E. Biological oceanography

542 OLR (1990) 37 (6)

E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

El0. Apparatus and methods

90:3497 Ferraro, S.P. et al., 1989. Power-cost efficiency of

eight macrobenthic sampling schemes in Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 46(12):2157-2165.

A method is presented for determining the optimum among a set of sampling schemes for detecting differences in location when the statistical model is a t-distribution for comparisons of two means. Power- cost efficiencies were determined for eight macrobenthic sampling schemes (four sample unit sizes and two sieve mesh sizes) in a comparison of reference and putative polluted sites in Puget Sound, Washington. Laboratory processing times were, on average, ~2.5 times greater for the />0.5 than the /> 1.0 mm samples. The 0.06 m 2, 0-8 cm deep sample unit size and 1.0 mm sieve mesh size was the optimum sampling scheme. U.S. EPA, Pacific Div., Mark O. Hatfield Mar. Sci. Ctr., Newport, OR 97365, USA.

90:3498 Harvey, H.R. et al., 1989. The comparative fate of

dinosterol and cholesterol in copepod feeding: implications for a conservative molecular bio- marker in the marine water colnmn. Org. Geo- chem., 14(6):635-641.

The fate of 4a,23,24-trimethylcholest-22-en-3/3-ol (dinosterol) during passage through the gut of the copepod Calanus helgolandicus and fecal pellet sedimentation was investigated. Results suggest that dinosterol (and by analogy other ring saturated sterols and stanols) is resistant to crustacean and microbial alterations over the relatively short (20 day) periods typical of sedimentation times for large particles in open ocean areas. Chesapeake Biol. Lab., The Univ. of Maryland System, Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688, USA.

90:3499 Mousseau, T.A., 1989. An odometer for underwater

transects. Hydrobiologia, 184(3): 191-192.

A simple device for the measurement of length (or area) along an underwater transect is described. This instrument is pushed or pulled by SCUBA divers along lake or river bottoms and the rotation of a paddle wheel is recorded on a digital counter. The device eliminates the need for straight line and smooth bottom transects, and allows for greater

versatility than that provided by the more usual rope line transect. Dept. of Entomol., Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

90:3500 ter Braak, C.J.F., 1989. CANOCO--an extension of

DECORANA [computer program] to analyze species-environment relationships. Hydrobiolo- gia, 184(3):169-170.

A FORTRAN 77 computer program designed to perform canonical ordination analysis of species- environmental variable data sets is described. The program incorporates both indirect (principal components, correspondence, and principal coordinates analysis) and direct (weighted averaging, and canonical correspondence, canonical variates, and redundancy analysis) techniques. It is useful for environmental impact analysis because it allows statistical testing of the relationships between species and environmental variables. Interactive data analysis is also possible. The program is currently available in a number of formats, and is capable (on a 640 Kb IBM-compatible PC) of analyzing ~750 samples, 600 species, 60 environmental variables and 100 covariables. Agricultural Math. Group, Box 100, 6700 AC Wageningen, Netherlands. (gsb)

E40. Area studies, surveys (baselines, ecology, etc.)

90:3501 Hannon, Bruce and Claude Joiris, 1989. A seasonal

analysis of the southern North Sea ecosystem. Ecology, 70(6): 1916-1934.

An input-output model of the southern North Sea ecosystem was developed to determine the relationships between 10 biotic and abiotic stock levels, and to investigate how their direct and indirect dependency changed through the typical year. The fate of absorbed solar energy was followed to trace connections between the elements of the ecosystem. Only physical exchanges were traced. Sensitivity analysis showed which of the direct and indirect interconnecting flows is most affected by the rate of fish removal. The model was also used to show where specific intervention would be most efficient in allowing stable system responses to fishing rate increases. Dept. of Geogr., Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.

OLR (1990) 37 (6) E. Biological Oceanography 543

E50. General biology, ecology, bioge- ography, etc.

90:3502 Garnick, Eric, 1989. I_~bster (Homarus amerlcanus)

population declines, sea urchins, and 'barren grounds': a space-mediated competition hypothesis. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 58(1-2):23-28.

This paper advances the hypothesis that competition between lobsters and sea urchins for shelter space is a major factor in lobster population declines. Lobsters are strongly shelter-oriented, and shelter availability appears to be a locally limiting factor. Destructive grazing situations feature high densities of shelter-seeking urchins; it is plausible that urchins could depress shelter availability and, consequently, lobster numbers. Although space for refuge is generally considered a critical resource in benthic marine systems, its importance is easily overlooked in the context of vagile benthic organisms. In light of the present argument, substrate-mediated competition involving such species deserves further attention. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Pacific Biol. Sta., Nanaimo, BC V9R 5K6, Canada.

90:3503 Hay, M.E. et al., 1989. Seaweed-herbivore-predator

interactions: host-plant specialization reduces predation on small herbivores. Oecologia, 81(3): 418-427.

On Australia's Great Barrier Reef, interactions among the chemically-defended seaweed Chloro- desmis fastigiata, herbivores specialized on this alga, and potential predators of these herbivores were investigated. Data from this and other recent investigations demonstrate that some small marine herbivores feed selectively or exclusively on seaweeds that are chemically defended from fishes. This reduces predation on the herbivores and suggests that escape from and deterrence of predation may be a dominant factor selecting for specialization among these herbivores. Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Inst. of Mar. Sci., Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.

90:3504 Wei, S.L. and R.E. Young, 1989. Development of

symbiotic bacterial biohiminescence in a nearshore cephalopod, Euprynma scolopes. Mar. Biol., 103(4):541-546. 8 Wedgewood Lane, Barrington, RI 02806, USA.

ES0. Plankton (also pr imary productivity, seston and detritus)

90:3505 Ascioti, F.A., 1984. Phytohydrographic pattern off the

eastern Sicily coasts (summer 1972). Memorie Biol. mar. Oceanogr., (N.S.)14(3):73-103. (In Italian, English abstract.)

90:3506 Chung, C.S. et al., 1989. Primary productivity and

nitrogenous nutrient dynamics in the East Sea of Korea. J. oceanol. Soc. Korea, 24(I):52-61. (In Korean, English abstract.) KORDI, P.O. Box 29, Panwal Ind. 171-140, Korea.

90:3507 Crawford, D.W., 1989. Review. Mesodinium rubmm:

the phytoplankter that wasn't. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 58(!-2): 161-174.

A critical review of the literature demonstrates some confusion surrounding acceptance of the trophic position of the photosynthetic ciliate, Mesodinium rubrum, which until recently has been omitted from the majority of routine phytoplankton counts, and either assigned to the microzooplankton or com- pletely overlooked. Problems involved with sam- piing, enumeration and productivity estimates, resulting from extremes of fragility, motility and vertical aggregation, are highlighted. Several recent studies suggest that M. rubrum has an extremely widespread distribution but trophic and methodo- logical difficulties appear to have compounded a serious underestimation of the contribution of M. rubrum to the primary productivity of coastal, estuarine and upwelling ecosystems, during both bloom and non-bloom conditions. Dept. of Oceanogr., The University, Southampton SO9 5NH, UK.

90:3508 Gorsky, Gabriel, Pierre Guilbert and Eva Valenta,

1989. The Autonomous Image Analyzer---enumeration, measurement and identification of marine phytoplankton. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 58(1-2):133-142.

An inexpensive, automated system is described for counting, measuring and identifying objects in an aqueous suspension. The results of counting and measurement obtained from the image analyzer were compared to results from visual analysis and a sensor analyzer. For a mixture of three algal species, each having a characteristic size and shape, the sensor analyzer failed to distinguish among the three species. Results obtained by the image analyzer and visual methods did not differ significantly; the

544 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1990) 37 (6)

analyzer identified and counted each of them accurately. If the resolution of the input image is adequate, the image analyzer can identify and classify up to 26 different forms in one sample. The operator need not be present while the samples are being processed. Station Zool. F-06230 Villefranche sur mer, France.

90:3509 Jacques, Guy, 1989. Primary production in the open

Antarctic Ocean during the austral summer. A review. Vie Milieu, 39(1):1-17.

An increasing number of cruises confirm the scarcity of phytoplankton in the oceanic zone of the Antarctic, but patches of higher production appear in the marginal ice zone and frontal zones. We have to consider multiparametric regulation of primary production, especially with regard to temperature, and give more attention to grazing and sedimentation. The rapid lowering of silicates and the Si/N and Si/P ratios in the northern part of the Antarctic control the level of production. Future programmes should focus on phytoplankton size distribution, because recent papers have emphasized the role of a rich and diverse pico- and nano-based microbial food web. Lab. Arago, Univ. P. et M. Curie, F 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.

90:3510 Kanda, J. et al., 1989. Light-dependency of nitrate

uptake by phytoplankton over the spring bloom in Alike Bay, Alaska. Mar. Biol., 103(4):563-569.

15N tracer uptake data for natural phytoplankton populations were fit to a rectangular hyperbolic model. Three types of curves described nitrate uptake as a function of light intensity. The first had a low half-saturation light intensity (KI), low chlorophyll-specific uptake rates, no dark uptake and occasional photoinhibition, and was observed during a period of biomass decrease accompanied by low daily light and strong wind, prior to the major bloom. The second type (relatively high KI, high chlorophyll-specific uptake rates, and no dark uptake) was observed during most of the period prior to surface nitrate depletion. The third type occurred in nitrate-deplete conditions, when uptake was less dependent on light intensity (high dark uptake and lower Kt). Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, 1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164, Japan.

90:3511 Kessler, T.A. and T.R. Parsons, 1989. Primary

production in a tidally energetic fjord: evidence of seasonal and inter-annual tidal forcing. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 46(12):2166-2172.

A long term data set collected from a tidally energetic sill fjord was analyzed for statistical relationships between primary production indices and several environmental variables. Biomass was positively correlated with stability in summer, negatively correlated in spring/fall, and restricted to waters under the direct mixing influence of the tidal inflow jet. These statistical patterns are discussed in terms of a possible control of primary production by seasonal and inter-annual variations in tidal inflow buoyancy. Rescan Environ. Serv. Ltd., 510-1111 W. Hastings, Vancouver, BC V6E 3V9, Canada.

90:3512 Kessler, T.A. and T.R. Parsons, 1989. Primary

production in a tidally energetic fjord: environmental forcing of vertical phytoplankton distribution. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 46(12):2173- 2183.

Time dependent changes in the vertical phytoplankton distribution, during two short-term intensive studies were examined to identify processes responsible for a seasonal dependence between biomass and stability in a 7-yr environmental data set for the region. Diapycnal mixing was an important term in the NO 3- budget, but not in the Chl a budget. The balancing mixing rate required was consistent with a wind stress origin and inconsistent with a tidal origin. This calculation, combined with evidence that mixing events in the surface layer were generally more closely correlated with wind than tide was used to support a hypothesis relating the seasonal biomass-stability relationship to seasonally dependent tidal mixing in the surface layer. Rescan Environ. Serv. Ltd., 510-1111 W. Hastings, Vancouver, BC V6E 3V9, Canada.

90:3513 Kumari, L.K. and C.T. Achuthankutty, 1989. Stand-

ing stock and biochemical composition of zooplankton in the northeastern Arabian Sea. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18(2):103-105.

Estimates were made for the coastal and oceanic regions of the NE Arabian Sea during November- December 1985. Biomass in terms of dry weight only showed significant difference between coastal and oceanic waters. Ostracods were predominant (>47%) in the coastal zone; copepods dominated (>64%) in the oceanic zone. Protein was the principal biochemical component (44.49% in coastal zooplankton and 38.1% in oceanic), suggesting that protein, in addition to lipid, may function as a reserve food in tropical zooplankton. Lipid, car- bohydrate, ash, carbon and calorific content showed little variation. Standing crop was estimated as 352.13 mg C m 2 for the upper 50 m column of the


coastal region, and 716.82 mg C m ~ for the upper 200 m of the oceanic region. The study indicated the coastal region is more productive than the oceanic region. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

90:3514 Owens, N.J.P. et al., 1989. Long term trends in the

occmtence of Phaeocystis sp. in the northeast Atlantic. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 69(4):813-821.

An apparent increase in the haptophycean alga Phaeocystis has been linked to increased nutrient inputs. Long-term records (1946-1987) from the Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey revealed that Phaeocystis occurrence has declined considerably over the period in all NE Atlantic open-sea areas including the North Sea; however, there is evidence for a reversal of the trend since 1980. Data are not available for extreme nearshore regions. Principal components analysis reveals an approximate three- year cycle in occurrence, that, together with the coincidence of both zooplankton and total phytoplankton trends, suggests that larger scale factors, such as climate, may be the dominant influence affecting Phaeocystis occurrence. Plymouth Mar. Lab., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PLI 3DH, UK.

90:3515 P6rez-Cruz, L.L. and Adolfo Molina-Cruz, 1988. El

Nifio 1983: effect on the distribution of the silicoflagellates in the Gulf of California. Ci~nc. mar., Baja Calif., Mdx., 14(3):9-38. (Spanish and English.) Inst. de Cienc. del Mar y Limnol., UNAM, Ciudad Univ., Mexico, DF 04510, Mexico.

90:3516 Perissinotto, R. and B.P. Boden, 1989. Zooplank-

ton--phytoplankton relationships at the Prince Edward Islands during April/May 1985 and 1986. S. Afr. J. Antarel. Res., 19(1):26-30.

Time-course measurements of water-column fluorescence, zooplankton gut pigment and phytoplankton concentration were made. Fluorescence records showed a decrease in pigment levels during the night, particularly marked in the pico- and nanosize fractions. This, coupled with the zooplankton total gut pigments suggests that grazing is responsible. Netsize plankton did not show any general trend of diurnal variations and very few showed a significant night decrease in the water-column. As the persistent phytoplankton blooms in the area are mostly composed of netplankton, it is suggested that this rich food source is scarcely exploited by the pelagic grazers. Possible direct transfer of primary biomass

from the pelagic to the benthic subsystems is also discussed. Southern Oceans Group, Dept. of Zool., Rhodes Univ., Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.

90:3517 Saupe, S.M., D.M. ScheU and W.B. Griffiths, 1989.

Carbon-isotope ratio gradients in western Arctic zooplankton. Mar. Biol., 103(4):427-432.

Zoplankton from 87 stations in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas (1985-1987) showed a geographic gradient in stable carbon isotope ratios (8~3C). The most depleted zooplankton were found in the central and eastern Beaufort Sea and the most enriched in the Bering and Chukchi seas. Euphausiids show a minimum of 1.0 ppt enrichment relative to copepods throughout the study area. Relative biomasses of the major taxa varied significantly across the Alaskan Beaufort Sea in October 1986, with euphausiids dominating in the west and copepods in the east. The zooplankton 8~3C gradient is the probable source of ~3C oscillations found along the baleen plates of the bowhead whale. Inst. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.

90:3518 Shim, J.H., S.R. Yang and W.H. Lee, 1989. Phyto-

hydrography and the vertical pattern of nitracline in the southern waters of the Korean East Sea in early spring. J. oceanol. Soc. Korea, 24(1): 15-28. Dept. of Oceanogr., Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul 151-742, Korea.

90:3519 Tsuda, Atsushi, Ken Furuya and Takahisa Nemoto,

1989. Feeding of micro- and macrozooplankton at the subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the subtropical North Pacific. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 132(1):41-52.

Diel variations of micro- and macrozooplankton grazing rates were examined using gut fluorescence measurements. Nocturnal feeding was observed in microzooplankton, and small macrozooplankton collected from the subsurface chlorophyll maximum and below. Small macrozooplankton from depths above the chl maximum and large macrozooplankton showed no nocturnal increase in pigment contents. Microzooplankton grazing rate was estimated to be 56-100% of daily chl production; that of small and large macrozooplankton was 4 and 2%, respectively. These results clearly showed that microzooplankton were the major consumer of phytoplankton in the chl maximum and their grazing was balanced to phytoplankton production within the time scale of several days. Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, 1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano, Tokyo 164, Japan.


90:3520 Vijayaraghavan, Sumitra and L.K. Kumari, 1989.

Primary production in the southeastern Arabian Sea during southwest monsoon. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18(1):30-32.

Daily primary production averaged 7.74 mg C m -3 at the surface and 95.97 mg C m -2 in the column. Mean chl a concentration at the surface was 0.11 mg m -3 and in the column, 3.43 mg m -2. Primary production and chl a concentrations were significantly correlated at the surface and at different light depths. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

El00. Nekton (communities; also fish, rep- tiles, mammals)

90:3521 Horn, M.H., 1989. Biology of marine herbivorous

fishes. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev., 27:167-272.

Marine herbivorous fish, mainly Perciformes, are found primarily in coastal regions between 40~ and 40~ and are more diverse in tropical waters than in temperate waters. They are an ecologically heterogeneous group, exhibiting a variety of approaches to social structure, feeding behavior, and digestion. They also exert varying effects on community structure, the most notable on coral reef systems. Dept. of Biol. Sci., California State Univ., Fullerton, CA 92634, USA. (gsb)

90:3522 Loneragan, N.R., I.C. Potter and R.C.J. Lenanton,

1989. Influence of site, season and year on contributions made by marine, estuarine, diadro- mous and freshwater species to the fish fauna of a temperate Australian estuary. Mar. Biol., 103(4): 461-479.

Catches obtained at regular intervals by beach seining, gill netting, and otter trawling were used to determine the contribution of different species and life-cycle categories of fish to the ichthyofauna of the large Swan Estuary between February 1977 and December 1981. The influence of site, season and year on the densities of the more abundant species was also examined. School of Biol. and Environ. Sci., Murdoch Univ., South St., Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.

90:3523 Schell, D.M., S.M. Saupe and N. Haubenstock, 1989.

Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) growth and feeding as estimated by 813C techniques. Mar. Biol., 103(4):433-443.

Seasonal changes in body 8~3C of whales taken in 1986 from Alaskan waters provide a means of estimating energy intake from the different feeding habitats. Adult bowheads do not show significant seasonal shifts; their 13C enrichment relative to subadults suggests that they acquire most of their food from fall and winter feeding or from unsampled parts of the summer range. Young individuals undergo marked seasonal shifts indicating heavy feeding both in summer and autumn or winter. Oscillations in ~3C along the length of the baleen also provide a measure of age. Inst. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.

90:3524 Young, J.Z., 1989. The angular acceleration receptor

system of diverse cephalopods. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., (B)325(1227): 189-237. Mar. Biol. Assoc. of the U.K., The Lab., Citadel Hill, Plymouth PLI 2PB, UK.

Ell0 . Bottom communities

90:3525 Andrade V., Hector, 1987. Bathymetric and geo-

graphic distribution of macroinvertehrates from the continental slope off central Chile. Ciencia Tecnol. Mar, Valparaiso, 11:61-94. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. de Oceanol., Univ. de Valparaiso, Casilla 13-D, Vifia del Mar, Chile.

Je, 90:3526

J.-G., S.-K. Yi and J.W. Choi, 1988. Distribution pattern of benthic molluscs on the soft bottoms of the southeastern Yellow Sea. Ocean Res., KORD1, 10(2):17-27. (In Korean, English abstract.) Biol. Oceanogr. Lab., KORDI, Seoul, Korea.

90:3527 Wilson, W.H. Jr., 1989. Predation and the mediation

of intraspecific competition in an infaunal community in the Bay of Fundy. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 132(3):221-245.

The population dynamics and demographic changes of the abundant amphipod Corophium volutator were monitored for one year. Two types of exclosures were used, one excluding only shorebirds and one excluding both shorebirds and fish. No effects of predators were seen on the infaunal community in early or late summer. Significant effects were apparent in mid-summer from both fish and shore- bird predators. However, smallest amphipod numbers were found in the full exclusion cages. This counter-intuitive result is explained by considering


(i) the effects of predator manipulation on Coro- phium size-structure, and (2) adult-juvenile Coro- phium interactions. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Wash- ington, Seattle, WA 98295, USA.

El20. Estuarine, marsh and mangrove communities

90:3528 Fonseca, M.S., 1989. Sediment stabilization by

Halophila decipiens in comparison to other seagrasses. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 29(5):501- 507. NMFS, NOAA, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.

90:3529 Matilal, S. and B.B. Mukherjee, 1989. Distribution of

mangroves in relation to topography and selection of ecotonal communities for reclaimed areas of Sunderbans. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18(2):91-94. Dept. of Botany, Bose Inst., Calcutta 700 009, India.

El30. Fouling and boring organisms (communit ies and control)

90:3530 Wahl, Martin, 1989. Review. Marine epibiosis. I.

Fouling and antifouling: some basic aspects. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 58(1-2):175-189.

This paper illustrates aspects of the epibiosis/ antifouling complex and discusses the omnipresence of fouling pressure, the first stages in the estab- lishment of a fouling community, the benefits and disadvantages of epibiosis for both epi- and basi- bionts, and possible antifouling defense adaptations. Zool. Inst., Univ. Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40-60, D-2300 Kiel, FRG.

El40. Birds

90:3531 Berruti, A., N.J. Adams and S. Jackson, 1989. The

Benguela ecosystem. Part VI. Seabirds. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev., 27:273-335.

The seabirds associated with the Benguela Upwell- ing off western southern Africa include 12 breeding and 36 nonbreeding species. Most of the literature on their ecology focuses on the three most abundant resident birds in the area: the Cape gannet, the

jackass penguin, and the Cape cormorant, and on the commercially important fish species upon which they prey. Population sizes and diets of these birds, as well as distributions of nonbreeding birds, have been linked to fisheries activities. Seabirds are not believed, at current population levels, to be con- tributing significantly to energy and nutrient cycles of the Benguela ecosystem. Durban Nat. Hist. Mus., PO Box 4085, Durban 4000, South Africa. (gsb)

90:3532 Escofet, Anamaria, D.H. Loya-Salinas and J.I.

Arredondo, 1988. The Punta Banda Estuary (Baja California, Mexico) as an avifauna habitat. Ci~nc. mar., Baja Calif., M~x., 14(4):73-100. (Spanish and English.) CICESE, Apdo. Postal 2734, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.

90:3533 Heinemann, Dennis, George Hunt and Inigo

Everson, 1989. Relationships between the distributions of marine avian predators and their prey, Euphausla superba, in Bransfield Strait and southern Drake Passage, Antarctica. Mar. Ecol.- Prog. Set., 58(1-2):3-16.

Within nautical-mile transect intervals, Cape petrels and Antarctic fulmars were spatially concordant, and Cape petrels and Adelie penguins numerically concordant with krill. A few large concentrations of seabirds and krill accounted for the majority of the biomass. Seabird-krill correlations increased with spatial scale. In general, species specializing on krill as a food resource showed the highest distributional correlation with krill, and species using ~50% krill in their diets showed little distributional correlations. Although significant, correlations at small spatial scales were weak, which may be primarily due to difficulties seabirds have in locating and tracking krill swarms. Manomet Bird Observ., Manomet, MA 02345, USA.

90:3534 Serventy, D.L. et al., 1989. Fledgling transiocation

and philopatry in a seabird. Oecologia, 81(3):428- 429.

The nature of philopatry (return to birthplace for breeding) in short-tailed shearwaters, Puffinus tenuirostris, was studied by transferring fledglings from their natal island to a neighboring island (Bass Strait, Tasmania). The return of these birds was then monitored over a twenty-year period. Very few of the birds returned to the adopted island, suggesting that the visually sensitive period is very short, or that other cues are utilized before emergence from the burrow. Author for correspondence: R.D. Wooller, Biol. Sci., Murdoch Univ., WA 6150, Australia. (gsb)


El50. Microbiology (communities, processes; also bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, etc.)

90:3535 Bartlett, Douglas et al., 1989. Isolation of a gene

regulated by hydrostatic pressure in a deep-sea bacterium. Nature, Lond., 342(6249):572-573.

The rate of production of several proteins by some hydrothermal vent archaebacteria and the degree of saturation of membrane lipids in other deep-sea bacteria have been found to change as a result of cultivation at high pressure. We report here the cloning of gene, ompH, which encodes a major pressure-inducible protein of strain SS9, a gram- negative eubacterium isolated from a depth of 2.5 km in the Sulu Sea. The Agouron Inst., 505 Coast Blvd. South, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

90:3536 Germany, i (Inst. fur Meereskunde, Univ. Kiel),

1989. [Research of the Department of Marine Microbiology of the Institute for Marine Science, Kiel University 1964-1989.] Ber. Inst. Meeresk. Christian-Albrechts-Univ., 188:169pp. (In Ger- man.)

90:3537 Girones, Rosina, J.T. Jofre and Albert Bosch, 1989.

Isolation of marine bacteria with antiviral properties. Can. J. Microbiol., 35(11): 1015-1021.

We report the isolation of marine bacteria with antiviral properties that have been tentatively clas- sified as Moraxella. These bacteria retained their virucidal capacity after prolonged subeultivation in the laboratory. The virus-inactivating agent could not be separated from the viable marine bacteria, indicating that the active agent(s) either remains associated to the microorganisms, has a very short lifetime, or both. The antiviral capacity of the isolated microorganisms was highly specific for poliovirus. No virucidal effect was observed against other strains of enteroviruses, rotovirus SAIl, or bacteriophages proposed as indicators of the viro- logical quality of water. Dept. of Microbiol., Univ. of Barcelona, 08071 Barcelona, Spain.

90:3538 Maruyama, A., M. Maeda and U. Simidu, 1989.

Microbial production of auxin indole-3-aeetic acid in marine sediments. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 58(1-2):69-75. Fermentation Res. Inst., Agcy. of Indust. Sci. and Tech., 1-1-3 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan.

90:3539 Tamminen, Timo, 1989. Dissolved organic phospho-

ros regeneration by bacterioplankton: 5"-nucleotidase activity and subsequent phosphate uptake in a mesocosm enrichment experiment. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 58(1-2):89-100.

The enzyme was not repressed by elevated PO4 concentrations, and it hydrolyzed orthophosphate from dissolved organic phosphorus in amounts which were quantitatively significant in the phosphorus dynamics of the community. Bacteria partly assimilated the hydrolyzed PO 4, but depending on nutritional conditions, 0-80% of the hydrolyzed PO 4 was released to the environment. Temporal un- coupling between nutrient assimilation and growth was evident for both bacteria and algae. 5"- nucleotidase represented a mechanism of phosphorus regeneration which supports the concept of closely integrated microaggregates having an important role in nutrient cycles of nutrient-depleted surface waters. Tvarminne Zool. Sta., SF-10900 Hanko, Finland.

El80. Biochemistry 90:3540

Bradshaw, S.A. et al., 1989. Assimilation of dietary sterols and faecal contribution of lipids by the marine invertebrates Neomysis integer, Scrobic- Maria pinna and Neteis diversicolor. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 69(4):891-911. Organic Geochem. Unit., Univ. of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 ITS, UK.

90:3541 Kelly, O.J., 1989. A comparison of marine photo-

synthesis with terrestrial photosynthesis: a biochemical perspective. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev., 27:11-44.

Great discrepancies exist between maximum photosynthetic rates estimated for terrestrial plants and those estimated for marine phytoplankton; the latter generally exceed the former by one to two times or more. AdditionaUy, these already high rates (relative to terrestrial plants) have been considered by some to represent underestimates. A literature review comparing the photosynthetic biochemistry and environmental conditions of terrestrial plants and marine phytoplankton suggests that 'while all but the highest of the claimed rates of Prnax by marine phytoplankton are biochemically feasible, the con- cern that current measurements of primary productivity in the ocean may be misleadingly low is not necessarily valid.' Dept. of Biol., Queensland Univ.


of Tech., G.P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld. 4001, Australia. (gsb)

E220. Invertebrates (except E230-Crusta- cea, E240--Protozoa)

90:3542 Choi, J.W. and C.H. Koh, 1989. Polychaete feeding

guilds from the continental shelf off the southeastern coast of Korea. J. oceanol. Soc. Korea, 24(2):84-95. Dept. of Oceanogr., Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul 151-742, Korea.

90:3543 DeVantier, L.M. and R. Endean, 1989. Observations

of colony fission following ledge formation in massive reef corals of the genus Porites. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 58(1-2):191-195.

Porites are among the most important reef-builders of the Indo-West Pacific. Colony fission is an important means of asexual reproduction in these species, resulting in the production of genetic clones or ramets. Of 47 colonies >100 cm in diameter at North Brook Island Reef (Great Barrier Reef), 26 ledged colonies supported 148 tamers. Ramets episodically become separated from the parent colony, and ledges form from the horizontal expan- sion of lobes. While 6 species of Porites on the GBR exhibit this morphology not all large colonies from similar biotopes develop ledges. Whether this mor- phological variation is attributable purely to environmental effects on the phenotype, or also to genotypic differences within the massive Porites species assemblage, is unknown. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., P.M.B. 3, Townsville M.C., Qld. 4810, Australia.

90:3544 Porter, J.W. et al., 1989. Bleaching in reef corals:

physiological and stable isotopic responses. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 86(23):9342-9346.

During the late summer to fall of 1987, Caribbean reef corals experienced an intense and widespread discoloration event described as bleaching. Contrary to initial predictions, most bleached corals did not die. However, energy input from zooxanthellae decreased. The ~sO signal, a measure of the discrimination against ~sO in ~60/~sO assimilation, from M. annularis skeletons demonstrated that this event coincided with abnormally elevated water temperatures.

90:3545 Svane, Ib and C.M. Young, 1989. The ecology and

behaviour of ascidian larvae. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev., 27:45-90.

This review considers the ecology of pelagic phases of the ascidian life cycle and relates aspects of reproduction and larval biology to the recruitment, abundance, and distribution of adult populations. Kristineberg Mar. Biol. Sta., Kristineberg 2130, S-450 34 Fiskebackstil, Sweden.

90:3546 Wicksten, M.K., 1989. Why are there bright colors in

sessile marine invertebrates? Bull. mar. Sci., 45(2):519-530.

Sponges, cnidarians and ascidians often have bright colors. These colors are common in species of shallow rocky areas world-wide, and appear not only in animals exposed to bright light but also those living in dark areas. Coloration can serve in visual predator-prey relationships; it can be incidental to pigments involved in physiological processes, or it can result from hormone degradation, waste storage, or digestion. Coloration can also be derived from photosynthetic pigments of symbionts. The intensity and pattern of pigmentation can depend on food supplies, depth, light intensity, and geographic location. In most sessile invertebrates, the causes of color patterns are unknown. Dept. of Biol., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA.

E230. Crustacea

90:3547 Anger, K., 1989. Growth and exuvial loss during

larval and early juvenile development of the hermit crab Pagurus berahardus reared in the laboratory. Mar. Biol., 103(4):503-511. Biol. Anstalt Helgoland, Meeresstation, D-2192 Hel- goland, FRG.

90:3548 Arresti, Aitor, 1989. Parhyale expiorator, a new

species of talitroid amphipod from the Bay of Areachon, France. Bull. Mus. hath. Hist. nat., Paris, (A, Zool., 1)11(4):101-115. Dept. de Biol. Animal y Genetica, Zool. Univ. del Pais Vasco, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.

90:3549 Barnes, Margaret, 1989. Egg production in cirripedes.

Oceanogr. mar. Biol. a. Rev., 27:91-166.


Egg production in three orders, Acrothoracica (burrowing), Rhizocephala (parasitic), and Thora- cica (true barnacles) is reviewed. Cirripedes may be hermaphroditic or have separate sexes in which case dwarf males are needed for fertilisation. In some cases hermaphrodites have complemental or aper- tural males. Transfer of spermatozoa, activated by secretions of the oviducal gland, penetrate the oviducal sac and fertilisation results. Eggs are developed outside the body but within the mantle cavity of the adult. The relative virtues of self- and cross-fertilisation have been discussed. The Scottish Mar. Biol. Assoc., Dunstaffnage Mar. Res. Lab., Oban, Argyll, PA34 4AD, Scotland.

90:3550 Bodiou, J.-Y. and J.-C. Colomines, 1989. [Harpac-

ticoids (copepods) of the Crozet Islands. III. A description of a new species of the genus Lepta- stacus T. Scott.] Crustaceana, 57(3):288-294. (In French, English abstract.) Univ. P. et M. Curie, U.A.C.N.R.S. 117, Lab. Arago, 66650 Banyuls- sur-mer, France

90:3551 Bruce, N.L., 1988. Two new species of Tridentella

(Crustacea, Isopoda, Tridentellidae) from New Zealand. Natn. Mus. N.Z. Recs, 3(7):71-79. Queensland Mus., PO Box 300, South Brisbane, Qld. 4101, Australia.

90:3552 Buchholz, Friedrich, 1988. On the way of life of the

Antarctic and the northern krill Euphansia snperba and Meganyctiphanes norvegica. Com- parative investigations of moult physiology and growth in the field and the laboratory. Ber. Inst. Meeresk. Christian-Albrechts-Univ., 185:245pp. (In German, English abstract.) Inst. fur Meeresk., Abteil. Meereszool., Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D 2300 Kiel, FRG.

90:3553 Campbell, Alan, 1989. Dispersal of American lob-

sters, Homarus americanus, tagged off southern Nova Scotia. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 46(11): 1842-1844. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Pacific Biol. Sta., Nanaimo, BC V9R 5K6, Canada.

90:3554 Cohen, A.C., 1989. Eusarsiella donabbottl, new

ostracode species (Sarsiellidae) from the Belize barrier reef. Bull. mar. Sci., 45(2):304-315. Div. of Life Sci., Los Angeles County Mus. of Nat. Hist., 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.

90:3555 Cohen, A.C., 1989. Comparison of myodocopid

ostracodes in two zones of the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay with changes in distribution 1978-1981. Bull. mar. Sci., 45(2):316-337. Div. of Life Sci., Los Angeles County Mus. of Nat. Hist., 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.

90:3556 Costello, M.J. and A.A. Myers, 1989. Breeding

periodicity and sex ratios in epifaunal marine Amphipoda in Lough Hyne, Ireland. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 29(5):409-419. Dept. of Agric., and Fish. for Scotland Mar. Lab., Poolewe, Ross-shire IV22 2LW, UK.

90:3557 Crosnier, Alain, 1988. [Penaeid shrimp collected in

the Red Sea, 1977-1981, by RV Sonne and Valdlvia.] Senckenberg. biol., 69(4/6):379-388. (In French, English abstract.) ORSTOM, Mus. Natl. d'Hist. Naturelle, 61 rue de Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.

90:3558 Dibbern, Steffi and Giinter Arlt, 1989. Post-em-

bryonic development of Mesochra aestuar/i Gur- ney, 1921 (Cope#a , Harpactieoida). Crusta- ceana, 57(3):263-287. Wilhelm Pieck Univ. Ros- tock, Sektion Biol., Freiligrathstr. 7/8, Rostock, 2500, DRG.

90:3559 Felgenhauer, B.E., Les Watling and A.B. Thistle

(eds.), 1989. Functional morphology of feeding and grooming in Crustacea. Crustacean Issues, 6:225pp; 13 papers.

The functional morphology of feeding and grooming structures of aquatic and terrestrial crustaceans is addressed. Several papers deal with crustaceans as a whole (the setal system, setal classification, neuronal sensory physiology), but most papers describe the feeding/grooming structures of specific taxa (e.g., calanoid copepods, mysids, decapods, euphausiids). In many cases the functional morphology studies yielded phylogenetic information. (gsb)

90:3560 Godlewska, Malgorzata and Stanislaw Rakusa-

Suszczewski, 1988. Variability of krill, Euphansia snperba, Dana 1852 (Crustaeea, Euphaueiaeea), distribution and biomass in the western Antarctic (Bransfield Strait, Drake Passage, Elephant Island) during 1976-1987. Investigaci6n pesq., Barcelona, 52(4):575-586.


Fluctuations of mean surface density are very large (0.26-153 t/Nm2). Krill biomass increases from October to February, then decreases. The increment due to animal growth is about six times, that due to current inflow about ten times during Antarctic summer. It is suggested that hydrodynamical and synoptical factors as well as bottom topography are mainly responsible for the krill distribution and biomass fluctuations. Inst. of Ecol., Polish Acad. of Sci., 05-092 Lomianki, Poland.

90:3561 Guinot, Dani~le, 1989. [Description of Segonzacia

gen.nov, and remarks on Segonzacia mesatlantica (Williams): HYDROSNAKE cruise 1988 on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Crnstacea Decapoda Brachym'a).] Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris, (A, Zool., 1)11(4):203-231. (In French, English abstract.) Mus. natl. d'Hist, nat., 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France.

90:3562 Hendrickx, M.E., 1989. ChaceUus paciticus, new

species (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Gone- placidae), from the continental shelf of the Gulf of California, Mexico. Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris, (A, Zool., 1)11(4):193-202. Estacion Ma- zatlan UNAM, A.P. 811, Mazatlan, 82000 Mexico.

90:3563 Henmi, Yasuhisa, 1989. Factors influencing drove

formation and foraging efficiency in Macro- phthafmus japonicus (De Haan) (Crustacea: Ocypodidae). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 131(3): 255-265. Dept. of Biol., Kyushu Univ., Hako- zaki, Fukuoka 812, Japan.

90:3564 Hicks, G.R.F., 1989. Harpacticoid copepods from

biogenic substrata in offshore waters of New Zealand. 2. Partial revisions of Dactylopodella Sars and Amphiascus Sars (varians-group) including new species, and a new record for Harrietella simulans (T. Scott). Natn. Mus. N.Z. Recs, 3(10): 101-117. Natl. Mus. of New Zealand, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand.

90:3565 Higginbottom, I.R. and G.W. Hosie, 1989. Biomass

and population structure of a large aggregation of krill near Prydz Bay, Antarctica. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 58(1-2): 197-203. Australian Antarctic Div., Channel Hwy., Kingston, Tas. 7050, Australia.

90:3566 Hines, A.H., 1989. Geographic variation in size at

maturity in brachyuran crabs. Bull. mar. Sci., 45(2):356-368. Smithsonian Environ. Res. Ctr., P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA.

90:3567 Humes, A.G., 1989. Acontiopborus excavatus, a new

species (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) associated with the soft coral Dendronephthya (AIcyonacea) in the Indo-Pacific. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 102(4):916-923. BUMP, MBL, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

90:3568 Jensen, G.C., 1989. Gregarious settlement by mega-

Iopae of the porcelain crabs Petrolisthes cinctipes (Randall) and P. eriomerus Stimpson. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 131(3):223-231. School of Fish WH-10, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

90:3569 Kakati, V.S., 1988. Larval development of the Indian

spider crab Elamenopsis demeloi (Kemp) (Brachyura, Hymenosomatidae) in the laboratory. Mahasagar, 21(4):219-227. Karwar Res. Ctr. of Central Mar. Fish. Res. Inst., Karwar 581 301, India.

90:3570 Kensley, Brian, 1989. Marine isopod crustaceans

from the St. Paul and Amsterdam islands, southern Indian Ocean. Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris, (A, Zool., 1)11(4): 147-164. Dept. of Invertebrate Zool. Natl. Mus. of Nat. Hist., Washington, DC 20560, USA.

90:3571 Kensley, Brian, 1989. New genera in the thalas-

sinidean familes Calocarididae and Axiidae (Crustaeea: Decapoda). Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 102(4):960-967. Dept. of Invertebrate Zool., Natl. Mus. of Nat. Hist., NHB-163, Washington, DC 20560, USA.

90:3572 Lowry, J.K. and G.C.B. Poore, 1989. First ingoi-

fiellids from the southwest Pacific (Crustacea: Amphipoda) with a discussion of their systematics. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 102(4):933-946. Div. of Invertebrate Zool., Australian Mus., P.O. Box A285, Sydney South, NSW 2000, Australia.


90:3573 Lowry, J.K. and H.E. Stoddart, 1989. The scope-

locheirid genus Afoul (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea) with notes on the association between scopelocbeirid amphipods, cassid gas- tropods and spatangoid echinoids. Rec. A ust. Mus., 41(2):111-120. Australian Mus., P.O. Box A285, Sydney South, NSW 2000, Australia.

90:3574 McGrath, D. and A.A. Myers, 1989. The drift

amphipod Hyale grimaldii in Irish and British waters. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 69(4):913-918. Dept. of Zool., Univ. Coll., Galway and Re- gional Tech. Coll., Galway, Ireland.

90:3575 Meyer, H.A. and S.S. Bell, 1989. Response of

harpacticoid copepods to detrital accumulation on seagrass blades: a field experiment with Metls holothuriae (Edwards). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 132(2):141-149. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.

90:3576 Mielke, Wolfgang, 1989. [Interstitial fauna of the

Galapagos. XXXVII. Metidae (Harpacticoida).] Microfauna Mar., 5:173-188. (In German, Eng- lish abstract.) Zool. Inst. und. Mus. der Univ., Gottingen, Berliner Str. 28, D-3400 Gottingen, FRG.

90:3577 Mielke, Wolfgang, 1989. [Interstitial fauna of the

Galapagos. XXXVI. Tetragonieipitidae (Harpac- ticoida).] Microfauna Mar., 5:95-172. (In Ger- man, English abstract.) II. Zool. Inst. und Mus. der Univ. Gottingen, Berliner Str. 28, D-3400 Gottingen, FRG.

90:3578 MOiler, Wolfgang, 1989. Acoustical and vibrational

communication and ecology of tropical and subtropical fiddler crabs. Zoologische Jb., (Syst.)116(1):47-114. (In German, English abstract.)

Tape recordings and slow motion analyses are used to elucidate the mechanisms by which six species of fiddler crab make their varying signals, and how they appear to use them. Zool. Inst. der West- falisehen, Abt. Physiol. und Okol., Wilhelms-Univ., Badestr. 9, D-4400 Munster, FRG. (fcs)

90:3579 Newman, W.A., 1989. Juvenile ontogeny and met-

amorphosis in the most primitive living sessile

barnacle, Neoverruca, from abyssal hydrothermal springs. Bull. mar. Sci., 45(2):467-477.

Neoverruca brachylepadoformis, recently described from abyssal hydrothermal springs at 3600 m in the Mariana Trough, has the basic organization of the most primitive sessile barnacles, the extinct Brachy- lepadomorpha (Jurassic-Miocene). However a sub- tle asymmetry diagnostic of the Verrucomorpha (Cretaceous-Recent) is superimposed on this plan, and it is evident that Neoverruca also represents a very primitive verrucomorphan. Observations in- dicate that the transition from a pedunculate to a sessile way of life was evolutionarily more compli- cated than previously understood. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr,, A-002, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

90:3580 Ngoc-Ho, Nguyen, 1989. IOn the genus Gebiacantha

gen.nov., with a description of five new species (Crustacea, Thalassinidea, Upogebiidae).] Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris, (A, Zool., 1)11(4): 117-145. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de Zool. (Arthropodes), Mus. natl. d'Hist, nat., 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.

90:3581 Paul, D.H., 1989..A neurophylogenist's view of

decapod Crustacea. Bull. mar. Sci., 45(2):487- 504.

The occurrence among decapod taxa of the three neurologically distinct types of tailflipping behavior (medial- and lateral-giant neuron mediated escape tailflips and repetitive, non-giant mediated tailflipping) are reviewed, and the principal neurons known to contribute to them are tabulated. Biol. Dept., Univ. of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Victoria, BC VSW 2Y2, Canada.

90:3582 Ravindranath, K., 1989. Taxonomic status of the

coromandel shrimp Parapenaeopsls stylifera coro- mandelica Alcock (Decapoda, Penaeidea). Crustaceana, 57(3):257-262. Dept. of Fish. Sci., Coll. of Veterinary Sci., A.P. Agric. Univ., Tirupati 517 502, India.

90:3583 Sieg, Jargen and Graham Bird, 1989. Remarks on the

genus Mesotanais Dollfus, 1897 (Crustacea, Tanaidacea). Redeseription of the type-species and description of M. elongatus sp.nov. Bull. Mus. hath. Hist. nat., Paris, (A, Zool., 1)l I(4):165-182. Univ. Osnabruck, Abteilung Vechta, Fach- bereich Naturwissenshaften, Math., Driverstr. 22, 2848 Vechta, FRG,

OLR (I 990) 37 (6) E. Biological Oceanography 553

90:3584 Trendall, J.T. and James Prescott, 1989. Severe

physiological stress associated with the annual breeding emigration of Panulirus ornatus in the Tortes Strait. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 58(1-2):29- 39. Australian Independent Res., PO Box 7197, Cairns, Qld. 4870, Australia.

90:3585 Webber, W.R. and J.D. Booth, 1988. Projasus

parkeri (Stebbing, 1902) (Crnstacea, Decapoda, Palinuridae) in New Zealand and description of a Projasus puerulus from Australia. Natn. Mus. N.Z. Recs, 3(8):81-92. Natl. Mus. of New Zealand, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zea- land.

90:3586 Wilber, D.H. and T.P. Wilber Jr., 1989. The effects

of holding space and diet on the growth of the West Indian spider crab Mithrax spinosissimus (Lamarck). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 131(3):215- 222. Biol. Unit I, Florida State Univ., Talla- hassee, FL 32306, USA.

E250. Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Tintin- nida, etc. (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOL- OGY AND GEOPHYSICS)

90:3587 Buskey, E.J. and D.K. Stoecker, 1989. Behavioral

responses of the marine tintinnid Favella sp. to phytoplankton: influence of chemical, mechanical and photic stimuli. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 132(1):1-16. Mar. Sci. Inst., Univ. of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.

90:3588 Chandler, G.T., 1989. Foraminifera may structure

meiobentMc communities. Oecologia, 81(3):354- 360.

On a West German Wattenmeer mudflat, cope- podite naupliar densities of a predominant harpacticoid copepod, Amphiascoides limicola, were significantly depressed in sediments containing >100 Ammonia beccarii 3 cm 2 suggesting a possible foraminiferal :copepod amensalism. Ammonia beccarii and A. limicola were cultured separately in microcosms and then tested to determine if A. limicola's seemingly negative reaction to sediments containing Ammonia beccarii occurs under con- trolled conditions, how various life stages are affected, and what the repulsive mechanisms may

be. Results suggest that Ammonia beccarii's inhibition of A. limicola is probably not caused by sediment pelletization and simple mucous exudates but by local microfloral depletion. Belle W. Baruch Inst. for Mar. Biol. and Coastal Res., Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.

90:3589 Gooday, A.J. and P.J.D. Lambshead, 1989. Influence

of seasonally deposited phytodetritus on benthic foraminiferal populations in the bathyal northeast Atlantic: the species response. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 58(1-2):53-67.

Cores were obtained with a multiple corer at a 1320-1360 m deep site in the Porcupine Seabight. In July (but not April), 1982 the sediment surface was overlain by a phytodetritus layer sedimented following the spring bloom. Observations consolidate the view that phytodetritus is a microhabitat for some deep-sea benthic foraminiferal species. The April and July samples yielded diverse foram populations of similar density and species richness; however, there were some important taxonomic differences. It is argued that the influence of phytodetritus, rather than spatial variability (patch- iness), was responsible for some of the differences in species abundances. Some species, however, main- tain more stable population densities. Dept. of Zoot., British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Rd., Longon SW7 5BD, UK.

90:3590 Rao, K.K. et al., 1989. Planktonic Foraminifera in

waters off the Coromandel coast, Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18(1):1-7. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Regional Ctr., Cochin 682 018, India.

E 2 6 0 . Macrophytes (algae, grasses, etc.)

90:3591 Ballesteros, Enric and Javier Romero, 1988. Zona-

tion patterns in tideless environments (north- western Mediterranean): looking for discontinuities in species distributions. Investigacifn pesq., Barcelona, 52(4):595-616.

Distribution of macrobenthos was studied along the air-water interface on a rocky coast near Cap de Creus. Qualitative results showed that, although some discontinuities were detected, they did not always correspond to those predicted from direct observation; however, quantitative discontinuities corresponded well with observed ecotones. It is concluded that the apparent zonation is mainly due to the distribution of dominant species biomass. No

554 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (I 990) 37 (6)

evidence is found supporting the existence of zones of coincidently distributed species. Ctr. d'Estudis Avancats, CSIC. C. Sta. Barbara, s/n, 17300 Blanes, Girona, Spain.

90:3592 Borum, Jens, Laura Murray and W.M. Kemp, 1989.

Aspects of nitrogen acquisition and conservation in eelgrass plants. Aquat. Bot., 35(3-4):289-300. Univ. of Copenhagen, Freshwater Biol. Lab., Helsingorsgade 51, 3400 Hillerod, Denmark.

90:3593 Davison, I.R., S.R. Dudgeon and H.-M. Ruan, 1989.

Effect of freezing on seaweed photosynthesis. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 58(I-2): 123-131.

Photosynthesis in Gulf of Maine sublittoral fringe and rock pool seaweeds was adversely affected by a single 6 or 12 h exposure to -20~ even after a 7 d recovery in 5~ seawater; most intertidal forms were unaffected. Three hours at -20~ resulted in an immediate reduction in photosynthesis of most intertidal seaweeds, with degree of inhibition cor- responding to zonation on shore. Freezing intolerant species exhibited massive amino acid release on reimmersion in seawater following freezing; this is believed to be due to loss of plasmalemma integrity. Overall, the results suggest that freezing may play an important role in structuring sub-arctic and boreal intertidal communities. Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.

90:3594 Harrison, P.G., 1989. Detrital processing in seagrass

systems: a review of factors affecting decay rates, remineralization and detritivory. Aquat. Bot., 35(3-4):263-288.

The literature on three related aspects of the ecological role of seagrass detritus was analyzed for clues to the factors determining decomposition rates, amount of remineralization vs. nitrogen immobili- zation, and the nutritional value of the detritus to animals. Compared to other vascular plants, the pattern of detrital processing of seagrasses exhibits several unusual features: (1) slow rates of biomass loss despite relatively low initial phenolic contents; (2) low rates of microbial metabolism despite relatively high initial nitrogen contents; and (3) no build-up of nitrogen. Dept. of Bot., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2BI, Canada.

90:3595 Murray, S.N. and M.H. Horn, 1989. Variations in

standing stocks of central California macrophytes from a rocky intertidal habitat before and during

the 1982-1983 El Nifio. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 58(1-2): 113-122.

Intertidal macrophytes inhabiting a central Cali- fornia site were investigated before and during the 1982-1983 El Nifio/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Observed variations from pre-ENSO patterns in total macrophyte abundance and diversity were few and mostly limited to the late-ENSO winter; values for the ENSO summer were not significantly different from those obtained for two previous non- ENSO summers at high-, mid- and low intertidal levels. Increases in cover of crustose coralline algae and decreases in fleshy red algae were more extreme during the late ENSO winter. Multivariate analysis distinguished December 1983 from other winter periods at all 3 intertidal levels, but August 1983 could not be discriminated from pre-ENSO summers. Dept. of Biol. Sci., California State Univ., Fullerton, CA 92634, USA.

90:3596 Untawale, A.G., C.R.K. Reddy and G.V. Desh-

mukhe, 1989. Ecology of intertidal benthic algae of northern Karnataka coast. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18(2):73-81. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

E300. Effects of pollution (also uptake, trace accumulations, etc.; see also B350- Atmospheric pollution, C210-Chemical pollution, F250-Waste disposal)

90:3597 Cairns, John Jr. and E.P. Smith, 1989. Developing a

statistical support system for environmental hazard evaluation, Hydrobiologia, 184(3):i43-151.

Estimating the hazard or risk to both human health and the environment has been based almost exclusively on single species toxicity tests low in environmental realism and without validation of their accuracy in more complex systems. There is no substantive body of direct experimental evidence indicating that precise predictions of harm from hazardous materials can be extrapolated from laboratory tests to the more complex highly variable natural systems. This paper focuses entirely on hazard evaluation for organisms other than humans, namely predicting the potential risk or probability of harm to natural systems based on laboratory toxicity testing using single species. Not only will the basic risk assessment strategy itself be examined but also the question of determining the statistical reliability of various extrapolations from one level of biological


organization to another. Ctr. for Environ. and Hazardous Materials Studies, Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.

90:3598 Fletcher, R.L., 1989. A bioassay technique using the

marine fouling green alga Enteromorpha. Int. Biodeterior., 25(6):407-422.

The algal genus Enteromorpha occurs widely and represents an important component of the marine fouling community. A bioassay procedure is described which utilizes zoospores of members of the genus to test the efficacy of antifouling paints. Methods for obtaining and isolating zoospores are discussed. The bioassay provides a simple, rapid, and direct test of the biocide capability of anti- foulant compounds using an easily obtainable, hardy test organism which can be cultured without diffi- culty. Mar. Lab., School of Biol. Sci., Portsmouth Polytech., Ferry Rd., Hayling Island, Hampshire, POll 0DG, UK. (gsb)

90:3599 Guitirrrez-Galindo, E.A., Gilberto Flores-Mufloz

and Julio Villaescusa-Celaya, 1988. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in molluscs of the Mexicali Valley and upper Gulf of California. Ci~nc. mar., Baja Calif., M~x., 14(3):91-113. Inst. de Invest. Oceanol., Univ. Auton. de Baja California, Apdo. Postal 453, Ensenada, BC, Mexico.

90:3600 Nielsen, C.O. and Rune Dietz, 1989. Heavy metals in

Greenland seabirds. Meddr Gronland, (Biosci- ence)29:26pp.

Pectoral muscle, liver, and kidney concentrations of Zn, Cd, Hg, and Se were determined for 320 seabirds (11 species) from six districts of Greenland. Con- centrations varied greatly within species, and were age- but not sex-dependent. Variations in metal concentrations among the tissues tested and among the geographic regions studied are discussed. Green- land Environ. Res. Inst., Tagensvej 135, DK-2200, Copenhagen, N. Denmark. (gsb)

90:3601 Rainbow, P.S., 1989. Copper, cadmium and zinc

concentrations in oceanic amphipod and euphau- slid crustaceans, as a source of heavy metals to pelagic seabirds. Mar. Biol., 103(4):513-518.

Heavy metal concentrations have been measured in oceanic hyperiid amphipods Themisto gaudichaudii and T. compressa, and euphausiids Meganyctiphanes norvegica and Euphausia superba, collected in the Antarctic and Atlantic oceans. In some cases, metal

concentrations displayed size-dependencies which were allowed for in interspecific or intersite comparisons, which often showed intraspecific geo- graphical differences not attributable to anthro- pogenic effects. Cd concentrations in Themisto species are high in comparison with those of other oceanic crustaceans and may represent significant sources of Cd in the diets of particular seabirds. Ctr. for Res. in Aquatic Biol., Queen Mary Coll., Mile End Rd., London E1 4NS, UK.

90:3602 Raman, A.V. and K.P. Prakash, 1989. Phytoplankton

in relation to pollution in Visakhapatnam harbour, east coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18(1):33- 36. Dept. of Zool., Andhra Univ., Waltair 530 003, India.

90:3603 Reddy, M.S., G.R.V. Babu and K.V.R. Rao, 1989.

Phosphamidon and methylparathion induced alterations in the tissue proteins, pyruvate and excretory products of the marine prawn, Meta- penaeus monoceros. Mahasagar, 22(1):47-51. Dept. of Mar. Zool., S.V. Univ. P.G. Ctr., Kavali 524 202, India.

90:3604 Reynoso Nufio, H.E. and Adriana Jorajuria, 1988.

Distribution of heavy metals in the western coast of the peninsula of Baja California, using Mytilns californianus as sentinel organisms. Ci~nc. mar., Baja Calif., M~x., 14(4):101-116. (Spanish and English.) Ctr. de Invest. de Quintana Roo, A.C., Apdo. Postal 886, Cancun, Q.ROO, 77500 Mexico.

90:3605 Snoeijs, P.J.M. and I.C. Prentice, 1989. Effects of

cooling water discharge on the structure and dynamics of epilithic algal communities in the northern Baltic. Hydrobiologia, 184(1-2):99-123. Inst. of Ecol. Botany, Uppsala Univ., Box 559, 751 22 Uppsala, Sweden.

E370. Theoretical biology and ecology

90:3606 Craik, J.C.A., 1989. The Gala hypothesis--fact or

fancy? J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 69(4):759-768.

Features of the biosphere will be described which are difficult to reconcile with Gala, or which may provide alternative explanations of Gaian phenom- ena. These include the early origin of life on Earth, the great variety of energy sources utilised by living

556 OLR (1990) 37 (6)

organisms, the communities of organisms living in extreme aquatic natural environments (such as those of temperature, pH, pE, and salinity), the adapta- bility of life to successive environmental crises during biospheric evolution, and the remarkable properties of 'dissipative structures.' Grendon, Barcaldine, Oban, Argyll, PA37 I SG, UK.

90:3607 Iwabe, Naoyuki et al., 1989. Evolutionary relation-

ship of archaehacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes inferred from phylogenetic trees of duplicated genes. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.SA., 86(23): 9355-9359.

Previous attempts to derive a phylogenetic tree elucidating the evolutionary relationships among the eukaryotes, eubacteria, and archaebacteria, have been plagued by the inability to determine a common root based on comparison of a single RNA or protein from a number of species. A modified approach is described, wherein a composite tree is derived from comparison of a pair of genes which arose via gene duplication prior to the divergence of the primary kingdoms. Results of analyses of two such gene pairs suggest that the archaebacteria are more closely related to eukaryotes than to eubacteria. Dept. of Biol., Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka 812, Japan. (gsb)

90:3608 Jablonski, D., 1989. The biology of mass extinction: a

palaeontological view. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., (B)325( 1228): 357-368.

Analysis of molluscan survivorship patterns for the end-Cretaceous suggests that some traits that tend to confer extinction resistance during times of normal (background) levels of extinction are ineffectual during mass extinction. For genera, high species- richness and possession of widespread individual species imparted extinction-resistance during background times but not during mass extinction, when

overall distribution of the genus was an important factor. Mass extinctions can break the hegemony of species-rich, well-adapted eludes, permitting radia- tion of taxa that had previously been minor faunal elements. Dept. of the Geophys. Sci., Univ. of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

90:3609 Smith, J.M., 1989. The causes of extinction. Phil.

Trans. R. Soc., (B)325(1228):241-252.

A species may go extinct either because it is unable to evolve rapidly enough to meet changing circum- stances, or because its niche disappears and no capacity for rapid evolution could have saved it. Although recent extinctions can usually be inter- preted as resulting from niche disappearance, the taxonomic distribution of parthenogens suggests that inability to evolve may also be important. A second distinction is between physical and biotic causes of extinction. Fossil evidence for constant taxonomic diversity, combined with species turnover, implies that biotic factors have been important. The term 'species selection' should be confined to cases in which the outcome of selection is determined by properties of the population as a whole, rather than of individuals. An adequate interpretation of the fossil record requires a theory of the coevolution of many interacting species. Such a theory is at present lacking, but various approaches to it are discussed. School of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.

FA10. Miscellaneous

90:3610 Geraci, J.R. et al., 1989. Humpback whales (Mega-

ptera novaeangliae) fatally poisoned by dino- flagellate toxin. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 46(11): 1895-1898. Dept. of Path., Univ. of Guelph, ON NIG 2Wl, Canada.

F. GENERAL

F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

90:3611 Eymard, L., C. Klapisz and R, Bernard, 1989.

Comparison between Nimbus-7 SMMR and ECMWF model analyses: the problem of the

surface latent heat flux. J. atmos, ocean. Technol., 6(6):866-881. CNET-CNRS, 38-40 rue du Gen- eral Leclerc, 92131 Issy les Moulineaux, France.

90:3612 King, J.I.F., R.G. Hohlfeld and J.C. Kilian, 1989.

Application and evaluation of a differential

E. Biological oceanography

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