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Early Byzantine
Tile Icon of St. NicholasConstantinople10th-11th century
Characteristics:No backgroundFlat faced
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Icon of Christ
Russian, Moscow
Tempera on wood and gilded silver
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Middle Ages
•saints in paintings wore halos around their heads•hieratic scale: representing the sizes of things according to their importance, rather than how they would appear in the real world •saints or members of the family of God larger in scale than ordinary or less important figures
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The Art of the
Italian Renaissance
The act of painting would no longer be to glorify God, as it had been in Medieval Europe. Painting in the Renaissance
related instead, to those people looking at the painting.
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What was different in the Renaissance?
Realism
Perspective
Classical (pagan) themes
Geometrical arrangement of figures
Light and shadowing (chiaroscuro)
Softening of edges (sfumato)
Backgrounds
Artist able to live from commissions
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Art and Patronage
Italians were willing to spend a lot of money on art.
Art communicated social, political, and spiritual values.
Italian banking & international trade interests had the money.
Public art in Florence was organized and supported by guilds.
Therefore, the consumption of art was used as a form of competition for social & political status!
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Characteristics of Renaissance Art
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1. Realism & 1. Realism & ExpressionExpression
Expulsion from the Garden
Masaccio
1427
First nudes since classical times.
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2. Perspective
Perspective!Perspective!PerspectivePerspective!!Perspective!Perspective!
PerspectivePerspective!!PerspectivePerspective!!
First use First use of linear of linear
perspective!perspective!
PerspectivePerspective!!PerspectivePerspective!!
The Trinity
Masaccio
1427
What you are, I once was; what I
am, you will become.
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Discovery of Perspective:
About 1420
Attributed to Brunelleschi
Perspective produced a greater sense of realism
All made possible through mathematics.
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3. Classicism
Greco-Roman influence.
Secularism.
Humanism.
Individualism free standing figures.
Symmetry/Balance
The “Classical Pose”Medici “Venus” 1st C
Birth of Venus Botticelli 1482–1486
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4. Emphasis on Individualism
Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino
Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.
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5. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures
Leonardo da Vinci
1469
The figure as architecture!
The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate
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6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges
Chiaroscuro:use of light and shade
Sfumato:gradual blending of one area of color into another without a sharp outline
Ginevra de' Benci, a young Florentine noblewoman who, at the age of sixteen, married Luigi Niccolini in 1474.
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7. Artists as Personalities/Celebrities
Giorgio Vasari
1550
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, andArchitects
Biographies of Italian artists
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Giotto di Bondone
Considered the first in a line of great artists
who contributed
to the Italian
Renaissance
1267-1337
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Giotto di BondoneFigures seem to exist in real space with recognizable human emotions.
The camels: have blue eyes, ears like a donkey and feet like a cow. Had Giotto ever seen a camel in real life?
Is the star Halley’s Comet which appeared in 1301?
The Adoration Of The Magi
1304-06
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A Contest to Decorate the Baptistry in 1401 Sacrifice of Isaac Panels
BrunelleschiGhiberti
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Ghiberti – Gates of Paradise
Ghiberti wins.
Made: 1425-1452
Michelangelo coins them the Gates of Paradise
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Piero della Francesca The Ideal City -1470
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David by Donatello
1430
First free-standing bronze since Roman times
The statue originally belonged to Cosimo de' Medici, and was placed in the courtyard of the Palazzo Medici
Sculpture
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15c15c
16c 16c
WhatWhat
aa
differencedifference
aa
centurycentury
makes!makes!
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The Renaissance ManThe Renaissance Man
Broad knowledge about many things in different fields.
Deep knowledge/skill in one area.
Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge.
The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.
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Self-PortraitSelf-Portrait da Vinci, 1512 da Vinci, 1512
1452 - 15191452 - 1519
Artist
Sculptor
Architect
Scientist
Engineer
Inventor
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Vitruvian Man Vitruvian Man
Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci
14921492
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The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498Geometry
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RefractoryConvent of Santa Maria delle Grazie
Milan
15 feet × 29 ft
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horizontal
vert
ical
Perspective!Perspective!
The Last Supper The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498- da Vinci, 1498
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Detail of Jesus
New technique that resulted in rapid deterioration
Deterioration
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Apostles First time Judas was painted as one of the twelve
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Mona Lisa
Da Vinci
1503
Oil
Poplar panel
da Vinci carries it with him and the painting is next to him when he dies in France in 1519
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Botticelli The Birth of Venus
It depicts the goddess Venus, having emerged from the sea as a full grown woman, arriving at the sea-shore 1482–1486
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Michelangelo Buonorrati
1475 – 1564Born near Florence
Adopted by Medici family
He represented the body in three dimensions of sculpture.
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David
1504
Marble
Heroic
Intense
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High Renaissance 1500-1525
Associated with these three artists:
da Vinci - MilanRaphael - RomeMichelangelo - Rome
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Renaissance RomeThe High Renaissance
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The Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo
1508-1512
About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
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The Sistine Chapel’s CeilingMichelangelo Buonarroti
1508 - 1512
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Raphael
The School of Athens 1510 FrescoVatican City
Perspective
Subjects are mainly secular, but can be religious
Figures look idealized, but can also look like everyday ordinary people
Bodies are active
Clothed or unclothed
Faces are expressive
Detail
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Plato:looks to the heavens-or the IDEALrealm.Painted as da Vinci
Aristotle:looks to thisearth-thehere andnow
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Marriage in the Renaissance
Marriage vows were often treated like business contracts-carefully arranged marriage to strengthen business or family ties
A dowry-a bride’s family's gift to the bridegroom
A woman was expected to become a part of her new husband’s family Raphael Marriage of the Virgin-1529
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Lorenzo Lorenzo the Magnificentthe Magnificent
1478 - 15211478 - 1521
Cosimo de MediciCosimo de Medici
1517 - 15741517 - 1574
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Florence Under the MediciFlorence Under the Medici
Medici ChapelMedici Chapel
The Medici PalaceThe Medici Palace
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Other Famous DomesOther Famous Domes
Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital Florence Rome London Washington