Dyspepsia Management in 2014
Transcript of Dyspepsia Management in 2014
Grigoris Leontiadis, MD PhDMcMaster University
Upper Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Diseases Cochrane Group
No relevant financial relationships with any commercial interests
CDDW/CASL Meeting Session: Dyspepsia management in 2014
Medical Expert (as Medical Experts, physicians integrate all of the CanMEDS Roles, applying medical knowledge, clinical skills, and professional attitudes in their provision of patient-centered care. Medical Expert is the central physician Role in the CanMEDS framework.)
Communicator (as Communicators, physicians effectively facilitate the doctor-patient relationship and the dynamic exchanges that occur before, during, and after the medical encounter.)
Collaborator (as Collaborators, physicians effectively work within a healthcare team to achieve optimal patient care.)
Manager (as Managers, physicians are integral participants in healthcare organizations, organizing sustainable practices, making decisions about allocating resources, and contributing to the effectiveness of the healthcare system.)
Health Advocate (as Health Advocates, physicians responsibly use their expertise and influence to advance the health and well-being of individual patients, communities, and populations.)
Scholar (as Scholars, physicians demonstrate a lifelong commitment to reflective learning, as well as the creation, dissemination, application and translation of medical knowledge.)
Professional (as Professionals, physicians are committed to the health and well-being of individuals and society through ethical practice, profession-led regulation, and high personal standards of behaviour.)
CanMEDS Roles Covered in this Session:
Agenda
Uninvestigated dyspepsia; functional dyspepsia
definitions
critical appraisal of treatments
of established efficacy
emerging, promising
conclusions
Evolving definition
Misleading etymology: two ancient Greek words
• dys (bad, abnormal, difficult, impaired)
• pepsis (digestion)
Dyspepsia
One or more of the following: epigastric pain epigastric burning postprandial fullness early satiation
It should not be called dyspepsia if the predominant symptoms are heartburn or acid regurgitation
Tack et al. Functional gastroduodenal disorders. In: Rome III, 2006
Rome III definition
Dyspepsia
One or more of the following: epigastric pain epigastric burning postprandial fullness early satiation
andNo evidence of structural disease (including at upper endoscopy)that is likely to explain the symptoms
Tack et al. Functional gastroduodenal disorders. In: Rome III, 2006
Rome III definition
1.
Functional dyspepsia (FD)
2.
Criteria fulfilled for ≥ 3 months
symptom onset ≥ 6 months prior to diagnosis
Burden of dyspepsia
Prevalence of dyspepsia: 20‐40% (Marwaha et al. DDW 2009)
Incidence: 1% per year
70% of patients with dyspepsia have FD (Ford et al. Clin Gastr Hepatol 2010)
Significant reduction of patients’ quality of life
Significant economic burden to the healthcare system
Cause of frustration to physicians because no medication is currently approved in the US, Canada or the EU for the treatment of FD
Lacy et al. AP&T 2013
Top three strategies:
Prompt endoscopy (and treat accordingly)
H. pylori test (non‐invasively) and treat
Initial acid suppression (and scope the failures)
Early endo: more effective in curing dyspepsia, but more costly and not cost-effective
No difference in efficacy or cost
Ford et al. Gastroenterol 2005
Ford et al. AP&T 2008
Management of uninvestigated dyspepsia
Clinical practice guidelines
NICE 2004
Canadian 2005
AGA 2005
ASGE 2007
Asian Pacific 2012
(Lacy et al. AP&T 2012)
Management of uninvestigated dyspepsia
Fails
Van Zanten et al. Can J Gastroenterol 2005Talley et al. Gastroenterol 2005
Uninvestigated dyspepsia no other obvious causes age < 50 no alarm features
H. pylori test (UBT)
Treat for H pylori
PPI trial 4‐6 weeks
If H. pylori prevalence < 10%
‐ Reassurance‐ Reassessdiagnosis
(+)ve (‐)ve
Endoscopy
Manage accordingly
(+)ve (‐)ve
Functional dyspepsia
Fails Fails
Management of uninvestigated dyspepsia
Functional dyspepsia
FD probably includes multiple different entities with distinct underlying pathophysiologies
Ideally, the therapeutic approach should target the underlying pathophysiology
However, it has been very difficult to identify FD subgroups reliably based on symptoms
FD subgroups
Causative agents
Pathophysiological change Symptoms
Pathophysiology of FD
Postprandial distress syndrome (PDS)
Epigastric pain syndrome (EPS)
FD subgroupsRome III definitions
may co-exist
Postprandial distress syndrome (PDS)
Several times a week, one or both of:
1. Bothersome postprandial fullness, occurring after ordinary‐size meals
2. Early satiation that prevents finishing a regular meal
FD subgroupsRome III definitions
Tack et al. Functional gastroduodenal disorders. In: Rome III, 2006
Epigastric pain syndrome (EPS)
All of the following:
1. Pain or burning localized to the epigastrium of at least moderate severity, at least once per week
2. Intermittent
3. Not generalized or localized to other abdominal or chest regions
4. Not relieved by defecation or passage of flatus
5. Not fulfilling the criteria for gallbladder or SOD disorders
FD subgroupsRome III definitions
Tack et al. Functional gastroduodenal disorders. In: Rome III, 2006
“Proximate” causes of dyspepsia (microorganisms, foods, drugs, other environmental factors, genes, combinations of the above)
“Ultimate” causes of dyspepsia: Q: “Does dyspepsia serve the human species’ interest, and if so, how?”A: possibly yes; it is beneficial for a population (it confers a survival advantage) to have:
1. a warning mechanism against life‐threatening behaviours (some variability among individuals would be inevitable)
2. a proportion of individuals with chronic, moderate dyspepsia. Why?
Dyspepsia from an evolutionary perspective
Management options for FD
H. pylori eradication therapy probiotics dietary modifications acid suppression prokinetics antidepressants psychological therapy anti‐nociceptive agents herbal therapies acupuncture
H pylori eradication therapy in FD
Systematic review & meta‐analysis of 21 RCTs Outcome: dyspepsia cure at 3‐ 12 months Comparator: placebo, PPI, H2RA, prokinetic Results:
RR for H pylori eradication group vs. control: 0.90 (95%CI 0.86‐0.94) NNT 14 (95%CI 10 to 25)
Informally updated; results hardly changed: NNT 13 Moayyedi. Arch Intern Med 2011
Moayyedi et al. Cochrane Dat Syst Rev 2006
H pylori eradication therapy in FD
Systematic review & meta‐analysis of 21 RCTs Outcome: dyspepsia cure at 3‐ 12 months Comparator: placebo, PPI, H2RA, prokinetic Results:
RR for H pylori eradication group vs. control: 0.90 (95%CI 0.86‐0.94) NNT 14 (95%CI 10 to 25)
Informally updated; results hardly changed: NNT 13 Moayyedi. Arch Intern Med 2011
The beneficial effect of H pylori eradication Rx applies equally to “epigastric pain” and “dysmotility” FD subgroups
Moayyedi et al. Cochrane Dat Syst Rev 2006
Suzuki & Moayyedi. Nat Rev Gastroenterol 2013
H pylori eradication therapy in FD
“It is possible that the antibiotics used in H pylori eradication therapy are treating other organisms rather than H pylori, and this is the reason for their effect in functional dyspepsia”
What is the proportion of patients who were cured from dyspepsia after unsuccessful H pylori eradication treatment?
Moayyedi. Arch Intern Med 2011
103 H pylori +(ve) patients, scoped for various reasons (not all had FD)
43 species of bacteria cultured and isolated from 65% of the patients
• Several studies have systematically examined the role of small bowel microbiota in IBS
• No studies have systematically examined the role of the microbiota of the stomach, duodenal and proximal jejunum in FD
• No RCTs on the efficacy of probiotics in FD
Hu et al. World J Gastroenterol 2012
GI microbiota
GI microbiota
Eradicate if H. pylori (+)ve
Management of FD
Functional dyspepsia
All 7 CPGs published since 2009 agree on this approach The benefit is small (NNT 14), but
the effect is long term H. pylori eradication has additional benefits (prevention of PUD,
esp. complicated PUD, possibly prevention of gastric cancer)Suzuki & Moayyedi. Nat Rev Gastroenterol 2013
What if this approach fails to cure FD?
“Which foods should I avoid, doctor?”
Diet in FD
Diet in FD
Nine studies have assessed dietary patterns/eating behavior in FD Inconsistent results (except with fatty foods) Patients identify specific foods as triggers of their symptoms,
but blind challenge tests provide inconsistent results Possible cognitive factors
(anticipation due to previous negative experience with certain foods)
No studies have assessed the efficacy of targeted dietary interventions in FD Is there a role for GFD or low FODMAP diet for FD? Should all dyspeptics be tested for celiac disease or non‐celiac gluten
sensitivity?
Feinle‐Bisset & Azpiroz. Nat Rev Gastroenterol 2013
Probably reasonable suggestions (but, very low quality of evidence):
smaller meals (? better chewing, slower eating)
reduced fat intake
? diet calendar?
related lifestyle modifications‐ reduce / modify alcohol consumption‐ stop smoking (tobacco, marihuana)
Ford & Moayyedi. BMJ 2013Lacy et al. AP&T 2012
Diet (and lifestyle) in FD
Acid suppression in FD
A Cochrane SR&MA:
Antacids vs. placebo (1 RCT): no difference
H2RAs vs. placebo (12 RCTs): RRR 23% (95% CI 8% to 35%); NNT=7 unexplained heterogeneity publication bias
PPIs vs. placebo (10 RCTs): RRR 13% (95% CI 4% to 20%); NNT=10 unexplained heterogeneity
Moayyedi et al. Cochrane Dat Syst Rev 2006
PPIs in FD
SR&MA and economic analysis (US setting):
Different efficacy according to FD dyspepsia subgroup
Moayyedi et al. Gastroenterol 2004
Prokinetics in FD
Logical choice...
2006 Cochrane review of 24 RCTs (being updated currently)
Most of the RCTs used cisapride
Cisapride withdrawn
Unexplained heterogeneity, likely publication bias, no effect seen in high quality studies
Insufficient evidence for other prokinetics
Moayyedi et al. Cochrane Dat Syst Rev 2006
Prokinetics in FD
Newer prokinetics
itopride
tegaserod
acotiamide
buspirone
Phase IIb RCT (Germany) n= 554 Superior to placebo
Prokinetics in FD
Newer prokinetics
itopride
tegaserod
acotiamide
buspirone
Holtman et al. NEJM 2006
Two phase III RCTs (international & N. American) n=1170 Excluded patients with heartburn No difference from placebo
Talley et al. Cut 2008
dopamine D2 antagonist & acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Prokinetics in FD
Newer prokinetics
itopride
tegaserod
acotiamide
buspirone
Two RCTs (US, Canada, UK, South Africa)
n= 2,667 women with “dysmotility‐like” FD
Small improvement in dyspepsia scores, of doubtful clinical importance
Tegacerod withdrawn Vakil et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2008
selective 5‐HT4 agonist
Four phase II RCTs (Japan, US, Europe) total n = 1363 100mg TD : slightly better than placebo (for partial improvement)
Prokinetics in FD
Newer prokinetics
itopride
tegaserod
acotiamide
buspirone
Matsueda et al. NGM 2010
Phase III RCT (Japan) n= 892 (PDS only) 100mg TID: slightly better than placebo NNT=6 (partial improvement) NNT=16 (complete resolution)
Matsueda et al. Gut 2012
Tack et al. DDW 2011
Talley et al. DDW 2008
Acetylcholine release promoteracetylcholinesterase inhiditor
Prokinetics in FD
Newer prokinetics
Itopride
Tegaserod
acotiamide
buspirone5‐HT1A agonist
Fundic relaxant (not a prokinetic per se)
Crossover RCT (Belgium)
n= 17
Reduced bloating and postprandial fullness
Tack et al. Clin Gastr Hepatol 2012
Gut‐brain axis in FD
Psychopathological factors (esp. anxiety and depression) are positively associated with FD
This justifies two additional therapeutic approaches for FD: psychological therapy antidepressants
Tack et al. Functional gastroduodenal disorders. In: Rome III, 2006
Psychological therapies for FD
Insufficient evidence for benefit:
Cochrane systematic review of 4 RCTs (Soo et al. Cochrane Dat Syst Rev 2006)
One subsequent RCT on cognitive behavioural therapy (Haag et al. AP&T 2007)
Antidepressants in FD
Two TCAs were shown to be superior to placebo in RCTs:
Imipramine
► n=107 (Hong Kong) Wu et al. DDW 2011
Amitriptyline
► n= 292 (US & Canada) Locke et al. DDW 2013‐ amitriptyline was also superior to escitalopram (SSRI)
► Three small RCTs (US; Japan; Europe) Mertz et al. Am J Gastroenterol 1998Otaka et al. AP&T 2005Braak et al. AP&T 2011
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Antidepressants in FD
not different from placebo in RCTs
Escitalopram► n= 292 (US & Canada) Locke et al. DDW 2013
Sertaline► n=193 (Hong Kong) Tan et al. WJG 2012
SSRIs
SNRIs not different from placebo in an RCT
Vanlafaxine► n=160 (Netherlands) van Kerkhoven et al. Clin Gastr Hepatol 2008
Anti‐nociceptive agents in FD
Pregabalin Post hoc analysis of data from 6 RCTs
‐ Patients with generalized anxiety disorder and severe/ very severe “GI symptoms” (Item #11 in Hamilton Anxiety Scale)
‐ Small improvement in “GI symptoms” (as well as in anxiety levels)
Stein et al. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009
Herbal therapies for FD
Iberogast (extracts from 9 plants): a systematic (?) review of 4 RCTs Slightly better than placebo Equally safe to placebo No meta‐analysis
Acupuncture in FD
Two well‐performed RCTs (China)
n=712; n= 72
Superior to sham therapy
Functional brain changes on PET‐CT
Ma et al. AP&T 2012Zeng et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2012
Take home messages
If >50 yrs or alarm features: scope and treat
If <50 yrs and no alarm features: test for H. pylori (UBT) and treat
or PPI trial
Uninvestigated dyspepsia management
Test for H. pylori and treat PPIs [Reassess diagnosis] Dietary and lifestyle modifications Consider:
• Tricyclic antidepressants • Prokinetics• Anti‐nociceptive agents• Psychological therapies• Herbal /complementary therapies, acupuncture
FD management
Take home messages
Final thoughts
We cannot expect to find a silver bullet that works for all FD patients – FD is more than one diseases
We need a better understanding of the pathophysiology of FD:
carve out entities out of FD (? biomarkers)
role of microbiota
role of psychological factors
mechanism of action of the (partially) effective treatments; identify prognostic markers for response (? biomarkers)
Thank you for your attention!