Early African-American Physicians in Alabama
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Transcript of Early African-American Physicians in Alabama
Early African-American Physicians in Alabama
A.J. Wright, M.L.S.Anesthesiology Library
UAB
BLACK PHYSICIAN MILESTONES
ca. 1780: James Derham first U.S. physician (apprenticeship)
1837: James McCune Smith first M.D. (Univ of Glasgow)
1847: David John Peck first U.S. M.D.(Rush Med. Coll., Chicago)
BLACK PHYSICIAN MILESTONES
1854: John V. deGrasse first medical society member (Boston)
1864: Rebecca Lee Crumpler first woman U.S. M.D. (NE Female Medical College)
U.S. PHYSICIANS
1900 1910
White 129, 841 147,741 (13.8% increase)
Black 1,734 3,077 (77.5% increase)
BLACK MEDICAL SCHOOLS19TH Century
1868: Howard (Washington, D.C.) 1876: Meharry (Nashville) 1882: Leonard (Shaw) (Raleigh, N.C.)
HOWARD MEDICAL COLLEGE
MEHARRY MEDICAL COLLEGE
ALABAMA’S BLACK PHYSICIANS1879-1905
Male 66 Female 4 Cert. Refused -14
-Total 56
ALABAMA’S BLACK PHYSICIANS 1879-1905Medical Schools Meharry 37 Howard 10 Leonard 5 Michigan 4 Unknown 3 Long Island Hosp. 2 Illinois Med Coll 2 Other 6 Total 70
ALABAMA MEDICAL PRACTICE ACT OF 1877 Designated MASA to establish
physician standards/qualifications MASA Board of Censors became state
BME Each county’s Board of Censors could
also administer exams/issue licenses recognized statewide
EARLY CERTIFIED BLACK PHYSICIANS IN ALABAMA
1879: Burgess E. Scruggs (Madison Co.) 1884: Cornelius N. Dorsette (Montgomery Co.) 1885: Allen L. Strong (Dallas Co.) 1889: Lincoln L. Burwell (Dallas Co.)
EARLY CERTIFIED BLACK FEMALE PHYSICIANS IN ALABAMA
Halle Tanner Dillon [Tuskegee] Justina Lorena Ford [Normal] Blanche Beatrice Thompson [Alex
City/Opelika] Pauline Elizabeth Dinkins [Selma]
Burgess E. Scruggs, M.D.
Burgess E. Scruggs, M.D.
Univ. of Nashville, 1870 Meharry, 1879 Certified in Madison Co. 1879 Practiced in Huntsville until 1920s Buried in Glenwood Cemetery,
Huntsville
Cornelius N. Dorsette, MD185?-1897
Cornelius Nathaniel Dorsette, M.D. 185?-1897
Born Davidson Co., North Carolina Hampton Inst. Classmate of B.T. Washington Univ. of Buffalo Med. Sch., 1882 Certified Montgomery Co., 1884
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington
Early view of Tuskegee Institute
Tuskegee faculty w/Andrew Carnegie [1906]
Classroom scene at Tuskegee
Allen L. Strong, M.D. [1861-1899]
Born in Forest, Mississippi Graduated Howard Univ. 1885 Certified Dallas Co. Board, 1885 Selma: 1885-1890 Atlanta: 1890-1895 Mobile: 1895-1899
Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson, MD1864-1901
Halle Tanner Dillon, M.D.[1864-1901]
Born Pittsburgh, Penn. Women’s Med. Coll. Penn., 1891 Certified Ala. State Board, 1891 Tuskegee Inst., 1891-1894 Hale Infirmary, Montgomery (?)
Halle Tanner Dillon, M.D.[1864-1901] Examiners included: Dr. Peter Bryce Dr. George A. Ketchum Dr. James T. Searcy Dr. J.B. Gaston
Halle Tanner Dillon, M.D.[1864-1901] “During her tenure she was responsible
for the medical care of 450 students as well as for 30 officers and teachers and their families. [She] was expected to make her own medicines, while teaching one or two classes each term.”
[Hine DC, 1985]
Halle Tanner Dillon, M.D.[1864-1901] “For her efforts she was paid six
hundred dollars per year plus room and board; she was allowed one one-month vacation per year.”
[Hine DC, 1985]
Halle Tanner Dillon, M.D.[1864-1901] In 1894, married Rev. John Quincy
Johnson, mathematics teacher at Tuskegee
In 1895 they moved to Columbia, South Carolina
In 1900 he became pastor of AME church in Nashville
Halle Tanner Dillon, M.D.[1864-1901] Died of dysentery and childbirth
complications April 26, 1901 She was 37 Buried in Greenwood Cemetery,
Nashville
Ionia R. Whipper, M.D.1872-1953
Howard Medical School, 1903 Succeeded Dillon at Tuskegee as resident
physician Cared only for female patients Returned to Washington, D.C. and began
work with unwed mothers Opened Ionia R. Whipper Home, Inc., for
Unwed Mothers in 1931
Alonzo Homer Kenniebrew, M.D.
Tuskegee, 1891 Meharry, 1897 Married Leonora
Love Chapman, 1899
Moved to Illinois in 1902
Lincoln L. Burwell, M.D. [1866-1928]
Born in McKinley, Marengo County Graduated valedictorian, Selma Univ. Two daughters graduated from Oberlin
College, Ohio Served many years as Secretary of
Trustees, Selma Univ.
Lincoln L. Burwell, M.D. [1867-1928]
Leonard Medical College, 1890 Drug store owner Established Burwell Infirmary, 1907 “We…always found him the same:
even-tempered, friendly, regular in his habits, always ready to help a worthy cause…” [JNMA 1928]
Lincoln Laconia Burwell, M.D.
From John A. Kenney, The Negro in Medicine, 1912
From John A. Kenney, The Negro in Medicine, 1912
Burwell Infirmary, 1931
“Burwell Infirmary (Colored), 508 Philpot Ave. Estab. 1907; general; 25 beds; 2 bassinets; school of nursing; individual control; Mrs. Minnie V. Anderson, R.N., supt.”
American Medical Directory, 1931, p. 197
Pauline E. Dinkins, M.D.
B. December 30, 1891, in Marion Woman’s MC Philadelphia, 1919 Certified Ala. state board July, 1919 807 Minter Ave., Selma in 1921 Missionary trip to Africa 1929
Pauline E. Dinkins, M.D.
U.S. Passport #459678 / 9-20-1927 Published African Folk Tales [1933] D. 1961
SS Albert Ballin 1923
John Wesley Moorer, M.D. [?-1942]
Born in Braggs, Alabama Selma University graduate Meharry graduate, 1899 Certified Clarke Co. 1899 In Selma by 1900 Selma Univ. physician and trustee
Selma University, ca. 1895
Arthur McKinnon Brown, M.D.1867-1939
B. Raleigh NC U. of Michigan, 1891 Highest score on
Alabama medical exam to that time
First black officer commissioned in regular U.S. army
Arthur McKinnon Brown, M.D.1867-1939
Surgeon, Lieutenant in 10th U.S. Cavalry [Buffalo Soldiers]
Served 1898-9 in Cuba during Spanish-American War
Built home in 1906 at 319 4th Terrace in Smithfield
Designed by Wallace A. Rayfield
Ulysses Grant Mason, M.D.
Meharry, 1895 Birmingham, 1895 Published articles in
medical literature Active in efforts to
create library service for blacks in Birmingham
John Wesley Darden, M.D.
Leonard MC, 1901 Moved to Opelika, 1903 Built home at 1323 Auburn St., 1904 Died in 1949 Darden H.S., 1951 Merged w/Opelika H.S., 1971 Darden Foundation formed 2001
Image is from the renovation project of this house http://www.opelikahighschools.org/id195.html
Thomas Vivian McCoo, M.D.1883-1967
Selma Univ. graduate Leonard MC graduate Practiced in Eufaula for
almost 50 years Son William also a
doctor [Los Angeles] Granddaughter Marilyn
a singer [Fifth Dimension, etc.]
Hiram Ethan Archer, M.D.
Born July 1870 in Michigan 1900 U.S. Census: Huntsville Spouse: Henrietta M. Archer [teacher] Listed in Selma in 1912 American
Medical Directory Listed in Selma as “not in practice” in
1921 American Medical Directory
Alexander George William Allen, M.D.
Born 1859 in Smith Station, Alabama Meharry graduate, 1899 Practicing in Union Springs, Bullock 1910 Trans MASA 1912 and 1921 American Medical
Directory
Alexander George William Allen, M.D.
1910 Census: Union Springs Ward 5 Spouse Carrie A. Allen 5 children Ages 2 through 7
Anderson Milton Williams, M.D.
Leonard Medical College, 1900 Certified Bullock Co. 1900 Union Springs 1900-1910
James W. Wylie [Wiley?], M.D.
University of Illinois, 1905 Certified state board, 1905 Greensboro, Hale County, 1910
John Andrews Kenney, Sr., M.D.1864-1950 Born Albemarle Co., Virginia Leonard (Shaw) Med. Sch., 1901 Tuskegee Institute, 1902 Negro in Medicine, 1912 NMA President, 1913 Left Tuskegee, 1924
John A. Kenney, M.D.
Resident Physician, Tuskegee Institute Began in August, 1902 First operation on a male student Diseased metatarsal bone
“At the close of the operation he laid his hands on both my shoulders, and said, ‘Well done. I’ll go with you anywhere.’ As he was one of the State’s recognized surgeons, and the leading operator in Macon and adjoining counties, his compliment pleased me very much.”
--Kenney, J National Med Assoc, 1946
“At the close of the operation…”
Louis William Johnston, M.D.
University Alabama Medical School, 1889
Began practice in Tuskegee Member, State Board of Medical
Examiners Member, State Department of Health Administered general anesthesia for
Kenney’s first operation
John A. Andrew Hosp., Tuskegee http://www.lindakenneymiller.com/index.html
http://www.lindakenneymiller.com/index.html
Dr. John A. Kenney founded the Journal of the National Medical Association. Pictured here is the editorial staff of the Journal which was first published in 1909. Seated is Dr. C.V. Roman, the first editor.
Linda Kenney Miller
Granddaughter of Dr. John A. Kenney
Written a novel based on his life, Beacon on the Hill [2008]
http://www.lindakenneymiller.com/index.html
John A. Kenney, M.D.
Resident Physician, Tuskegee Institute Began in August, 1902 First operation on a male student Diseased metatarsal bone
BLACK PHYSICIANS:U.S. and ALABAMA
1932 1942
• U.S. 3,985 3,810• Alabama 116 125• Birmingham 27 19
John A. Darden, M.D., House
Opelika Top photo from
Kenney’s Negro in Medicine [1912]
Color photo, Sept. 2002
Norma Jean Darden
In her book Spoonbread and Strawberry Wine: Recipes and Reminiscences of a Family she talks about her uncle, Dr. Darden
SS Albert Ballin
Cornelius N. Dorsette, MD185?-1897
Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson, MD1864-1901
Ionia R. Whipper, M.D.
Howard Medical School, 1903 Succeeded Dillon at Tuskegee as
resident physician Cared only for female patients Returned to Washington, D.C. and
began work with unwed mothers Opened Ionia R. Whipper Home, Inc., for
Unwed Mothers in 1931
Obituary NYT 1950
JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Vol. XXII, No.3(1930)
KENNEY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL(Incorporated)
Newark, New Jersey By JOHN A. KENNEY, M.D., President
Kenney/Community Hosp.Newark NJ ca. 1930s
“At the close of the operation he laid his hands on both my shoulders, and said, ‘Well done. I’ll go with you anywhere.’ As he was one of the State’s recognized surgeons, and the leading operator in Macon and adjoining counties, his compliment pleased me very much.”
--Kenney, J National Med Assoc, 1946
Louis William Johnston, M.D.
University Alabama Medical School, 1889
Began practice in Tuskegee Member, State Board of Medical
Examiners Member, State Department of Health Administered general anesthesia for
Kenney’s first operation
MILESTONES IN ALABAMA
1904: Alabama State Medical Congress 1912: NMA annual meeting, Tuskegee 1913: John A. Kenney, Sr., NMA
President 1914: Arthur M. Brown, NMA President 1914: Health Improvement Week est.
by B.T. Washington
JNMA COVERS
Kenney Jan. 1956 Dorsette Nov. 1960 Tuskegee VA March 1962 Holy Family Hospital (Ensley) Jan. 1963
JUSTINA LAURENA CARTER FORD, M.D.1871-1952
b. Knoxville, Illinois
Herring Medical College, Chicago-1899
Practiced about 2 yrs. in Normal, Alabama
Spent remainder of career in Denver
Home is now Black American West Museum
BLANCHE BEATRICE S. THOMPSON, M. D.
Georgia native
Meharry, 1901
Cert. Tallapoosa Co., 1903
LUCY HOPKINS WHITE
b. 1791
Made deposit in March, 1870, at Huntsville branch of Freeman’s Saving and Trust Co.
Listed occupation as “Doctor”
AMANDA JONES
b. 1817
Made deposit in October, 1870, at Huntsville branch of Freedman’s Saving and Trust Co.
Listed occupation as “Doctors”