E FFECTS O F T RAUMA I NTENSITY O N P OSTTRAUMATIC G ROWTH: D EPRESSION, S OCIAL S UPPORT, C OPING...
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Transcript of E FFECTS O F T RAUMA I NTENSITY O N P OSTTRAUMATIC G ROWTH: D EPRESSION, S OCIAL S UPPORT, C OPING...
EFFECTS OF TRAUMA INTENSITY ON POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH:
DEPRESSION, SOCIAL SUPPORT, COPING AND GENDER
Jennifer Steward
TRAUMA
Study of how events effect people
National Comorbidity Study (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, & Walters, 2005)
60% of Men 51% of Women
Aftermath Distress Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD)
PTSD RELATIONSHIPS
Common PTSD Correlates:Meta Analysis (Helgeson, Reynolds, & Tomich, 2006)
Depression Trauma Severity Female more likely than males
Lack of Social Support has also been shown to be related to greater levels of PTSD (Ozer et. al, 2008; Brewin, Andrews & Valentine, 2000).
POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH
Positive consequences following trauma The ability to thrive after experiencing a
traumatic event, with individuals showing an increase in emotional, cognitive and/or psychological resources. (Wild & Paivio, 2003)
Two separate continuums, as opposed to two sides of the same continuum.
(Borja, Callahan, & Long, 2006) Variables can be correlates of both PTG and PTSD
CURRENT FINDINGS IN PTG Depression
Negative relationship, after two years (Helgeson, Reynolds, & Tomich, 2006)
Coping Positively related to problem- and emotion-focused
coping (Linley & Joseph, 2004)
Social Support- Inconsistent results
Weiss (2002)- Social support predicts PTG
Linley & Joseph (2004)- Does not, but satisfaction with social support does.
Gender- Women are shown to experience more growth
(Helgeson, Reynolds, & Tomich, 2006)
TRAUMA INTENSITY
Large amount of variance in the experience of the trauma
Literature evaluation of traumatic events Subjective experience of the trauma
“There is no single profile of a [trauma victim], as the extent and the nature of the impact varies from person to person” (Futa, Nash, Hansen, and Garbin, 2003)
TRAUMA INTENSITY & PTG
Studies have shown that events perceived as more severe were related to more PTG.
(Helgeson, Reynolds, & Tomich, 2006; Morris et al., 2005)
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Observe the effect trauma severity has on the relationship between PTG and depression, social support, coping strategies, and gender.
Clarify the relationships with PTG
METHODS USED 598 UNT students were surveyed using an
online mass testing experiment through the UNT Psychology Department
All students received partial course credit for their participation
Questionnaires Used Traumatic Events Questionnaire PTSD Checklist Posttraumatic Growth Inventory Brief Cope Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
ANALYSIS
Creating trauma categoriesTwo different splits
Median Split- Score of 25
Clinical Value- Score of 44(Blanchard, Jones-Alexander, Buckley, & Forneris,
1996 )
Gender- Looked at mean PTGI scores for both genders are each split.
OUR FINDINGS
Median Split
Depression-
Coping-
Social Support-
Clinical Split All variables showed even stronger amplification of
PTG
OUR FINDINGS (CONT.)o Gender Differences
Median split- no significant differences Clinical split-Low trauma group = Women had more
PTG High trauma group = Men
had more PTG
PC
L
Score
s
WHAT IT MEANS/CONCLUSIONS
Subjective trauma severity matters
Clarification of PTG relationships in the literature
Implications towards future research
REFERENCES Blanchard, E.B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, & T.C., Forneris, C.A. (1996). Psychometric
properties of the ptsd checklist (PCL). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(8), 669-673. Borja, S.E., Callahan, J.L., & Long, P.J. (2006). Positive and negative adjustment and social
support of sexual assault survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(6), 905-914. Brewin, C.R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J.D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for
posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748-766.
Futa, K.T., Nash, C.L., Hansen, D.J., & Garbin, C.P. (2003). Adult survivors of childhood abuse: An analysis of coping mechanisms used for stressful childhood memories and current
stressors. Journal of Family Violence, 18, 227-239. Helgeson, V.S., Reynolds, K.A., & Tomich, P.L. (2006). A meta-analytic review of benefit finding
and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 797-816. Linley, P.A. & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 11-21. Morris, B.A., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Rieck, M., Newbery, J. (2005). Multidimensional nature of
posttraumatic growth in an Australian population. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 575-585. Ozer, E.J., Best, S.R., Lipsey, T.L., & Weiss, D.S. (2008). Predictors of posttraumatic stress
disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, S(1), 3-36.
Tedeschi, R. & Calhoun, L. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measure the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455-471.
Weiss, T. (2002). Posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer and their husbands: An ntersubjective validation study. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 20, 65-80.
Wild, N.D. & Paivio, S.D. (2003). Psychological adjustment, coping, and emotional regulation as predictors of posttraumatic growth. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 8(4), 97-122.