Dynamics of bosonic cold atoms in optical lattices.
description
Transcript of Dynamics of bosonic cold atoms in optical lattices.
Dynamics of bosonic cold atoms in optical lattices.
K. Sengupta
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata
Collaborators: Anirban Dutta, Brian Clark, Uma Divakaran, Michael Kobodurez, Shreyoshi Mondal, David Pekker, Rajdeep Sensarma & Christian Trefzger
Overview 1. Introduction to ultracold bosons
2. Dynamics of the Bose-Hubbard model
3. Dynamics induced freezing
4. Bosons in an electric field: Theory and experiments
5. Dynamics of bosons in an electric field
6. Extension to trapped system [work in progress]
7. Conclusion
Introduction to ultracold bosons
Cooling atoms: how cold is ultracold
Perspective about how cold these atoms really are: coldestplace in the universe
How do you measure such temperatures?
Form a BEC and measure the width of the centralpeak in its momentum distribution.
Hot Cold
Doppler cooling of atoms
Creation of optical molassesleading to microkelvin temperatures
Cooling techniques: two methods
Further evaporative coolingof the atoms leading to temperature ~ 10 nK
This is well below critical Temperature of a BEC
Emulating lattices for bosons with light
Apply counter propagating laser: standing wave of light.
The atoms feel a potential V = -a |E|2
For positive a, the atoms sits at the bottom of the potential generated by the lasers:
Bloch theory for bosons
State of cold bosons in a lattice: experiment Bloch 2001
Energy ScalesdEn = 5Er ~ 20 U
U ~10-300 t
rE20
For a deep enough potential, the atoms are localized : Mott insulator described by single band Bose-Hubbard model.
From BEC to the Mott state
Ignore higher bands
The atoms feel a potential V = -a |E|2
Model Hamiltonian
Apply counter propagating laser: standing wave of light.
Mott-Superfluid transition: preliminary analysis
Mott state with 1 boson per site
Stable ground state for 0 < m < U
Adding a particle to the Mott stateMott state is destabilized when the excitation energy touches 0.
Removing a particle from the Mott state
Destabilization of the Mott state via addition of particles/hole: onset of superfluidity
Beyond this simple picture
Higher order energy calculationby Freericks and Monien: Inclusionof up to O(t3/U3) virtual processes.
Mean-field theory (Fisher 89, Seshadri 93)
Phase diagram for n=1 and d=3
MFT
O(t2/U2) theories
Predicts a quantum phase transition with z=2 (except atthe tip of the Mott lobe where z=1).
Mott
Superfluid
Quantum Monte Carlo studies for 2D & 3D systems: Trivedi and Krauth,B. Sansone-Capponegro
No method for studying dynamics beyond mean-field theory
Projection Operator Method
Distinguishing between hopping processes
Distinguish between two types of hopping processes using a projection operator technique
Define a projection operator
Divide the hopping to classes (b) and (c)
Mott state
Building fluctuations over MFT
Design a transformation which eliminate hoppingprocesses of class (b) perturbatively in J/U.
Obtain the effective Hamiltonian
Use the effective Hamiltonian to compute the ground state energy and hence the phase diagram
Equilibrium phase diagram
Reproduction of the phase diagram with remarkable accuracy in d=3: much better than standard mean-field or strong coupling expansion in d=2 and 3.
Allows for straightforward generalization for treatment of dynamics
Accurate for large z as can be checked by comparing with QMCdata for 2D triangular (z=6) and 3D cubic lattice
Non-equilibrium dynamics: Linear ramp
Consider a linear ramp of J(t)=Ji +(Jf - Ji) t/t. For dynamics, one needs to solve the Sch. Eq.
Make a time dependent transformation to address the dynamics by projecting onthe instantaneous low-energy sector.
The method provides an accurate descriptionof the ramp if J(t)/U <<1 and hence can treat slow and fast ramps at equal footing.
Takes care of particle/hole production due to finite ramp rate
Absence of critical scaling: may be understood as the inability of the system to access the critical(k=0) modes.
Fast quench from the Mott to the SF phase; study of superfluid dynamics.
Single frequency pattern near the critical Point; more complicated deeper in the SFphase.
Strong quantum fluctuations near the QCP;justification of going beyond mft.
F
Experiments with ultracold bosons on a lattice: finite rate dynamics
2D BEC confined in a trap and in the presence of an optical lattice.
Single site imaging done by light-assisted collisionwhich can reliably detect even/odd occupation of a site. In the present experiment they detectsites with n=1.
Ramp from the SF side near the QCP to deep insidethe Mott phase in a linear ramp with different ramp rates.
The no. of sites with odd n displays plateau like behavior and approaches the adiabatic limit when the ramp time is increased asymptotically.
No signature of scaling behavior. Interesting spatial patterns.
W. Bakr et al. Science 2010
Power law ramp
Slope of both F and Q depends on a; however, the plateau-like behaviorat large t is independent of a.
Use a power-law ramp protocol
Absence of Kibble-Zureck scaling for any a due to lack of contribution of small k (critical) modes in the dynamics.
Periodic protocol: dynamics induced freezing
Dynamics induced freezing
Tune J from superfluid phase to Mottand back through the tip of the Mott lobe.
Key result
There are specific frequenciesat which the wavefunction ofthe system comes back to itselfafter a cycle of the drive leading to P=1-F -> 0.
Dynamics induced freezing
Mean-field analysis: A qualitative picture
1. Choose a gutzwiller wavefunction:
2. The mean-field equations for fn
En is the on-site energy of thestate |n>
3. Numerical solution of this equation indicates that fn vanishes for n>2 for allranges of drive frequencies studied.
4. Analysis of these equations leads to the relation involving
5. Thus one can describe the system in terms of three real variables : amplitude of state |1> and the sum and difference of the relative phases.
6. One can construct a frequency-independent relation between r1 and fs
Numerical solution of (6)
There is a range of frequency for which r1 and fs remain close to their original values; dynamics induced freezing occurs when fd/4p = n within this range.
fs=f0+f2-2f1 fd=f2-f0
Robustness against quantum fluctuations and presence of a trap
Mean-field theory Projection operator formalism
Density distribution ofthe bosons inside a trap
Robust freezing phenomenon
Bosons in an electric field
Applying an electric field to the Mott state
Energy Scales:
hwn = 5Er » 20 U
U »10-300 J
rE20
Construction of an effective model: 1D
Parent Mott state
Charged excitationsquasiparticle quasihole
Neutral dipoles
Neutral dipole state with energy U-E.
Resonantly coupled to the parent Mott state when U=E.
Two dipoles which are not nearest neighbors with energy 2(U-E).
Effective dipole Hamiltonian: 1D
Weak Electric Field
• The effective Hamiltonian for the dipoles for weak E:
• Lowest energy excitations: Single band of dipole excitations.
• These excitations soften as E approaches U. This is a precursor of the appearance of Ising density wave with period 2.
• Higher excited states consists of multiparticle continuum.
For weak electric field, the ground state is dipole vaccum and the low-energyexcitations are single dipole
Strong Electric field• The ground state is a state of maximum dipoles.
• Because of the constraint of not having two dipoles on consecutive sites, we have two degenerate ground states
• The ground state breaks Z2 symmetry.
• The first excited state consists of band of domain walls between the two filled dipole states.
• Similar to the behavior of Ising model in a transverse field.
Intermediate electric field: QPT
Quantum phase transition at E-U=1.853w. Ising universality.
Recent Experimental observation of Ising order (Bakr et al Nature 2010)
First experimental realization of effective Ising model in ultracold atom system
Quench dynamics across the quantum critical point
Tune the electric field from Ei to Ef instantaneously
Compute the dipole order Parameter as a function of time
The time averaged value of the order parameter is maximal near the QCP
Generic critical points: A phase space argument
The system enters the impulse region whenrate of change of the gap is the same orderas the square of the gap.
For slow dynamics, the impulse region is a small region near the critical point wherescaling works
The system thus spends a time T in the impulse region which depends on the quench time
In this region, the energy gap scales as
Thus the scaling law for the defect density turns out to be
Generalization to finite system sizefinite-size scaling
Dynamics with a finite rate: Kibble-Zureck scaling
Change the electric field linearly in time with a finite rate v
Quantities of interest
Scaling laws for finite –size systems
Theory
Experiment
Q ~ v2 (v) for slow (intermediate) quench. These are termed as LZ(KZ) regimes for finite-size systems.
Kibble-Zureck scaling for finite-sized system
Expected scaling laws for Q and F
Dipole dynamics Correlation function
Observation of Kibble-Zurek law for intermediate v with Ising exponents.
Periodic dynamics: obtaining zero defect density
Protocol Choose dE such that one starts from the dipole vacuum at t=0, goes to the maximally ordered state at t=p/w so thatE(t) vanishes at t= (n+1/2)p/w
The dipole excitation density for an intermediate frequency range vanishes at special points where the instantaneous electric field vanishes E(t)=U i.e. at t=
(n+1/2)p/w
Extension to trapped boson systems
Presence of a trap: spatially varying chemical potential
The chemical potential increases as we move from the center to the edges of the trap:
One gets multiple MI and SF phases as one moves from the center to the edges of the trap.
Clearly the projection operator method willfail since at some sites one may have a valueof the chemical potential which equally favors both n=1 and n=2 (or 0) occupation.
One can not project to a fixed number and hencecan not determine the projection operator uniquely.
Hopping expansion technique for bosons
1. Consider two neighboring sites in the trap with boson occupations
2. The hopping between these two sites costs an energy
i=1(2) for right(left) hopping: these cost different energy due to the trap.
can take positive or negative integer values
3. One can rewrite the hopping term
Right hopping
Left hopping
4. We identify the value of for which
can be both a positive or negative Integer and may not even exist for a given link
5. Next, one designs a canonical transformation operator S which eliminates all hoppings to linear order which has
6. One then finds the effective low-energy Hamiltonian using
Generalization of the projectionoperator formalism
Quench and Ramp dynamicsProtocol: Linear ramp or quench ofthe hopping amplitude J
Schrodinger equation to be solved
One can convert this into an Schrodingerequation for the effective low-energy Hamiltonian
One can obtain a set of equations for The Gutzwiller coefficient which can be solved numerically
Advantage: General method for treatment of non-equilibrium trapped/disordered bosons beyond mean-field theory
Weakness: Can not take long-wavelength quantum fluctuations into account.
Quench from superfluid to MI phase: preliminary results
The order parmeter oscillations die after reaching a point for which dm r= J or r = Int[J/K-0.5]
The time period dimishes linearly With increasing K