Dynamics of Change

FEBRUARY 2009 VOL 13 ISSUE 2

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Evolution is a human instinct. Be it anthropological, intel-lectual or scientific, man's craving for a better tomorrow

remains unsatiated. The science which found its roots inunderstanding the earth and its resources has now evolvedinto being an omnipotent technology tool capable of redefin-ing the contours of the world.

Geospatial technology initially focussed on collecting infor-mation through cartographic means to create a 2D map todepict the length and breadth of the land, its resources andnational and international boundaries for administrativetasks. On the one hand, we have moved from digitising ana-logue maps to creating original digital data for specific usesand then on to creating generic data that can be used for arange of different applications. On the other hand, in the lastone hundred years, the introduction of aerial imaging tech-nologies has changed the face of cartography dramatically.Today, there is a glut of data in general and specifically, thereis a broad range of remotely sensed high resolution dataavailable. While traditional electro optical sources on boardsatellites are delivering data with a resolution of about half ameter, radar data produces resolutions of about one meter.

With airborne systems, optical resolutions of 10 cm are beingachieved.

"Clearly these resolution changes improved the ability tomap features which have traditionally required groundbased surveying techniques," says Brad Skelton, CTO, ERDAS.Concurring with him, BVR Mohan Reddy, CMD, InfotechEnterprises, says availability of high resolution data haspractically demystified the map making processes and fea-ture extraction from ortho-rectified high resolution satellite

Change is the only constant - though an old adage, is quite relevant in the presentcontext. In the backdrop of economic gloom and audacity of hope, it is important to takestock of where we stand, count our blessings and assess the challenges. GIS Developmentspoke to several geospatial industry leaders, decision makers and academicians to gain anobjective understanding of the dynamics of change vis-à-vis the dimensions of geospatialcontent, convergence of technologies, impact of global economic slowdown, growingmarkets, potential geospatial verticals and the challenges that lay ahead for the industry.Each of the sections of the article discusses elaborately the current and futureexpectations from the geospatial market.

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Geospatial IndustryGeospatial Industry

Expanding dimensions of geospatial content

Availability of highresolution data haspractically demystifiedthe map makingprocesses

BVR Mohan ReddyCMD, Infotech Enterprises

imagery (HRSI) is gaining ground rapidly, reducing relianceon field-based operations.

Talking about the accuracy of data, we can't but acknowl-edge the explosive innovation in acquiring precise geospa-tial information. The unanimous choice of all industry lead-ers for achieving precision is the use of laser scanning andmobile mapping technologies. Advocating laser scanning,Matt Ball, Editor, Vector 1 Media, says, "This is one technologythat will quickly revolutionise surveying." Asserting thatlaser scanning technology is growing at a rapid pace andthat the market for the same will double in the next twoyears quoting Spar Research report, Lisa Campbell, Vice-Pres-ident, Autodesk, says, "Ultimately, the growing level of detailwill serve to enhance the resulting analyses and, in particu-lar, help create very accurate visual models of the infrastruc-ture and the world around us." In this context, Don Corswell,President, Optech, points out that the complementarity ofmobile and air borne mapping has turned out to be reallyfruitful. There are places where conducting air-borne surveybecomes difficult, such as cities. The datasets obtained as aresult of using a combination of both these technologiesgives fantastic resolution on all aspects of the city, he argues.

However, security restrictions and government permis-sions will limit their adoption for some time, feels BVRMohan Reddy. Once these restrictions are relaxed and proce-dures streamlined, end-users will be able to exercise judi-cious choice between available technologies, resulting inbetter return on investment (ROI), he opines.

Auguring a good demand for such technologies, Ed Parsons,CTO, Google Earth says, "There is huge potential for informa-tion products produced from the automated combination ofaerial and terrestrial sensing, here LIDAR in particular has animportant part to play in creating 3D city models."

After the accuracy and resolution of data are take care ofby innovative sensor technologies, its currency hasgained priority in the context of rapidly changing

urban façade. Prof Josef Strobl of Salzburg University says,"Increasingly, we need to not only support mapping tasks,but primarily monitoring assignment. This means that mul-ti-temporal or quasi-continuous flows of data are the foun-dation of change detection and triggering of databaseevents." Today, we don't just collect data in two dimensions.The geospatial content is primarily moving from 2D to 3Dand 4D and also we have been able to understand how archi-tectural drawings or civil engineering data could form part ofgeospatial composition.

Drawing from these sentiments, Matt Ball says, "The quickand automated capture of 3D city data from mobile plat-forms are adding a great deal of realism and currency togeospatial exploration systems. The utility of these realisticenvironments will only increase and it's just a matter of timebefore our urban areas are accurately captured on an ongo-ing basis at a high degree of digital reality." Bringing out theimportance of these realistic environments and the inclusionof indoor content, Mark Reichart, President and CEO, OGC,

says, "It is now important to provide a level of detail aboutthe indoor environment commensurate with our growingdigital connection to the outdoor environment. Indoor loca-tion technologies are only now emerging, but I believe thiswill be a major 'next generation' trend for the community -providing comprehensive indoor 'geospatial' services for arange of indoor needs". Collectively, all these advancementsare fuelling an appetite for more and better geospatial infor-mation.

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Resolution changesimproved the ability tomap features whichhave traditionallyrequired ground basedsurveying techniques

Brad SkeltonCTO, ERDAS

G I S D E V E L O P M E N T 33

34 F E B R UA R Y 2 0 0 9G I S D E V E L O P M E N T

The expansion of definition of what consti-tutes geospatial content is driven by tremen-dous innovation in the technologies used togenerate them. Geospatial technologiesgrow with the technologies they depend onlike faster processors, better displays, wire-less networks, online databases, fixed andmobile sensors etc; they also grow newbranches and spawn new hybrids as inven-tive minds seek new solutions.

Today, convergence is the key at the core ofwhich is the 'blurring of boundaries' betweenGIS and CAD. GIS analyses the world as it is,based on observations and representationsof reality. CAD looks ahead with a focus onplanning, putting designs for future featureson the map. "Combining representations ofcurrent realities with the (alternative) futuresof CAD-based designs probably holds themost important potential regarding conver-gence," opines Prof Josef Strobl. This trendis clearly visible as government agencies,utilities and other organisations adopt infra-structure modelling that is beyond a mere'3D shell'. "It delivers a visualisation with allof the intelligence we come to expect in aGIS and the precision engineering detail wefind in CAD," says Lisa Campbell, VP,Autodesk. As CAD, facilities and geospatialsite information exist in 'stovepipes' at eachstage of a building's or capital project's life-cycle, virtually everything in our built environ-ment costs more than it should to design,build, operate and maintain. Mark Reichardtadvocates interoperable Building InformationModels (BIM) to correct this situation.

The list of converging hardware and softwaretechnologies keeps growing: wireless net-works, computing devices, storage devices,sensor webs, distributed processing, gridprocessing, modelling and simulation, data

discovery, imaging, location technologies,semantic processing and others. We reallyought to do all we can to facilitate the con-vergence of geospatial technologies withdevelopments in these supporting technolo-gies. "The technical boundaries that sepa-rate these technologies are often bridged byconsensus standards that define open stan-dard interfaces and encodings. Standardsalso lubricate commercial roll-out of newofferings, because customers appreciate'plug and play' components they can use innew combinations to solve their problems,"analyses Mark Reichardt.

The convergence of imagery and geospatialdata tools is occurring within the enterpriseand vendor communities as traditionalgeospatial software vendors are addingmore imagery capabilities and imagery soft-ware vendors are adding geospatial capabili-ties. "This is a natural industry progressionand both geospatial and imagery softwarevendors are pushing the capabilities to makethe import and manipulation of imagery amore seamless experience," says Matt Ball.

What Google spawned was nothing short ofthe Great Awakening. The advent of GoogleMaps was not the 'GIS killer' or 'killer app'; itwas a GIS promoter, according to DirectionsMagazine. It was the platform that allowedmore people to see the utility of geospatialinformation, and that sharpened the focus ofthe companies that birthed the technology inthe first place. We only have to look at thebirth of the map mashup to see what hap-pened. Mashups do one thing very well. Theylink a map platform with geographically ref-erenced data.

The availability of data, such as a Web serv-ice that results from the creation of geospa-

tial standards, allows a simple display ofinformation. From humble beginnings, agenie's bottle opened and basic mashupsbegat mashups 2.0, 3.0, etc. Both old andnew geospatial software companies haveembraced the mashup and have found newways, and new data sources, to display infor-mation.

Web GIS represents only one face of theconvergence of technologies. Convergencecan happen at device level, like GPS enabledcellular phones and GPS enabled PDAs fornavigation; at data level, like maps and highresolution imagery at street level and atapplication interface level for mashups, saysProf AR Dasgupta. The convergence ofgeospatial technologies with the vast prolif-eration of mobile technology is opening upnew vistas of business lines in popularlyknown fields of location based services."This market has grown at a much faster ratethan the rate of growth the last decade sawin mobile telephones," exclaims KCM Kumar,CMD, Speck Systems.

While on the one hand, we have conver-gence of different geospatial technologieslike GIS, GPS, imaging and surveying, on theother hand this group of geospatial technolo-gies have also converged with mainstream ITtechnologies which have added to the pro-cessing and analytical capacities of geospa-tial tools. This has also enabled creation ofsuch data structures which could be mergedwith datasets of other disciplines and ulti-mately help expand the utility of geospatialdatasets in the mainstream developmentactivities.

Substantiating this idea, Matthew O'Connell,CEO, GeoEye says, "All things digital areconverging and they are 'flattening' the

Converging technologies and integration with mainstream IT

Web GIS represents only one face of theconvergence oftechnologie

Prof Arup DasguptaManaging Editor (Honorary)GIS Development

Combiningrepresentations ofcurrent realities with the futures of CAD-based designsholds potential

Prof Josef StroblUniversity of Salzburg

35G I S D E V E L O P M E N TF E B R UA R Y 2 0 0 9

globe. While the technologies behind theseindividual technologies are unique and dis-tinct, the products they produce are digitaland can be merged and applied in a geospa-tial environment to help customers in busi-ness and government solve challengingproblems".

"What makes GIS different though is data,"asserts BVR Mohan Reddy. He says a 'geo'database is increasingly seen as the underly-ing single corporate view of an organisation'sassets. This is a fantastic outcome. The over-all reason for nearly every IT solution - is tomake a decision or support a transaction."As technologies converge," says Jeff Akers,President, CH2M HILL, "IT users can focuson solutions that support transactions ordecisions. Success will be a business suc-cess rather than simply the success of mak-ing technology work because we can. We willmake better decisions, we will process moretransactions, we will go about our businesswith better clarity - and success will be in thecommodity of our own business instead ofsub-optimum solutions within technologyinstead of within solutions."

Talking about emerging trends in conver-gence, Matt Ball says, "Some of the emerg-ing trends in mainstream IT have broad impli-cations for geospatial market. The first isopen source software, which has a strongand growing footing in the geospatial arenathat will continue to grow. In the broad ITmarket, open source is predicted to see con-tinued growth, with some predicting that itwill represent 40% of all software and IT jobsby 2020. The second is cloud computing,where ubiquitous access to data and pro-cessing power on remote servers is beingfed by open platforms. GIS continues todeliver the tools for open services that willaccelerate the adoption and importance ofthe cloud in coming years". Predicting thefuture of convergence, Ed Parsons sayscomplex geospatial functionality will disap-pear behind great interface design and bril-liant process engineering in the numerousapplications it will build. Applications apart,Christian Heipke of the University of Han-nover feels there is lot of methodologicalsimilarities between image-related andGIS/vector-related issues. He foresees afurther integration in this arena. Extendingthis idea to business domains, Brad Skelton

says imagery is now an integral part of deci-sion support systems and it is expected thataccess to these systems be universal. Toolsand technologies are now under develop-ment which will provide on demand geo-pro-cessing beyond simply viewing imagery.

At the organisational level, GIS, which wasonce considered to be a niche technology,has now become a part of the IT strategy ofseveral corporate CIOs, says Rajesh C Math-ur, President, ESRI India. Many organisationsare in the process of migrating their GIS toenterprise level implementation and integrat-ing it with ERP, CRM, SCADA and other ITsubsystems.

This development has also redefined the roleand profile of GIS professionals. They notonly need to be proficient in GIS and itsapplications but should also have a goodunderstanding of IT tools like RDBMS andERP.Acknowledging the fact that geospatialtechnology is becoming part of mainstreamIT, Maj Gen R Siva Kumar, CEO, NSDI-India,infers, "The day is not far when IT willbecome a subset of GT."

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36 F E B R UA R Y 2 0 0 9G I S D E V E L O P M E N T 36 F E B R UA R Y 2 0 0 9G I S D E V E L O P M E N T

Impacts of global economic slowdown

It is a reality today that the world is passing through economicslowdown. Rather, let's call it a phase of economic corrections.The ongoing economic corrections have affected the fundamen-tals of the economy as a whole and are not limited to one partic-ular industry. Geospatial industry, being part of the global econo-my, is definitely affected. Let's analyse the good and bad of eco-nomic slowdown by taking stock of the industry leaders' opin-ions.

Notwithstanding fears of economic downturn, many industryleaders are actually quite optimistic about the health andgrowth of geospatial industry. Sample these -

• I am confident that the geospatial industry will slow insome sectors while remaining health if not vibrant, in others

-- LLiissaa CCaammppbbeellll

• During this economic slowdown, the geospatial industrymay actually be positively affected

-- BBrraadd SSkkeellttoonn

• India will continue to invest substantially into urban andrural infrastructural development and, in general, in devel-opmental governance. In this scenario, geospatial technolo-gy will be the main enabler in bringing intended benefits tothe stakeholders

-- BBVVRR MMoohhaann RReeddddyy

• Geospatial information and technologies help organisa-tions save money and increase productivity, so, despite theworld economic slowdown, we have reason to be optimistic

-- MMaarrkk RReeiicchhaarrddtt

Taking a judicious stance, some feel this is a common process ofbusiness cycles. Perhaps the present cycle seems more pro-nounced than previous downturns, but this has happened beforeand will recover and will happen again. Analysing this aspect,Jeff Akers says, "In powerful 'up' cycles, I believe the industryhas excess investment capacity and invests in technology deci-sions that 'might' prove to add value - and just like wildcatting foroil, these investments can pay off with big dividends. With thedownturn of the business cycle, we tend to demand real busi-ness results. This is an inevitable outcome, but is a real discrimi-nator within technology between technologies that add valueand technologies that are interesting, but not vital or valuable. Ithink the periodic contraction and the re-evaluation of true valueadded is like a ratchet to our business. It establishes a newproven, must-have technological floor - where value is added,everyone must adopt that technology to simply compete. Andnon-value-added technologies are weeded out leaving exactywhat but only what we need for business success. It moves thetechnology forward below which we will never retreat becausethe business value to compete in a tighter world has beenproven."

In the past, much of GIS spend was discretionary - hence the

industry was vulnerable to economic slowdown. This is less ofthe case now. Elaborating on this, BVR Mohan Reddy says,"Much of the GIS expenditure has moved from capex to opexand is part of the essential day-to-day running of an organisa-tion. Second, a lot of the upfront expenditure in terms of buyingthe underlying technology and capturing the data has beenundertaken. There are also much better metrics around the ben-efits of using GIS and geospatial, which means RoI businesscases can be better articulated and managed." This effectivelymeans there will be impacts from the global slowdown, but notas bad as it could have been, he opines. Responding to theimmediate cash crunch and financial crisis, governments acrossthe globe sprang into action to take immediate corrective actionto support their economies. One of the first things most of thegovernments have undertaken is increase government spending,particularly in infrastructure, to improve money circulation in themarket. "Geospatial services, being one of the first activities tobe undertaken in infrastructure development, these servicesshould see substantial increase in the volume of business in thecoming years," asserts KCM Kumar.

Assessing the long and short of the implications of this down-turn, it is felt in several quarters that the anticipated growth inengineering design, consumer markets like LBS and in ITES willget affected quite visibly in the short term. These industries areconscious and cautious towards investing in new technologiesand might put new initiatives on hold for some time. This will lim-it the expansion of geospatial industry at this stage. Traditionaland mainstream markets like utilities, governance, infrastructure,defence or land will slow down a bit in the short term but will notbe affected too adversely. This presumption is based on the factthat most of the industries are looking at continuing their exist-ing technological support systems and geospatial has alreadybeen a part of technology solutions for these sectors. Talkingabout long term implications, geospatial industry will not getaffected adversely. Rather, it would be one of the few technolo-gies that will find itself as an active partner in rebuilding theeconomy. Talking about the effects on high-resolution imagerymarket, Jill Smith says, "In tough economic times, efficienciesare sought and costs scrutinised closely. The return of invest-

Economic slowdown is a real discriminatorbetwen technologiesthat add value andtechnologies that areinteresting but not vital

Jeff AkersPresident, CH2M HILL

37F E B R UA R Y 2 0 0 9 G I S D E V E L O P M E N T 37G I S D E V E L O P M E N T

The year 2008 was the worstin Wall Street's history since theGreat Depression. The DowJones was down 34 percent,S&P down 38 percent and Nasdaq down 41 percent, itsworst trading year since theexchange was created in 1971. Globally, stocks weredown 48 percent. In the US,investment banks Bear Sternand Lehman Brothers col-lapsed, 2.7 million employees inthe financial sector were laidoff, billions were drained from retirement accounts, theauto industry was near bankruptand a Republican Presidenteffectively nationalised parts ofthe economy. Now a new US President is offering a stimulus package worth nearly a trillion dollar to boost theeconomy, create jobs and stopthe slide.

Commercial remote-sensingindustry is not immune to thesemarket forces. There is concernthat governments around theworld, plagued by demands ontheir treasuries to provide sup-port to banks and basic indus-tries, may cut back on spendingfor vital information services,such as geospatial information.Companies focussed on localcollection of data and geospa-tial information worry that localbudgets may not sustain thesame level of revenues as inrecent years. And the marketturmoil affects all publicly trad-ed companies, even the strongones. This business is not forthe faint of heart, or for thoseeasily distracted, or those whorequire instant gratification.Singer and humanitarian, Bonosaid, "The going rate for changeis not cheap-big ideas areexpensive."

Having acknowledged the tur-moil caused by the financialsector, one has to rememberthat there is some good newsfor our industry. The geospatialsector is somewhat insulatedfrom the general economicmalaise, especially those com-panies that provide crucial infor-mation to defence and intelli-gence agencies around theworld. However, even those ofus who have strong governmentcontracts and increasing rev-enues, like GeoEye, are notimmune to the unease resultingfrom the global economic tur-moil. The continued terroristactivity around the world - evenin Mumbai - has made it clear

that we must continue to bevigilant. So, defence and intelli-gence agencies will continue tobe steady consumers ofgeospatial information.

One may also see a bright spotfor the US industry in the poli-cies of President Obama. Hehas committed to upgrade USinfrastructure as part of a mas-sive stimulus plan. The Ameri-can Society of Civil Engineersestimates that $1.6 trillion areneeded to bring America'sinfrastructure up to "good" by2010. Every infrastructure proj-ect has a geospatial componentor reference to a physical loca-tion on the surface of the globe.While creating jobs by upgrad-ing the nation's physical infra-structure, we can also createjobs by upgrading the nation'sdigital infrastructure or whatsome have called a "digitalstimulus." It's more transforma-tive in the long run. Other gov-ernments around the world arefocussing on infrastructurespending as a way to stimulatetheir economy as well.

A new report by the US-basedInformation Technology andInnovation Foundation presentsthe case of investing $ 30 bil-lion in the United States' digitalinfrastructure including health,information technology, broad-band access and other innova-tions that will stimulate a neweconomy. Infrastructure such asroads and bridges are impor-tant; "pavement" is fundamentalbut so are "pixels" or spatialtechnology in a globalised and

digital world. Growing worldpopulation will drive technologydevelopment and fuel the mar-ket. Last year marked the firsttime in human history that morepeople lived in urban areas thanin rural ones. That means 3.2billion people now live on about2.8 percent of the Earth's sur-face.

This trend will continue. Today,in any given minute in the US,40 babies are born, in China itis 160 and in India it's 280. Thechanging dynamics of popula-tion demographics and the natural competition forresources -complicated by the impact of climate change --will put tremendous pressure ongovernments at all levels tohave the best possible informa-tion readily available in anenterprise fashion across allfunctions of government. Gov-ernments and companies in the21st century are facing multiplechallenges, so any technologythat helps ease the pain and"bring order from chaos" isvaluable.

Socrates is quoted as saying that, "Man must riseabove the clouds and look back upon the Earth becauseonly then can he understandthe true nature of things." We now have the tools to beable to do just that. Despite the turmoil in the economicsector, the world is more awareevery day that geospatial infor-mation has the power to helpour nations provide better livesfor the world's citizens and tohelp those nations do so morecost-effectively. So the futurefor our industry continues to bevery bright and we are well-positioned to help solve someof the world's most challengingissues.

Advantage, Geospatial Industry

Matthew O'ConnellChief Executive Officer

GeoEye

ment analysis on using satellite imagery as a way to minimisestart-up operations for engineering and infrastructure projects,evaluate new areas without onsite presence and reach remoteareas for energy exploration makes it a solution well suited toidentifying more cost efficient processes."

Lisa Campbell expects business geographics for retail chainsand restaurants to shrink as those industries see an overall slow-

down in consumer spending globally. Meanwhile, Lisa feels, stal-wart GIS customers like water and power utilities firms will stillinvest in these technologies. Indeed, for many utilities focussedon building new physical networks and adding capacity, the cur-rent slowdown in real estate growth offers an opportunity toredirect their budgets to IT and automation. According to MattBall, there seem to be no immediate plans for cutbacks in mili-tary spending, making geospatial intelligence a continued brightspot for the geospatial market. In fact, he feels the increased

The essence of geospatial technology is all about mappingthe earth and its resources - manmade and natural. If welook at the geography of the world, more than 2/3 rds is inthe process of development. Naturally, these developingregions offer growth markets. The amount of invest-ments required for developing geospatial infor-mation and infrastructure in the developingcountries of Africa, Latin America andAsia is huge and these economiesshould take the second mover advan-tage and invest in the latest technolo-gies to create up-to-date geospatialinformation infrastructure and buildtheir development plans based on this.

A majority of the industry leaders wespoke to agree that the biggest marketopportunity at the moment in terms of geogra-phy lies in Asia, which includes China and India.These countries are followed by Latin America and Africa.Acknowledging this, Brad Skelton says, "China and Indiawill continue to be growth markets, despite the worldwideeconomic downturn. These countries have large, skilledpopulations and a need for infrastructure improvement.We also see continued growth in South America as theawareness and adoption of geographic informationincreases."

Concurring with Brad's view, Mark Reichardt says, "Per-

haps the main factor in terms of geographic markets is thatdeveloping nations are embracing new information tech-nologies. In Asia, the Mid-East, Central and South Americaand Africa, there has been huge growth in the use of cell

phones, and in these regions the use of the Internet isgrowing rapidly. Over the next few years, this

growth will surely continue as the price ofmost devices and services go down and as

user interface technologies enable easi-er use and more culturally tailored userinterfaces and services."

This does not mean that there are noopportunities in Europe and America,

though. They are well-developed mar-kets and still offer tremendous market

potential in terms of currency and accuracyof data and its integration into mainstream

development activities. Extending this argument,Jeff Akers opines that geospatial industry is poised to growacross the globe. "As new data coverages are available,there is a data market across the globe. As we have newtechnologies, there is a technology play everywhere andthe existing technology needs to be upgraded. As we haveapplication and solution breakthroughs, the global econo-my is the market. I don't see any specific sub-market betteror worse than any other."

Taking a slightly different stand, Josef Strobl says, "As the

instability of uncertain economic times will likely lead to anincrease in investment as governments strive to gain a better

understanding of rivals and a better handle on internal factions.Though energy markets are complex and hard to forecast, MarkReichardt feels it is likely that once the economic recovery pack-ages begin to stimulate energy-intensive activities such ascement production, steel production and operation of heavyearth-moving machinery, demand for petroleum will rise, andenergy will become more expensive. Simultaneously, climatenegotiations will lead to carbon restrictions, and this will makeenergy even more expensive. Competition for oil and increasednuclear industry activity will have serious security implications,which involves geospatial technology. So, during the complextransition away from fossil fuels over the next several decades,businesses and governments will have plenty of need forgeospatial technologies.

The market corrections were long overdue and inevitable. Yearafter year, growth projections increased in an unsustainable

Potential markets in terms of geographies

In tough economictimes, efficiencies aresought and costsscrutinised closely

Jill SmithPresident & CEO, DigitalGlobe


manner resulting in high level of consumerism and unsustainableutilisation of resources. This growth had to be checked by the

economy itself. Once the market corrections are done, which isexpected to be done by June 2009, countries across the worldwill start rebuilding their economies afresh. During rebuilding,geospatial information and technologies will be utilised for infra-structure development, financial management, insurance anddisaster management and of course, rural and social infrastruc-ture building. Any economy will grow consistently only whenthere is a judicious balance between rural and urban infrastruc-tures, accessibility, network and facilities. For that, we definitelyneed to put more geospatial technologies to work. It is imminentthat political and economic leaders realise this important aspectand take decisions to bring in stable and judicious economicdevelopment. As the adage goes that 'the times of crisis arealways also the time of opportunities', geospatial industry ispoised to be buoyant and the recession-proof geospatial tech-nology is all set to prove its mettle as a valuable tool in rebuildingthe world economy.

geospatial industry is part of the 'knowledge society' andtherefore does not react quickly to regional economiceffects, markets grow where development and constructionis under way, and where societal factors like environmentalconcerns take center stage, or where internal or externalsecurity plays a dominant role. These markets are not neces-sarily satisfied by local factors, though." According to MattBall, Brazil, Russia, India and China-the so called BRIC coun-tries-have emerged as a driving economic force due to fastdevelopment. It's likely that these countries will continue toinvest and grow at a rapid pace, because collectively theyrepresent 25 percent of the world's land, and forty percent ofthe world's population.

Going by these opinions, it is evident that different geog-raphies offer different kind of opportunities. For example,Asia, Latin America and Africa offer more opportunities forlarge-scale mapping and Europe and America offer opportu-

nities on regular updating and its integration with develop-ment activities (applications).

In this revolutionary phase of change in geospatial aware-ness, India finds a special position of leadership in terms ofmarkets and capabilities, according to KCM Kumar. The bil-lion strong market for location based equipment is a power-ful magnet towards which all geospatial companies in theworld are attracted. The economic steps India has taken areon par with world leaders in terms of infrastructure invest-ment and the current scenario has compelled India to alsolook at substantial investment in the areas of crisis manage-ment at the national level.

The modifications made by government in its mappingpolicy by opening its skies to private industry will stand ingood stead. Intelligent maps created will find applicationusing proven software to provide solutions to Indian con-sumers and governing bodies.

This fast growing market not only calls for companieswith proven track record but also demands understandingof the Indian psyche and the need for hand-holding of thecustomer even after the sale is made. It will therefore beinteresting for many of the international giants to set uppartnership or association with Indian companies whoalready have established base in providing services ingeospatial business here, KCM Kumar says.

All the Third World countries started realising the needand utility of spatial data warehousing and are making sig-nificant efforts to create respective infrastructure on war-footing.

Brazil, Russia, India andChina-the so calledBRIC countries-haveemerged as a drivingeconomic force due tofast development

Matt BallEditor, Vector 1 Media

Once the economicrecovery packages beginto stimulate energy-intensive activities,demand for petroleumwill rise

Mark ReichardtPresident & CEO, OGC Inc.

39F E B R UA R Y 2 0 0 9 G I S D E V E L O P M E N T


Though different industry specialists predict growth indiverse range of verticals, they announce in coherence thatgeospatial technology is poised for growth, the economicdownturn notwithstanding. Traditional markets like infra-structure, governance, analysts predict, will continue togrow and strengthen themselves as the importance ofgeospatial content and technologies increases by the day.Concurring with this prediction, Brad Skelton says, "Whiledefence will continue to be the largest single market forgeospatial technologies, there will also be growth in theinfrastructure development area. Additionally, there will bea growing use of geospatial technologies in the areas of secu-rity, monitoring shipping and other activities associatedwith the world's ports."

Agreeing to the opinion that the major utility and applica-bility will remain in the areas of services and infrastructure,Prithvish Nag, Director, NATMO, feels this includes soft infra-structure as well. "Demand for information, legislature forpublic access and right to information has compelled to actin this sector."

Geospatial technology and information will become partand parcel of consumer behaviour and the markets associat-

ed with consumers and will be primarily driven by location-enabled services. In the long term, LBS will mature into ahuge market. Giving wings to this optimism, Jeff Akers says,"There is a growing consumer play - many more consumersare looking at satellite imagery to plan a vacation, or areusing online maps to plan a business or pleasure route. Inreciprocal response, there is a growing spatial play to man-age consumers whereby retailers are using demographics,locations and access as they plan their marketing.

There is a play in nearly every industrial market - where arethe supplies, where are the demands, and how do we opti-mise them. The traditional natural resource conservationand management market has matured and is not growing,according to Rajesh Mathur. A growing percentage of theworld's population lives in cities.

The move to create more efficient cities points to a greatmany opportunities for geospatial application, including thedevelopment of digital city models, according to Matt Ball.Geospatial tools will find and can make relevant contribu-tion to bigger challenges of the world order - climate change,environment, global warming and the programmes and ini-tiatives identified under Millennium Development Goals

Potential growth verticals

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(MDGs) while contributing equally to rural development andland management.

As we gain a better handle on the impacts that humanshave on the environment, the need for more holistic ecosys-tem management will feed advancements in geospatialtools. The sensor web, coupled with connected and distrib-uted systems (systems of systems) will greatly improve ourpowers of earth observation. With the impact of global cli-mate change more closely tied to economic and societal ills,we'll need to increase our understanding of these linkagesand geospatial technology is uniquely capable to providethat feedback, infers Matt Ball.

Another technology growth area that will impact ourindustry is the increasing use of 'cloud computing', anemerging architecture by which data and applications residein cyberspace rather than on company servers or desktophard drives.

The major overall trend pulling in other market sectors isthe growing availability of geospatial capabilities in infor-mation systems of all kinds, proclaims Mark Reichardt.Largely due to vendor implementation and market uptake ofstandards, now consumers, businesses and governments

have much more access to geospatial data and applicationsthan they did previously. This represents a diffusion of allthe geospatial technologies, since an earth browser, forexample, typically depends on value chains that involveearth imaging data, vector data, location services and pho-togrammetry.

The new business world of diffused geospatial resourcesinvolves a wide variety of products, contract services (includ-ing out-sourcing contractors), Web services and consulting.Giving a parallel account, BVR Mohan Reddy says, "There isalso a growth market in the consolidation of multiple GISsystems as organisations merge and combine which meansmigration and integration opportunities (although the eco-nomic slowdown may impact this).

One industry worth special note is the Architecture, Engi-neering, Construction, Owner, Operator (AECOO) industry.There is a huge unmet need for all the stakeholders of abuilding or capital project (such as an airport) to have accessto comprehensive information about the facility over thelifetime of the facility, as might be appropriate given the roleof the stakeholder. Geospatial information makes up part ofthe facility's "Building Information Model", or BIM, the infor-mation that should be online and accessible to anyone whohas a need and permission to access the data.

Talking specifically about India, the fastest growing mar-kets are the power and land records verticals, according toBVR Mohan Reddy. Government of India has announcedhuge funding for modernisation of land records and powerdistribution reforms aimed at energy audit and reduction ofAT&C losses. Urban planning and management andtelecommunications are the next fast growing areas. Ruraldevelopment is potentially a huge market, but it is dormantat this time, for want of appropriate implementation mod-els. concludes Reddy.

The major utility andapplicability will remainin the areas of servicesand infrastructure

Prithvish NagDirector, NATMO

What was onceconsidered to be a nichetechnology, has nowbecome a part of the ITstrategy of severalcorporate CIOs

Rajesh C MathurPresident, ESRI India

Another technology growth areathat will impact our industry is the increasing use of 'cloud com-puting', an emerging architectureby which data and applicationsreside in cyberspace rather thanon company servers or desktophard drives

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Being a fledgling, geospatial industry is in the eye of sever-al challenges, its lack of maturity being the primary one.

Geospatial industry needs to take a mature approach in culti-vating and improving its presence in the global market. Itneeds to come together, organise and work towards raisingthe profile of the industry worldwide. It needs to have itsown set of industry associations at national, regional andglobal levels which could represent the geospatial industryas a whole and address the common concerns and issues ofthis industry in the world. This kind of framework shouldwork towards promoting and expanding the business oppor-tunities for geospatial industry worldwide.

Many professionals in the industry advocate associatingwith IT related bodies to help the nascent industry to tie upand work with other agencies. It might not always serve thepurpose. Alternately, bringing in maturity within the indus-try by developing certain standards and certain commonminimum agreements is important for the industry.

Dearth of skilled manpowerThe most important challenge for the industry today is theshortage of skilled manpower. This shortage is felt across theglobe irrespective of geographies. Even in Europe, ChristianHeipke says, there is dearth of highly qualified young profes-sionals to fill the different positions in industry and acade-mia. Also, the number of engineering students is still too low(this is particularly true for Germany). To counteract this,Heipke says, "We are addressing the needs of young people(for ex., by putting in more basic math courses as this subjectis increasingly neglected in high schools), by continuouslyrevising our curricula (for ex., by putting more emphasis onenvironmental issues) and using marketing tools. But we

have had limited success till today."Extending this argument, Maj Gen Siva Kumar feels that

there is not enough geospatial literacy amongst planners,users, academia and the industry as well. Identifying anoth-er problem area within this, Prithvish Nag says, projects canbe transferred to different locations due to the available ICTbackbone, but availability of manpower and technologyalways play the limiting factors. So far, India has been a pop-ular destination for such outsourced projects. But this mighttake a dent with the slowing down of the economy.

The other major source of geospatial projects in India is thegovernment and its numerous wings. But there is no conti-nuity in the flow of projects, Prithvish Nag opines. The indus-try is therefore shy of making large investments. In severalcases, geospatial activity is not the main function of anindustry. The risk is shared by taking it along with other sec-tors like involving in ICT, selling of hardware and softwareand even running training courses.

At the core of every geospatial project in India, there is aconsiderable component of field survey and field data collec-tion, requiring large land armies with adequate training tobe deployed in the field for extended periods of time. Howev-er, in view of the fact that, hitherto, most of the land surveysand field data collection were carried out by the governmentstaff in India, such skills have not percolated to the privateindustry. While the private sector has created a fairly decentforce of field surveyors with adequate experience in operat-ing various survey instruments, the relevance of field-col-lected data and the required methods of collection, associat-ed with cadastral surveys, corridor surveys, urban and utilitymapping an natural resources surveys, has yet to dawn upon

There is not enoughgeospatial literacyamongst planners,users, academia and theindustry as well

Maj Gen R Siva KumarCEO, NSDI - India

Even in Europe there isdearth of highlyqualified youngprofessionals

Christian HeipkeUniversity of Hannover

Major challenges before the industry


the private sector in a broad-based manner, according to BVRMohan Reddy. With very large scale urban and utility infra-structure development, cadastral surveys, irrigation projectsetc. underway in the country, there is a serious dearth oftrained survey professionals in the country, which is affect-ing the quality and, hence the utility, of field-collected data.

The urgent need of the hour is to invest into building capac-ities and churning out professionals who can contribute tothe ongoing process of knowledge building in the field ofgeospatial industry and be a competent workforce to devel-op solutions for the upcoming markets. There is definitelydearth of adequate number of research and education insti-tutions which can provide and serve skilled manpower onregular basis. Reddy makes it clear that this problem can onlybe tackled by taking up capacity building as a joint mandatebetween the government and the industry.

Technology challengesTalking about technology challenges, Matt Ball puts integra-tion of 3D views seamlessly among CAD, GIS and BIM as themost significant technical challenge. Both CAD and GIS serveimportant roles and, while the boundaries have blurred withCAD-based software offering GIS features and vice versa, it iscritical to incorporate the strengths of each into a single solu-tion that also includes maturing technologies for visualisa-

tion, social networking and more, according to Lisa Camp-bell. We continue to see geospatial technology mainstreaminto traditional IT; consequently it is seen less often as spe-cialised tool and more often as a piece of an organisation'soverall IT solution. For example, this is witnessed when tra-ditional CAD customers demand more integration of theirdesign information with larger corporate knowledge base.The geospatial industry must embrace the IT universe morefully and assert itself, not as the central, organising principlefor an organisation's data and applications, but as a criticalcomponent to a complete IT solution.

Thanks to OGC, much is being done to establish industrystandards and improve interoperability. But there needs tobe much more research and research coordination in the areaof interoperability, Mark Reichardt opines, particularly as

Geospatial industry needs to takea mature approach in cultivatingand improving its presence in theglobal market. It needs to cometogether, organise and worktowards raising the profile of theindustry worldwide.

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”43F E B R UA R Y 2 0 0 9 G I S D E V E L O P M E N T

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leading scientists and practitioners recognise that the 'bigpicture' goal is a 'system of systems' approach, as exemplifiedin GEOSS, the international effort to develop a Global EarthObservation System of Systems.

Another biggest challenge before the industry is the avail-ability of geospatial data. The restrictive practices of someorganisations and governments in terms of making theirgeospatial information publicly available has been a greatconcern, feels Ed Parsons. The industry lacks well-definedand rational policies with regard to creation, managementand accessibility of geospatial data (mapping policies) evenin the most advanced countries. The need of the hour is tohave an updated, relevant approach in terms of policy frame-work for this industry.

There's a growing global movement for 'open access' to sci-entific data and that movement intersects with the growingrecognition of the need for an academic focus on interoper-ability, Mark Reichardt analyses. Also, open access to geospa-tial research data will result in a sharp rise in the number ofpeople who need to be trained in the use and development ofgeospatial data and technologies, including scientific modelsthat incorporate these. According to Mark, this need for moreresearch and education represents an important challenge toour industry.

There are significant challenges in the interoperability ofmodel-based designs, including the designer's insistence thatmodels are intellectual property, Matt Ball says. Concurringwith his idea, BVR Mohan Reddy says, copyright and intellec-tual property right issues will be important as in any otherarea of IT. Another challenge that presents itself is the wide-spread access and exposure to free geospatial tools. Whilethese tools are increasing the size of the marketplace, the factthat they're free has served to erode some of the value of themarket. Integration of disparate geospatial data is a majorchallenge and also an opportunity, according to BVR MohanReddy. The value of geospatial data is greatly enhanced bythe integration of complementary data. But putting datafrom different sources into the same database, map or dis-play screen often requires extensive manipulation. He sug-gests the promotion of international standards for metadataand open transfer formats to make data integration moreseamless to the benefit of all.

Challenges specific to IndiaWhile the economic growth and world scenario seems to beencouraging for geospatial business in India, the Indiangeospatial industry still faces some challenges in terms ofownership of data and responsible processing of data,according to KCM Kumar. These issues can be addressed bypolicy makers by introducing a code of conduct in terms ofthe way data should be acquired, processed and warehoused,the agencies which should be allowed to do so, private aswell as public, security and safety measures and controls tobe installed in the respective agencies to ensure that suchlicensed agencies can continue their work unhindered expe-ditiously. The time is not far when these issues would beaddressed effectively to meet the challenges of the industry.

On the services side, one of the major challenges for the

Another biggestchallenge before theindustry is theavailability of geospatialdata

Ed ParsonsCTO, Google

The Indian geospatialindustry faceschallenges in terms ofownership of data andresponsible processingof data

KCM KumarCMD, Speck Systems

The value of geospatial data isgreatly enhanced by the integrationof complementary data, But puttingdata from different sources into thesame database, map or displayscreen often requires extensivemanipulation

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ConclusionMuch has been discussed but much more remains to be talkedabout for geospatial technology is one tool that finds applicationin a vast diversity of human endeavours. With geospatial technol-ogy taking root and successfully obtaining the mandate of deci-sion-makers worldwide, public-private partnership models aregaining ground and the day is not far when geospatial technolo-gy and analysis will get into the mainstream of governance andbusiness management.

Spatial Law is an emerging area focussing on the wide range oflegal issues associated with geospatial technology and the col-lection, distribution and use of geospatial data. Important legalissues include liability, privacy, national security and intellectualproperty rights (IPR) in spatial data. The number of consumerand business applications for spatial technology is rapidly grow-ing, and as a result, an understanding of Spatial Law is increas-ingly important for the practicing attorney, according to MarkReichardt.

Also, there are some elements of Spatial Law that are not welldefined in any nation's body of law. The time is now to beginaddressing these shortcomings through well-informed educationto better inform those who will be called upon to address legal,regulatory and policy implications of the use of spatial informa-tion. It is also time that the industry draws its own ethics codeand support nation building by empowering people throughgeospatial data, Maj Gen Siva Kumar says.

So far, our geospatial reference has been the earth surface - weuse it for underground minerals and oil, we use it above groundfor skyscrapers and mountains, and underwater for shippingchannels. Let's end on a positive note in Jeff Akers' words aboutthe future - a GIS of the solar system for space travel, and morelocally for spatial planning of our own homes, energy conserva-tion and for a better tomorrow.

We are thankful to - Brad Skelton, CTO, ERDAS II Ed Parsons, CTO, GoogleII BVR Mohan Reddy, CMD, Infotech Enterprises II Dr Christian Heipke, Uni-versity of Hannover II Jeff Akers, President, CH2M HILL II Matthew O’Con-nell, President and CEO, GeoEye II Jill Smith, President & CEO, Digital-Globe; Directions Mag II Prof Josef Strobl, University of Salzburg II MattBall, Editor, Vector 1 Media II Lisa Campbell, Vice-President, GeospatialSolutions, Autodesk II Prithvish Nag, Director, NATMO II Maj Gen R SivaKumar, CEO, NSDI II Rajesh C Mathur, President, ESRI India II Mark Reichardt,President and CEO, Open Geosptial Consortium Inc II KCM Kumar, CMDSpeck Systems - for giving their valuable time and opinion.

Sanjay KumarCEOGIS [email protected]

Bhanu RekhaAssociate EditorGIS [email protected]

geospatial industry in India is the wide gap that existsbetween the expectations of the customers and the perform-ance of the industry, as BVR Mohan Reddy puts it. This couldbe partly due to lack of clarity of specifications by the clientsand partly due to lack of domain-specific knowledge on thepart of the industry in translating the specifications toacceptable deliverables. The quality-focus of the clients andthe cost-focus of the industry need to be blended into onesingle forward approach that can take care of both the con-cerns, Reddy opines.

Clear definition soughtLack of a clear definition with regard to the composition ofgeospatial industry is seen as another challenge. There aredifferent schools of thought, each presenting this industrywith different name. Geomatics, geospatial, geoinformaticsare just a few usages. We need to have a clear definition andcomposition of the industry to give a collective recognitionand have a collective strategy to promote the industry.

As always with any element of IT - we need to demonstratethe 'real value'. Nice technology is a luxury in a growingeconomy, but when things contract, we need to make a clearcase for added value. If geospatial industry can crack thischallenge, we no longer have a collision between the tech-nology leaders and the financial leaders. If we can show the'value' that spatial technology brings to the bottom line, ifwe can prove that better transactions are performed, or bet-ter decisions are made, we have an advocate in ourbusiness leaders to keep this technologyin the boardroom. And therelies the real challenge,infers Jeff Akers.

It is critical toincorporate the strengthof CAD into GIS and viceversa

Lisa CampbellVice-President, Autodesk


Dynamics of Change

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