to the upper levelsWhile many ancient ziggurats have been destroyed or are in ruins, some have been preserved or reconstructed. These include ziggurats at Ur, Choqa Zanbil, and Nanna.

44Social ClassesUpper classKings, priests, and govt officialsKings lived in palaces.Middle classArtisans, merchants, farmers, and fishersLived in small mud-brick houses

Lower classEnslaved people who worked on farms or in the temples.

Artisans - made metal products, cloth, or pottery. Merchants or traders traveled to other cities/towns and traded tools, wheat, and barley for copper, tin, and timber which were things that Sumer did not have.Slaves were thought of as property. They were pows, criminals, or enslaved to pay off debt.Could illustrate the different social classes?????45Roles of Men and WomenMenHeaded the householdsOnly ones that could go to schoolWomenHad some rightsCould buy and sell property and run businesses

Men could divorce their wives by saying Youre not my wife. if he needed money, he could sell or rent his wife and children as enslaved persons for up to 3 years. He arranged the marriages of his children. Women could sell slaves, handled their husbands affairs when he was away.Children were expected to support their parents when they were old. Were expected to obey older family members. 46Mesopotamiacradle of civilizationSumerians left a lasting mark on world history. Their ideas and inventions were copied and improved upon by other people.Sumerian Writing: cuneiform

Developed to keep track of business deals and other events.Click on the picture.Their greatest invention was writing. Helps people keep records and pass on their ideas to others.Cuneiform consisted of hundreds of wedge shaped marks cut into damp clay tablets with a sharp-ended reed. Only a few people (mostly boys form wealthy families) learned how to write. After years of training, they became scribes or record keepers. Scribes held honored positions in society, often going on to become judges and political leaders.What way is education different today than it was in Mesopotamia? Think about all the times this week you have used writing to communicate.48Sumerian language

Sumerian LiteratureOldest known story comes from Sumer.Epic of Gilgamesh

An epic is a long poem that tells the story of a hero.It was about an actual king, the king of Uruk in Babylonia. The stories of his life both true and mythwere written in cuneiform onto 12 clay tablets. Unbelievably, these 12 tablets were found damaged but readable, in the ruins of a library that had been destroyed by Persians. The hero - A king who travels around the world with a friend and performs great deeds.When his friend dies, he searches for a way to live forever. Learning that this is possible only for the gods.

50Advances in Science and MathIrrigation systems Used geometry to measure fields and put up buildingsCreated a number system based on 60Watched skies to learn the best times to plant crops and hold religious festivalsRecorded positions of planets and starsDeveloped a 12 month calendar based on the cycles of the moon

Wagon wheels carried people and goods. Sailboat replaced muscle power with wind power.We have them to thank for our 60 minute hour, 60 seconds in a minute, and 360 degree circle.51Sumerian city-states lost power when they were conquered by outsiders.Akkadians

King Sardon set up the worlds first empire which lasted for more than 200 years.An empire is a group of many different lands under one ruler.53Babylonia

In the 1800s B.C., Babylon became powerful and quickly became the center of trade. Beginning in 1792 B.C., Babylonian king Hammurabi began conquering cities to the north and south and created the Babylonian empire. They took on the culture of the people that they conquered (worshipped their gods, languages of city-states). 54HammurabiBest known for his law code or collection of lawsHammurabi Code

He took what he thought were the best laws from each of the city-states and put them in one code. The code covered crimes, farming and business activities, and marriage and familyalmost every area of life. The code forced everyone to follow the same laws. Influence later laws like those of Greece and Rome. During his reign, he transformed Babylon from a small city-state into a large, powerful state. He personally directed his projects. For example, city streets were arranged in straight lines and intersected at right angles (like our streets today). Used water sometimes to defeat his enemies by damming rivers and suddenly releasing them so that they flooded an area. Or just by withdrawing water needed for drinking and crops.55If a man stole the property of church or state, that man shall be put to death;also the one who received the stolen goods from his hand shall be put todeath. The laws governed such things as lying, stealing, assault, debt, business partnerships, marriage, and divorce. In seeking protection for all members of Babylonian society, Hammurabi relied on the philosophy of equal retaliation, otherwise known as an eye for an eye.

56Hammurabis CodeHis intention was to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and evil-doers, so that the strong should not harm the weak. . .

Those that thought they were fair for the following reasons:Brought order and justice to societyRegulated many different activitiesStated what all people needed to know about the rules of their society.

Hammurabis CodeLaw 5: If a judge makes an error through his own fault when trying a case, he must pay a fine, be removed form the judges bench, and never judge another case.Law 122: If someone gives something to someone else for safekeeping, the transaction should be witnessed and a contract made between the two parties.Law 233: If a contractor builds a house for someone and the walls start to fall, then the builder must use his own money and labor to make the walls secure.

Hammurabis CodeSome thought that these laws were cruel and unjust.Called for violent punishments, often death, for nonviolent crimesRequired different punishments for accused persons of different social classesAllowed no explanation from an accused person

Hammurabis CodeLaw 3: If someone falsely accuses someone else of certain crimes, then he shall be put to death.Law 22: If someone is caught in the act of robbery, then he shall be put to death.Law 195: If a son strikes his father, the sons hands shall be cut off.Law 202: If someone strikes a man of higher rank, then he shall be whipped 60 times in public.

Click on the man in the corner to go to an interactive website over Hammurabis laws.60

BABYLONIAN ZIGGURATTHE MANY PEOPLE OF MESOPOTAMIA:Sumerians (ancient Sumers city-states) (3000 B.C. - 1800 B.C.)2. Babylonians (Babylonian Empire) ( 1800 B.C. - 1200 B.C.Assyrians (Assyrian Empire) (1200 B.C. - 539 B.C.)4. Persians (Persian Empire) (539 B.C. - 330 B.C.)Imagine you are living in a city-state in ancient Sumer. Write a letter to a friend describing which Mesopotamian idea or invention you believe will be the most important to humanity.62Review What is a civilization?What was the Code of Hammurabi?How was the geography of Mesopotamia suited for the growth of population and creation of a civilization?Why did the Sumerian record the positions of the stars and planets and develop a calendar?A complex society with cities, an organized govt, art, religion, a system of writing, and class divisionsA set of laws that the Babylonian leader Hammurabi established for his empireMesopotamia was located in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. These rivers often flooded, leaving behind rich soil for farming, which made it easier to feed large numbers of peopleTo learn the best times to plan crops and hold religious festivals63 Achievements of Mesopotamian CivilizationIrrigation, writing, wheel, plow, sailboat, use of geometry to measure fields and erect buildings, number system based on 60, the 12 month calendar64The First EmpiresAssyrians and ChaldeansThe Assyrian Empire

Located north of the Tigris River. Established 1,000 years after Hammurabi. Fertile valleys attracted outside invaders.

66The Assyrian DefenseLarge, well-organized armyFoot soldiers armed with spears and daggersExperts with bows and arrowsChariot riders and a cavalry1st army to use iron weaponsBuilt a large army to defend their lands. Around 900 B.C., they began taking over the rest of Mesopotamia. Iron was too soft to use in war, but a people known as the Hitties (NW of Assyria) developed a way of making iron stronger by heating the iron ore, hammering it, and rapidly cooling it. They were stronger than weapons made of copper or tin.67Techniques in warBurn crops, destroy dams, cut down treesTunneled under walls or climbed over them using laddersBattering rams

They were ferocious warriors. Battering rams loaded tree trunks onto moveable platforms and used them to knock down city gates. Once a city was captured, theyd set fire to its buildings and carry away its people and goods. Anyone who resisted Assyrian rule was punished. They drove people from their lands and moved them into foreign territory. Then they brought in new settlers and forced them to pay heavy taxes.68

A stone carving of the Assyrians conquering an Egyptian town in their war on Egypt.A well-organized govtDivided into provincesRoads joined all parts of the empire

About 650 BC, the empire stretched from the Persian Gulf in the east to Egypts Nile River in the west. Capital was Nineveh on the Tigris River. Assyrian kings divided the empire into provinces or political districts. They chose officials to govern these provinces. These officials collected taxes and enforced the kings laws. Govt soldiers were posted at stations along the way to protect traders from bandits. Messengers on govt business used the stations to rest and change horses.70

A drawing of the Assyrian capitol of Nineveh.

The ruins of Nineveh.Life in AssyriaWritinggodsMore brutal/cruel punishmentsLiteratureTemples and palaces

Writing was based on Babylonian writing and worshipped many of the same gods. Laws were similar. As builders, they showed great skill erected large temples and palaces that they filled with wall carvings and statutes. Produced and collected literature. 1 of the worlds 1st libraries was in Nineveh. It held 25,000 tablets of stories and songs to the gods. Modern historians have learned much about ancient civilizations from this library. Their cruel treatment led to many rebellions. About 650 BC, they began fighting each other over who would be their next king.73The ChaldeansCaptured Nineveh in 612 B.C.King NebuchadnezzarControlled all of Mesopotamia from 605 to 562 B.C.

Nineveh under siege by the Babylonians and Medes.BabylonWorlds largest and richest cityBrick wallCenter large palaces and templesHanging gardens, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world

It was surrounded by a brick wall so wide that two chariots could pass on the road on top. There were towers built into the wall at 100 yd intervals. This is where the soldiers kept watch. A huge ziggurat reached more than 300 ft into the sky. Another marvel, visible from any point in Babylon, was an immense staircase of greenery the hanging gardens at the kings palace. 76

These terraced gardens showcased large trees, masses of flowering vines, and other beautiful plants. A pump brought in water from a nearby river. Nebuchadnezzar built the gardens to please his wife, who missed the mts of Media (NW Iran) and plants of her homeland in the NW. They are considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. A complex irrigation system brought water from the Euphrates River to the top of the gardens. From there, the water flowed down to each of the lower levels of the gardens. Research what types of plants would have existed in these hanging gardens. Research the other 6 wonders.77BabylonOutside the center was houses and marketplaces.TradeCenter of science

Artisans made pottery, cloth, baskets, and jewelry. They sold their wares to passing caravans or groups of traveling merchants. B was located on a major trade route between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea, it became rich from trade. Center of Science Chaldeans believed that changes in the sky revealed the plans of the gods. Their astronomers mapped the stars, the planets, and the phases of the moon. They made one of the first sundials and were the first to have a seven-day week. 78Conquered by the Persians

In 539 BC, they were conquered by the Persians because they could no longer control the peoples they had conquered. 79ReviewWhy was the Assyrian army a powerful fighting force?What were some of the accomplishments of Chaldean astronomers?How did the Assyrians set up a well-organized govt?Why do you think the Assyrians took conquered peoples from their lands and moved them to other places?well-organized with advanced weapons mapped stars, planets, phases of the moon; created the sundial and 7 day weekDivided empire into provinces, chose provincial officials to collect taxes and enfore lawsWould make it more difficult for conquered people to rise up against the Assyrians80ReviewWhat different types of knowledge and skills would the Babylonians need to build the Hanging Gardens?Describe the beauty of ancient Babylon.81