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Early Electric Motors

The Development of the Electric Motor As is so often the case with invention, the credit for development of the electric motor belongs to more than one

individual. It was through a process of development and discovery beginning with Hans Oersted s discovery of

electromagnetism in 1820 and involving additional work by William Sturgeon, Joseph Henry, Andre Marie Ampere,

Michael Faraday, Thomas Davenport and a few others.

The first electric motors - Michael Faraday, 1821
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The motors were constructed of a metal wire suspended in a cup of mercury (See

illustration at right). Protruding up from the bottom of the cup was a permanent

magnet. In the left cup the magnet was attached to the bottom with a piece of thread

and left free to move, while the metal wire was immobile. On the right side, the

magnet was held immobile and the suspended wire was free to move.

When current from a Volta pile was applied to the wire, the circuit was completed via

the mercury ( a good conductor of electricity) and the resulting current flowing

through the wire produced a magnetic field. The electromagnetic field interacted with

the

existing

magnetic

field

from

the

permanent

magnet,

causing

rotation

of

the

magnet

on the left, or of the wire on the right .

Barlow s Wheels

The Barlow wheel (also known as the Faraday wheel) was first built in 1822 by the English mathematician and

physicist Peter Barlow (1776 1862).

Mercury is poured into the trough located on the base of the apparatus. The wheel is lowered until a spoke just dips

into the mercury. Voltage applied to the binding posts will cause rotation of the wheel.

Faraday Motor from the collection1830's
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Barlow's Spur-WheelBenjamin Pike

1848

Barlow's Wheel1890

Barlow's Spur-Wheel and Faraday's Rotating WirePossibly Benjamin Pike

1848

Double Barlow's WheelWatkins and Hill

1845

Revolving Spur-WheelDaniel Davis

1848

Rotating Magnet Motors


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Pa ge's Rotating MotorCharl es Page

1840

Ritchie's Motor

1830's

Very primitive electromagnetic motor

invented by Rev. William Ritchie; probably

the first man to produce the rotary motion of

an electromagnet, in 1833 (The Development

of Electrical Technology in the 19th Century,

United States National Museum Bulletin 228,

Washington;

D.C.

1962).

Ritchie's ApparatusEnglish

1838

Also

known

as

Electromagnet

rotating

between a soft iron horse shoe.

William Sturgeon Mercury Interrupter English

1838

Described in Annals of Electricity,

Magnetism and Chemistry Vol. III, De La Rive's Apparatus for Showing the Directive

Properties of an Electrified Wire William Sturgeon Mercury Interrupter


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Contracting HelixDaniel Davis

1848

When a current is applied, the

electromagnetic field causes the coils to

attract one another, lifting the wire from

the mercury pool. This breaks the

connection, the coil relaxes, the

connection is re made, and the cycle

repeats. A very simple form of electric

motor.

Ampere's Rotating BatteryLikely Benjamin Pike Jr.

1848 Thermo-Electric Revolving Wire

FramesLikely Daniel Davis

1842

Early Faraday MotorWatkins and Hill

1830


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Single Ampere's Rotating Battery

American

1848

Revolving ElectromagnetDaniel Davis

1848

Device Demonstrating the RotaryAction of a Magnet on a Conducting

Wire when Coiled into a HelixWatkins and Hill

1830's


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Apparatus to Exhibit the Deflection and

Rotation of an Electrified Wire about thePole of a fixed Horizontal Magnet

Watkins and Hill1830's

Primitive Early Faraday Rotating WireExperiment

1830's Apparatus to Exhibit the Rotation of

Two Hollow Cylinders about thePoles of a Magnet when an Electric

Current Flows through the CylindersEnglish or Italian

1840 .

Simple Armature Motors


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Unusual Electric MotorEnglish

1860 Electrodynamic Revolving Ring

Probably Daniel Davis1848

Magnetic MotorFrench

1870

Other Early Motors


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Magnetic Motor

French1860's

Magnetic MotorFrench1860's

DEMONSTRATION ELECTRO-MOTOR TRAINFrench, circa 1850-1860

Made of brass, steel, copper and wood, measures 5 1/2length. Early example of an electromotive train. Has two

electromagnets, a 10 pole rotor geared to the main axle.

The other axle free to pivot, and designed to ride on a 2

1/2 gauge track.

DEMONSTRATION ELECTRO-MOTOR TRAINFrench, mid- 19th century

Unsigned; made of brass, copper, wood, steel and iron.

An early example of an electromotive train . It is 8 long,

equipped with four electromagnets, a twelve pole rotor on

the main axle, commutator wheels and contacts. The six

spoked main wheels are designed to ride on 3 3/4 gauge

track; the front wheels are off center; designed for a

circular track of fixed radius. Elegant and very rare


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demonstration piece, in fine condition.

Electromagnetic Engine

Gustav Froment1848

Horizontal Axial EngineDaniel Davis Jr.

1840's

Charles Page Reciprocating Electromagnetic Engine1840's

Electro-Medical Double Helix and Reciprocating ArmatureEngine

Jerome Jewell1848


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Emerson Electric Fan Edison DC Electric Fanca. 1898


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Magnetic Motor

French1870


1870


1870

This magnetic engine has a six polerotator with a wood and brassholder and original Geissler tubeattached designed to spin with theengine creating a dazzling lightdisplay



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1870

Magnetic Motor RotatorManufacture Francaise, Armes et

Cycles, Saint-Etienne1870


1870 Magnetic Motor Rotator

French1870


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The rotator is unusual in that thepoles are shaped as small ironcylinders measuring 1 1/2 in

length.


1870


1870 Magnetic MotorFrench

1870


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Magnetic Motor with FourElectromagnets

French1850's

Four vertically positionedelectromagnets angled on a 10slant toward each other power a 5

pole large rotator. 6 1/2 in total

height. Very unusual design for anelectromagnetic engine.


1850's

Dynamos & Related Electromagnetic Apparatus


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Waltenhofen's Electromagnetic

Pendulumby Max Kohl

(German)1900

Waltenhofen'sElectromagnetic Pendulum

This apparatus is used to demonstrate Lenz s

law, which states that the induced current in

a closed conducting loop always flows in

such a direction as to oppose the change that

produced it. The law corresponds to the law

of conservation of energy in

electromagnetism.

The device consists of a pendulum, with a

pendulum bob of a two dimensional shape

made of a non ferromagnetic conducting

material thats is set swinging between the

poles of an electromagnet. The effect of

Lenz s law is seen by the rapid braking of the

pendulum. Bipolar Dynamo

c. 1900

Electric MotorThe M. Cornwell Co. Syracuse,

New York, USA".1890

Bipolar Dynamo

No. 30 'Tesla Thriller' GeneratorKendrick and Davis (K&D)

1st Qtr 20th Century


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