Earliest ScotlandEarliest Scotland

The foundations of a nationThe foundations of a nation

The word ‘Scotland’ will not be used The word ‘Scotland’ will not be used until the Middle Ages.until the Middle Ages.

Before other names are attached to Before other names are attached to northern Britain: ‘Alba’, Caledonia.northern Britain: ‘Alba’, Caledonia.

The first peoples of ‘Scotland’ that The first peoples of ‘Scotland’ that we know about belong to the Celtic we know about belong to the Celtic Iron Age.Iron Age.

Iron age ScotlandIron age Scotland At this time all of At this time all of

Britain is Celtic in Britain is Celtic in speech, and has speech, and has various forms of various forms of Iron Age La TIron Age La Tèène ne culture.culture.

These names come These names come from Ptolemy the from Ptolemy the GeographerGeographer

The CaledonesThe Caledones‘The Noblest in All Britain’‘The Noblest in All Britain’

Tacitus is the only source for Tacitus is the only source for Caledonian warfare.Caledonian warfare.

War-trumpetsWar-trumpets ‘‘nudi sont Brittones’nudi sont Brittones’ Chariots (scythed axled Chariots (scythed axled covinnuscovinnus))

CRANNOG

BrochBroch

Tribal territories (LowlandsTribal territories (Lowlands))

Between the Tyne-Solway and the Between the Tyne-Solway and the Clyde-Forth lines (later the frontiers Clyde-Forth lines (later the frontiers constructed by Hadrian and then constructed by Hadrian and then Antoninus), we have four tribes:Antoninus), we have four tribes: Votadini (Uotadini, Gododdin)-Traprain Votadini (Uotadini, Gododdin)-Traprain

Law.Law. NovantaeNovantae Selgovae (Eildon Hill)Selgovae (Eildon Hill) DamnoniiDamnonii

Tribal territories (Highlands)Tribal territories (Highlands)

Homeland of the CaledonesHomeland of the Caledones..

Eastern coastal regionEastern coastal region Venicones, Vacomagi, TaezaliVenicones, Vacomagi, Taezali

. Western and northern:. Western and northern: Epidiii, Creones, Smertae etcEpidiii, Creones, Smertae etc

North and Western Isles- occupied by North and Western Isles- occupied by about 500 families inhabiting broch about 500 families inhabiting broch towers.towers.

Roman Campaigns 43-83ADRoman Campaigns 43-83AD

The campaign of The campaign of Agricola (the Agricola (the emperor was emperor was Vespasian).Vespasian).

The leader of the The leader of the ‘Caledones’ was ‘Caledones’ was Calgacus Calgacus (confederacy with (confederacy with 30,000 warriors).30,000 warriors).

Agricola’s Campaigns 82ADAgricola’s Campaigns 82AD

In 82AD Agricola pushed north In 82AD Agricola pushed north establishing camps as far as the river establishing camps as far as the river Spey.Spey.

The enemy in this case is described as The enemy in this case is described as being Caledonii (Caledonians), who being Caledonii (Caledonians), who harass the Romans and their camps.harass the Romans and their camps.

Finally in 83AD Agricola brought his Finally in 83AD Agricola brought his troops accompanied by British allies to troops accompanied by British allies to a spot called a spot called Mons Graupius.Mons Graupius.

Agricola’s Campaigns 83ADAgricola’s Campaigns 83AD

The exact location ismost probably The exact location ismost probably close to Bennachie.close to Bennachie.

Most locate it on the northern edge Most locate it on the northern edge of the Grampian Mountains.of the Grampian Mountains.

The leader of the confederated The leader of the confederated Caledonii is one Calgacus (Calgacos, Caledonii is one Calgacus (Calgacos, Galgacus)‘Galgacus)‘who among many leaders who among many leaders was preeminent in bravery and was preeminent in bravery and ancestry’.ancestry’.

Agricola’s Campaigns: the battle Agricola’s Campaigns: the battle of Mons Graupiusof Mons Graupius

The Caledonians like the southern Britons The Caledonians like the southern Britons used chariots to bring the warrior class to used chariots to bring the warrior class to the battlefield.the battlefield.

Agricola led a large contingent of cavalry Agricola led a large contingent of cavalry and infantry on foot.and infantry on foot.

As the British army descended down the As the British army descended down the slope, the Roman horses broke through slope, the Roman horses broke through their ranks and encircled them. Tacitus their ranks and encircled them. Tacitus claims 10,000 casualties on the British claims 10,000 casualties on the British side and ‘360’ on the Roman.side and ‘360’ on the Roman.

Mons Graupius

Mons Graupius or ‘

Mons Cripius’

September AD 83

The battle AD83The battle AD83

First phase was a cavalry action.First phase was a cavalry action. The small Caledonian cavalry were The small Caledonian cavalry were

defeated and their chariots.defeated and their chariots. The Romans had c8000 troups.The Romans had c8000 troups. Celtic troups descended from the two Celtic troups descended from the two

sides to attack the rear of the Roman sides to attack the rear of the Roman force.force.

Romans broke up these warbands, Romans broke up these warbands, they were defeated by Roman cavalry.they were defeated by Roman cavalry.

The Battle AD83The Battle AD83

By nightfall (September, c8pm), By nightfall (September, c8pm), hundreds of the Caledones fled.hundreds of the Caledones fled.

‘‘It was a cheerful night for the victors It was a cheerful night for the victors with rejoicing and plunder’.with rejoicing and plunder’.

‘‘it would not be inglorious to die at it would not be inglorious to die at the very place where the world and the very place where the world and nature end’.nature end’.

Aftermath of the battleAftermath of the battle

‘‘they make a desert and call it they make a desert and call it peace’peace’

Calgacus (according to Agricola Calgacus (according to Agricola referring to the Roman victory.referring to the Roman victory.

Aftermath of the BattleAftermath of the Battle

The Roman historian Tacitus adds, ‘The Roman historian Tacitus adds, ‘Britain Britain was completely conquered and was completely conquered and immediately neglected’.immediately neglected’.

http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/readings/agricola.htmlimperialism/readings/agricola.html

‘‘It was then, for the first time, that a It was then, for the first time, that a Roman fleet, circumnavigating this coast Roman fleet, circumnavigating this coast of the remotest sea, established that of the remotest sea, established that Britain was an island’.Britain was an island’.

After the Romans (c410AD), the After the Romans (c410AD), the peoples of Scotland in the early peoples of Scotland in the early

Middle AgesMiddle Ages The PictsThe Picts The BritonsThe Britons The Dal Riata/The Scotti (Irish Gaels)The Dal Riata/The Scotti (Irish Gaels) The Angles (Germanic speaking)The Angles (Germanic speaking)

The PictsThe Picts

The Strathmartine The Strathmartine Castle StoneCastle Stone

The BritonsThe Britons

Dumbarton Rock, nr GlasgowDumbarton Rock, nr Glasgow

The BritonsThe Britons

The GododdinThe Gododdin Kingdom of AltclutKingdom of Altclut The Govan SarcophagusThe Govan Sarcophagus

The Govan Sarcophagus c850ADThe Govan Sarcophagus c850AD

The Dal RiataThe Dal Riata

Dunadd, Kilmartin, Argyll and ButeDunadd, Kilmartin, Argyll and Bute

The Early Irish in ScotlandThe Early Irish in Scotland

The Dal RiataThe Dal Riata The ScottiThe Scotti The GaelsThe Gaels

Dal Riata/Strathclyde BritonsDal Riata/Strathclyde Britons

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata%C3%A1l_Riata

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_StrathclydeKingdom_of_Strathclyde

The PictsThe Picts

An eastern Scottish peopleAn eastern Scottish people

The Pictish Carvings 6The Pictish Carvings 6thth-9-9thth centuriescenturies

Meaning of the stonesMeaning of the stones

Personal memorialsPersonal memorials Tribal territoriesTribal territories Lineage territoriesLineage territories

The symbolsThe symbols Some 60 different symbolsSome 60 different symbols outline pictures of animals outline pictures of animals

(such as the adder, salmon, (such as the adder, salmon, wolf, stag, eagle and the wolf, stag, eagle and the mythical mythical PictishPictish Beast Beast).).22 There are also There are also representations of everyday representations of everyday objects such as the mirror and objects such as the mirror and comb, which could have been comb, which could have been used by high-status males. used by high-status males. The symbols are almost The symbols are almost always arranged in pairs or always arranged in pairs or sets of pairs, sometimes with sets of pairs, sometimes with the mirror and comb below, the mirror and comb below, hence the thinking they could hence the thinking they could represent lineage or kindred represent lineage or kindred (such as two parents/clans). (such as two parents/clans). According to Anthony Jackson According to Anthony Jackson the symbol pairs represent the symbol pairs represent matrilineal marriage alliances.matrilineal marriage alliances.33

The double diskThe double disk

Double disk and Double disk and Z-rod Z-rod symbolssymbols

Pictish carvingsPictish carvings

The Pictish CarvingsThe Pictish Carvings

Pictish carvingsPictish carvings

Pictish crossPictish cross

The tallest Pictish stoneThe tallest Pictish stone Based on the time Based on the time

period there are three period there are three possible occasions for possible occasions for it to commemorate. it to commemorate.

Kenneth MacAlpins's Kenneth MacAlpins's grim victory over the grim victory over the Pictish nobles. Pictish nobles.

Confrontation between Confrontation between the Pictish force and the the Pictish force and the Norsemen at Burghead Norsemen at Burghead

The death of Scottish The death of Scottish King Dubh during a King Dubh during a battle in 966 at Forres. battle in 966 at Forres. The body of the king lay The body of the king lay beneath the bridge at beneath the bridge at KinlossKinloss

The Whitecleuch ChainThe Whitecleuch Chain

Found in Lanarkshire on 1869Found in Lanarkshire on 1869 400-800AD400-800AD

The Drosten StoneThe Drosten Stone

Aberlemno StoneAberlemno Stone

The Knocknagael Boar StoneThe Knocknagael Boar Stone

PictsPicts

There has been a tendency to see There has been a tendency to see the Picts as a peculiar and special the Picts as a peculiar and special people.people.

This idea goes back to Bede (7This idea goes back to Bede (7thth century).century).

But possibly we should see them as a But possibly we should see them as a typical NW European barbarian typical NW European barbarian nation.nation.

PictsPicts

The Picts probably saw their territory The Picts probably saw their territory as comprising the whole of eastern as comprising the whole of eastern Scotland (where most of the Scotland (where most of the population lived).population lived).

Division between the Northern and Division between the Northern and Southern Picts.Southern Picts.

The first reference to Picts (The first reference to Picts (Picti) Picti) by by this name comes from Eumenius in this name comes from Eumenius in the year 297AD.the year 297AD.

PictsPicts

However, their long-seated occupation of the However, their long-seated occupation of the territories in which they lived is reflected in the territories in which they lived is reflected in the native names given to them.native names given to them.

The Irish called them ‘cruithne’. This word The Irish called them ‘cruithne’. This word comes from the Celtic word borrowed by the comes from the Celtic word borrowed by the Romans- Romans- PriteniPriteni (Pritani)- ie Britons. (Pritani)- ie Britons.

To distinguish them from the southern Britons, To distinguish them from the southern Britons, the later were called the later were called BritanniBritanni (Britons). (Britons).

In early Welsh, the Picts were called ‘Prydyn’.In early Welsh, the Picts were called ‘Prydyn’.

PictsPicts

The Picts are obviously the The Picts are obviously the descendants of the various Iron-Age descendants of the various Iron-Age peoples who mainly occupied the peoples who mainly occupied the east of Scotland, and who may have east of Scotland, and who may have extended their power into the extended their power into the Lowlands.Lowlands.

Language of the Picts.Language of the Picts.

PictsPicts

The The Pictish ChroniclePictish Chronicle is the most is the most important source for the history of important source for the history of the Picts to have survived.the Picts to have survived.

A list of kings with the duration of A list of kings with the duration of each king.each king.

Here are some of the names: Breidei, Here are some of the names: Breidei, Nectan, Tallorcen, Drest, Taran, Nectan, Tallorcen, Drest, Taran, Elpin, Constantin, Kinart.Elpin, Constantin, Kinart.

PictsPicts

It is difficult to plot the progress of It is difficult to plot the progress of the tribes of Caledonia towards the tribes of Caledonia towards Pictish nationhood.Pictish nationhood.

The The MaeataeMaeatae and the Caledonians. and the Caledonians.

The The Pit-Pit- place-names. place-names.

The element Aber- in Scottish place-The element Aber- in Scottish place-names will mostly come from Pictish names will mostly come from Pictish sources (compare Welsh/Breton sources (compare Welsh/Breton Aber-).Aber-).

Also Pit- such as Pitlochry and Also Pit- such as Pitlochry and Pittenweem, Pitcairn.Pittenweem, Pitcairn.

Originally pett-= piece of land Originally pett-= piece of land (compare Welsh peth, Breton pezh).(compare Welsh peth, Breton pezh).

300 pit-names,300 pit-names,

Place-names with the Element pitt-

PictPict

This tells us the the Pictish language This tells us the the Pictish language was closely related to the Celtic was closely related to the Celtic language of the rest of Britain language of the rest of Britain (Brittonic which became Welsh, (Brittonic which became Welsh, Cumbrian, Cornish and Breton,).Cumbrian, Cornish and Breton,).

End of the Pictish ruleEnd of the Pictish rule

Kenneth Mac Alpin (-c858)Kenneth Mac Alpin (-c858)

By 900AD the Picts were no longer By 900AD the Picts were no longer an independent force.an independent force.

Next timeNext time

Scots, Britons and Northumbrians….Scots, Britons and Northumbrians….