dY© mZ hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>massets.vmou.ac.in/RJ04.pdf · 18 2-1 e/;dkyhu lekt dks...

dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

_Ü`H$mbrZ amOñWmZr nÚ

RJ-04

nmR²>`H«$_ {Z_m©U g{_{VAÜ`jàmo\o$ga (S>m°.) Zaoe XmYrMHw$bn{VdY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

gånmXZ/g_Ýd`H$ Ed§ nmR²>`H«$_-boIZ

g§ moOH$, g_Ýd`H$ Ed§ gXñ`

boIH$ BH$mB©1. AVwb "H$ZH$' 1,2,3, 14

H${d-gm{hË`H$ma, H$moQ>m (amO.)2. Z_m_r AmMm © 4, 9

emoYmWu,_hmamOm J§Jmqgh {díd{dÚmb`,~rH$mZoa (amO.)

3. gVnmb Om°{JS> 5, 10emoYmWu, amOñWmZr {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa (amO.)

nmR²>`H«$_ CËnmXZ`moJoÝÐ Jmo b

ghm`H$ CËnmXZ A{YH$mardY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

CËnmXZ : \$adar, 2012 ISBN- 13/978-81-8496-309-0gdm©{YH$ma gwa{jV : Bg gm_J«r Ho$ {H$gr ^r A§e H$s dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m H$s {b{IV AZw_{V Ho$ {~Zm {H$gr ^r ê$n_| "{_{_`mJ«m\$s' (MH«$_wÐU) Ho$ Ûmam `m AÝ`Wm nwZ: àñVwV H$aZo H$s AZw_{V Zht h¡Ÿ&Hw$bg{Md, d._.Iw.{díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m Ûmam dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m Ho$ {bò _w{ÐV Ed§ àH$m{eVŸ&Xr S>m`_ÊS> {àpÝQ>J àog, O`nwa Ûmam 200 à{V`m§ _w{ÐV

AH$mX{_H$ Ed§ àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWmàmo. (S>m°.) Zaoe XmYrM àmo. (S>m°.) E_. Ho$. KS>mo{b`m `moJoÝÐ Jmo b

Hw$bn{V {ZXoeH$ (AH$mX{_H$) à^mar A{YH$mardY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m g§H$m` {d^mJ nmR²> gm_J«r CËnmXZ Ed§ {dVaU {d^mJ

gånmXH$ :àmo. (S>m°.) H$ë`mUqgh eoImdV

nam_e©XmVm, amOñWmZr H$m ©H«$_dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

g§ moOH$àmo. (S>m°.) H$ë`mUqgh eoImdVnam_e©XmVm, amOñWmZr H$m ©H«$_dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb, H$moQ>m

g_Ýd`H$ :S>m°. _rVm e_m©

gh-AmMm`©, {hÝXrdY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

gXñ`1. S>m°. hrambmb _mhoídar

nyd© AÜ`j, {hÝXr {d^mJamOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa

2. àmo. (S>m°.) AOw©ZXod MmaUAÜ`j, amOñWmZr {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa

3. lr aKwamOqgh hmS>mnyd© àYmZmMm ©, CÀM _mÜ`{_H$ {dÚmb` (amOñWmZ gaH$ma)Pmbmdm‹S> (amOñWmZ)

4. S>m°. JmoaYZqgh eoImdV{ZXoeH$, lr H¥$îU gËg§J ~m{bH$m _hm{dÚmb`grH$a (amOñWmZ)

4. S>m°. bú_rH$m§V ì`mg 6, 7à^mar, amOñWmZr {d^mJamOH$s` _hm{dÚmb`, AO_oa (amO)

5. S>m°. _XZ g¡Zr 8, 11ì`m»`mVm qhXr~.O.gr. am_nw[a`m O¡Z _hm{dÚmb`,~rH$mZoa (amO)

6. S>m°. àH$me A_amdV 12, 13à^mar, amOñWmZr {d^mJ,Sy>§Ja H$m°boO, ~rH$mZoa (amO.)

boIH$ BH$mB©

BH$mB© g§. BH$mB© H$m Zm_ n¥îR> g§»`m

[k.M & 1

bdkbZ 1 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; esa tqx jks njlko 1&16

bdkbZ 2 e/;dky jk jktLFkkuh dkO; jh [kkl izofr;k¡ 17&29

bdkbZ 3 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; /kkjkoka 30&42

[k.M & 2

bdkbZ 4 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jk izeq[k jpukdkj % lkekU; tk.kdkjh 43&55

bdkbZ 5 izeq[k dfo & ckadhnkl vkfl;k 56&66

bdkbZ 6 izeq[k dfo & jkeukFk dfo;k 67&86

bdkbZ 7 izeq[k dfo & dikjke&f[kfM+;k 87&103

bdkbZ 8 izeq[k lardfo;=h &lgtksckbZ 104&116

[k.M & 3

bdkbZ 9 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jh izeq[k jpukoka % lkekU; tk.kdkjh 117&128

bdkbZ 10 izeq[k vfHktkR; dkO; jpuk % xaxk ygjh 129&139

bdkbZ 11 izeq[k yksd dkO; & tsBok mtGh 140&150

[k.M & 4

bdkbZ 12 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh Hkklk dkO;% mn~Hko vj fodkl 151&165

bdkbZ 13 jktLFkkuh NanlkL=% vsd vksG[kk.k 166&181

[k.M & 5

bdkbZ 14 e/;dky jks izeq[k jktLFkkuh i| 182&195

dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

_Ü`H$mbrZ amOñWmZr nÚ

AZwH«$_{UH$m

RJ-04

IÊS> n[aM`IÊS> & I

BH$mB©-1 Bª BH$mB© _| dm§ {XZm§ {bIrÁ`m H$mì` Z¡ AmYma ~Um'a _Ü`H$mb H$m g_mO am OWmaW Z¡ Xagm`m¡ J`m¡ h¡&

dm§ {XZm§ amo Aga aMZmH$ma Aa CUar aMZm na KUmo n‹S²>`m¡& Bª XrR> gy§ OwJ amo gm§Vamo {MVam_ _Ü`H$mbrZ

amOñWmZr H${dVm _| {ZJ¡ Amd¡&

BH$mB©-2 Am BH$mB© _Ü`H$mb am H$mì` ar Img-Img àd¥{Îm`m§ ar OmUH$mar H$amd¡& H${d {OU OwJ _| aod¡ CU ar

àd{Îm`m§ am {~å~ H$mì` Z¡ à^m{dV H$a¡& _Ü`H$mb H$mb _| OwÕ, ^JVr, Zr{V Aa {gUJma ar àd¥{Îm`m§

hmdr hr- {OU ar N{d H$mì` _| _wIa hþB© h¡&

BH$mB©-3 BU BH$mB© _| _Ü`H$mbrZ amOñWmZr H$mì` ar à_wI H$mì` {dYmdm§ ar OmUH$mar Xr JB© h¡& amOñWmZr H${dVm

_wº$H$ Aa à~§Y XmoZy§ hr ê$nm _| {bIrOr& N>§X Aa Ab§H$ma àYmZ Amo H$mì` _hmH$mì`, à~ÝY H$mì`,

IÊS> H$mì` dMZrH$m Aa Xdmd¡V ê$n _| {gaOU amo AmYma ~Ê`m¡&

IÊS> & II

BH$mB©-4 Bª§ BH$mB© _| _Ü`H$mbrZ amOñWmZr ^mgm am à_wI aMZmH$mam§ amo n[aM¡ {X`m¡ J`m¡ h¡& Bª OwJ _| O¡Z, MmaU

Aa O¡ZoÎma VWm MmaUoVa H$mì` Iy~ {bIrÁ`m¡& O¡Z aMZmH$mam§ amo gm{hË` Ym{_©H$ Á`mXm h¡ Vmo MmaU g¡br

amo draVm, Xog ^JVr {gUJma, Zr{V Aa {d{dY ^m§V amo h¡& _Ü`H$mb _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ Zm`H$ Aa KQ>Zmdm§

Z¡ AmYma ~Uma ^r boIZ hþ m¡&

BH$mB©-5 Bª BH$mB© _| CÎma _Ü`H$mb am à_wI H${d H$m§H$sXmg Am{g`m ar OrdZr Aa {gaOU ar OmUH$mar H$amB© JB©

h¡& H$doga ~m±H$sXmg Am{g`m amOñWmZr H$mì` Z¡ ZB© H$mì` g¡br Xr h¡&

BH$mB©-6 Bª BH$mB© _| _Ü`H$mb am Zm_r H$doga am_ZmW Or H${d`m am OrdZ Aa {gaOU-ar {dJV _§S>r h¡ Abda

am BU H${d ar aMr H$mì` nmoWr "Ðm¡nXr {dZ`'- amOñWmZr ^mgm ar _hVmD$ aMZm _mZrO¡&

BH$mB©-7 Bª BH$mB© _| g§V H$d{`Ìr ghOmo~mB© ~m~V OmUH$mar Xr JB© h¡& ghOmo~mB© g§V _{hbm hm-Aa {ZaJwU B©g

ar _{h_m IwX am g§V H$mì` gy§ XagmB© h¡& bmoH$ ar ^mgm _| {ZaJwU ^JVr Z¡ g_PmdUmo KUmo Xmoamo H$m_

h¡& ghOmo~mB© ar ^mgm Aa g¡br XmoZy§ à^mdr h¡ Aa bmoH$ am _mZg Z¡ N>ydUdmbr h¡&

IÊS> & III

BH$mB©-9 Bª BH$mB© _| _Ü`H$mb ar à_wI amOñWmZr H$mì` nmoÏ`m§ ar {dJV _m§S>m¡-Bª OwJ ar Xmo boIZ ar JV h¡ EH$

A{^OmË` Aa XÿOmo bmoH$gm{hË`& Am§ XmoZy§ Ymamdm§ ar à_wI aMZmdm§ amo {ddoMZ Bª BH$mB© _| hþ m¡ h¡&

BH$mB©-10 Bª BH$mB© _| _Ü`H$mb ar à_wI H$mì` "J§Jm bhar' ar {ZaI naI hþB©& "J§Jm bhar' H${dda ~m±H$sXmg

Am{g`m ar OJMmdr H$mì` nmoWr h¡& J§Jm ZXr ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V ar {nN>mU h¡& H$doga ~m§H$sXmg BUZ¡ N>§Xm§

Aa Ab§H$mam gy§ g‚mm-g§dma-qS>Ji, H$mì` g¡br _| KUr lÕm gy§ AmIam§ T>mir h¡&

BH$mB©-11 Am BH$mB© _Ü`H$mb am amOñWmZr bmoH$H$mì` OoR>dm D$Oir ar gm§Jmonm§J OmUH$mar H$amd¡& "OoR>dm' Aa

"COir' amo Amo ào_m»`mZ amOñWmZ a¡ gmW¡ hr JwOamV _| ^r KUmo Mmdmo hþ m¡& Xÿhm N>§X _| {H$Ur AkmV

aMZmH$ma ar H$b_ gy§ Am h¡V-AnUmE nJr JmWm-n¡br dmMH$ naånam _| OJ Mmdr hþB© Aa nN>¡ nmoWr ê$n

_| T>br&

BH$mB©-12 Bª BH$mB© _| _Ü`H$mb am amOñWmZr ^mgm H$mì` am CX² d Aa {dH$mg Z¡ ~Vm`m¡ J`m¡ h¡& amOñWmZr ^mgm

am _Ü`H$mb _| ^mgm H$mì` a¡ ê$n _| "qS>Ji' Mmdr hþB©& N>§Xm, Ab§H$mam§ Aa ^mgm g¡br a¡ ~i~yVo aM`m¡‹S>mo

"qS>Ji' H$mì` _| Anma Aa _hVmD$ H$mì` gm_t Amd¡& VwH$~§Xr Aa A{Vñ`mo{º$ BU H$mì` ar {dgogVm

~VmB©O¡& ^mgm H$mì` ar qS>Jb naånam amOñWmZr gm{hË` am _Ü`H$mb _| Iy~ ngar Aa \¡$br&

BH$mB©-13 Am BH$mB© _Ü`H$mb am ^mgm H$mì` gy§ Ow‹S>`m¡S>r h¡& "qS>Ji' H$mì` naånam amo AmYma W~§ h¡& Bª BH$mB© _|

amOñWmZr ^mgm am ~m§ à_wI N>§Xm§ ar ~mZJr h¡ OH$m ^mgm H$mì` amo AmYma ~Ê`m& _Ü`H$mbrZ amOñWmZr

H$mì` _| _m{ÌH$ Aa d{U©H$ XmoZy§ N>§Xm§ am à`moJ hþ m h¡& Xÿhmo, gmoaR>mo, Hw$ÊS>{i`mo OZ-OZ a¡ H§$R>m Jy§OU

bm½`m& "H$mì` Xmogm' ar OmUH$mar ^r Bª BH$mB© _| Xr JB© h¡&

BH$mB©-14 BU BH$mB© _| _Ü`H$mb am à_wI amOñWmZr nÚ ar gmaê$n _| OmUH$mar Xr JB© h¡& à_wI aMZmdm§ H$mì`

g¡{b`m§, H$mì` {dYmdm, H$mì` ê$n BU BH$mB© _§o g_m`m¡‹S>m h¡&

17

bdkbZ 2

e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; jh [kkl izo`fr;k¡bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

2-0 mísL;

2-1 e/;dkyhu lekt dks njlko

2-2 e/;dkyhu lekt vj dfork

2-3 [kkl [kkl izo`fr;k¡

2-4 flYi jh nhB lw¡ e/;dkyhu dkO;

2-4-1 lSyh

2-4-2 Hkklk

2-4-3 iksF;k¡ dk uk¡edj.k

2-5 fol; dh nhB lw¡ e/;dkyhu dkO;

2-5-1 vk/;kfRed dkO;

2-5-2 ohj jl dks dkO;

2-5-3 uhfr dkO;

2-5-4 Hkxrh dkO;

2-5-5 yksd dkO;

2-5-6 nwtk fol;

2-6 dkO; lkL= dh nhB lw¡ e/;dkyhu dkO;

2-6-1 dkO; nksl

2-6-2 dFkk :f<+;kok¡

2-6-3 jl fu:i.k

2-7 bdkbZ lkj

2-8 vH;kl jk loky

2-9 lanHkZ xzaFk

2-0 mísL;

jktLFkkuh dfork dk e/;dky uS tk.kck lw¡ ikBd jktLFkkuh dfork dk fodlko dk ukGk ukGkiM+ko Hkh tk.k ldSaxkA Egk¡ tk.k ldSaxk ds dL;k¡ jktLFkkuh dfork /kj dwpk¡] /kj etyk¡ vkt dk eqdkerk¡bZ iwxhA eksVk rkSj is yxS VxS pkj lkS cjlk¡ ¼lu~ 1450 lw¡ 1850 rk¡bZ½ dks ;ks cxr vL;ks cxr Nks] tnlekt jktuhfr vj ijaijkok¡ dh nhB lw¡ gh ubZ djoV Ug¡ cny j~;ks Nks] Hkklk Hkh uqbZ v¡xM+kbZ ys j~gh NhAm;ks gh cks cxr Nks] tn jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa vuwBh Bke j[kk.kck okGh vlh cŸkh iksF;k¡ fljth xh] T;k¡ds csbZ xq:nso jfoUnz ukFk VSxksj ,d okj Qjek;ks Nks dS nqfu;k dh dlh Hkh Hkklk dks lkfgR; vL;k fljt.kis xqest dj ldS NSA bZa nkSj esa gh pkj.k dfo;k¡ ohj jl dk dk dkO; uS lcn lxfr dks uqvks vkHkkS fn;ksrks Hkxr dfo;k¡ lejiW.k vj lxiW.k dks xgjkbZ njlkbZA jkT;kflzr gksrk gq;k Hkh dfo;k¡ lk¡ph ckr dgckesa dksrkgh Ug¡ cjrh vj jktkok¡ Hkh vki.kka dfo;k¡ dh lcn lk/kuk uS ?k.kks eku fn;ksA

18

2-1 e/;dkyhu lekt dks njlko

e/;dky dks lekt jktuhfr dh nhB lw¡ djoV cnG j~;ks NksA lu~ 1450 lw¡ 1850 ds chpS Hkkjrjktuhfrd ,drk dks iljko Hkh ns[;ks vj fc[kjko HkhA bZa dky esa gh jtiwrkuk dk NksVk&NksVk fBdk.kkegrkÅ gks;k] iSyh vkxjk&fnYyh dk jkt lw¡ vi.kka laca/kka ds dkj.k vj QSj fnYyh dh lŸkk dk detksjiM+ tkck lw¡ vi.kh vi.kh lxfr ds dkj.kA bZ dky esa gh eqxy cknlkg lw¡ jktiwrk¡ dk jksVh&csVh dk ukrkc.;k vj bZa dky esa gh egkjk.kk izrki tL;ks uj&ukgj Hkh gks;ks tha uS egyka dks lq[k NksM+cks eatwj dj fy;ksiW.k vdcj ds vkxs ekFkks Ug¡ >qdk;ksA iqrZxkyh] Qz k alhlh vj vaxjst ckSikfj;k¡ dk vkck lw¡ Hkklk] laLÑfrvj ijaijkok¡ uqbZ djoV yhA bZa dky esa gh ns[;ks x;ks dS dL;k¡ vkilh gsr fcuk ijnslh ckSikjh Å¡ jkt uSHkh vk¡[;k¡ fn[kkck¡ ykX;ks] tha jkt dh nqgkbZ dkcqy&dka/kkj rkabZ QjS Nh] vj bZa dky esa gh ijnslh ykVlkgck¡ dk tqyek¡ ds f[kykQ psr tkxck dh vgV Hkh lq.kh thA lkfgR; lekt dks vkbZuks crk;ks tkoS NSAbZa nhB lw¡ ;k cnykok¡ dk e¡Mk.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk e/;dky dk lkfgR; is Hkh ns[;k tk ldS NS vj bZays[ks gh Å¡ vxr dk lekt uS tk.kck csbZ e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; izo`fr;k¡ uS tk.kcks ?k.kks t:jhgks tkoS NSA

2-2 e/;dkyhu lekt vj dfork

e/;dky dks lekt jg.k&lg.k dh jhr vj lekt dh nhB lw¡ Hkk¡r&HkrhGk cnyko ns[k j~;ks NksAcxr dk ck;jk dks vlj dfork is iM+cks t:jh NksA e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork Hkklk dh nhB lw¡ ghuqvk ekud Ug¡ c.kk;k] cfYd fol; dh nhB lw¡ Hkh uqvk vkHkS rk¡bZ mM+ku HkjhA jktLFkkuh dfork dh [kklvksG[kk.k NS& ohj jl dh dforkA jktk&egkjktkoka dk vkflzr pkj.k dfo;k¡ bZa nhB lw¡ jktLFkkuh dforkuS uqvks xqest c[kL;ksA vks ,d dfo gh dj ldS Nks tdkss vdcj dk njckj esa j~grk Fkdka Hkh Å¡ dk cSjhegkjk.kk ijrki dk tl xk ysrksA yksdHkklk dk dfo esa gh ;k lkeFkZ nh[kS NS dS vi.kka pkdj uS [;krkaesa vej dj nsck dks opu fn;ks vj Qsj uhfr dks dkO; ek¡M^j Å¡ opu dks eku Hkh jk[;ksA ;ks yksd Hkklkdk dfo is yksd dks ifr;kjks gh Nks dS Åa ^bZljk dks ijesljk* dh vkLFkk eu esa ys j ,d dfo dk ek¡M~;kgks;k xzaFk iwjh flj/kk lw¡ ck¡pSA e/;dky esa dfo uS lekt esa ?k.kka eku dh nhB lw¡ ns[;ks tkoS NksA dfo;k¡uS xk¡o] tkxhjk¡] dksM+ ;k ds yk[k ilk ut+j dj^j jktk ok¡ dh lcn lk/kuk lk: vi.kks eku trkcks djSNkA jktLFkkuh ekuhrk dfo dj.khnku dfo;k tn tks/kiqj dk egkjktk uS ^fojn fl.kxkj* uk¡o dh jpuklq.kkbZ rks egkjktk ok¡ uS ^ixM+h vj rqjkZ* dks bZuke rks fn;ks gh] ok¡ uS gkFkh is fojkteku djk^j [kqn ok¡ dhySjk¡ ?kksM+k is ok¡ ds ?kjk¡ rk¡bZ i/kkj~;kA dfo dj.khnku ,d ckj rht is vi.kka llqjky tkrh cxr cM+yhfBdkuk lw¡ xqtj~;k rks cM+yh dk Bkdqj [kqn lRdkj djck i/kkj~;kA dfo Å¡ cxr ulk esa NkA os Bkdqj uSUgW fiNk.k lD;k vj ok¡ uS ?kksM+k ds vkxs ixk¡ ixk¡ pyk^j lkljk dks xSyks crkck dks ^gqdqe* lq.kk fn~;ksABkdqj dfo dks eku jk[kck csbZ vks gh dke UgW dj~;ks] cfYd xSyk esa dfo dks gqDdks Hkjck tL;ks dke Hkhdj~;ksA vs izlax crkoS NS dS Å¡ cxr lk¡ph ckr ek¡Mck okGk dks lekt esa druks eku NksA

2-3 [kkl [kkl izo`fr;k¡

e/;dky esa dfo;k¡ ?k.kh esa dforkok¡ fljthA ?k.kk¡ dfo jktkoka dk vkflzr Nk vj jktdfo dk :iesa eku ikoS NkA ok¡ dks dke dforkok¡ lw¡ jktk dks tlxku djcks vj euksjatu djcks gh Ugw Nks] os vi.khdye dh /kkj lw¡ rh[kks lk¡p Hkh mdsj^j vi.kks /kje fuHkkoS NSA [;krka esa izfl) NS dS ,d ckj ifjokj dknq[k vj vc[kk;k¡ lw¡ nq[kh gks j egkjk.kk izrki vdcj lw¡ le>kSrks djck dh lksph vj le>kSrk dk dkxtek¡Mck dks QSlyks dj Y;ksA ;k ckr vdcj rk¡bZ iwxh rks cks ?k.kks gj[;ksA Å¡ vi.kk gh njckj dk i`FohjktuS vksGeks fn;ks dS jtiwrh vku dks ;ks lwjt Hkh vkaFk j~;ks NSA i`Fohjkt vdcj lw¡ dgh ds Egw¡ lq.kh lq.kkbZckr is Hkjkslks UgW d:¡A Egw¡ bZa ckr dks lr tk.kcks pkgw¡ Nw¡A vdcj btktr ns nhA i`Fohjkt bZa ds ikNS dkxn

19

ek¡Mj egkjk.kk izrki uS gsr Hkj~;k vL;k vksGek fn~;k dS egkjk.kk izrki bZa le>kSrk dk fopkj ij Hkh ljevkbZA bZa <c lw¡ i`Fohjkt us dfo dks /kje fuHkk;ksA vL;k¡ gh ,d ?kVuk dj.khnku dfo;k lw¡ tqM+h NSAdj.khnku dfo;k tks/kiqj dk egkjktk vHk;flag dk njckj esa NkA vHk;flag dk NksVk HkkbZ c[krflag ghvi.kka firk vthrflag uS ekj~;ks NksA cBh t;iqj dk jktk t;flag is vkjksi Nks ds ok¡ jkt dk ykyp esavi.kka csVk egkjkt dqekj f’kojkt flag uS gh ekj uka[;ksA nksU;w¡ ifjokjk¡ dh dhjr is vs ?kVukok¡ ,d /kCcksNhA vHk;flag vj t;flag ,d ckj tn iq"dj esa feY;k rks dj.khnku dfo;k Hkh lkFk NkA ok¡ dh dhjrlw¡ Å¡ cxr dq.k v.ktk.k Nks\ tn ok¡ lw¡ dfork lq.kkck dh vjt djh xh rks ok¡ vks nqgks Hkh lq.kk;ks & ^irtSiqj tks/kka.k ir] nksU;w¡ Fkki mFkki@dwje ekj~;ks MhdjkS] de/kt ekj~;kS ckiA** ¼tSiqj vj tks/kiqj dk jktkdks dkabZ dg.kksA dks; nwljk lw¡ de dks; Ug¡A dqeZoa'k ¼t;iqj½ ts vi.kk Mhdjk uS jkt csbZ ekj~;ks NS rksde/kt ¼jkBkSM+ oal½ lw¡ cki uS ekj nsck dks fdLlks tqM~;ks NksA½ Å¡ lHkk esa ekStwn lxGk vks nwgks lq.k^j lUuj~g X;k iW.k dks; Hkh Mj lw¡ vi.kh ckr dgck esa ladksp djcks rks e/;dky dky dk dfo;k¡ tk.;ks gh dks;UgW NksA

vi.kha ckr bZekunkjh lw¡ dg nsck dks ;ks gkSalyks ,d [kkl <c dh vkG[kk.kk nsos NSA e/;dky dkjktLFkkuh dkO; dh [kkl izo`fr;ka vkxs ek¡M~;k eqtc le>h tk ldS NSA

2-4 flYi jh nhB lw¡ e/;dkyhu dkO;

e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; dh ,d [kkl vkG[kk.k bZa dks flYi NSA bZa tqx dk dfo;k¡ dF; vjHkko eqtc Nan vj lcn pq.;k vj dfork dk jl uS fljtck esa vi.kh Å.Mh lk/kuk dks izek.k fn~;ksA Å¡dky esa lxGks i| lkfgR; Nanka esa ek¡M~;ks x;ks vj jktLFkkuh dk dfo;k¡ Nanka uS lkarjk <c lw¡ ckij~;kAflYi dh nhB lw¡ Å¡ dky dks lkfgR; ?k.kks flej/k NksA

2-4-1 lSyh jh nhB lw¡ e/;dkyhu dkO;

twuks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; [kklrkSj ls nks lSfy;k¡ esa ek¡M~;ks x;ks&,d fMaxG vj nwtks fiaxGA e/;dkyrk¡bZ vkrka fMaxG lSyh vi.kh lcn lxfr ds dkj.k T;knk pkoh gksxhA foØe dk ianzgok¡ lbZdk esa fy[;ks<k<h cknj dks xzaFk ohjek;.k* vckj rk¡bZ fMaxG dks lSa lw¡ twuks izca/kdkO; ekU;ks tkoS NSA bZa dk miyC/k :iesa ?k.kka val ykjyk cxr esa ekM~;k x;k] iW.k QS:¡ Hkh ewG :i lw¡ ;ks xzaFk foØe dk ianzgok¡ lbZdk esa ek¡M~;ksx;ks NksA bZa ds ikNS rks ,d lw¡ c<+ j ,d iksFkh dks fljt.k dfo;k¡ dj~;ksA fo}kuka ds eqtc& ^^;k¡ iksfFk;k¡esa [;kr vj dYiuk dk esG lw¡ fol;oLrq uS ?k.kksa vljdkjh vj thorks c.kk fn~;ks x;ks NSA dYiuk dks iqVchrks gh NS] truks dfork dks dke.k c.kk;k jk[kck csbZ t:jh NksA** ¼jktÑ".k nwxM+½ os vkxs ek¡Ms NS&**fMaxy dk ohjdkO; esa ohjjl dk lS;ksxh jkSnz] ohHkRl vj Hk;kud jl dh NVk Hkh lc tkxka ekStwn NSA:idk¡ dh vljdkjh lkso.kh NVk ck¡pck csbZ feyS NS] tha uS ck¡prk ck¡prk lxGk fcEc vk¡[;ka ds lkeS vkT;koS NSA dfo;k¡ vuwBk lcn pq.k^j uqbZ dyiukok¡ lw¡ ukn& lkSUn;Z dk fprjke isl fd;k NSA**

fiaxG lcn dks vjFk NS nan lkL=] iW.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa c`t ds HkSGi dh jktLFkkuh jpukok¡dks fljt.k fiaxG lSyh dh jpukok¡ dks i;kZ; NSA [kqek.k jklkS] i`Fohjkt jklkS] gehj jklkS] vorkj pfjrvj jkt foykl** tL;k xzaFkk¡ uS fo}kuka fiaxG lSyh esa jP;ks ekU;ks NSA fiaxG lSyh esa ek¡Mh xh eksdGhdforkok¡ Hkxfr Hkko dh jpukok¡ NSA dfo dq'kyykHk rks fiaxG f'kjksef.k* uk¡o dh iksFkh gh jp nhA dfo dks;ks xzaFk fo}kuka oSofLFkr <c lw¡ jP;ks gks;ks Ug¡ ekU;ks] Qs:¡ Hkh bZa iksFkh dh egŸkk lw¡ uV~;ks Ug¡ tk ldSA dfoHkkar HkrhGk ikSjf.kd vk[;kuka dk lS;ksx lw¡ fol;oLrq uS le>k;ks NSA of.kZd Nanka dk mnkgj.k lk:f'kodFkk uS vk/kkj c.kk;ks NS rks ekf=d Nanka dk mnkgj.k lk: jkedFkk lw¡ izlax pq.;k NSA fiaxy f'kjksef.k*uS jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks iSyks y{N.k xzaFk ekU;ks tkoS NSA

20

fiaxG esa jpuk djck okGks ,d egrkÅ uk¡o i`Foh jkt jkBkSM+ dks NSA bZ dfo dk dUgS;ku`R;k"Vddks ;ks fgLlks ck¡pck tksx NS%&

FkkxM+fnd FkkxM+fnd fnd rrFkbZ fujrr L;ke lcu lq[k nbZ;k]lqu laxhr fujfr vfr vn~Hkqr] pfdr pan ty myV pybZ;kAAFkd e`x Fkfdr Fkfdr lwj xU/kzo] lqj foeku lc Fkfdrr jfg;kAldy izk.k fizFkhjkt lqdfo dfg] ctr e`nax upr dUgS;kAA

Nan jh nhB lwa e/;dkyhu dkO; & e/;dky dk dfo;k¡ esa Nan [kkrj :>k.k ns[kck uS feyS NSAlk¡ph ckr rks ;k NS dS Å¡ cxr rkabZ jktLFkkuh dfork esa Nan eqxr dfork dh vo/kkj.kk dks fodlko ghUgW gks;ks NksA jktLFkkuh dk [kkl Nan Å¡ cxr dk dfo;k¡ lkarjk <c lw¡ ckij~;kA i)jh] v/kZukjkp]Hkqtaxiz;kx] =dqVca/k] NIi;] Hkqtaxh] lkjlh] nwgk] jkedan] eksrhnke] dfoRr] dq.MfG;k] pkSibZ] vMy]lksjBk] xkgk] fo".kqin] vfjYy] lkj] csvD[kjh] gkdfy] gfjfiz;k] oLrq] ekfyuh] f=Hkaxh] =ksVd tL;k drukgh Nan vj Hkko eqtc dfo;k¡ ckij~;kA tn Nank¡ dh ckr pkyS NS rks & xhr^ dh djcks t:jh gks tkoS NSAfgUnh dfork esa xhr ,d [kkl fo/kk dks ukao NS] iW.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa xhr ,d Nan dks ukao NS] thadk 120 Hksn ekU;k x;k NSA bZa Nan esa ek=k] x.k] rqd vj izlkj dks dM+ks ca/ku jsos NS vj jktLFkkuh dk [kklvyadkj o;.k lxkbZ* dks vuqlklu lxrh lw¡ fuHkk;ks tkoS NSA lk.kksj] lko>M+kS] oSfy;ks] vBrkykS] fgj.k>ai]nqrh; xks[kk] bR;kn xhr Nan dk [kkl Hksn NSA

loS;k dks ,d mnkgj.k ns[khtS%&

xzkg xzg~;ks cgq dky Hk;ks] cyghu Hk;k tSy Fkkg u ik;kSAiwr fiz;kifjokj u izhre] izhfr NqVh Hk;kS nsg ijk;kSA

L;ke lqtku gdkj lqU;kS] fut uke eraxfj dkj ykSa uk;kSAvkfu vpkud gha bfga ohp] NqVs ugha izku xtsUnz NqM+k;ksAA

¼ckjgB ujgfjnkl@volkj pfjr½

jksedh Nan dks mnkgj.k NS%&

eatu vatu dhuk] lqf/k lc ru Hkhuk] Hkzej lkjaHk yhuk] lksgb flj jD[kjh]dqaMy disy pksy] cnu racksy jksy] dqp >d>ksj iksj] lkjb rUoh lD[kjh]dksey d.k;fj dac] v/kj fonzqe fcac] iqgi os.kh izyac] tblh fp= iqRrjh]

dq'ky leqfr tkxb] dksL;k fjf[kjk; vkxb]nwj gh Fkh ikab ykxb] ekauq ljx Fkh ÅrjhA

¼dq'kyykHk½

e/;dky esa cksy^j gh dfork dk Hkko nwtk feu[kk¡ rk¡bZ iqxk;k tk ldS NkA ujk dfo;k¡] [kkldjHkxr dfo;k¡ rks bZa ys[ks gh jkx jkfxfu;k¡ dk vuqlklu esa xk;k tk ldck okGk Nan Hkh ek¡M~;kA jkx ^^xkSM+eYgkj** esa ek¡M~;ks dfo dq'kyykHk dks ,d ca/k ns[khtS &

^^vkO;ks ekl vlk<+] >cwds nkfeuh jsAtksob fiz;M+k okV] lqdksey dkfeuh jsApkrd e/kqjb lkfnfd] fizm Åpjb jsA

ojlb ?k.k cjlkr lty ljoj Hkjb jsAA

2-4-2 Hkklk jh nhB lwa e/;dkyhu dkO;

bZa dky esa jktLFkkuh dfork fonslh Hkklk dk ujk lcn vkrelkr dj~;kA ?k.kka dfo jktLFkkuh] mnwZ]

21

laLÑr] izkÑr] ekx/kh] 'kkSjlSuh] c`t] viHkza'k] ekx/kh tlh Hkklkok¡ dk tk.kdkj Nk] vj ok¡ dk lcn vi.khajktLFkkuh dforkok¡ esa lkarjk <c lw¡ fy;k NkA bZa lw¡ jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS uqvks lcn Hk.Mkj feY;ksA eqxyikrlkgh dk pks[kk fnuk¡ esa eulcnkj gksck ds dkj.kS jktLFkku dk ljnkj nsl dk Hkkxk¡ esa gksck okGktq/kka esa tkcks djS NkA ok¡ dk fojn xku lk: ok¡ dk njckjh dfo Hkh gksoS NkA bZa nslkVu lw¡ dfo;k¡ dksHkklkKku ?k.kks flej/k gks;ksA fØlu Hkxfr c`t vj c`t dh Hkklk lw¡ dfo;k¡ uS tksM~;kA eqxy lsuk lkxSjgck lw¡ mnwZ dks Kku c<~;ks vj QSj fQjaxh C;kSikfj;k¡ dks jkt dkt esa n[ky c<+ck ykX;ks vj lekt esaok¡ dks :rcks Hkh c<+ck ykX;ks rks ok¡ dh Hkklkok¡ dk lcn Hkh cksypky dh Hkklk esa vL;k lek;k dS dfook¡uS vi.kha dforkok¡ esa cijkck ykX;kA dj.khnku dfork uS ,d Bke is Hkklk ckcr fy[;ks NS*& îzFke Hkk[kklaL—r lks rks vuqHkwfr lks ikbZA nwljh uke Hkklk lks ukx fiaxG lkS vkbZA viHkzal Hkk[kk xzaFk ^fouksn fot;*lkSa ifgpk.khA ex/k nsl dh Hkklk tSu lkL= lSa tk.khaA izkÑr lks dqy dk fopkj ftl lsarh izkÑr Hkk[kkfoLrkj dfj xbZA ftlesa rhu Hkk[kk,sa ,d vax dfjds c[kka.khA pkSFkh if'pe dh Hkk[kk ftldh dgh rhuizdkj dh oka.khA ,sls rjg ls Hkk[kk dk Hkkafr Hkkafr dk ck[kka.k dfjds fn[kk;kA** dfo;k¡ dF; eqtc Hkko iSnkdjck csbZ rn~Hko lcn vj f}Ÿk o.kZ okGk lcn Hkh [kwc cijk;k NSA ,d mnkgj.k lw¡ bZa ckr uS tk.;ks tkldS NS%&

^^<GDdS xtka pEejka Øhc <kykaAHkGDdS v.kh HkEejka =hN HkkykaA[kGDdS flySiks[kjka jkfM+ [kaxhAtGDdS fo[kS/kkse&lh nhB taxhAyGDdS xtka iksxjka ykG lksHkkAHkGDdS eq[kka lwjeka Hkka.k lksHkkA

¼^lwjt izdkl*@dj.kh nku dfo;k½]

¼lsuk dh gjkoG ikar dk gkfFk;k¡ dk Hkky is <kyka lksHkk ns j~gh NS vj ok¡ is fojkT;k tks/kkoka dk gkFkkaadk rh[kk Hkkyk ped j~;k NSA ok¡ lhuk is ts dop isgj esY;k NS] os [kG&[kG dh vkokt dj j~;k NSA lwjtdk mtkl esa pedrk dop vL;k nh[k j~;k NS] ekuks vkx lqyx j~gh gksosA gkfFk;k¡ dh lw¡Mk¡ vi.kk fueGkiW.kds dkj.k vBh mBh ypdrh Fkdh d¡oG dk Qwy dh ukG dh ukabZ lksHkk ns j~ghd NS] tha is Hk¡ojk eksfgrgks j~;k NSA tq>kjk¡ dk ew.Mk lwjt dh ukabZ lksHkk ns j~;k NSA½

vyadkj jh nhB lwa e/;dkyhu dkO; %& fgUnh lkfgR; esa jhfrdky dk dfo;k¡ vyadkj uS dkO;dks t:jh rRo crk;ks NS] iW.k jktLFkkuh dk e/;dky dh dfork esa vyadkj dfork esa Å¡ cxr gh vk;ktn ck ekSf[kd ijEijk esa ghA gk¡] jktLFkkuh dk [kkl vyadkj&ô;.k lxkbZ* uS fuHkkck [kkrj dfo;k¡ esacM+ks :>ku ns[kck csbZ feyS NSA ô;.k lxkbZ* lw¡ vjFk NS nks oj.kka dks esyA bZa vyadkj dk fljt.k csbZdfork dh vksG~;k¡ esa dks; [kkl oj.k [kkl <c lw¡ nksgjk;ksa tkoS NSA tL;k¡ nwgk dh igyh vksGh dks lcntha oj.k lw¡ l: gksos] NsdM+yks lcn Hkh Åa gh lwa l: gksosA vkfn esy] e/; esy vj varesy bZa dk [kkl[kkl Hksn NSA Qsj ;k¡ Hksnk¡ dk Hkh miHksn NSA ^j?kqukFk :id* xhrka jks jpck gkGk eaN dfo us rks vBh rkabZek¡M~;ks NS ds o;.k lxkbZ ckijck lw¡ nwtk dkO; nks[k <¡d tkoS NSA oka dks DgScks NS ds tL;k¡ ih<~;k¡ lw¡ pY;ksvk j~;ks cSj Hkh c;ko laca/k lw¡ [kre gks tkoS NS] o';k¡ gh NksVk eksVk dkO; nks[k rks o;.k lxkbZ dk vuq'kklulw¡ gh [kre gks tkoSA

[kwu fd;k tk.kS [kyd gkMoSj tks gk;Ao.kZlxkbZ oS.k rks dGir jgS u dks;AA

nqjlk vk<+k dks ,d nwgks o;.k lxkbZ dk egRr us udkjS NS] iW.k o;.k lxkbZ dks ,d lkarjks mnkgj.kNS%&

22

oS.klxkbZ okfG;ka is[khtS jl ikslAchj gqrkl.k cksy esa nhlS ,d u nkslAA

ô;.klxkbZ* ds lkxS dfo;k¡ vuqizkl] ;ed] iqu:fDrizdkl] ^'ys"k* vkn ^lCnkyadkj* vj miek]:id] ^n`"Vkar*] mnkgj.k] vFkkZUrjU;kl] mRizs{kk] Hkzkfreku ;ed] oØksfDr] Nsd] o`fŸk] vUR; vFkkZyadkj Hkh[kwy^j cijk;k NSA vR;qfDr vyadkj dks ,d mnkgj.k ns[k.k tksx gS&

vg ekFkS jkax vkHk yx Å¡pks uo[k.Ms tl >kyj uknAjksI;k Hkyk jk;iqj jk.kk] iM+S u lkl.k r.kk izlknAA

¼nqjlk vk<[email protected] vejflag jks xhr½

¼lslukx dk ekFkk is tha dh uhao NS] tdks vkHkS rkabZ Å¡pks NS vj txrh dk ukS [k.Mk¡ esa gh tha dktl dk >kyj dh xw¡t ckt j~gh NS] vL;k jkt :ih egy jk.kk jk;iqj esa c.kok;ksA½

2- dgkork vj eqgkojk %& e/;dky dk dfo;k¡ vi.kh ckr esa cRrks vlj iuikck csbZ yksd esa pkoh?k.kdjh [kS.kkork¡ uS dforkok¡ esa njlkbZA yksddfork dh rkxr gh yksd dh tqcku esa ckr djcks gksos NS vjjktLFkkuh Hkklk dh e/;dky dh dfork bZa rkxr dk bLrseky esa deh Ug¡ NksMhA

3- vkdjk lcn vj f}Rr oj.k %& fMaxG dh dfork] [kklrkSj lwa] ohj jl dh dfork :i esa tk.khtkos NSA ohj jl dks Hkko fljtck csbZ dfo;k¡ [kkl <c dk lcn cRrh rknkn esa dke esa fy;k] T;k¡ lcnk¡uS /ofu foKku dh nhB lw¡ ^vkdjk* ekU;ks tkoS NSA bZa esa Vdkj oxZ dk lcn [kkl rkSj lw¡ fx.;k tkoS NSAvkdjk lcn lkxS /ofuizHkko iSnk u djck csbZ dfo;k¡ f}Rr oj.k dk lcn Hkh lk¡rjk <c lw¡ ckij~;kA Hkklkdk bZa iz;ksx lw¡ dfork esa ohj jl] ohHkRl jl vj Hk;kud jl tL;k jlk¡ uS iuikck esa ?k.kha enr feyhAdj.khnku dfo;k dh gh ,d dfork dks ;ks val ,d mnkgj.k NS%&

^^djM+d [kx ohtG cjM+Dd oxRrjda/k dM+d ojM+d daxG] [kjM+d cfg[katjA

jr njM+d dkfGt jM+Dd] QjM+d ckSg QhaQjA**

2-4-3 iksF;k¡ dks uk¡odj.k &

e/;dky esa ?k.kha iksF;k¡ ek¡Mh xhA jpck okGk¡ vk¡ iksF;k¡ dk uk¡odj.k csbZ Hkk¡r&HkrhGh jhrk¡ vi.kkbZAdnh iksFkh dk uk;d dk uk¡o is iksFkh dks uk¡o jk[;ks] ¼T;wa HkfV;k.kh mekns jk dfoRr] ck?kk jk nwgk] nwgk jkoj.key jk] jko tSrlh jks Nan] gEehjk;.k] fj.key jks :id] ek/ko tl izdkl] Hkhe foykl] Hkhe izdkl]nsly th jh opfudk] gEehj jklkS] dsljh flag lej] bR;kn½ dnSbZ iksFkh fljtck csbZ ckij~;k x;k Nan iksFkhdk uk¡o dks vk/kkj c.kX;k ¼t;k¡ ôlnsojkmr jk nwgk] jkft;k jk nwgk] jko vejflag jk >wy.kk] gkyka&>kykajk dqaMfG;k½( dnSbZ iksFkh esa Nank¡ dh l¡[;k eqtc iksF;k¡ dk uk¡o jk[;k x;k ¼T;wa & fdjrkj ckouh] dqdfocRrhlh] gejksV NRrhlh] opu foods iPphlh bR;kn½ vj dnSbZ uk;d dk uk¡o lkxS jklkS] foykl] pfj=];k ds izdkl lcn tksM+*j Hkh iksF;k¡ dk uk¡o j[kk.; x;kA ?k.kdjh jpukok¡ dks uk¡o uk;d dk uk¡o lkxSosfy lcn tksM+ j j[kk.;ks x;ksA ^^pqxyeq[k pisfVdk] ekofM+;k fetkt] tsgM+&tl tM+ko] xq.k vkxe] xq.k{kekizc uk¡o Hkh bZa dky dh iksF;k¡ dk ns[kck esa feyS NS] iW.k ;k Å¡ tqx dh lkekU; izo`fr dks; UgW NhA x|vj i| dk HksGi esa ôpfudk*] xzaFk Hkh bZa tqx esa ek¡M~;k x;kA ^ôpfudk jkBkSM+ jruflag egslnklkSr jh]ekrkth jh opfudk] nsoy th jh opfudk** bZa tqx esa ek¡Mh xhA dqN dfo;k¡ vi.kh jpukok¡ dks ukao esa NantksM+ fn~;ksA ^j.keG Nan] jko tSrlh jks Nan] ikcwth jks Nan] HkkVh lkselh jrukor jks Nan vj Nan egknsohjk vL;k gh xzaFk NSA

23

2-5 fol; dh nhB lw¡ e/;dkyhu dkO;

e/;dky esa jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ Hkk¡r HkrhGk fol; dforkok¡ lk: pq.;kA ok¡ esa ftuxk.kh csbZ gsr vjmex Hkh nh[kS NS vj vjFkoku dkjt csbZ ftuxk.kh dks eksg rt nsck dks mNko HkhA cks tehu dk gd csbZyksBka tq/kk¡ dks tqx NksA dfo;k¡ tq>kjk¡ dk tl c[kk.kck csbZ ?k.kh jpukok¡ fljthA ohj jl Å¡ tqx dhdfork dh [kkl vksG[kk.k c.kxhA iW.k tw.k QxryM+ck dk ekSdk gh UgW gsjs] ok rks dksbZ dk gsr esa ckoGhgks j Hkh bZrjs NS rks dks; dk pj.kk¡ esa vi.kks lejiW.k dj lxGk lq[k rt^j Hkh lq[k eglwl djS NSAe/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ ftuxk.kh dk lxGk jax vi.kh dfork esa lgsT;k NS dh ppkZ djSaxkA

2-5-1 vk/;kfRed dkO;

lwjk¡ dk xq.k xkrk gq;k Hkh dfo;k¡ vk/;kRe vj /kje dh Å.Mh pjpk djh NSA tq/k dk njlko Hkheu esa lejiW.k dk Hkko txkoS NSA Qsj Hkxrh vj lejiW.k rks jktLFkkuh dfork dh vku NSA ehjk¡ckbZ tlhdfo;=h bZa tqx esa gh gksbZ Nh ft.k dkUgk dh Hkxrh esa egyka dk lq[k rt fn~;k vj fojUnkou dh xfG;k¡esa êkbZ jh] eSa rks fy;ks jh xksfoUnks eksy@dksbZ dgS NkuS] dksbZ dgS pkSM+s fy;ks jh ctark <ksy** xkrh xkrh[kqn fdoanrh c.kxhA ckjgB bZljnkl uS rks yksd esa vruks peRdkjh ekU;ks tkoS Nks dS bZljk] lks ijesljk*dh ekurk gh pkoh gwxhA yksx ok¡ lw¡ tqM~;k ujk perdkjk¡ dh dFkkoka ok¡ dk thork gh lq.kkck ykX;k NkAckjgB ujgfjnkl dks ^vorkj pfjr* ukao dks xzaFk rks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk lSa lw¡ ifoRrj xzaFkk¡ esa fx.;kstkoS NSA ckjgB bZljnkl vj ujgfjnkl dh jpukok¡ dks ikjk;.k rks ?k.kka ?kjka esa oL;k¡ gh dj~;ks tkoS NStL;k¡ yksx ^jkek;.k* dks ikjk;.k djS NSA ckjgB vklkuan ^xq.k fujxq.k izk.k* esa fuxZ.k czã dh efgekc[kk.kh NS rks pw.Mks th n/kokfM+;k ^xq.k Hkk[kM+h*] ^jkeyhyk*] ^xq.k pk.kd osfy* jpukok¡ ek¡Mh NSA dfodjelh lk¡[kyk dh ^fØlu th jh osfy*] dq'kyykHk dh ^nqxkZ lkrkbZ*] nqjlk vk<+k dh êkrkth jks Nan*]i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ dh ôsfy fØlu :def.k jh*] ôlnsomr jk nwgk*] ^n'kjFknsomr jk nwgk*] vj oYyHknsomrjk nwgk*] lk;ka th >wyk dh ^:def.k gj.k* vj ûkx ne.k*] dfo fdlu dh êgknso ikjofr jh osfy*]ek/kkSnkl n/kokfM+;k dh jke jklkS*] dY;k.knkl jko dh xq.k xksfoUn* eqagrk :?kukFk dh :?k jklkS*] ijknkuykyl dh & ijeslj iqjk.k* tlh iksF;k¡ bZa gh Øe dh jpukok¡ NSA ;k¡ ds vykok Hkxfr vkankyu lwa tM~;kdfo;k¡ ?k.kka QqVdj dfoRr vj Nan ek¡M~;k vj jktLFkkuh dfork uS flej/k dj~;ksA ^vorkj pfjRr* esa ,dtkxka is dkUgk lw¡ feyck csbZ vkdG ckdG gksrh xksfi;k¡ dk fprjke dfo ujgfj ckjgB vL;k¡ mdsj~;k NS%&

dksm vatu eatu vax dhuhA dksÅ fxzg o;ogkj v/khuhAA

dksÅ fir ekr Hkrhts HkkbZA v/k Hkkstu nhfua gfBvkbZAA

bga dksÅ /ksu nqgkou vkofrA /kfj i; ik= /kjjfu mfB vkofrAA

NkMs i; fdag pqYg p<+kbZA rs vutru xbZ mQukbZAA

bZljnkl ckjgB dk xq.k oSjkV* esa lkekftd vj lkaiznkf;d ,drk dk lqj Hkh feyS NS tn dfo txrdh lxGh lxfr;k¡ uS fuao.k djrk Fkdk¡ ek¡MS NS%&

ueks lrfj gtkj gqlSu lkFksA ueks esfy;kS tk/k dfyax ekFkSAAueks ehjtkna feyS lkfFk ehjkaA ueks foyfg;S rqjh ckou ohjkaAAueks ,d ,dk Hkyks vorkjaA ueks izokM+k rkl dq.k ygS ikjaAAueks bZljk lkafe v.kdy vuaraA ueks cki oSjkV pk ukooaraAA

e/;dky dk vk/;kfRed vj /kkjfed dkO; esa ukGh ukGh vklFkkok¡ chpS esy cSBkcks dks lkarjks psrbZa dkO;ka esa tkxrks ls nh[ks NS vk vkt Hkh lekt dh yw¡Bh t:jr NSA

24

2-5-2 ohj jl dks dkO;

ohj jl dh dfork e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ,d vyx vksG[kk.k nh NSA e/;dky dks ,dcRrks cxr jktkoka dh vkilh yM+k;k¡ chpS dV~;ksA tq/k Å¡ cxr dh njdkj Hkh Nh vj tq/k esa thrcks ;kds tku ns nscks] eku vj vku dks izrhd gksX;ks NksA dfo jktkoka dk njckj esa lsok nscks djS Nk vj ok¡ dhlSa lw¡ egrkÅ lsok ;k gh Nh dS os vi.kh dforkok¡ lw¡ lwjk¡ dk tl xkoS vj tq>kjk¡ esa tksl Qw¡dsA e/;dkydk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ vi.kh bZa ftEesnkjh uS c[kwch fuHkkbZA Å¡ cxr dh ohj jl dh dfork vi.kh lcnlxfr lw¡ vj fcEc ;kstuk lw¡ vL;k fprjke [khaps NS dS lq.kck okGks tksl esa vk;k¡ fcuk jg gh UgW ldSAdj.kh nku dfo;k dk ,d Nan esa tq/k oj.kuk ck¡pks&

/keNV~V fodV~V xjV~V iM+S /kM+] ?kV~V mNV~Vr HkV~V ?k.kkAgks; iV~V miV~V pkSlV~V fi;S gn] rV~V miV~V ujn~n r.kkA[kGdV~V mNV~V da?kV~V dVS [kx] [kkatj nV~Vr gal [kMS+A^vHkkeky foySan r.kk eqag vkxfG] yksg blh fo/k tks/k yM+SAA

2-5-3- uhfr dkO;

e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa uhfr dkO; Hkh ek¡M~;ks x;ksA nknwn;ky] c[kukth] lqanjnkl]ihikth] dkth egewn nh th] xojhckbZ] dq'kyykHk vj Kkulkj tL;k lar dfo;k¡ Hkxfr dks lkfgR; ek¡Mckds lkxS uhfrdkO; Hkh fljT;ksA vksikth vk<+k vj fdjikjke f[kfM+;k dks rks ukao gh ok¡dk uhfr dkO; dkj.kS[kkl rkSj lw¡ fy;ks tkoS NSA vksikth dh dfork esa Hkklk ljy NS iW.k ckr Å.Mh NSA ckuxh %&

eu tk.kS p<w¡ gkfFk;ka ekFkS] [kqj jxM+rka tue gqoSAuj dh phrh ckr gqoS uag] gj dh pharh ckr gqoSA

fpr esa tk.kS gqdqe pykÅ¡] gqdqe r.kS cl ukj u gks;Alkapk ys[k fy[;k m.k lkabZ] dkpk dj.k u nhlS dks;A

/kkiS eu cS<ka /kksGhgj] rkiS lw[kk BwaB rBSAvknw jhr vlh gS vksik] dqVh fy[kh lks egy dBSAA

fdjikjke f[kfM+;k ^jkft;k jk nwgk* jP;kA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa :ph jk[kck okGks dq.k feu[k gksxksft.k jkft;k jk nwgk UgW lq.;k gksxkA crkoS NS dS fdjik jke ,d ckj ?k.kka fcekj iM~;kA ok¡ dk pkdjjkft;k bZa cxr esa ok¡ dh ?k.kha lsok djhA fdjikjke bZa lsok lw¡ [kql gks j jkft;k uS opu n~;ks dS os Å¡ dksukao vEej dj nSxkA QSj ok¡ uhfr dk lksjBk&nwgk dh jpuk djh ts jkft;k uS lEcks/ku dj;k x;kA vs nwgk^jkft;k jk nwgk* ukao lw¡ txpkok gq;k vj tuekul esa jkft;k dks ukao ;k¡ nwgka lwa gesl [kkrj vej gw;X;ksA

x.k&vkSx.k ft.k eka;] lq.kS u dksbZ lkaHkGSAePN xGkxG eka;] jg.kks eqldy jkft;kAAdkjt ljS u dks;] cy&izØe&gher fcuk]gydkj~;k gh gks;] jaX;k L;kGka jkft;kAAeq[k Åij ehBkl] ?kV ekagh [kksVk ?kM+S]blM+k lw¡ b[kgkl] jk[khtS uag jkft;kAAdkGh ?k.kha dq:i] dlrwjh dkaVk rqGs]lkdj cM+h l:i] jksM+ka rqyS jkft;kAA

e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dks uhfr dkO; ftuxk.kh dk gj [ksrj esa feu[k uS gher nsrks vjlkap dh xsy is pkyck dh rkxr nsrks nh[kS NSA

25

2-5-4 Hkxrh dkO;

e/;dky esa ?k.kka /kkjfed lEiznk; iuI;kA ;k¡ dh Fkjiuk djck okGk xq:ok¡] vj ok¡ uS ekuck okGk¡dforkok¡ dk ek/;e lw¡ vi.kh ckr dgck esa dlj UgW j[kk.khA yksd lw¡ tqM+ck esa yksd dh Hkklk dks vki.kksegRr gksos NSA Hkxr dfo yksd ds chpS j~g^j Kku vj xq.k dh ckrk¡ djcks djS NkA bZa ys[ks ok¡ yksd dh Hkklkesa gh dforkok¡ ek¡Mh dq'kyykHk tL;k tSu lar Hkh yksd dk eu dks eqgkojks ck¡pck csbZ tn ^<ksyk&ejo.k*yksddFkk is dfork ek¡Mh rks ukf;dk dk :i dks c[kk.k djrks fl.kxkj dh vksfG;k¡ ek¡Mh &

paid o;.k lqdksey vafx] eLrdosf.k tkf.k Hkq;axAv/kj jax ijokyk osfy] x;oj gal gjkobZ dsfyA

ukd tL;ks nhok uha fl[kk] ckgsa jru tfM+r cfgj[kk]eq[k tk.kS iwue uks pk¡n] v/kj opu ve`re; panA

Hkky fryd flj os.kh naM] Hk;g oad eueFk dksnaMAA

e/;dky dk Hkxr dfo;k¡ dks ewG /;s; yksdpkoh ckrk¡ lwa yksd uS yqHkkcks UgW] Nks yksd dk dY;k.kdh vy[k txkcks NksA bZa ys[ks gh e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkxr dfo;k¡ ijeslj csbZ lejiW.k dh ckr djrkfeu[k feu[k ds chpS gsr dks ukrks xk<+ks djck dh vj feu[ki.kk uS vaxstck dh ckrk¡ djhA ,d iaFk dkgksrk Fkdka Hkh os nwtk iaFk csbZ eku dks Hkko jk[;ksA ok¡ dh dforkok¡ esa ,drk vj lejlrk dh ckrk¡ feySNSA os /kje dk ukao is fn[kkok dks fojks/k Hkh djS NS vj /kje uS feu[k dk dY;k.k dks lkarjks ekjx Hkh crkoSNSA

2-5-5 yksd dkO;

yksd dkO; vlh dkO; ijaijk lw¡ NS tdh vk[;kuka vj iqjk.k dFkkok¡ ds vk/kkj is yksd esa bÙkh pkohgks tkoS NS& ds ujh ckj rks yksd vly jpukdkj dks ukao Hkh fclj tkoS NSA yksdkO; esa gh ykSfdd izsedkO; ckcr ckr dfo;ka djh NSA dq'kyykHk vi.kka cxr dk ukephu tSu lar gks;kA tSu lark¡ dh cSjkxho`fRr ok¡ uS yksd ijEijk lw¡ ukGks dj fn~;s NS] iW.k dq'kyykHk Hkh ek/kokuy&dkedandyk* tlh iksFkh ek¡MhAbZa iksFkh esa uk;d vj ukf;dk dk fl.kxkj dks C;kSjks dfo [kqy^j ek¡M~;ks NSA e/;dky esa bZa izlax is nwtkdfo;k¡ Hkh jpukok¡ ek¡MhA ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk* rks vckj Hkh yksd dh tqcku is NSA L;k.kka feu[kka dh nhBesa bZa jpuk dk dfo dks ukao Kkr dks; UgWA <ksyk vj ek: dks izse yksd esa ,d vk[;ku NS vj ;k¡ nwgk¡ esaizse dks Å.Mkiks lkarjk <c lw¡ lkeh vkoS NSA dg NS vk jpuk e/;dky dh l:okrh jktLFkkuh HkklkdkO;dks pks[kks uewuks NS%&

foTtqfG;k¡ uhGfTt;k¡] tGgj rw gh yfTtAlwrh lst fonsl fiz;] e/kqjS&e/kqjS xfTtAA

vdFk dgk.kh izse dh] fd.k lw¡ dgh u tk;Axwaxk dk lqiuka Hk;k] lqej lqej fiNrkbZAAckcfg;ks uS fojg.kh] nqgwok ,d lqHkkoA

tc gh cjlS ?k.k ?k.kks] rc gh dgs fiz&vkoAA

tsBok vj ÅtGh dh dFkk ^tsBok&ÅtGh dk lksjBk* :i esa yksd esa ?k.kka pko lw¡ lq.;k tkoS NSAvk Hkh ,d izse dFkk NSA vk vi.kka ewG esa ;ks lansl Hkh nsoS NS dS izse ds lkeh tkr&ikar lc NksVh NSA vkalksjBka dk fljtd dks ukao Hkh yksd esa pkoks dks; Ug¡A lksjBk ljy Hkklk esa NS vj lq.kck okGk dk dkGtkis lh/kks vlj djS NS%&

26

vaxwBs jh vkG] yksHkh yXxkbZ x;ksA:uh lkjh jkr] td u iM+h jS tsBokAAvk¡[;ka mf.k;kjks] fuiV ugha U;kjkS gqoSAizhre eks I;kjks] tksrh fQ:¡ js tsBokAA

^lS.kh vj ohtkuan* dh dFkk Hkh izse dFkk gh NSA cha>k vj lksjB] ukxth vj ukxoarh] tyky vjcwcuk dh izse dFkkoka is e¡Mh dforkok¡ Hkh yksd esa pko lw¡ lq.kh tkoS NSA

vk[;kuk¡ is jph dforkok¡ Hkh yksd esa ?k.kh pkoh gksbZA vk¡ uS vk/kkj c.kk^j yksd ukVdka dh jhr nh[kSNSA egkHkkjr dk vfHkeU;q izlax is ^dFkk vgeuh*] :de.kh gj.k izlax is ^fdlu th jks C;kgyks*] Hkxr dkizlax is & izgykn pfjr* m"kk vj vfu:} dk izlax is ^dFkk m"kk iqjk.k* vj esgksth dh jkek;.k vlh ghiksF;k¡ NSA vk¡ jpukok¡ uS vljnkj c.kkck dks Hkh jpukdkjk¡ cRrks /;ku jk[;ks NSA jkx jkfxfu;k¡ eqtc Nank¡dh jpuk lw¡ vkauS eapk¡ is [ksycks vklku gks tkoS NSA

2-5-6 nwtk fol;

e/;dky esa jpukdkjk¡ Nan lkL= is Hkh eksdGk xzaFk jP;kA dq'kyykHk ^fiaxy fljkse.kh*] pkj.ktksxhnku ^gfj&fiaxy izca/k*] gehjnku jruw ^fiaxy izdkl*] ^y[kr fiaxy*] vj ^gehj ukeekyk* dh jpukdjhA lsox eaNkjke j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks] vk<k fdluk ^j?kqoj tl izdkl*] mn;jkt ^dfo dqGcks/k*eqjkjhnku fMaxG dksl*] fgaxGktnku dfo;k izR;; i;ks/kj*] lkoGnku vkfl;k egkHkkjr :id*] ck¡dhnkl^dfoer eaM.k* vj ukxjkt ^fMaxG dks"k* ek¡M~;kA dsljhflag tSrkor ^ia[kh iqjk.k* ek¡M~;ksA bZa iksFkh esa <ksjk¡vj iaf[k;k¡ ds vksGkos txr dh egrkÅ ckrk¡ dks cks/k djk;ks x;ks NSA nqjlk vk<+k fdjrkj ckouh ukao dkxzaFk esa feu[kk¡ dh ihM+ crkrk Fkdka ;k ckr dgh NS dS feu[k thck csbZ druk tru djS NSA ^Hkk"kk HkkjFk*esa [ksrlh egkHkkjr dh lxGh dFkk rsjg gtkj Nank¡ esa ek¡Mh NSA pqxyeq[k pisfVdk] ekofM+;k fetkt] Ñi.kniZ.k vj larksl ckouh tlh iksF;k¡ jpck okGk ck¡dhnkl rks cxr dh folaxfr;ka uS dfork dks fol; c.kk;ksvj ^vk;ks baxjst eqGd js Åij* tL;k xhr ek¡M^j e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; uS uqoka cks/k lw¡ tksM+ck dhdM+h dks dke Hkh dj~;ksA T;ksfr[k] njlu] bfrgkl vj nwtk fol; Hkh dfork esa vk;k vj dfo;k¡ vi.khlkeFkZ lwa m.kuS vksirs <ax lwa njlk;ks Hkh gSA

2-6 dkO; 'kkL= jh nhB lw¡ e/;dkyhu dkO;

2-6-1 dkO; nksl

dfork esa ewG vjFk uS le>ko.k esa tdh vM+pu vkoS Å¡ uS dkO; nksl ekU;ks tkoS NSA vL;k nkslkaesa rn~Hko lcn ckijcks] jhr lw¡ vyx vkpj.k uS rk¡bZ trkcks tL;k nksl fx.k;k tkoS NSA jktLFkkuh Hkklkesa va/k] NcdkG] gh.k] fuuax] ikaxGks] tkr&fojks/k] vil] ukG&Nsn] i[krwV] cgjks vj veaxG ukao dkX;kjg nksl crk;k tkoS NSA nwth Hkklkok¡ dk lcn ckijcks vj ok¡ dk vlj lw¡ dfork djcks NcdkG nkslekU;ks x;ks NSA dfork ts le>ck esa gh vc[kh gks tkoS rks ^vil* nksl gksoS NSA dfork dh jhr lw¡ ukGkpy^j euekuks foojkS nscks ukGNsn nksl] Hkje iuikck okGk lcnk¡ lw¡ dkO; esa peRdkj iuikck dh tqxrcgjks nksl] dks; Nan dk iSyk vj NsdM+yk vk¡[kj dk tqfr lw¡ veaxG crkck okGk lcn dh mrifr veaxGnksl crk;k tkoS NSA dfo tnfi ltxrk lw¡ dfork fljtS NS] iW.k dnh dnh fol; vj dF; dh ek¡x dspkyrk¡ Å ;k¡ nkslka lw¡ dfork gesl Ug¡ cpk ldSA e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; esa Hkh ;s nksl ns[;k tklds NSA

2-6-2 dFkk :f<+;ka

dFkkud uS vkxs cnkck csbZ dqN izo`fr;ka :f<+ dh uk¡bZ lkfgR; esa nh[kS NSA bZa ;k Å¡ <c lw¡ dfo dks;

27

u dks; vksGkoks dFkk uS vkxsk cnkck csbZ gsjs gh NSA izse dh ij[k] lanslks f[knkcks] igsfy;k¡] izsfedk dh vkM+hlw¡ vkjksi] Hkkoh dh lwpuk nsck okGk lqiuka] nslfudkGks] ej~;k feu[k uS thonku] earj dks peRdkj] nsorkdks ojnku] lkSr dh tyu] taxG esa HkVdcks] ohjkuk esa dks; lqanjh lw¡ HksaV] lk¡i dk dkVck lw¡ fejR;q] vkHkSlw¡ Qwyk¡ dh fcj[kk] ldqu ns[kcks] euksdkeuk iwjh djck csbZ nsoh dks iwtu bR;kn vlh izo`fr;k¡ NS tdhjktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh ?k.kha iksF;k¡ esa i<+ck csbZ feyS NSA ;s gh izo`fr;k¡ :f< crkbZ tkoS NSA

2-6-3 jl fu:i.k

e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork dks lSa lw¡ [kkl i[k Nks ohj jl dh dforkok¡ iW.k dfo;k¡ nwtk jlHkh lkarjk <c lw¡ vi.kka dkO; esa mdsj~;k NSA tnfi gkL; jl de ns[kck esa feyS NS] iW.k dfo;k¡ fl.kxkjjl] okRlY; jl] d:.k jl] Hk;kud jl] ohHkRl jl] Hkxfr jl tL;k jlk¡ dk fljt.k esa lcn lkeF;Zvj dYiuk lxfr dks [kqy^j mi;ksx dj~;ks NSA dqN mnkgj.k ns[k &

okRlY; jl

^^iq= my[;ks izksfgr ftlbZ] gj"kb owBk vkalw frlbZA

vk/kks ys nh;sbZ] vfr vk.kanba [kksGba fy;bAA

¼ek/kokuan dkedanyk pkSibZ@dq'ky ykHk½

gkL;&O;aX;

^^jh>S fo[k/kj jkx lw¡] fd;k u ft.k jS dkuA

dku fd;k D;ksa Øi.k jS] lq.kS u D;ksagh X;kuA

yqG <kGh rj yksHk jS] >wyS jfg;k >way

ns.kkS nku dcwy ug] Øi.kka ej.k dcwyAA

¼Ñi.k iPphlh@ck¡dhnkl½

ohHkRl jl

xzh>.kh dk¡b mrkoGh g; iyk.krk¡ /khjA

dk; cSlk.kw¡ l=k flj dk; vki.kS ljhjAA

vki.kS xkr vkfj deG Åijk¡A

pkiM+S jkrM+keq[kk¡ vkfe[kpjk¡AA

/khj g; iyk.kr dgS lEgkS ?k.khA

x;.k ex vkdqGh fQjS fde xzh>.khAA

¼gkyka&>kyka jk dq.MfG;k@bZljnkl½

Hkxrh jl

dj tkjsa oanu cgq dhusA banz Hk, bgka vfr vk/khuSAArhu yksd izHkqrk eSa ikbZA ;k rsa HkbZ xoZ v/kdkbZAA

fru en va/k Hk;kS rSlksA txdjrk tkU;kS ugha tslksAAek;k ol bZ'oj uk ekausA dkju Øks/k yksHk vf/kdkusAA

¼vorkj pfjr@ujgfjnkl½

28

ohj jl

<GDdS xtka pEejka Øho <kykaA

HkGDdS v.kh HkEejka =hN HkkykaA

[kGDdS flyS ik[kjka jkfM+ [kaxhA

tGDdS fops /kkse&lh nhB taxhA

rGDdS xtka iksxjka ukG yksHkkA

HkGDdS eq[kka lwjeka Hkka.k lksHkkAA

¼lwjt [email protected] dfo;k½

'kkar jl

fo"ke rkf< ckijh] ftdk ou uhyk tkGs]

r[k f[k.k vjgV rsfFk] gse uhdS tG gkGSA

ijB ik.kh rh iqj[k] iko ik.kh dfj I;kjk]

nq[k nsgh nk[koS] dlh lw¡ okGS D;kjkA

nsgh nk[koS] dlh lw¡ okGS D;kjkA

lhr js tksj tG lsorka] /kM+ /kwtS daiok /kjSA

djrkj isV nwHkfj fd;k] ls dke ,g ekuo djSAA

¼djrkj ckouh@nwjlk vk<+k½

fl.kxkj jl

eG;kpG lqruq eGS eu eksjs] dGh fd dke vadwj dqpA

r.kkS nf[k.kfnfl nf[k.k f=xq.keS] Åj/k lkl lehj mpAA

vk.kan lq tq mnkS mgkl gkl vfr] jktfr jn fj[kifUr :[kA

u;.k deksnf.k] nhi ukfldk] esu dsl] jkdsl eq[kAA

of/k;k rfu ljofj osl o/kUrh] tkso.k r.kkS r.kkS tG tksjA

dkef.k djx lq ck.k dke jk nksj lq o:.k r.kk fdfj MksjAA

¼osfy fØlu :def.k jh@i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+½

2-7 bdkbZ lkj

e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ ftuxk.kh dk lxGk i[kk¡ is dforkok¡ jphA ckr esa cRrks vlj iuikckcsbZ os /kjrh dk fprjke Hkh dfork esa [kk¡ps Nk vj dnh dnh vL;ks fcEc Hkh lcnk¡ lw¡ iuikoS Nk] ts thouesa laHko rks Ug¡ gqoS iW.k uk;d uS egkuk;d dk :i esa isl djck dh dfo dh ealk uS mtkxj djS NkAtq/k vj Hkxfr] fl.kxkj vj vk[;ku ok¡dk pkok fol; rks j~;k iW.k cxrlj ok¡us is[ks:ok¡ vj <ksjk¡ ds vksGkosHkh ckr djhA os jktk dk fo:n xkoS Nk] iW.k vkevkneh dk nq[k njlkck esa Hkh ;k¡ dfo;k¡ dh dye dksrkghUgW dkVhA lk¡ph ckr rks ;k NS ds dye lw¡ vs dfo jktLFkkuh dfork dh vku] cku vj lku dk izrhd gks j[;kr esa vej gksX;kA

29

2-8 vH;kl jk loky

1- e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork dh [kkl [kkl izo`fr;ka is ,d Vhi ek¡MksA

2- e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork Hkh Hkklk is ,d Vhi ek¡MksA

3- e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork esa ftuxk.kh dk U;kjk&U;kjk i[k lkarjk <c lw¡ mdsj~;k x;k NSA dk¡bZvki bZa ckr lw¡ lger Nks\ mnkgj.kka lwa le>koksA

4- e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork dks ewG ohj jl Nks] iW.k dfo;k¡ nwtk jlk¡ uS Hkh vNwrk UgW NksM~;kAbZa dFku uS le>koksA

5- vki dh nhB esa dk¡bZ dkj.k Nks dS e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork esa gkL;jl de nh[kS NS\

2-9 lanHkZ xzaFk

1- ch-,y-ekyh- ^v'kkar*&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk bfrgklA

2- eqa'kh nsoh izlkn&dfo jRuekykA

3- MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh&jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A

4- MkW- 'kfDrnku dfo;k&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk vuq'khyuA

5- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k&jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lfgR; A

6- lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lainkA

7- vxjpan ukgVk&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh xkSjoiw.kZ ijaijkA

8- MkW- ujsUnz Hkkukor&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dqN izo`fr;k¡ A

9- izks- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor&jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; A

30

bdkbZ & 3

e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; /kkjkok¡

bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

3-0 mísL;

3-1 izLrkouk

3-2 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; dh izeq[k /kkjkok¡ vj [kkl jpukdkj

3-2-1 pkj.k dkO;

3-2-2 ikSjkf.kd vj /kkfeZd dkO;

3-2-3 vk[;ku dkO;

3-2-4 lar dkO;

3-2-5 tSu dkO;

3-2-6 ykSfdd lkfgR;

3-3- e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; dh [kkl jpukok¡ vj fol;

3-4 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; dh Hkklk vj lSyh

3-5 bdkbZ lkj

3-6 Ckks/k iz’u

3-7 vH;kl jk loky

3-8 lanHkZ xzaFk

3-0 mísL;

jktLFkkuh Hkklk twuh vj lkfgfR;d nhB lw¡ ?k.kha laié Hkklk NSA viHkzal ikNS tu tu dh tqcku

c.kha bZa Hkklk esa lSadM+w¡ dfo;k¡ dforkok¡@iksF;k¡ ek¡M ^j bZa Hkklk uS flej/k dj~;kSA ;k¡ dfo;k¡ vki.kk cxr

dh vxqokbZ Hkh djhA jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks e/;dkG vL;ks cxr Nks] tn Hkklk uS vki.kha vksG[kk.k dh nhB

lw¡ djoVka Hkh cnyh vj [;kr dk m.kX;kjk is vki.kka Fkkik dk e¡Mk.k Hkh mdsj~;kA e/;dky dk jktLFkkuhdkO; dh izeq[k /kkjkok¡ dks ,d v/;;u dj *j Å¡ cxr dk lekt dk lkfgfR;d] lkaLØfrd] /kkfeZd vj

jktuhfrd gh Ug¡] vkfFkZd gkykr Hkh tk.k ldSaxk vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk fodlko dk izsjd rRo le>

ldkaxkA

3-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks fodlko viHkzal lw¡ gks;ksA Fkjiuk dky ikNS jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS vki.kks [kkl

lqHkko vj [kkl vksG[kk.k dk fprjke [ksapck l: dj~;k vj HkklkbZ laLdkj iks[;k tkck ykX;kA jktLFkkuh

31

Hkklk dks e/;dkG yxSVxS lk<+s pkj lkS cjl ¼lu~ 1400 lwa 1850 rkabZ½ dks ekU;ks tk ldS NSA ;ks Å cxr

Nks] tha esa lxGks lekt jktuhfrd nhB lw¡ cnyko dk ck;jk lkxS vkxs cn j~;ks NksA bZa gh dkG[k.M esa

jktuhfrd nhB lw¡ fnYyh@vkxjk esa lSa lw¡ rkxroj lxfr;k¡ jkt dj~;ks vj bZa gh dkG[k.M esa fnYyh dk

irlkg dks jkt ykyfdYyk lw¡ ikye rk¡bZ fleV X;ksA bZa dkG[k.M esa gh ijnslh ckSikjh Hkkjr vk;k vjlxGk jtokM+k¡ dk [kqn gkde c.k cSB~;kA bZa dkG[k.M esa gh ijnsfl;ka dk tqye lw¡ eqxrh dh okaNk vaxM+kbZ

ysck ykxh vj ck¡dhnkl ljh[kk dfo ^vk;ks baxjst eqyd js Åij* tL;k xhr ek¡M *j vki.kka cxr dk

fetkt uS lqj fn;kSA

3-2 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; dh izeq[k /kkjkok¡

bZa cxr dh dfork vki.kk¡ cxr dk fetkt uS lkarjk <c lw¡ njlkoS NSA vki.kS vkSGs&nkSGs dh?kVukok¡ vj thck dk <c dfo dk eu is Å.Mks vlj djS NSA ;ks gh dkj.k NS dS cxr dk lekt dks lk¡ptk.k ysck csbZ Å¡ cxr dh dforkok¡ dks e¡Mk.k ck¡pcks t:jh gks tkoS NSA

jktLFkkuh dfork dks e/;dkG jktuhfrd vj lkaLØfrd nhB lw¡ ?k.kesy* dks dky NksA Hkk¡r HkrhGhlaLØfr;k¡ vj ukGh ukGh jktuhfr lxfr;k¡ lkeS vkbZ vj vBh dh ewG /kkjk esa jp& cl xhA bZa HksGkikdfork dk dkGT;k is Hkh vki.kk¡ ,suk.k NksM~;kA e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork tBh ^Hkxrh* csbZ lejfirgks;k lar&dfo;k¡ dk fljt.k lw¡ lth& /kth Nh] oBh gh pkj.k dfo;k¡ dh dye vku& cku is tku nsnsck dh HkksGko.k nsrk Fkdk¡ lxrh* dh lk/kuk Hkh dj j~gh NhA tSu dfo;k¡ dh dforkok¡ dks [kqn dks njlu*Nks vj jktku~ dk lq[k csbZ dfork ek¡Mck gkGk dfo;k¡ dh fl.kxkj psruk dh [kq[k dh fpGd NhA Egk¡ DgSldk¡ Nk¡ dS e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork ftuxk.kh dk lxGk jax lesV~;k Fkdk¡ eu[;k¡ uS feu[ki.kksle>k j~gh Nh&

fefy;k¡ vr euokj] ohNfM+;k¡ Hkk[kS cqjhA

ykur ns T;k¡ ykj] jth mM+koks] jkft;kAA

¼jkft;k jk nwgk@fdjik jke f[kfM+;k½

¼ts eu[k lkeS iM~;k¡ is rks yqG yqG*j euokjk¡ djS] i.k fcN~M~;k¡ ikNS vksNh ckrk¡ cksys nS] os yksx/kjdkj tksx NSA vL;k eu[;k¡ lw¡ csyhiks cnkck dh ctk; ok¡ dk ew.Mk is /kwG ukdksA½

Ckh-,y ekyh ^v'kkar* jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dks bfrgkl ek¡Mrh cxr e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; dhizeq[k /kkjkok¡ uhpS eqtc ekuh NS%&

¼v½ pkj.k dkO;

¼c½ ikSjkf.kd vj /kkjfed dkO;

¼l½ vk[;ku dkO;

¼n½ lar lkfgR;

¼;½ tSu dkO;

¼j½ ykSfdd dkO;

3-2-1 pkj.k dkO;

Pkkj.k dkO; jktLFkkuh dfork uS lxGh nqfu;k esa ,d [kkl vksG[kk.k nhA e/;dky dk pkj.k dkO;

32

dks iSyks dfo xkM.k ilkbr ekU;ks X;ks NSA eq¡grk uS.klh vi.kha [;kr esa ilkbr dh dforkok¡ dh lk[k nhNSA xkM.k ilkbr dh Hkkar f[kfM+;k pku.k vj fla<k;p pkSHkqtk Hkh l:okrh dfo NkA pkj.k dfo;k¡ uS lcndh lxrh is yw¡Bks vf/kdkj NksA pkj.k dfo dye ds lkxS ryokj dk /k.kha Hkh gkscks djS NkA ujk pkj.kdfo;k¡ vi.kk vi.kk vklz;nkrk ds lkxS tq/k dk eSnku esa mrj*j cSj~;k¡ lw¡ nks nks gkFk Hkh dj~;k vj QSjtq/k dk vk¡[;k ns[;k fprjke Hkh mdsj~;kA

xkM.k ilkbr ^jko fj.key jks :id* vj ^xq.k tks/kk;.k* ukao dh iksF;k¡ fljthA ^nwgk jko fj.keyjk*] ^nwgk jko j.k/khj jk*] vj ^fMaxG xhr* f[kfM+;k pku.k dh jpukok¡ NSA HkkaMm O;kl dh gEehjk;.k]lwtkth chBks dh jpuk jko tSrlh jks Nan*] vklksth ckjgB dh jpukok¡ HkfV;k.kh mek ns jk dfoRr*] ck?kkjk nwgk*] ^y{e.kk;.k*] ^fujatu iqjk.k*] ^xksxkth jh isM+h*( bZljnkl dh iksF;k¡ ^gkyk¡ >kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k*]nqjlk vk<+k dh ^fdjrkj ckouh*] ^fo:n fNgrjh*] ^jko lqyrk.k jk >qy.kk*] ^>qy.kk jko es?kk jk*( vkfl;kdjelh dh jpuk ^lwtk ckysNk jk dfoRr*] dslksnkl xkM.k dh ^xq.k :id*] ^foosd okrkZ*] vj ^xtxq.kizdkl*( fd'kksj nkl HkkV dks ^jktizdkl*( f[kfM+;k tXxk dh ôpfudk jkBkSM jruflag egslnklkSr jh*]ohjHkk.k jruw dh iksF;k¡ ^jkt :id*] vj ^lwjt izdkl*( dj.khnku dh ^tsu tokj*] ^trh jklkS*( ekuflagvkfl;k dh ek/ko ;'k izdk'k*] fdlukth vk<+k dh Hkhe foykl*] jkenkl ykyl dh Hkhe izdkl*] tks/kjktdh jpuk ^gehj jklkS*] uanjke dks ^txfoykl*] [ksrlh lkanw dks Hkklk HkkjFk*] dqaHkd.kZ lkanw dks ^jru jklkS*]ck¡dhnkl dh jpukok¡ ^pqxyeq[k pisfVdk*] ekofM+;k fetkt] ^d‘i.k niZ.k* vj ^larksl ckouh* Å¡ cxr dkpkj.k lkfgR; dh egrkÅ jpukok¡ ekuh tk ldS NSA

3-2-2 ikSjkf.kd vj /kkjfed dkO;

Ckh-,y-ekyh ^v'kkar* eqtc &^^jktLFkku tlku tq>kji.kka dks ij;k; j~;ks NS] cBS gh bZa /kjrh is /kjedh tM+k¡ Hkh ?k.kh QGh& QwyhA tq>kjk¡ us /kje dh fjPNk csbZ vki.kk¡ tho okj fn;k] vj jkf.k;k¡ iVjkf.k;k¡/kje dh dk.k j[kk.kck csbZ tkSgj dj~;kA jktLFkku dh /kjrh dks lkfgR; tBh ohji.kkW dks lkfgR; NS] cBSgh lxrh dh mikluk Hkh lijiW.k Hkko lw¡ ns[kh tk ldS NSA** ¼jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl@ewG fgUnhlw¡ mGFkks½

/kje ekuoh eu uS Fkkol fn;ks NSA tq/k esa tkrk vj tw.k dh vc[kk;k¡ bZa >syrk feu[kka csbZ ;k Fkkollkrk c.k T;koS NSA QSj Hkkjrh; lekt rks lq[k &nq[k nksU;w¡ esa gfjuke ticks gh vjFkoku ekuS NSA e/;dkyesa jktLFkkuh lekt esa twuh vkLFkkok¡ rks eqGd gh j~gh Nh] uqbZ ekurkok¡ Hkh iui j~gh NhA Å¡ cxr /kje vj/kkjfed jhrk¡ bZa uqbZ vj lkjFkd vksG[kk.k nsck csbZ Hkh ?k.kka tru gks;kA dfo ;k¡ dk vlj lw¡ vNwrks dL;k¡jS; ldS Nks\ e/;dky dk jktLFkku esa ikSjkf.kd vj /kkjfed dkO; eksdGh rknkn esa ek¡M~;ks x;ksA e/;dkydk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ lxrh dh Hkxrh ladj th] lrh lkforjh] jke vj fdlu yhyk lw¡ tqM~;k izlax lesrfujxq.k czg~e dh mikluk csbZ Hkh iksF;k¡ fljthA

Jh/kj O;kl dh lIrinh jk Nan*( f[kfM+;k pku.k dh ekrk th jk Nan*( t;flag dks gfjjklkS*( ckjgBvklkuan dks xq.k&fujxq.k izk.k* Å¡ cxr dh egrkÅ jpukok¡ NSA vYywth dfo;k jke vj fdlu lkxS fl}xkSj[kukFk csbZ flj/kk njlkrk ?k.kk¡ Nan ek¡M~;kA pw¡Mks th n/kokfM+;k ^xq.kHkk[kM+h*] ^jkeyhyk*] ^xq.k pk.kdosfy* tlh jpukok¡ fljt*j bZa /kkjk dk lkfgR; uS etcwr dj~;ksA djelh lk¡[kyk dh ^fdzluth jh osfy*(dq'kyykHk dh ^nqxkZ lrlkbZ*( lk;kath dh ^:def.k gj.k* vj ûkxne.k*( dfo fdlu dh êgknso ikjofrjh osfy*( ek/kkSnkl n/kokfM+;k dh ^jke jklkS*( dY;k.k nkl jko dh ^xq.k xksfcUn*( egslnkl jko dh ^j?kqukFkpfjr*( eq¡grk j?kqukFk dh ^:/k jklkS*( foV~ByukFk dh ^:def.k gj.k*( dj.khnku dh ^lwjt izdkl*( ihjnkuykyl dh ukjk;,k usg*] ijeslj iqjk.k* vj fgaxGkt jklkS*( vthrflag dh xt m)kj* vj xq.klkj*( trht;pan dh êkrkth jh opfudk*( eqjkjhnku dh ^xq.k fot; C;ko*( gfjnku ykyl dh ^xq.k {kekizc/k ckjgB

33

ujgfjnkl dh ^xq.k jkekorkj uhalk.kh* e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; dh egrkÅ /kkjfed vj ikSjkf.kdjpukok¡ NSA

ckjgB bZljnkl uS rks yksx bZljk lks ijesljk* dgj flj/kk lw¡ lqfejS NSA ?k.kha yksd ekurkok¡ ok¡ dhftuxk.kh uS peRdkjk¡ lw¡ tksM+S NSA vlV inoh] gjtl] gfjjl] xq.k jkl dhyk] x:M+ iqjk.k] nsfo;k.k] xq.kvkxe] xq.k vki.k] cky yhyk] Hkxor gal] xq.k oSjkV vj fuank Lrqfr* ok¡dh egrkÅ /kkjfed jpukok¡ NSA^gfjjl* dks rks xqtjkr vj jktLFkku dk ujk ?kjk¡ esa cha gh flj/kk lw¡ ur ikjk;.k dj~;ks tkoS NS] tL;ks fgUnhcksyck gkGk iznslk¡ esa rqylhnkl dh ^jkepfjr ekul* dks dj~;ks tkoS NSA ckjgB bZljnkl dh /kkjfedpsruk dh ,d lk[k NS%&

tkf.k js gfj varjtkeh] jke Hk.ks j?kquanu jktkA

okuj lsud vkfy djkoS] ikFkjS tu ck¡/kh iktkAA

¼js euM+k] j?kqdqy dk jktk jke dks xq.k tk.k*j ok¡ dh Hkxrh dj] tdk ck¡njk¡ uS Hkh lSfud c.kk*jrkxroj cSjh lw¡ fHkM+k fn~;ks vj ik.kh is HkkVk frjok fn~;kA½

fijFkh jkt jkBkSM+ chdkusj dk jkt?kjkuk lw¡ NkA ok¡ Hkh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS ?k.kksa flej/k dj~;ksA ok¡dh iksFkh &ôsfy fdzlu :def.k jh* rks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh dky thr.kh jpukok¡ esa fx.kh T;koS NSA dj.khnsoh dh Lrqfr esa ok¡ ^nsoh lrqfr* ek¡MhA ôlnsojkmr jk nwgk*] ^n'kjFknsojkmr jk nwgk* vj ôYyHknsomr jknwgk* Hkh fijFkhjkt jkBkSM+ dh egrkÅ /kkjfed &ikSjkf.kd jpukok¡ NSA

3-2-3 vk[;ku dkO;

vk[;ku dkO; e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dfork txr~ dh ,d [kkl folslrk j~gh NSA Å¡ cxr dh ujhjpukok¡ rks yksd esa vkt Hkh pkoh&Bkoh NSA ?k.kha jpukok¡ yksd esa yhyk dk :Ik esa [ksyh tkoS NS vj tutu dh tqcku is NSA

^^dFkk vfHkeU;q] fdlu th jks C;kgyks ¼:def.k eaxy½] jkek;.k] dFkk Hkhao nqlkl.k dh] dFkklqjxkjksfg.kh] dFkk cglksok.kh] izsgykn pfjr] dFkk m’kk&iqjk.k] vej cks/k] ukefuf/k] xksj C;kgyks] gfjpaniqjk.k] izgykn iqjk.k] fdlu c;koyks] lhrk iqjk.k] gjdhjr iqjk.k** Å¡ cxr dh egrkÅ jpukok¡ NSA ineHkxr] eq¡grk j?kqukFk] vkbZnku xkM.k] esgksth] dslksnkl xksnkjk] ijlqjke] xksj/kuth] mnksth Å¡ cxr vk[;kudkO; ek¡Mck gkGk [kkl jpukdkj NkA

3-2-4 lar dkO;

e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; uS pkj.k lkfgR; ,d [kkl vksG[kk.k nh rks lar lkfgR; uS Å¡ vksG[kk.kds rk¡bZ tu tu dh flj/kk lw¡ tksM~;ksA e/;dky esa jfld] foL.kksbZ] tlukFkh] fujatuh] fuEckdZ] nknwiaFk]ykynklh] pj.knklh] xqnM+ iaFk] jkelusgh] vyf[k;k] vkbZiaFk tL;k ujk laiznk; iuI;k vj ;k¡ lw¡ tqM~;klark¡ egrkÅ lkfgR; fljT;ksA jfld laiznk; dh xknh jSoklk ¼lhdj½] fo'uksbZ laiznk; dh xknh eqdke¼chdkusj½] tlukFkh laiznk; dh xknh drfj;klj ¼chdkusj½] fuEckdZ laiznk; dh xknh lysekckn] nknwlaiznk; dh xknh Hksnk.kk dh Mw¡xjh ¼t;iqj½] xqnM+ laiznk; dh xknh nkarM+k ¼HkhyokM+k½] jkeLusgh laiznk; dhxknh “kkgiqjk ¼HkhyokM+k½ jS.k ¼esM+rk½ vj [ksrM+k( vyf[k;k laiznk; dh xknh lqy[kf.k;k ¼pq:½] vkbZiaFk dhxknh fcykM+k ¼tks/kiqj½ esa gksck lw¡ jktLFkku lw¡ ;k¡ laiznk;k¡ dks Å.Mks vj gsr dks ukrks j;ks vj bZa ijaijklw¡ tqM~;k dfo;k¡ jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS vi.kk fljt.k lw¡ flej/k dj~;ksA

ukFk laiznk; lxGk jktLFkku esa yksdfiz; NksA e/;dky esa ukFk iaFk dk tksfx;k¡ [kM+hcksyh esa cRrkslkfgR; fljT;ks iW.k jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh vkM+h ok¡ dks eksdGks >qdko j~;ksA bZa dks dkj.k yksd lw¡ ;k¡ tksfx;k¡

34

dks lh/kks tqM+ko ekU;ks tk ldS NSA fijFkhukFk dh iksF;k¡ ^fujatu fujok.k* vj ^HkfDr cSdq.B* bZa dh lk[kHkjS NSA jfld laiznk; rks jkekuan gh FkjI;ksA vuarkuan] lq[kkuan] chj lkxS ihik Hkh jkekuan dk [kkl psykNkA ihik xkx:.k dk jkt ifjokj lw¡ tqM~;k NkA vuarkuan dk psyk d`".knkl gh lSa lw¡ iSyh xyrk th¼tSiqj½ esa jkekuan laiznk; dh xnh Fkjih NhA d`".knkl th dk psyk vxznkl jSoklk dh xknh dh Fkji.kkdjhA fo”uksbZ laiznk; dh Fkji.kk tkEHkksth djhA fldanj yksnh tL;ks lqyrku Hkh ok¡ lw¡ ?k.kksa izHkkfor NksAtlukFk th tlukFkh laiznk; pyk;ksA ok¡ fur gou djck is tksj fn~;ksA bZa iaFk dk ekuck gkGk rkrk vaxhjkis Åck.kk ix ts fujr djS NS] cks jktLFkku dh lkaLØfrd /kjksgj gh c.kX;ksA

lk¡[kyk jktiwr gfjnkl th fujatuh laiznk; dh Fkji.kk djhA ;ks iaFk ewfrZiwtk esa ifr;kjks Ug¡ jk[kSAMhMok.kk ds lkS<s xk<k uk¡o dk xk¡o esa Qkxu lqnh ,de is fujatu iaFkh lk/kq cM+h rknkn esa ,dBk gksos NSAfuEckdZ iaFk ekuck gkGk lxq.k Hkxrh esa ifr;kjks j[kk.kS NSA lhdj ftyk dk fBdfj;k xk¡o dk ijlqjke thbZa iaFk dh Fkji.kk djhA bZa iaFk dk jpukdkjk¡ dh Hkklk esa jktLFkkuh lkxS czt Hkklk dks vlj Hkh ns[;ks tkldS NSA nknw iaFkh lk/kqok¡ csbZ C;ko djck dh eukgh NSA bZa iaFk esa pkj [kkik¡ NSA pj.knklh iaFk ekuck gkGkxq: uS gh Hkxoku rk¡bZ iwxkck okGks ekuS NSA n;kckbZ vj lgtksckbZ tlh dfo;f=;k¡ bZa iaFk lw¡ gh tqM+h NhAeso eqlyeku ifjokj esa tUE;k ykynklth ykynklh iaFk FkjI;ksA os fxjLFk NkA os tue lw¡ eqlyeku gksrkFkdka Hkh oS’.ko Hkxrh uS ekuS NkA xqnM+iaFkh laiznk; dk Fkji.;k larnkl QV~;k ijk.kk yRrk iSjcks djS Nk]bZa ys[ks gh xqnM+iaFkh ckT;kA ;k¡ dh xknh nk¡rM+k ¼HkhyokM+k½ esa NSA “kkgiqjk] [ksM+kik vj jS.k jkelusgh laiznk;dk [kkl x<+ NSA ;ks laiznk; jkepj.k th egkjkt FkjI;ksA ;ks iaFk fujxq.k ijeslj uS jke uke lw¡ iwtS NSvj ewjfriwtk uS ugh ekuSA vyf[k;k laiznk; Fkji.;k ykyfxfj lqy[kf.k;k xk¡o dk j~gSck gkGk NkA ;s^vy[k* uS ekuS NS vj gB;ksx dh lk/kuk djS NSA vkbZiaFk lh[kh tkfr esa [kkl rkSj lw¡ ekU;ks tkoS NSAththckbZ lar bZa iaFk dh Fkji.kk djhA

e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh lar lkfgR; uS ujk jpukdkjk¡ flej/k dj~;ks] iW.k dqN uk¡oka dh fpGd rksvkt Hkh mtkl vj mNko lw¡ Hkj nsoS NSA nknw n;ky dks tye vgenkckn esa gks;ks iW.k ok¡ djM+kyk¼tks/kiqj½ vj lkaHkj esa vki.kh lk/kuk djhA ujS.kk esa os lu~ 1603 esa jkelj.k gks;kA nknwok.kh ?k.kha yksdpkohgksbZA ok¡ dk jkelj.k gks;k¡ ikNS ok¡ dk [kkl psyk jTtcth] txUukFknkl vj larnkl ok¡ dh ok.kh uSvaxsthA c[kuk th Hkh nknwn;ky dk gh psyk NkA ;k¡ dh jpukok¡ Hkh ^ok.kh* uk¡o lw¡ gh NSA jTtcth tkfrlw¡ iBku Nk vj lk¡xkusj dk jSgck okGk NkA vs C;ko djck csbZ vkesj i/kkj~;k rks ;k¡ dh equkdkr nknwn;kylw¡ gksxh vj vs C;ko dks fcpkj rt*j lk/kq gks;X;kA ;k¡ dh ^ok.kh* esa Å.Mk fparu dk njlko gksoS NSAlqanjnkl jktLFkkuh dkO; dh fiaxG lSyh esa dforkok¡ ek¡MhA ihik th dh jpukok¡ jktLFkkuh vj fct dkHkSGkik dh jpukok¡ NSA dkth egewn e/;dky dk l:okrh lar dfo;k¡ esa ,d egrkÅ ukao NSA ;k¡ dhjpukok¡ jktLFkkuh vj [kM+hcksyh esa NSA ehjk¡ dk ukao lw¡ rks dq.k vtk.;ks jS; ldS NS\ lxGk Hkkjr esa ehjk¡dk in yksdpkok NSA esM+rk dk jko jrulh dh csVh ehjka dks tye Msxkuk ds usM+S cktksyh xk¡o esa gks;ksAok¡ dks C;ko jk.kk lkaxk dk csVk Hkkstjkt lw¡ gks;ks iW.k fxjLFkh dk xkSj[k/ka/kk esa ehjka dks eu UgW jE;ksA okrks d‘’.k dh Hkxrh dh xSy is pky iM+h vj thorh gh fdoanrh c.kxhA Å¡ dh Hkklk cksypky dhjktLFkkuh NSA ;ks gh dkj.k NS dS xqtjkr] lkSjk"Vª] egkjk"Vª esa Hkh ehjk¡ dk in pko lw¡ xk;k vj lq.;k tkoSNSA nhu th dks tue mnSiqj dk xqM+kyh xk¡o esa gks;ksA ;k¡ us ijeslj dh lk¡ph lk/kuk dh HkksGko.k nhA ;k¡dk dq.MfG;k Nan ?k.kka txpkok gks;kA Mw¡xjiqj esa tyeh xojhckbZ Hkh cha tqx dh egrkÅ jpukdkj NhAnqyhckbZ] ukenso] JhØ".knkl dks ukao Hkh e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ lkxS ?k.kksa eku lw¡ Y;ks tkoS NSA

fo'uksbZ laiznk; dk rstkth] lelnhu] flonkl] dslksnkl xksnkjk] lqjtu nkl iwfu;k( tlukFkhlaiznk; dk djenkl] nsoksth] ykyukFk th] pks[kukFk] gkjksth] lkaHkksth] lksuh( fujatuh laiznk; dktxthounkl] /;kunkl] ukxjhnkl] lsoknkl] Hkxokunkl fujatuh] euksgj nkl fujatuh( fuEckdZ laiznk;

35

dk fVdenkl( nknwiaFk dk xjhc nkl] txUukFk nkl] tuxksiky] nkeksnj nkl] Hkh[ktu] larnkl] [ksenkl]jk?konkl] okftan( ykynklh laiznk; dk ykynk] gfjnkl( jkelusgh laiznk; dk nfj;koth] jkenklth]n;kyqnkl] ijlqjke] fiFkksnkl] iwjunkl] eqjkjhjke vj vkbZiaFk dk Hkxokunkl] rkjkpan O;kl] ywEck ckcke/;dky dk jktLFkkuh lar dkO; ijEijk dk chtk egrkÅ ukao NSA

lar ijaijk lw¡ tqM~~;k cÙkk dfo;k¡ [kqn dh ckr QqVdj Nank¡ esa dghA ok¡ dk psyka dh ijaijk lw¡ tqM~;kfeu[kk¡ ikNS ok¡ dh jpukok¡ ,dBh djhA vs lady.k ôk.kh* ukao lw¡ txpkok gq;kA iW.k dqN dfo;k¡ ;k¡ dsflok; Hkh iksF;k¡ fljthA tks/kiqj dk jktk ekuflag ukFk laiznk; lw¡ tqM~;k NkA ok¡ jktLFkkuh esa ^vuqHkoeatjh*] ^l:i.k jk nwgk*] ^jruk gehj jh okjrk* rL;k xzaFk ek¡M~;kA cUuukFk dks ^vuqHko izdkl*( :insoh dh^jkejkl*( lqjtunkl iwfu;k dks ^jkejklkS*] ^xteq[k*( djenkl dh ^gfjdFkk*( gfjnkl dh ^tksx lekf/k*(fVdenkl dh ^rRoosÙkk jh ok.kh*( pj.knkl dh ^HkfDr inkjFk*( n;kckbZ dh ^n;kcks/k*( Hkxokunkl dh ^vkbZvk.kanizdkl*( rkjkpan dh ^vkbZ mxzizdkl*( jTtc th dh ^lokZaxh*( nhuth dh &^nhu izdkl* e/;dky dkjktLFkkuh lar dkO; dh egrkÅ iksF;k¡ NSA

3-2-5 tSu dkO;

jktLFkkuh dfork dh [;kr esa tSu dfo;k¡ dks yw¡Bks tksxnku NSA tSu dfo;k¡ vi.kha dforkok¡dkO;&lxrh dh lk/kuk njlkck dh nhB lw¡ de vj lekt bZa laLdkj nsck dh uh^r lw¡ T;knk ek¡MhA bZa ys[ksgh tSu dkO; dh /kkjk ,d U;kjh /kkjk dks :Ik ys ys NSA QqVdj dforkok¡ lkxS ^vk[;ku dkO;* vj ^pfjrdFkkok*¡ dks fljt.k Hkh tSu dfo;k¡ bZa nhB lw¡ gh dj~;kSA l:okrh tSu dfo;k¡ dh Hkklk fgUnh] jktLFkkuhvj xqtjkrh dks HksG NhA twuh jktLFkkuh vj twuh xqtjkrh dks mn~xe ,d gh Nks vj bZa ys[ks gh ujh iksF;k¡twuh jktLFkkuh lkxS] twuh xqtjkrh lkfgR; dh lair Hkh ekuh tkoS NSA bZa Øe esa czg~e ftunkl dh dforkok¡dks uk¡ofy;ks tk ldS NS T;k¡ dh iksFkh jke lhrk jkl* dh Hkklk xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh dk twuk laca/kk¡ dhlk[k HkjS NSA

czg~e ftunkl ine iqjk.k* dk vk/kkj is jke lhrk jkl* tlh iksFkh ek¡MhA ok¡ laLØr esa Hkh dforkok¡ek¡MhA Nhgy uk¡o dk dfo cksypky dh Hkklk esa dforkok¡ jphA ;k¡ dh iksFkh îap lgsyh jk nwgk* ?k.khayksdpkoh gksbZA îaFkh xhr*] ûke ckouh* vj ^mj xhr* ;k¡dh chth egrkÅ iksF;k¡ NSA dqy ykHk e/;dkydk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ esa ,d egrkÅ uk¡o NSA ^xq.k lqanjh pkSibZ*] êk/kokuy dkedUndyk pkSibZ*] ^<kykejo.k jh pkSibZ*] ^fiaxG fljksef.k*] ^“k=qat; ;k=k Lrou*] ^vxM+nRr jkl*] ^ftu ikfyr ftu jf{kr jkl*]^Hkhelsu jktgal pkSibZ*] ûodkj Nan* bR;kn ok¡ dh egrkÅ iksF;k¡ NSA le;lqanj us jktLFkkuh ds lkxSlaLØr esa Hkh dforkok¡ ek¡MhA nkSyr fot; dh iksFkh ^[kqek.k jklkS* jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dks dhjr [kaHk NSAbZa iksFkh esa cIik jkoy lw¡ ys*j jruflag rk¡bZ esokM+ dh [;kr NSA fou;panz HkxfrHkko cnkck dh nhB lw¡jpukok¡ ek¡MhA mRredqekj pfjr pkSibZ* ok¡ dh egrkÅ jpuk NSA t;eky ?k.kha jpukok¡ dks fljt.k dj~;kSA^vtquekyh mnb jktk*] ês?kdqekj*] ûsehukFk*] îjnslh jktk*] êgkjkuh nsodh*] lrh nzksinh dk pfjŸk isvk[;ku ek¡Mck ds lkxS t;eky dfo ^minsl rhlh*] ^minsl cRrhlh*] pkSlB tkfr;k¡ dh lTtk; tlhjpukok¡ Hkh ek¡MhA e/;dky dk ,d egrkÅ tSu lar dfo Hkh[k.kth ^xkSlky jh pkSibZ*] ^mnb jktk dksc[kk.k*] ûo inkjFk*] ^Jkod ojkg ojkr* tlh jpukok¡ fljthA Kkulkj dfo lkL=h; jkx& jkfxfu;k¡ esac¡/;k Nan ek¡M~;kA /kjelh] tljkt] ftujkt lwfj Hkh e/;dky esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa tSu lkfgR; jpck okGkizeq[k dfo;k¡ esa gks;kA

3-2-6 ykSfdd dkO;

ykSfdd lkfgR; lw¡ eryc vL;k lkfgR; lw¡ NS] T;k¡ dk fljt.k dks mn~nsL; dks; HkksGko.k ;k c[kkuUg¡ gks*j txr dk vkuan dh vuqHkwfr bZa jpcks NksA e/;dky esa jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ ykSfdd lkfgR; Hkh cŸkh

36

rknkn esa ek¡M~;ksA êk/kokuy dkedUndyk*] ^tsBok & ÅtGh dk lksjBk*] ^<ksyk ek: pkSibZ*] ^lS.khohtkuUn*] ûkxth& ukxoarh*] ^cha>k lksjBk*] tyky cwcuk dh dFkk dk uk¡o vL;k gh lkfgR; esa fy;k tkldS NSA pkj.k tksxhnku] pkj.k gehjnku jruw] eaNkjke] fdluk vk<k] mn;jkt] eqjkjhnku] fgaxGkt nku]lkoGnku vkfl;k vj ukxjkt tL;k dfo;k¡ Nan lkLrj Hkh ek¡M~;kA

bZa tqx esa uhfr& lkfgR; Hkh ?k.kksa ek¡M~;ksx;ksA fdjik jke f[kfM+;k dk ^jkft;k jk nwgk*( nqjlk vk<+kdh fdjrkj ckouh*] dslknkl xkM.k dh foosd okrkZ* tL;k xzaFkk¡ dks uk¡o bZa Øe esa fy;ks tk ldS NSA dsljhflaag tSrkor ia[kh iqjk.k* ek¡M *j i[ks:vk¡ vj <k¡<ku~ ds vksGkos txr uS X;ku fn~;ksA egkHkkjr vj jkek;.kdh dFkkok¡ lkxS [;kr dk pkok& Bkok izlaxk¡ vj iqjk.kk¡ dh dFkkok is Hkh dfo;k¡ us dye pyk*j jktLFkkuhlkfgR; uS flej/k dj~;kSA uhfr dkO; esa dfo;k¡ cksypky dh Hkklk esa mnkgj.kk¡ lkxS uhfr dh ckrk¡ le>kbZNSA ^jkft;k jk nwgk* dk ;s mnkgj.k bZa dze esa ;kn dj~~;k tk ldS NS%&

^^vjgV& dw reke] j yx u gqoS brkSA

tGgj ,dh tke] jsGs lc tx jkft;kAA

¼dq¡vk dks jg¡V lkjh mej pkyS rks Hkh cŸkks ik.kh Ug¡ ns ldS] truks cknGh ,d igj cjl*j gh ns nsoSNSA ¼vruks] ds lxGh BkSj jsGeisG gks tkoSA½ xq.kh feu[kka dks NksVks lks tru Hkh lekt csbZ yw¡Bk egŸk dksgks tkoS NS tnds vksNk feu[k yxkSyx dke djrk nh[krk¡ gks;k¡ Hkh lk¡pk vjFkk¡ esa dkjt Ug¡ lk/k ldSA½

^^vkNksM+k f<x vk;] vkNksM+k HksGk gqoSA

T;w¡ lkxj esa tk;] jGS unh &tG jkft;kAA**

¼Hkyk feu[kk¡ ds lkS<s Hkyk feu[k oL;k¡ gh ,dBk gks tkoS NS] tL;k¡ un~n~;k¡ dks ik.kh lenj esa tkiwxS NSA½

vksikth pkj.k dh ;k dfork Hkh egrkÅ mnkgj.k gks ldS NS%&

eu tk.kS p<w¡ gkfFk;k¡ ekFkS] [kqj jxM+rk tue gqoSA

uj dh pharh ckr gqoS UgW] gj dh pharh ckr gqoSAA

fpr esa tk.kS gqdqe pykÅ¡] gqdqe r.kS cl ukj u gks;A

lk¡pk ys[k fy[;k m.k lk¡bZ] dkpk dj.k nhlS u dks;AA

/kkiS eu cSBka /kksGkgj] rkiS lw[kk Bw¡B rBSA

vknw jhr vlh gS vksik] dqVh fy[kh lks egy dBS AA

3-3 e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; dk fol;

Pkkj.k dfo ukGk ukGk jktku~ dk njckj esa j~g Nk vj ok¡ dh dhjr cnkck okGks lkfgR; fljts NkAbZa ds lkxS gh tks/kkok¡ dk lk¡pk tq>kji.kka dk xq.k xkcks Hkh ok¡ dk lqHkko esa NksA îhFkG* dk ukao lw¡ pkokfijFkhjkt jkBkSM+ oL;k¡ rks eqxy irlkg vdcj dk njckj esa Nks] iW.k Å¡ egkjk.kk izrki dk fo:n xkck esaladksp Ug¡ dj~;ksA e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh pkj.k dfo;k¡ dh eksdGh jpukok¡ vi.kka vi.kka jktku~ dk xq.kk¡dk c[kku djS NSA tq/k dk njlko fljtck lw¡ ;k¡ jpukok¡ dks ewG jl &ohj jl* c.k X;ks iW.k feu[kk tw.kdk ukGk i[k Hkh pkj.k dfo;k¡ dh lkfgR; lk/kuk lw¡ vNwrk Ug¡ fj~;kA bZljnkl ckjgB rks ?k.kka ok.kh fl}dfo ekU;k tkoS NSA ^fdjrkj ckouh* esa nqjlk vk<+k vi.kka cxr dk lekt dh vc[kk;k¡ uS fol; c.kk;ks

37

rks ^Hkklk HkkjFk* esa egkHkkjr dks lkjkal jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa NSA Hkklk lkL=] Nan lkL=] T;ksfr[k is Hkh ok¡dfo;k¡ vi.kha dye pykbZA

ikSjkf.kd vj /kkjfed dkO; ek¡Mck okGk dfo;k¡ jke] fdlu] ladj& ikjorh] nsoh vj nwtk vorkjk¡dh bLrqfr csbZ jpukok¡ ek¡MhA dfo;k¡ ikSjkf.kd nsoh&nsorkoka dk uke uS Hkh dfork dks fol; c.kk;ksA ^xq.kfujxq.k izk.k * tlh iksFkh esa fujxq.k mikluk vj /kje fujis[krk dks rRr Hkh ik;ks tkoS NSA bZljnkl ckjgB^gfjjl* esa ekuoh tw.k dk mn~nsL;] dje QG bR;kn dks Hkh c[kk.k dj~;ks NSA ;k¡ dfo;k¡ dks ewG ed+ln/kje dh psruk bZa cnkcks Nks] bZa ys[ks Hkxrh jl ;k¡ jpukok¡ dks [kkl jl NS iW.k iki is iqUu dh thr njlkrk& phj jl] nqLVk¡ dk neu dks c[kk.k djrk¡ cxr jkSnz&ohj vj ohHkRl jl] Hkxoku bZa Hkxrh vjt djrk¡okRlY;] d:.k jl vj :def.kth] ikjorh th] lkforjhth] lhrkth tlh lfr;k¡ vj nsfo;k¡ dks :Ik c[kk.kdjrk Fkdk¡ fl.kxkj jl Hkh dfo;k¡ lkarjk <c lw¡ dforkok¡ esa vaxsT;ks NSA

^^ladqfM+r lelHkk la/;k le;S] jfr okafNfr :’kef.k jef.kA

ifFkd o/kw fnzfB ia[k iaf[k;k¡] deyi= lwfjt fdjf.kA**

¼osfy fdzlu :def.k jh@ fijFkhjkt jkBkSM+½

¼xSys pkyrk cVksgh dh cgw dh vk¡[;k¡] ik¡kf[k;k dk ik¡[kM+k] d¡oG dh ia[kqfM+;k¡ vj lwjt dh fdj.kk¡tL;k¡ lSa>~;k dky is fldqM+ tkoS NS] oL;k¡ gh jfr dh okaNk esa jef.k :def.k Hkh fldqM+ j~gh NhA½

^vk[;ku dkO;* jpck okGk dfo;k¡ dks; egkiq:l] bfrgkl iq:l] vkSrkj nR;kn dh ftuxk.kh lw¡tqM~;k izlaxk¡ is ;s jpukok¡ ek¡Mh vj ln~xq.kk dh ped fn[kkck dks tru dj~;ksA yksd esa jkek;.k vjegkHkkjr lw¡ tqM~;k ujk fdLlk pko lw¡ lq.;k vj xq.;k tkoS NSA bZa ys[ks dfo;k¡ ok¡ us vi.kk <c lw¡ ek¡M~;kA;s vk[;ku dkO; yksd ds csbZ ek¡M~;k x;k Nk vj bZa ys[ks gh ;k¡ dh Hkklk eksdGk;r esa yksd lw¡ tqM+h FkdhNSA lcn lxrh dks peRdkj njlkck dh Hkkouk ;k¡ dforkok¡ ds ihNS de gh ns[kck esa feyS NS%&

^^bdGh ydM+h uk tGs] uk mT;kGks gks;A

fyNe.k HkkbZ ds ejark] jke ,dyks gks;AA**

¼esgks th dh jkek;.k½

Lkar dfo;k¡ dks tksj QqVdj Nank¡ dk e¡Mk.k is j~;ksA ok¡ dh fljt.k psruk Hkxrh cnkck csbZ NhA iW.k;k Hkxrh lxGh feu[k tkfr dks dY;k.k pkoS Nh vj bZa ys[ks gh ;k¡ dfo;k¡ bZlj dh lxrh is Hkjkslks djckvj ukao lqfejck is rks tksj fn~;ks gh] lkekftd nhB lw¡ dqjhrk¡ is ekj Hkh djh vj vkrek dk dY;k.k dhxSy is pkyck dh lh[k Hkh nhA bZa tqx rk¡bZ vkrk¡ vkrk¡ lekt esa lkaiznkf;d ruko dks fo[k Hkh ?kqG X;ksNksA lar dfo;k¡ vi.kha ok.kh lw¡ bZa fol uS [kre djck dh lh[k nh vj feu[k eu[k esa gsr dk ca/k xkBkgksck dh iSjoh djh%&

^^nknw , lc fdlds iaFk] /kjrh vj vlekuA

ikW.kh& iou& fnu& jkfr dk] pan lwj jfgekuAA**

lar dfo;k¡ dks jpuklalkj Hkh ?k.kksa O;kid NksA os ukao lqfej.k] ln~ vkpj.k] ijeslj is ifr;kjks/kjck is rks tksj fn~;ks gh Nks] dqjhrk¡ vj cqjk vkpj.k is Hkh tcjh ekj djS NkA vkre dY;k.k ok¡ dhlk/kuk dks [kkl /;s; Nks] iW.k os feu[k & feu[k ds chpS jkM+ dk jhaxVk Ug¡ gsr dk e¡Mk.k ns[kcks pkoS NkAbZa ys[ks gh vi.kha jpukok¡ esa ok¡ lcdk dY;k.k dh ckr djhA os vi.kka bZLV ds rkabZ <ksy ctkrk eksy ysckdks nkoks Hkh dj ldS Nk ¼ekbZ jh eSa rks fy;ks jh xksfoUnks eksy@ehjkackbZ½ rks ;s Hkh DgS Nk ds cqjks lqHkko

38

vklkuh lw¡ Ug¡ cnysA ¼jTtc ikjl ijl rsa] feVxkS ykSg fodkj] rhu ckr rks jfg xbZ& ck¡d] /kkj v: ekj@jTtc th½

tSu lkfgR; dks izeq[k mn~nsL; ikBdk¡] lq.kck okGk¡ esa laLdkj cnkcks vj /kje dh HkksGko.k nscks NksAtSu dfo;k¡ ds csbZ ^/kje* dks vjFk Nks & feu[k uS drZO; fuHkkck dh xSy is vkxs cnkcksA bZa ys[ks ok¡egkiq:lk¡ dk thou is ^jkl * Hkh ek¡M~;k vj vk[;ku dkO; HkhA ftuxk.kh dk chtk jax Hkh tSu lkfgR;esa vi.kh Bke is lxGh lt/kt lkxS nh[kS NSA

3-4 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; dh Hkklk vj lSyh

3-4-1 e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; dh Hkklk

e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork dh ,d yw¡Bh [kkfl;r Hkklk gh NSA ;ks gh cks dky Nks] tn jktLFkkuhvj xqtjkrh vi.kha vi.kha U;kjh vksG[kk.k c.kkbZA pkj.k dfork esa nslt lcnk¡ lkxS vjch] Qkjlh] rqjdh]rn~Hko laLd‘r lcn Hkh ?k.kha ek=k esa ckij~;k x;k NSA dfo;k¡ us rqd feykck csbZ lcnk¡ uS ^f}Rr* djcklw¡] ikniwfrZ csbZ g&t&l tL;k oj.k vdkjt ckijck lw¡ vj Nan dk ca/k fuHkkck csbZ lcnk¡ bZa fcxkM+ck lw¡Hkh xqjst Ug¡ dj~;kSA dfo;k¡ vi.kha dfork esa eksVks vlj iuikck csbZ eqgkojk vj [kS.kkork¡ Hkh lkarjk <c lw¡ckij~;kA dj.khnku dfo;k* dh Hkklk dks ,d ,nkgj.k NS%&

^^/kM+ /kwi ^vHkk* jS ^foyan* r.kh] /kM+ nhB >M+T>M+ [kkx jeSA

nG da/k dM+DdM+] lhl nM+n~nM+] Hkhp yM+RFkM+ dsd HkzeSA

/kqc dsd cM+CcM+] u‘r /kM+//kM+] pafn xM+XxM+ jRr p<+S A

vHkeky ^foyan* r.kk eqg vkxG] ykSg blh fo/k tks/k yM+SAA

¼lwjt izdk’k@Hkkx 3½

Pkkj.k dfo;ka dh Hkklk esa fMaxG lSyh dkuh >qdko NksA tq/k dh dfork dh ;k t:jr Hkh Nh] tBhf}Ÿk jdk.k gkGk lcn vj ohj jl ,d [kkl <c dks mNkg iSnk djS NSA iW.k Hkxrh dh Hkklk rks U;kjh gksoSNSA Å¡ esa bZLV dh lxrh] Hkxrh dh lkeFkZ vj Hkxr dks lxi.k & lejiW.k >yd.kks pkfgtSA e/;dky dkjktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ bZa ftEesnkjh uS lkakrjk <c lw¡ fuHkk;ks NSA ukf;dk dk :Ik dks c[kk.k djrh cxr ok¡ dhHkklk esa ,d [kkl ueGk.k vj ejtkn nh[kS NS rks bZLV dh lxrh c[kk.krk¡ cxr eu dks mtkl >ydS NSA

lar dfo;k¡ dh dforkbZ vke feu[kka csbZ NhA bZa ys[ks gh ok¡ dh jpukok¡ esa HkklkbZ peRdkj dh vkM+hoL;ks >qdko Ug¡ nh[kS] tL;ks >qdko EgSyk¡ dk vkl; esa j~grk ykSfdd dkO; jpck okGk dfo;k¡ dh jpukok¡esa nh[kS NSA Hkxr dfo;k¡ dh Hkklk vi.kka cxr dk fetkt eqtc [kM+h cksyh] jktLFkkuh vj fcjt dk HkSGkiklw¡ iuih Hkklk NhA d‘’.k dh Hkxrh esa jP;ks lkfgR; rks fcjt Hkklk dk vlj lw¡ cp Hkh dL;k¡ ldS Nks\gk¡] vi.kh ckr DgSck csbZ :id vj miek vyadkj ckij*j ok¡ dfo;k¡ vi.kh vfHkO;fDr uqvk lqj fn~;kA tSudfo;k¡ Hkh cRrh jpukok¡ cksypky dh Hkklk esa ek¡Mh] iW.k Hkklk lkL= dk xzaFk jp*j ok¡ Hkklk is vi.kh Å.MhidM+ uS Hkh lkfcr djhA cksypky dh Hkklk esa ujh Hkklkok¡ vj cksyh dk lcn dfork esa vkiw¡vki vk;kAfol; dk fetkt eqtc dfork esa Hkklk dh ejtkn fuHkkck esa Hkh tSu dfo fl} NkA ,d mnkgj.k tksoks%&

paid o;.k] ldksey vafxA eLrd osf.k tkf.k Hkq;axA

v/kj jax ij okyk osf.kA x;oj gal gjkobZ dsfyAA

ukd ftL;ks nhok uh fl[kkA ckgsa jru tfM+r cfgj[kkA

eq[k tk.kS iwfue uks pk¡nA v/kj opu ve‘re; pan AA

39

ihu Ik;ks/kj& dfBuksraxA yksp.k tk.ks =lw dqjaxA

Hkky fryd flj os.kh n.MA Hkeg oad eueFk dks n.MAA

¼dq'kyykHk@ek/kokuy dkedUndyk½

HkksGko.k nsck csbZ Hkklk lw/kh vj ljy gks.kh pkfgtSA e/;dky esa uhfr dkO; ek¡Mck okGk jktLFkkuhdfo;k¡ bZa ckr dks /;ku j[kk.;ksA vi.kha ckr DgSck vj le>kkck csbZ ok¡ yksd lw¡ lkarjk mnkgj.k fy;k] bZalw¡ ok¡ dh jpukok¡ esa :id vj miek tL;k vyadkj vlj njlkoS NSA Hkko vj fol; eqtc dfork esa uojlijxV gksoS NSA ujk dfo;k¡ ,dk{kjh vj Nan lkLrj lw¡ tqM+h iksF;k¡ ek¡M *j lkfgR; esa vki.kha Å.Mh iSB Hkhlkfcr djhA ,d gh vk¡[kj bZa ckijck lw¡ lxGk :id izLrqr djck bZa ^,dkD[kjk* DgS NSA dq’kyykHk dh^fMaxy uke ekyk* jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks lSa lw¡ twuks uke dks’k ekU;ks tkoS NSA

3-4-2 e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; dh lSyh

pkj.kk¡ us Å¡ nkSj esa fMaxG dkO; lSyh uS ?k.kh yksdpkoh c.kkbZA Å¡ nkSj dks lxGks dkO; Nan esa NSvj Nank¡ dh nhB lw¡ jktLFkkuh dfork ?k.kha laiUu NSA dfo;k¡ vi.kha Hkxrh jl dh dforkok¡ esa fuls/kkRedvj fo/ks;kRed nksU;w¡ lSfy;k¡ cijkbZ NSA fuls/kkRed lSyh esa nks lcn ¼u] ugha½ ckj ckj ckij~;ks tkoS NS] vjfo/ks;kRed lSyh esa ?k.kka lcn ckj & ckj bZa lkarjk <c lw¡ ckij~;k tkoS NS ds gj ckj os uqvk lk gh nh[kSNSA bZa ds rk¡bZ vkykspdk¡ ^uk¡o lqfej.k dh iqujko‘fRr* crk;ks NksA ;k¡ ds lkxS izLukRed lSyh] vkrefuosnu ijd lSyh] lacks/ku lSyh vj c[kku lSyh Hkh dfo;k¡ ckijh NSA

vk[;ku dkO; dh fljt.kk djrk ts ok¡ dks; izlax ds rkabZ vk/kkj c.kk;ks NS rks tu tu uS HkksGko.knsck dh nhB lw¡ QqVdj Nan Hkh cM+h rknkn esa ek¡M~;k NSA ohjjl dk dfo;k¡ dks; uk;d folsl dk fo:)xkck csbZ Å¡ dh ftuxk.kh uS vi.kk fljt.k dks vk/kkj c.kk;ksA NksVh&NksVh ckrk¡ is jP;k Nank¡ us QqVdjdfork ek¡Mck dh fijojfr ds rk¡bZ cnk;ksA lar dfo;k¡ jkx& jkfxfu;k¡ is vk/kkfjr Nan Hkh ek¡M~;k] vkuS yksd?k.kka ljk;kA

3-4-3 Nan

Nan dh nhB lw¡ e/;dky dks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ?k.kksa flej/k NksA pkj.k dfo;k¡ dk fljt.k esa rksNank¡ ds csbZ vyw¡Bks >qdko ns[kck esa feyS NSA dfo;k¡ fol;] Hkko vj jl ds eqtc [kkl fdLe dk Nanckij~;kA nwgks jktLFkkuh dk e/;dky dh dfork dks lSa lw¡ pkoks& Bkoks Nan j~;ks iW.k dfo;k¡ NIi;] dfoRr]loS;k] lksjBk] Hkqtaxh] dq.MfG;k] i}jh] Hkqtax iz;kr] v/kZ ukjkp] lkjlh] jksedan] eksrhnke] xtxr tL;kNank¡ esa Hkh dfork fljthA xhr fgUnh esa dfork dh ,d fo/kk NS] iW.k jktLFkkuh esa ;ks ,d Nan dks uk¡o NS]tha dk ujk Hksn NSA jktLFkkuh dk ,d [kkl Nan ^>M+ myV dq.MfG;k* dks ,d mnkgj.k ns[khtS %&

^^dsgfj e:¡ dGkb;k¡ :fgjt jRrfM+;k¡gA

gsdf.k gkFkG xS g.kS nar nqgRFkk T;k¡g AA

nar nqgRFkk T;k¡g gkfFk;k¡ lcGnG A

vko/kk¡ vjgjk¡ pwj dj.kk¡ vdG AA

jksGlh [kGnGk¡ p[kS jkra cjh A

dGk;k¡ e:¡ R;k¡ tlkS xt dsgfjAA**

¼gkyk¡& >kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k@ bZljnkl½

40

¼gs uj ukgj] Egw¡ jxr lw¡ eaMh Fkkjh dGk;k¡ is fuNkoj Nw¡A raw vi.kka ,d iatk dh ekj lw¡ gh gkFkhuS ekj fn~;ks NS] tha ds nks nks gkFk ykEck nk¡r gksos NSA raw nks gkFk ykEck nk¡r gkGk gkfFk;k¡ dk en bZa vjcSfj;k¡ dk vk;q/kk¡ bZa pwj djck okGks NSA jkrk jax dh vk¡[;k¡ okGk raw] cSfj;k¡ chpS tk *j jksGk djksxksA gsgkfFk;k¡ csbZ ukgj ljh[kk tlkth] Egw¡ Fkk¡ dh dGk;k¡ is fuNkoj Nw¡A½

xtxr Nan dks ,d mnkgj.k tksoks%&

¼fo}kuka eqtc bZa Nan dk iSyk }kGk dk iSyk vj rhljk pj.k esa 11- 11 ek=kok¡ vj nwtk& pkSFkk pj.kk¡esa 9&9 ek=kok¡ gksoS NSA iSyk & rhtk pj.k dk NsdM+yk Hkkx esa ^th* ;k ^js* yxk;ks tkoS NSA nwtk }kGkdk lxGk pj.k esa 28&28 ek=kok¡ gksoS NS vj NsdM+ xq: gksos NSA P;k:¡ pj.kka dh rqdk¡ ,d gksoS NSA½

^iVgFk ik[kjh th] [ksgk MeejhA

?kksM+k¡ ?kqEejh th] Fkxux FkjgjhA

Fkjgjs Fkxux] vGk Fkjds] eaMG [ksgk¡ MeejhA

Xkjojs Mh;k] voj x<+ir] lcG =h eks lq=jhA

enelr dk cy] ?k.kka eqaxy] iNV ns gFk ik/kjhA

vteky c[kk dkt vkoh] ioax iVgFk ik[kjhAA

¼nqjlk vk<+k½

¼iV~V ifM~;k gkfFk;k¡ is ik[kj iVd*j] /kwfG lw¡ vkHkS bZa <¡drh gksbZ ?kksM+k¡ dh Vki lw¡ fijFkh uS /kqtkrhrkxroj lsuk dk :Ik dh cSj.k lsuk lqUnjh vkbZ NSA ujk chtk x<+ifr rks Mji x;k NSA en esa MwC;k dkcqyhvj eqxy tq>kj lw¡/kh ekj djck okGk NSA vL;k gkfFk;k¡ vj ?kksM+k¡ lw¡ lth cSfj;k¡ dh QkSt dk :Ik okGhlqanjh ^vteky* dks oj.k djck csbZ vkbZ NSA½

e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ xkgk] nwgk] pkSibZ] fo’.kqin] vfjYy] csvD[kjh] m}r] lkj] gkdy]gfjfiz;k] dfoRr lkarjk <c lw¡ ckij~;k NSA tSu dfo Nan lkLrj dk Hkh yw¡Bk X;krk NkA ok¡ lleq[kh]/kkjkerh] xk;=h] pwMk] o.kZ] e/kqefr] galh] euksjek] bUnzotzk] dke.kh eksg.k] eky.kh] Nan Hkh vi.kha dforkok¡esa ckij~;k NSA xq.k vkxe dk fyfidkj ^pky* Nan dks ukao Hkh fy[;ks NSA MkW- fofiu fcgkjh f=osnh vi.khaiksFkh ^pan ojnkbZ vkSj mudk dkO; * esa ^pky* uS QqVdj Nank esa fx.;ks NSA

3-4-3 vyadkj

jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk e/;dky dk dfo vi.kha ckr vljnkj rjhdk lw¡ lq.kck okGk rk¡bZ iwxkck esa fl}NkA vyadkjk¡ dks iz;ksx ok¡ Å¡ gn rk¡bZ gh dj~;ks] tha gn rk¡bZ vyadkj dgck dh vfHkO;fDr ds vkM+S Ug¡fQj~;kA miek] :id tL;k vyadkj ckr uS c<k p<+k*j DgSck esa crrh enn djS NS vj bZa ys[ks tq/k dkfprjke mdsjrh cx+r dfo;k¡ ;k¡ vyadkjk¡ dks eksdGks iz;ksx dj~;ks NSA vuqizkl] ;ed] “ys’k] C;kt Lrqfr]iqu:fDr izdkl] Hkzkafreku] mRizs{kk] n`"Vkar]O;frjsd] ifj.kke tL;k vyadkj rks ok¡ ckij~;k gh] jktLFkkuh dk[kkl ^o;.k lxkbZ&vyadkj dfo;k¡ ?k.kka vljdkjd <c lw¡ ckij~;ksA bZa vyadkj dk ujk Hksn NS] tBh ,dgh oj.k dh iqjuko`fRr gksos NSA ;ks vyadkj jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh [kkl gsek.kh NSA

xkft;k uxkjk x;.k xkt

Hkweh ,oklh x;k Hkkt A

x Sejk¡ gSejk¡ Fkh; xkSM+]

41

rjojk¡ >axjk nhg rksM+AA

yksgjk¡ yaxjk¡ >kV ykxA

v/kQjk fxjk¡ rj>M+S vkxAA

esokl rwVxk ext esVA

QwVxk fxjan gSrkG QsVAA

¼fojn [email protected] dfo;k½

Xk+kSj Qjekoks dS gj pj.k dk iSyk lcn dh l:okr tha oj.k lw¡ gks j~gh NS] NsdM+yk lcn dh l:okresa Hkh cks gh lcn NSA ;ks o;.k lxkbZ * dks lSa lw¡ pkoks& Bkoks :Ik NSAckjgB bZljnkl C;kt Lrqfr* vyadkjuS ckijrk ^fuUnk Lrqfr* uk¡o dks iwjks xzaFk gh jp fn~;ksA tn dks; ckr dks ts ijxV eryc gksos] Å¡ ckrdks vlyh vj NqI;ks gks;ks vjFk Å¡ lw¡ Bhd myVks gksos rks ;ks c;kt Lrqfr vyadkj crk;ks tkoS NSA ^fuUnkLrqfr* xzaFk esa dfo ijxV rkSj is rks ijeslj dk [kksV fx.kkrks nh[kS NS] iW.k Å¡ dks ewG edln bZa c[kk.k dsvksGkoS ijeslj dk xq.k vj Å¡ dh lkeFkZ trkcks NSA /;ku lw¡ ck¡pck is bZa iksFkh esa o;.k lxkbZ] ^n‘“VkartL;k vyadkj Hkh dfo lkxS lkxS gh lkarjk <c lw¡ ckij~;k NS%&

^^ eklh fx.kS u eu esa ekekA

djS rlk igq¡pkoS dkek AA

jhNka gh lw¡ ys ns jfg;ksA

HkjokM+k¡ jS lkFkS Hkfe;kSAA

Lkp dgw¡ gw¡ xk<s lknsA

fody lnk v/kk;ks okns AA

¼raw Ug¡ eklh bZa eku fn~;ks NS] Ug¡ ekek uSA lxGk¡ uS ok¡ dk ekatuk eqtc Qy fn~;ks NSA jhNk¡ lw¡ rksraw ckSokj jk[kS NS vj Qkyrw HkVdck okGk¡ ds lkxS [kqn Hkh vBh mBh fQjS NSA Egw¡ rks tksj tksj lw¡ ;k lk¡phckr Dgw¡ Nw¡A rwa dkSjok¡ dh tM+k¡ [kksn Ugk¡dh vj ?k.kha ck;jk¡ ds rk¡bZ fo/kok c.kk*j ;k ckr dS;^j eu esa eqGdfn~;ks vj ok¡ dks jkscks /kkscks Hkh can djok fn~;ks ds gs ck;jk¡vks] os lxGk Egkjk gh :Ik Nk vj cs vc cSdq.Besa NSA½

3-5 bdkbZ lkj

bZa <c lw¡ e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ tw.k dk lxGk fprjke lkarjk <c lw¡ vi.kha dforkok¡ esavaxsT;k NSA ;ks gh oks cxr Nks tn jktLFkkuh ek: xqtZj lw¡ U;kjh gksbZ vj jktLFkkuh lkxS xqtjkrh Hkh ,dflej/k Hkklk dk :Ik esa vi.kha vksG[kk.k FkjihA bZa cxr x| ys[ku Hkh Hkklk dh jokuh uS ,d uqbZ pky nhAbZa dky dk dfo;k¡ esa Nank¡ dk uk¡o is vi.kha jpukok¡ dks uke j[kck dh fijojfr Hkh lkeS vkbZA dqN jpukok¡rks brh yksdpkoh gksbZ dS yksd dk ekul esa dFku rks j~gS x;ks iW.k yksx jpukdkj dks uk¡o fclj x;kA bZatqx dh dqN jpukok¡ dk jpukdkjk¡ dk uk¡o Hkh erHksn NSA bZa tqx esa iksFkh dk uk;d dk uk¡o ds vkxs jklks]fualk.kh] >wy.kk] izdkl] foykl tL;k lcn tksM+ jpukok¡ dks uk¡o /kjck dh jhr Hkh ?k.kha QGh QwyhAdfo;k¡ Hkxrh vj lxrh dh vkjk/kuk lw¡ ys *j vke vkneh dh vc[kk;k¡ rkabZ vi.kha dfork dk fol; c.kk;kAvku cku is ej feVck dh HkksGko.k nsrh jpukok¡ ek¡Mck okGk dfo vki Hkh vku cku lw¡ ft;k vj bZljnkltL;k dfo rks thork gh ijeslj dk :Ik ekU;k tkck ykX;kA ¼bZljk lks ijesljk½A bZa tqx esa gh ihFkG ukao

42

dks dfo gks;ks tks vki rks irlkg vdcj dks njckjh dfo Nks] iW.k vdcj ds f[kykQ vktknh dh vy[ktxk;k¡ j[kk.kck gkGk egkjk.kk izrki dk xq.k xkck esa dnh Ug¡ fgpD;ksA vi.kks NsdM+yks vkrk¡ vkrk¡jktLFkkuh dfork dks e/;dky ck¡dhnkl tL;k dfo dh dye lw¡ ^vk;ks baxjst eqyd js Åij* tL;k xhre¡Mokck esa Hkh vkxhok.k j~;ksA eksVk rkSj is dS; ldk¡ Nk¡ dS e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork vi.kka cxr dklekt vj laLÑfr dk gh fprjke Ug¡ mdsjs] vkck gkGk cxr dk e¡Mk.k Hkh njlkoS NS vj bZa ys[ks ghe/;dky dks jktLFkkuh dkO; bfrgkl dk ikuk is lksukj dye lw¡ vi.kka nLr[kr djrks nh[kS NSA

3-6 Ckks/k iz’u

1- e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; dh izeq[k /kkjkok¡ dL;k dL;k NS\

2- e/;dky esa lar dkO; dh jktLFkkuh ijaijk csbZ vki dkabZ tk.kks Nks\

3- tSu dfo;k¡ dks jktLFkkuh dk e/;dky dk dkO; esa dk¡bZ tksxnku NS\

4- e/;dky esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa dL;k dL;k fo[kS is dforkok¡ ek¡Mh xh \

5- e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; dh Hkklk is ,d Vhi ek¡MksA

6- e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk dkO; esa Nanka dk iz;ksx ckcr vki dkabZ tk.kks Nks\

3-7 vH;kl jk loky

1- e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; dh pkj.k ijaijk is ,d Vhi ek¡MksA

2- e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; lark dk fljt.k lwa flej/k gq;kSA dkabZ vki ;k ckr ekuks Nks\ vj D;ksa\

3- jktLFkku dh tehu lw¡ iuI;k laiznk;k¡ ds ckcr vki dkabZ tk.kks Nks\

4- e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; dk Nan vj vyadkj is ,d Vhi ek¡MksA

5- e/;dky dks jktLFkkuh dkO; vku&cku vj /;ku dh HkksGko.k nsck gkGks dkO; NksA dL;k¡\

3-8 lanHkZ xzaFk

1- eksrhyky esukfj;k&jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A

2- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh&jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A

3- ia ujksRre Lokeh&jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A

4- jktLFkkuh ohj xhrA

5- vxj pan ukgVk&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh xkSjoiw.kZ ijajkA

6- MkW ujsUnz Hkkukor&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dqN izo`fRr;k¡A

7- MkW- eksguyky ftKklq&pkj.k lkfgR; dk bfrgklA

8- lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lainkA

9- ch-,y- ekyh v’kkar&jktLFkku lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼nks Hkkx½A

43

bdkbZ & 4

e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jk izeq[k jpukdkj %lkekU; tk.kdkjh

bdkbZ jks e.Mk.k

4-0 mísL;

4-1 izLrkouk

4-2 e/;dky jS tqx jks njlko ifjfLFkfr;ka

4-3 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh vksG[kk.k

4-4 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jk izeq[k jpukdkj

4-5 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jh folslrkoka

4-6 bdkbZ lkj

4-7 vH;kl jk loky

4-8 lanHkZ xzaFk

4-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ esa vki e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks v/;;u dj.k jS lkxS bt &

• e/;dky jk tqx jks njlko Hkh tk.k ldksykA

• e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh vksG[kk.k gqoSykA

• e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jk izeq[k jpukdkjka jks ifjpS i<+.k uS feySykA

• e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jh folslrkoka uS tk.k ldksykA

4-1 izLrkouk

ianzgoh lnh lwa 19oha lnh rkabZ jS c[kr uS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS e/;dky ekU;kS tkoS gSA b.k ckcr

eksVS rkSj lwa fo}ku vsder uha gS] i.k QSj Hkh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks e/;dky fo-la- 1450 lwa 1850 bZ- rkabZ

ekU;ks tkoS gSA dSbZ fo}ku b.k jks cxr fo-la- 1350 lwa ekuS gS vj dSbZ egkjk.kk lkaxk jh [kkuok tq/k ¼1527bZ-½ esa gkj lwa b.k cxr jh l:vkr ekuS gSA

e/;dky uS fo}ku jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS Lo.kZdky Hkh ekuS gSA vks c[kr jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR;

jks ?k.kewa/kks tqx gSA b.k leS esa jktLFkkuh vj xqtjkrh Hkklkoka vyx&vyx gqbZA b.k cxr rkabZ

vkaork&vkaork jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks uqaoks :i lkeh vk;ksA vkfndky jh ?k.kdjh izo`fr;ka* jks fcxlko b.k fgt

dky esa gq;ks gSA i| jS lkxS b.k dky esa x| jks fljt.k Hkh l: gq;kSA

44

lkfgR; jS b.k dky uS fo}kuka nks Hkkxka eka; ckafV;ks gS ft.kuS iwoZ e/;dky vj mÙkje/;dky ukaolwa vksG[khtSA vks cxr cks gks tn Hkkjr eka; Hkxrh&Hkkouk tksj idM+ jS;h gSA fn[k.knS Hkkjr lwa mf.k;ksM+hHkxrh jh vk ySgj mÙkjk/kS Hkkjr rkabZ vkbZ vj lxGh turk b.k Hkkouk lwa ljkcksj gq;xhA

b.k c[kr Hkkjr fonslh nklrk jS ca/k.k esa tdfM+T;ksM+ks gksA fonslh geykoj Hkkjrh; turk ekFkS vkijkstqye vj tksj trk jS;k gkA turk b.k nq%[k lwa ijslku gq;*j Hkxoku uS rkj.kgkj eku*j m.kjh lj.k esatko.kks rsfM+;ksA jktLFkku Hkh b.k lwa vNwrks uha j;ksA jktLFkku jk dfo Jhd`L.k vj Jhjke uS rkj.kgkj eku*jvkijS dkO; jkS fljt.k dj.k ykxk vj jktLFkkuh turk Hkh Hkxrh&Hkkouk esa Mwcu ykxhA b.k Hkxrh ijdjktLFkkuh lkfgR; ekFkS vkt Hkh xqest dj ldkaA

b.kjS lkxS fgt jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk e/;dky eka; jhfrijd vj uhfrijd lkfgR; jks fljt.k Hkhgq;ksA

4-2 e/;dky jS tqx jkS njlko

ft.k rjS jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj m.kjk lkfgR; jks vkfndky tqx jk gkykr jS dkj.k mFky&iqFky lwaHkfj;ksM+ks jS;ks m.k fgt Hkkar b.kjks e/;dky Hkh ?k.kh vc[kk;ka lwa f?kfj;ksM+ks jS;ks gSA fgUnh jS Hkxrhdky vjjhfrdky jk Hkkar b.kjks lkfgR; Hkh nksuwa dky [k.Mka ek; caV;ksM+ks gSA b.k c[kr jk tqx jks njlko b.k HkkargS &

jktuSfrd gkykr & m.k c[kr fnYyh ekFkS jks jkt gksA b.k jS iNS fo-la= 1584 esa [kkuok jkstq/k gq;ksA ft.kjS eka; Hkkjr jkt gq;kSA lkldka vj lsukuk;dka fey*j esokM+ jk egkjk.kk laxzkeflag ¼jk.klkaxk½ dfj;ksA b.k tq/k eka; egkjk.kk lkaxk jh ijkt; gqbZA

[kkuok jS b.k tq/k jks vlj lxGks fgUnw turk ij brs gq;ks dS Hkxrka larka uS fgUnw turk jh fujklkHk; vj vkReXykfu lwa ckjS fudkG.k lk: Hkxfr lkfgR; jks fljt.k dj.kks ifM+;ksA eqxy lkezkT; jh Fkkiukvj foxlko] vaxzsth lÙkk jh Fkji.kk] jktiwrka lwa laca/k bR;knlwa e/;dky esa uqaoks tqx l: gq;ksA jktLFkkujh NksVh&NksVh fj;klrka iSyh eqxyka lwa vj b.kjS iNS vaxzstka lwa laf/k djhA oSHko&foykflrk uS [kqyh NwVfeyh vj b.kjS ckn lkearokn jks fcxM+;ksM+ks :i lkaeh vk;ksA

lkekftd tFkkjFk & bLyke /kje jS vko.k jS iNS jktLFkku eka; lkekftd cnyko vk;ksA turkeka; tkr&ikar vj NwvkNwr jh Hkkouk c<+.k ykxhA b.k leS esa lar lkfgR; jks Hkh fljt.k gq;ksA lar tuturk uS fujxq.kh Hkxrh jks X;ku djk;ksA eqxy lklu jh tM+ka etcwr gqbZ vj nslh jktk&egkjktkHkksx&foykl esa Mwc.k ykxkA

/kje vk laLd`fr & e/;dky law jktLFkku jh turk Hkxrh&Hkkouk esa Mwcu ykxhA turk ekFkSlxq.k&fujxq.k Hkxrh /kkjk jks vlj gq;ks vj lar lkfgR; jks Hkh fljt.k gq;ksA lkekftd HksnHkko /kkfeZddêjrk] va/kfoLokl] tkfrokn vkn cqjkb;ka jks QSyko gq;kSA Hkxrh lkfgR; jks fljt.k gq;ksA ^'kSo*] ^'kkDr*vj oS".ko Hkxrh jks mn; gq;ksA foL.kq jk pkSchl vorkjk jh /kkj.kk lkeh vkbZA jke vj fØL.k tx pkokgq;kSA

lkfgR; & e/;dky eka; lkfgR; jks fljt.k [kwc gq;ks vj b.k jS lkxS y{k.k xzaFkka jks Hkh fljt.kgq;ksA mÙkj e/;dky rd vaxzstk vkijka ix Hkkjr jh Hkwfe ekFkS jksi pqD;k gkA vBS jk dfo;ka vaxzstk jksfojks/k vkijh jpukoka lwa dj.k ykxkA e/;dky jks Hkxrh lkfgR; jktLFkkuh Hkklkjks fljekSj lkfgR; lkfcrgq;ks vj b.k dkj.k fgt vks c[kr ?k.k xqest dj.k tksxks gSA

45

4-3 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh vksG[kk.k

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS l:vkrh dky esa jktLFkku vj xqtjkrjh Hkklk vsd ghA b.k dky esa jktLFkkuhHkklk foxlko yS;*j xqtjkrh lwa vGxh gqbZ vj vkijh vsd vyx fiNk.k c.kkbZA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh yxSVxSlxGh cksfy;ka esa lkfgR; jks fljt.k Hkh gqo.k ykxksA

e/;dky jS lkfgR; ekFkS Hkxrh /kkjk jS lkxS fgt jhfr ¼fl.kxkj½ /kkjk jks Hkh xSgjks vlj ifM+;ksA b.kjSlkxS fgt ykSfdd lkfgR; jks Hkh fljt.k gq;ksA yksd lkfgr; b.k tqx jh [kkl folslrk gSA vkijSU;kjk&U;kjk :ika esa dkj.k vks dky [k.M egrkÅ cf.k;ks gSA

e/;dky eka; ?k.kewa/kh lkfgfR;d] Hkxrh] uhfr] jhfr vkn jh eksdGh jpukoka feGS gSA m.k c[kr jSdfo;ka esa nqjlk vk<+k] ck¡dhnkl vkfl;ka i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+] bZljnkl] ehjk¡ckbZ] vj ?k.kk fgt lar&dfo iwjSHkkjr esa pkok gq;k gSA e/;dky jks lar lkfgR; Hkh vkijh U;kjh fgt fiNk.k jk[kSA b.k c[kr jS dfo;ka jhdkO; Hkklk eq[; :i lwa fMaxG gh] i.k cha cxr jktLFkku esa fiaxG vj [kM+h cksyh esa Hkh dkO; jks fljt.kgqo.k ykX;ks gksA e/;dky esa jklkS] osfy] opfudk nokoSr vkn dkO; lSfy;ka vj fo/kkoka jks tye gq;kSA

4-4 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk izeq[k jpukdkj

e/;dky eka; Hkxrh] uhfr] jhfr vj ohj jl iz/kku dkO; jks fljt.k ?k.kkS gq;kSA b.k dkO; jkvkxhok.k dfo;ka eka; ehjk¡ ckbZ i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+] bZljnkl] nqjlk vk<+k] ck¡dhnkl] d`ikjke f[kfM+;k lka;k th>wyk] eaNjke] xojhckbZ] paMhnku nhuth vkn vkoSA vka dfo;ka jks ifjpS b.k Hkkar gS &

ehjk¡ckbZ & Hkkjr jh d`".k Hkxrh ijEijk eka; ehjk¡ ckbZ jks ukao tx pkoks gSA fxj/kjukxj jh vkjkf/kdk dk b.k dfof;=h jks tye fo-la- 1555 esa g;ksA vkijks tye esM+rk fj;klr jkt ?kjk.kS esa gq;ks gksA m.kc[kr jktLFkku eka; vsdS dkauh tkSgj jh TokGk /k/kd jSbZ gh rks nwth dkauh va/kfoLokl vkijh pje ekFkSiwfx;ksM+ks gksA ehjk¡ckbZ jks C;ko yxSVxS 18 cjl jh voLFkk esa esokM+ jk jktdaoj Hkkstjkt lkxS gq;ksA C;kojS FkksM+k bZ cjlka iNS gh Hkkstjkt jh fejrq gq;xhA ifr jS lqjxokl jS iNS ehjk¡ckbZ lkalkfjd thou lwa vGxhgw;X;k vj Hktu&dhjru vj ^lkaojk xksfoUn jh* vkjk/kuk esa yhu gq;k FkkA ehjk¡ckbZ jk jp;kSM+k in gh gSnwth dksbZ iksFkh dksuhA ehjk¡ckbZ Hkxr gk dfof;=h uh gkA bZl oanuk esa tdk in cs xk;k&m.kkuS gh lektm.kkjh dfork le>yhA ehjk¡ckbZ jk in ljl vj jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa gS tdh yksdok.kh gSA larka jh ok.khuS fo}r lekt ^l/kqdM+h Hkklk jks uke fn;kS] D;wadS m.kesa yksd lcnkoyh ghA ehjk¡ckbZ jS inka] gjtlka]Hktuka] ok.kh esa 15oha&16oha lnh jh jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk njl.k OgS tdh Nnka vj vydkjka jk ca/kuk lwa eqxrgS &vj yksdHkklk jks :i gSA vka inka esa yksdHkklk esa yksd laLd`fr lkdkj gqbZ gSA ehjk¡ckbZ jks Hkxrh dkO;vsdkuh Hkxrh jh HkkxhjFkh gS rks nwtS dkuh tu psruk txko.k okGks gS vj lektw dqjhfr;ka uS [kre djukjh eqxrh jks gsyks nso.k ok.kh gSA

ehjk¡ckbZ jk inka esa xk;u oknu vj ujru&jh >.kdkj gSA lxGk in xs; gSA b.k xs;rk esa xhfrdkO;¼fyfjDl½ jks ek/kq;Z gSA b.k xs;rk jS gh dkj.k vs in ikap lkS lkyka iNS Hkh txpkok gSA

ehjk¡ jS ink ajh ckuxh ns[khtS &

1- Egkjk twuk tkslh] gjth fey.k dn gkslhA

2- Egkjk rks ^fxj/kj xksiky* nwljks u dksbZA

ft.kk js lax cSB&cSB yksdykt [kksbZAA

3- Hkt eu pj.k dey vfouklh

46

tsrkbZ nhlS /kj.k xxu fcp rsrkbZ mM+ tklhA

Hkt eu pj.k dey vfouklhA

4- Egs rks xksfoan jk xq.k xkL;k

jk.kksth Egkjks dkbZa djlhA

5- gfj! vki gjks tek jh ihMA

nkSinka jh ykt jk[kh] vki c<k;ks phjA

Mwcrks xtjkt jk[;ksA

ehjk¡ckbZ lxq.k oSL.ko Hkxr gkA m.kkjk mikL; nso gk fxj/kj ukxj*A vks Hkxoku foL.kq jk vorkj JhfØl.k jks fo#) gSA ehjk¡ckbZ Jh xksfoan jk Hkxr j{kd :i jk mikld gk& Hkxrka uS banjnso jS dksi lwacpko.k [kkrj gh Jh fØlu ^fxjoj /kkj.k dfj;kS gks& ehjk¡ckbZ b.k dkj.k gh m.kkuS ^fxj/kj ukxj* jS :iesa [kqn jk fg;k esa lek; fy;ksA ehjk¡ckbZ jS inka esa ^fxj/kj ukxj* jh ^Vsj* lq.khtSA

ehjk¡ckbZ Qxr Hkxr gh uha gk&os ukjh psruk jk izrhd Hkh gkA Hkkjrh; vj [kkldj jktLFkkuh ukjhjks mtGks vj tl/kkjh :i ehjk¡ckbZ jh pfjr xkFkk esa lkQ fuxS vkoSA e/;dky jk jktLFkku esa ukjhlkekftd ca/kuk esa ca/kh gh rks nwtSdkuh ohjrk vj Hkxrh esa uj lwa fd.kh Hkkar de dksuh gh {k=h; ukjh jksohjkaxuk :i j.k paMh jks :i gh gSA

ehjk¡ckbZ lkekftd cnyko jks gsyks nso.k okGh lxrhdu ukjh gSA ck ijnk izFkk] lrh izFkk] v.kesyvj cky C;kl jh fojks/kh gSA

m.kk jk in esa b.kjks ys[kks gS &

lrh u gksL;ka

ehjk¡ckbZ Hkxrh jk ekjx esa vkMEcjka uS uha ekU;kA lEiznk;ka jS ncEo esa fd.kh iaFk uS uha vi.kk;kSA ehjk¡vsdyh pkyh vj Hkxrh jks fujeG i[k tu jS lkeh jkO;kSA Hkxrh esa xq# uS ckspksfy;kS le> bZl lwa lh/kkslEca/k c.kk;kSA ehjk¡ dg Hkxrh esa ^fxj/kj ukxjk^ bZl Hkh gS vj xq# HkhA ehjk¡ jh Hkxrh esa x#] lar vjlk/kq esa Qjd ns[;kS tk ldS gSA eSa lark vj lk/kqoka uS ueu djS&m.kkuS vknj nsoS&i.k m.kk jks iaFk uha/kkj.k djSA

ehjk¡ckbZ jh Hkxrh ,dfuLV HkxrhHkko jh gSA ^Egkjks rks fxj/kj xksiky] nwljks u dksbZ & ^^lkaofj;kfxj/kj [kkrj ehjk¡ jh vk Hkxrh cstksM+ gSA

i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ & egkjkt i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk Hkxr do gk t.kk jS dkO; jh nedlwa iwjks lkfgR; txr izdkleku gks jS;ks gSA i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jkS tye chdkusj jS jkBkSM+ jktoal jS eka; fo-la- 1606 ¼lu~ 1549½ jh feaxlj cfn vsde uS gq;ksA vki chdk.ksj jk egkjktk jk;flag jk NksVk HkkbZ vj jkodY;k.k ey jk csVk gkA dkO; jS lkFkS gh vki ohjrk vj nkuohjrk [kkrj vk[kh nqfu;ka esa tl dek;kS gSA

doslj i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jk rhu C;kg gq;kA iSyks C;kt mn;iqj jk egkjk.kk mn;flag jh csVh vjegkjk.k izrki jh cgu fdj.ke;h lwa gq;ks crk;kS tkoSA nwtkS C;kg tSlGesj jk egkjkoG gjjkt jh csVhykykns lwa vj rhtks C;kg ykykns jh fejrq jS iNS m.kkjh NksVh cgu pkaikns lkxS gq;ksA

i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jh izfrHkk lwa lezkV vdcj brjk] izHkkfor gq;k dS m.kkuS vkijS njckj esa Bkoh BkSM+nS;uS njckj jh lksHkk c<+kbZA i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ vdcj jk brk pkok gk dS vka [kkfrj vsd nwgks Hkh pkoks gq;ks

47

& ft.kesa b.kk jS lqjxokl iNS jks njlko gS &

îhFky lks etfyl x;h] rkulsu lks jkeAjh> cksy g¡l [ksycks] x;ks chjcy lkFkAA

vki vktknh] /kje] vj nsl Hkxrka jk mikld gkA ft.k c[kr eqxy lezkV vdcj jh ne.kdkjh uhfrjS lkeh lxGk jktk gfFk;kj Ugkad fn;k rn esokMkf/kifr jk.k izrki gh vsdyk jS;kA lkfgR; txr esa dghtSvdj ds uS egkjk.k izrki vsd laf/k jks izLrko HksT;ks ft.kjS dkj.k i`Fohjkt nqfo/kk vj larki esa vsd ikrhegkjk.kk izrki uS Hksth&

fgUnwifr ijrki] ir jk[kkS fgUnqok.k jhAlgs foifr lUrki] lR; liFk dfj vki.khAA

b.k ikrh jks vlj izrki ij vsM+kS gq;kS dS m.kk laf/k jh ckr uS fgjnS eka; lwa fudkG uS vGxh djhvj i`Fohjkt jkBkSM uS fyf[k;ks &

rqjd dgklh eq[k irks] b.k ru lwa bdfy³~xAÅxS tk¡gh Åxlh] izkph chp ira³~xAA

i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ vsd ÅapS njtS jk oSL.ko Hkxr gkA vki Hkxoku dk/khl uS vkijks vkjk/; nso ekurkgkA d`L.k vj #De.kh jS C;kg jS izlax oS yS;*j vki osfy fØl.k #def.k jks fljt.k dfj;ksA vkijkslqjxokl laor~ 1657 esa eFkqjk jS foJkar ?kkV ekFkS gqbZA

doslj i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ lxq.k oSL.ko Hkxr gqo.k jS dkj.k vkijS dkO; eka; d`L.k Hkxrh /kkjk ns[k.kuS feGSA vkijh osfy fØl.k #de.kh jh* ukao jh iksFkh Hkkxor Hkxfr jh vsd vuwBh jpuk gSA b.k iksFkh eka;ôsfy;ks* Nan jks iz;ksx dj ukeh dkO; jh fljt.kk djh gSA b.k iksFkh uS îkapoksa osn* jh miek doslj nqjlkvk<+k nh gS &

#def.k xq.k y[k.k :i xq.k jpkouAôsfy* rklq dq.k djS o[kk.kAAik¡pekS osn Hkk[;kS ihFkyAiqf.k;kS mx.khloksa iqjk.kAA

b.k iksFkh eka; lCnkyadkj vj vFkkZyadkjka jh NVk ns[k.k tksx gSA b.k iksFkh eka; ohj] fl.kxkj vjHkxrh jh f=os.kh fuatj vkoSA b.k dkO; iksFkh jS vykok i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ dSbZ nwth jpukoka jks Hkh fljt.kdfj;ks ft.kkesa ^nle Hkkxor jk nwgk**] ^nljFkjkomr*] olnksajkomr] vFk xaxkLrqfr] egkjk.k izrki jk nwgk]foV~BG jk nwgk] izdh.kZd fMaxG xhr] nwgk vkn jpukoka izfl) gSA vka lxGh jpukoka jS vykok i`FohjktjkBkSM+ jh fMaxG vj fiaxG jh vkSj Hkh jpukoka gS tdh vkikajS lkaeh ugha vkbZ gSA

Hkxrdfo bZljnkl & e/;dky jk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka; bZljnkl ckjgB jks ukao ?k.kh eku lkxSAvkiuS jktLFkku vj xqtjkr esa bZljk lks ijesljk dSiuS vkt Hkh fy;ks tkoS iwtS gSA vki Hkxrh jl jS lkxSohj jl jk Hkh dfo gkA

bZljnkl jksgfM+;k pkj.k gkA vkijks tye Hkknzsl xk¡o ¼tks/kiqj½ eka; fo-la- 1595 esa gq;ksA vkijS tyelwa tqM+rks vsd nwgks Hkh tx pkoks gq;ks gS &

iujklkS fipk.koS] tuE;k¡ bZljnklApkj.k oj.k pdkj esa] m.k fnu gq;kS mtklAA

48

bZljnklth yxSVxS 20 cjl jh mej esa Hkknzsl xkao NksM+dj tkeuxj ¼xqtjkr½ x;k tBS jkoG tkejkt djrk gkA jkoG tke vkius vkijks iksdikr c.kk; fG;ksA bZljnklth fMaxG Hkklk eka; ckjg xz;ka jhjpuk djh vkS xzaFkk jh foxr b.k Hkkar gS&

1- gfjjl 2- NksVks gfjjl 3- ckG yhGk 4- xq.k Hkkxor gal 5- xq:M+ iqjk.k 6- xq.k vkxe 7- fuUnkLrqfr 8- nsfo;k.k 9- oSjkV 10-jkl dSykl 11- lHkkioZ 12 gkGkW HGkGkW jk dqaMfG;kA

gkGk&Hkkyk jk daqMfd;k^ ohj jl iz/kkj jpuk gS ft.kjS eka; ukjh jh ohj Hkkouk jks mdsfj;ks x;ks gSAckuxh ns[khtS&fprjke

/khjs /khjs Bkdqjka xqEHkj fd;ks xtkgAegqaxk nslh >¡wiM+k tS ?kfj gkSlh ukgAA

ukg egqaxk fn;.k >w¡iM+k f=eSo ujAtkclks dM+ryk dsfe tjlkS tgjAA

:d&gF iSf[k lkS gFk tl jkt jkAAfBoark ikao /khjk nh;kS BkdqjkAA

ohj jl jh b.k jpuk jS lkxS fgt gfjjl ukao jh bZljnklth jh vsd vkSj jpuk ?k.kh pkoh gqbZA b.kjpuk jks ikB vkt Hkh jktLFkku vj xqtjkrjk yksx djS gSA vks eqDrd dkO; gSA b.k eka; Hkxoku jks xkbT;ksgSA ^gfjjl eka; Hkxoku jk lxq.k vj fujxq.k nksuw :ika jks oj.kko dfj;ks x;ks gSA

fryk¡ rsy iksgi Qqysy] mT>syr lk;jAvxfu dkB tksou ?kV~V] HkxoV~V lq dk;jAA

bZ[k jLl vfg Qs.k] vjF vkxe mjBkgsAikukSa pax ethB jax] mNjax foekgsAA

[kx uhj /khj varj [kjk] en dqatj o/kw fte e;.kAeu cls rse rw¡ ek¡gjs] eks eu cfl;ks egeg.kAA

^gfjjl* ckcr dfo ds lonkl xkM.k jh vk vksGh ?k.kpkoh gqbZ&

tx izktGrks tk.k] vIi nkokuy ÅijkSaAjfp;kS jksgM+ jk.k] leSan ^gfjjl* lwjorAA

nqjlk vk<+k & nqjlkth vk<+k jks tye fd la- 1592 esa /kw¡nyk xkao ¼tks/kiqj½ esa gq;ksA vki vk<+k xks=jk pkj.k dfo gkA vkijkS eqxG njckj esa ?k.kewa?kks eku gks vj ckn'kkl vdcj vkiuS dSbZ ckj yk[kilkoHkh fn;k gkA

vki jktLFkku jk pkok vj tl/kkjh dfo gkA vki dforkoka lwa ?k.kksbZ /ku vj tl dek;ksA vxjfd.kh dfo jh [;kfr uS m.kjh jks ekinaM ekU;ks tkoS rks doslj nqjlkth jh BkSM+ ?k.kh Åph gSA

nqjlk vk<+k e/;dky jk ukeh dfo gkA cs vsd ohj dfo vj iulkg vdcj jS dkauh lwa dSbZ tq/kka esaHkkx Hkh fG;ksA dfo jS :i esa vki jktLFkku jh lwrh turk uS txko.k jks egrkÅ dke dfj;ksA

nwjlk vk<+k jh jpukoka esa jko lqjrk.k jk >wG.kk] >wG.kk jko vejfla?k xtfj?kksr jk] jko lqjrk.k jkdfork] nwgk lksyadh ohjens jk vj ekrkth jk Nan fx.kko.k tkxs gSA vkijk rhu] xzaFk gSA tdk vkiuStxpkoh dfj;k m.kesa&^fo:) NgRrjh*] fdjrkj ckouh vj Jh dqekj vTtkth uh Hkwpj eksjh uh xtxr gSA

49

;qjlkth jh dfork jk [kkl fol; nslHkxrh vj ^jk"Vªh; Hkkouk* jS Hkk;M+Hkkse izse] tkrh; xkSjo] frUnw /kjejh j{kk jh vVwV Hkkouk jks tl xku gq;ks gSA vdcj jh v/khurk Hkkjr jk cM+k&cM+k fgUnw ujl vj tks/kkvaxst pqdk gkA tkrh; xkSjo vj fgUnw /kje ?k.kS ladV esa gksA b.k vfrgkfld ladV jh osGk jks vk nwgkaesa ys[kks gq;ks gSA egkjk.kk] izrki jks fBM+i xkorks dfo dSoS dS&

vdcj xjc u vk.k] fgUnw lg pkdj gqokAnhBks dksbZ nhok.k] djrks yVdk dVgM+SAA

vdcj iFkj vusd] dS Hkwir HksGk fd;kAgkFk u ykxks gsd] ikjl jk.k izrkilhAA

lq[k fgr L;kG lekt] fgUnw vdcj cl gqokAjkslhyks e`xjkt] itS u jk.k izrkilhAA

iu'kkg vdcj jS njckj esa egkjk.kk izrki jh fejrq jk lekpkj iwX;k] b.k c[kr vdcj jh vk[;kavkalqvka lwa HkjhtxhA b.k euksO;Fkk uS tk.k^j nqjlkth vks NIi; fyf[k;ks&

vl yxks v.knkx] ik?k yxks v.kukehAxks vkM+k xoM+k;] ftdks cgrks /kqj ckehAA

uojkstS ug x;ks] u xks vkrlka uoYyhAu xks >jknuka gsB] tsB nqfu;k.k ngYyAA

^xgyksr jk.k thrh x;ks] ul.k en jl.kk MlhAuhlkl ewd Hkfj;k u;.k] rks e`r lkg izrkilhAA

nqjlkth dSbZ dkO; lSfy;ka jks iz;ksx dfj;ks ft.kesa ^lacks/kukRed lSyh] ejfl;k lSyh] :idkRedlSyh vknA nqjlkth jS ckjS esa fo}kuka jh ekurk gS os 120cjl rkabZ thfo;kA vki fo- la-1712 esa ikapsfV;k¼tks/kiqj½ xkao esa LoxkZjksg.k dfj;kA

lk¡;kth >wGk& Hkxr dfo lk¡;kth >wyk jh jktLFkkuh d`".k&Hkxrh lkfgR; egku jpukdkj gSAHkxr lka;kth jks tye pkj.k dqG jh >wGk [kkai jS eka; fo-la- 1632 Hkknzin d`".kk 9oha jS fnu yhGNk xkaoesa gq;ksA vkijS firk jks ukao Lokehnklth gksA vks dVhtS dS Hkxoku egknwoth lka;kth >wyk jh Hkxrh HkkoukdS dkj.k m.kkauS ,d tksxh vksxh jS :i esa njl.k fn;k lka;kth jk xq: egkRek xksfoUnnklth gkA ft.kklwaJhen~Hkkxor vkfn Hkxrh iksF;ka jksXeku vjtu dfj;ks bZMj fj;klr yk[kilko jS lkxS jsgM+k ukaojh tk.khjns;j lEekfur dfj;kA vki bZMj fj;klr jk jktdfo cf.k;kA vkiuS bZMj lwa iq:Ldkj feyrk jSork gkAft.kesa paokfGl gtkj fjfi;ka jS eksG jks >kykgj ukao jks ?kksM+ks vj jk;iqj lwa okilh jh oa[k vsd gkFkh vjyk[k ilko fn;ks tko.kksa ?k.kksa tx pkok gSA

Hkxr dfo lka;kth ?kj&xzgLFkh uS laHkkGk gq;k peRdkjh lar fx.khtrkA vkijS xk; ij >iVks ekjrkck?kuS lzki nS;ja x/kks c.kk; nso.kksa] bZMj jS rGkc esa Luku djrh osGk vsd exjePN uS vatqfynku lwa ;{kjks :i nso.kksa ]}kfjdk j.kNksM+h th jS diM+k esa ykxksM+h vkxuS bZMj njckj esa cSBk&cSBk cq>k; nso.kksa] vknpeRdkj vj fdonafr;k txpkoh gqbZA

>wyk lka;kth jh nks&pkj LQqV&i| jpukok jS vykok Qxr nks dkO; feGS& ^ukxne.k* vj^:fDe.khgj.k*A vs nksuwa dkO; iksF;ka Hkxoku d`".k jh ikou yhGk lwa tqM+;ksMh gSA vs nksuwa xzat fMax eka;fy[;k x;k gSA

50

^:fDe.kh gj.k* eka; 436 i| gSA b.kesa Jh d`".k vj ekuhtS C;ku jks izlax gSA :fDe.khgj.k* jh vis{kkûkxne.k csgrj [k.M&dkO;A b.kjS eka; dfB;k ukx jS ejnu jks oj.kko gSA ûkxne.k esa 124 Hkqtaxiz;kl]pkj nwgk] vj vsd nIi; feyk; ^j dqy 129 Nan gSA b.kesa Jh d`".k jh ckyyhyk tlksnk jks ôkRlY;*]xksfi;ka jks izse vj d`".k&dkfy;kukx tq/k jks euekso.kksa cj.kko eaM;kS gS ukxne.k* dkO; jh ckuxh b.k HkkargS&

tnqukFk dkGh leh ckFk tksM+s] ?ka.kh Hkksx pkyh p<h okr ?kksM+sAÅek xk; xksokG >wjar vkjS] gkgkdkj gDdkj lalkj lkjSAA

iapkavezrS nso bPNS ijokGk] lcS rhFkZ oklkS olS xOoqlkGkAngh nw/k jkcka ph vk lq[knkbZ] eBk ?kksBh;ka [kkaM [kksgk HkGkbZAA

jktLFkkuh Hkxrh dkO; ijaijk jks vks lwjt laor~ 1703 eka; vLr gq;ksA t.kjh HkjikbZ iwjh uha gks;ldSA

dìkjke f[kfM+;ka& jktLFkkuh uhfr dkO; ijaijk eka; dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jks ukao lxGk lwa ÅapksgSA dfo dkj.k dìkjke ^f[kfM+;k* pkj.k gk ftdka jk jSoklh gkA fdjikjke jS tye vj fejrq jh izkekf.kdfrFk dksuh fedS A vkijS oaltka jS eqtc vki yEch Åej rkabZ th;kA vka jS eqtc vkijkS thou&dky la- 1800lwa 1890 rd jks gksA gkykafd vs frfFk;ka Bhd uha gqoS rks Hkh lgh frfFk;ka lwa Hkh nwjuha gSA

b.k jS vykok fo}kuka jks vks Hkh dSo.kks gS dS fdjikjketh jks tye [kSjkM+h esa gq;ks] i.k vkHkh ekU;rkgSA dS vkijks tye twljh xkao esa gh g;ksA

fdjikjketh 'ks[kkoVh esa lhdj jk jkojktk nsohflag¼la- 1820&52½ vj m.kkjk csVk fyNe.k flag ¼la-1852&1890½ jS njckj esa jSork gkA fdjikjketh jks gkGrkabZ nks jpukok gh feyh gS] tfd eqDrd jpukokagSA b.kesa ,d jkft;k jk nwgk vj bth dfoRr pkGSjk; dk gSA vkijh iSGh juuk] jkft;k jk nwgk* eka; yxSVxS160 nwgk gS vj nwth iksFkh esa nsoh jStljk 18 i| gS ft.kesa xkFkk vj 19 dfoRr gS] vkf[kj jk 5 ^dfoRrvkjrh*uke lwa feGS gSA

vka nks jpukoka jS vykok m.jk QqVdj dfoRr Hkh pkj.kh xhr] nwgk] vkjrh vkn feGS gSA b.kjS vykoknwth jpukoka Hkh feGS ?k.kk gSA b.kkjh ^fyNe.k izdkl* ?k.kh pkoh jpuk gSA vks vyadkjka jks xzaFk gS] t.kesamnkgj.kka jS :i esa fyNw.kdflag jS tl jks oj.ku dfj;ks x;ks gSA

dcslj fdjikjke jh iksFkh jkft;k jk nwgk* eka; uhfr jh ckrka feu[k jS varl esa ÅaMks v{j NksMsA b.klEca/k esa MkW- euksgj 'kekZ fy[kS&

dfooj fdjikjke jks] iqu ilj~;ks v.kikjAlnk lqjaxk lksjBk] lqjlr jks fl.kxkjAA

jpuk fdjikjke jh] ok.kh jks ojnku Alq.k dj lqx.kk lksjBk] ew<+ gqoS xfrekuAA

fdjikjketh jS vsd pkdj gksA ft.kjks iwjks ukao jktkjke gksA dfo fdjikjketh [kqnjk lsod jkft;kuS lacksf/kr dj nwgk jfp;k ft.kjS dkj.k ^jkft;k jk nwgk* b.k iksFkh jks ukao ifM+;ksA lacks/ku dkO; ijaijk jhb.k iksFkh eka; uhfr ijd nwgk gSA vkt fdjikjketh jks uko rks yksx de tk.kS i.k jkft;k jk nwgk* yksQdaBka jks gkj c.kX;ks b.k dkO: esa dfo oj fy[kS&

[kkx r.kS cB [kk; flj lkVS jks lwjekAT;kajs gd jg tk; jke fuHkkoS jkft;kAA

51

b.k nwgka eka; O;kogkfjd tho.k jh ckrka crkbZ xbZ gS vj lkjFd tho.k jh egRrk crkorks mRretho.k&tho.k jh lh[k nsosaA

ck¡dhnkl vkfl;k & dfooj ck¡dhnkl vkfl;k jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR; jh xkSjo&ijaijk jk vsdGwaBk dfo gkA dfo gqo.kS jS lkxS vki vsd pkok x|dkj Hkh gkA ck¡dhnkl jh jpukoka lwa iUrksa ykxS dS vkibfrgkl jk X;kuh c[kr jh jktuhr jk Hkh Qjdh gkA

ck¡dhnkj Ks tye fo- la- 1828 esa tks/kiqj jkt jh rSlhy ipinzk jk vsd NksVk lk xkao HkkafM;koklesa vsd vkfl;k pkj.k ifjokj esa gq;ksA ck¡dhnkl jS dfoRo vj ikafMRo lwa jk;iqj ¼ekjokM+½ fBdk.kk jk BkdqjFk.kk izHkkfor gq;k vj m.kkuS jkt dfo jS :i esa FkjI;kA ekjokM+ fujsl egkjktk ekuflag [kqn vsd vkNkdfo] dGk izseh vj xq.kxkVd jktk gkA vki ck¡dhnklth uS yk[kilko lwa lEekfur dj m.kuS jkt dfojS :i esa tks/kiqj cqyk fy;kA b.kjS iNS rks egkjktk ekuflagth ck¡dhnklth jh dkO: izfrek vj ikafMR; lwabrjk] izHkkfor gq;k dS cS m.kkuS xq: eku fy;kA vkijh fejrq fo- la- 1890 esa gqbZA

ck¡dhnklth QqVdj dkO; Hkh ?k.kka fyf[k;kA dqy 42 xazFk ck¡dhnklth jk feyS] ftdk ck¡dhnklxzaFkkoyh uke lwa rhu Hkkxka esa dk'khukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk lwa NI;kA ^lwj NRrhlh] flag NRrhlh] ohj fouksn]/koG iPphlh] nkrkj ckouh] uhfr eatjh] csld okrkZ] ekofM+;ka fetkt] d`i.k&niZ.k] dqdfocRrhlh] dk;jckouh] Hkqu~tky Hkw"k.k] xaxkygjh ] larks"k ckouh] gejksj NRrhlh] b.kesa ?k.kh pkoh gqbZA dSbZ v.kNih jpukokaHkh ck¡dhnklth jh feySA d`".kpUnz pfUnzdk] fojg pfUnzdk] eku ;'kks&e.My] vSfrgkfld okrkZ&laxzg]egkHkkjr NUnkuqokn b.kesa izeq[k gSaA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR; jh dhjr jk ck¡dhnklth vsd ywaBk rEHk gks ck¡dhnklth vktknh psruktxko.k lk: dsbZ xhr jfp;k ft.kesa *vk;ks bWxjst eqGd jS Åij* tu&tu jS daBk jks gkj cf.k;ksA 1857jS Lora=k laxzke jS iSGs jks oj.ku djS dS fd.k Hkkar vsd&vsd js;klrka vaxstka jh xqyke c.khA Hkjriqj jks jktkvaxzstka jks eqdkcGks dj~;kS&ch jh izlalk gqbZA b.k xhr esa ck¡dhnklth nslokfl;ka uS psrko.kh nsoS dS vktknhjh j{kk gj gky esa dj.kh gSA

vk;ks b¡xjst eqyd jS Åij] vkgWl yh/kk [kSfp mjkA/kf.k;k¡ ejs u nh/kh /kjrh] /kf.k;k¡ Å>k¡ xbZ /kjkAA

cft;ks Hkyks Hkjriqj okGks] xktS xtj /ktj ue xkseAifgyk¡ flj lk;cjks ifM+;ksa] HkM+ ÅeS u¡ nh/kh vkseAA

b.kjS vGkok ck¡dhnkl th jk uhfr ijd vj ohj jl jk nwgk Hkh /k.kk pkok gq;kA b.kjh ckuxh b.kHkkar gS&

cl jk[kks thHk dgS ck¡dks] dM+ok cksY;k izHkr fdlhAyksg r.kh ryokj u ykxS] thHk r.kh rjokj ftlhAA

euesa Qsj /k.khjh ekGk] idM+S uWgtenwr iGksAfeGS ugha cd.kklwa ek;k] Hkk;k¡ de cksy.kksAA

lwju iwNSS Vhi.kks] lqdu u ns[kS lwjAej.kka uwa eaxG fx.kS] lej p<S eq[k uwjAA

vaEcj jh vxzkt lwa] dsgj [kht djarAgkd /kjk Åij gqbZ] dse lVS cGoarAA

52

ck¡dhnkl th x| jk Hkh jpukdkj gkA vkijh iksFkh ^ck¡dhnkl jh [;kr* bfrgkl jh nhB lwa egrkÅjpuk x| jpuk gS ft.kesa ch cxr jks bfrgkl oa'kkoyh bR;kn jks c[kk.k gSA jkBkSM+ jh ckrka esa jkBkSM+k jh[kkaika jS lkFkS bZ fons'kh 'kkldka jks ifjpS Hkh ukao fljS vkoSA

xk¡o ek¡gsa nsgqjk ?k.kk NSA pksgjk ?k.kk fi.k gkjs mlM+h ihB dks ughaA Mq¡xjiqjk Fkh mRrj fnl uq jko:iwatk jkS djk;kS xksoj/kuukFk jkS cM+ks nsgjks NSA xk¡o lwa bZlku b.k eSa jkoG xSik jkS djk;kS cM+ks r[kc NSA lgjjS ikNS Hkk[kj NSA fldkj jkS vkgq[kk¡uksa fi.k m.k ght Hkk[kj Åij NSA Fk.kh nwj vkgq[kk¡us jS okLrs Hkhra NSAlgj lwa dksl iw.k esa xkxM+h unh NSA fr.k jS VkgS jkoG iwatk jkS djk;kS cM+k jktckx NSA**

eaNkjke& eaNkjke jks tye la-1830 esa tks/kiqj uxj esa gq;ksA vki tks/kiqj egkjktk ekuflag jkfdj.kkik= gkA vkijks jfp;ksM+ks ^j?kqukFk&:id* ukao jks vsd xzaFk lxGk lkaeh vk;ks gS* vks xzaFk ukS foyklksaeka; cafV;ksM+ks gSA iSyM+ nks foyklka esa o.kZ] x.k] nX/kk{kj] nq.k] v{kj R;kx] QykQy] o;.k&lxkbZ]dkO;&nks"k] v[kjkj] mfDr jk y{k.k&Hksn ] jlkajk ukao&Hksn y{k.k vkn jks o.kZu gSA

vxS jk lkr foyklka eka; fMax: dkO; Hkklk esa 72 tkfr jk xhrka jk y{k.k mnkgj.kka lkxS crk;k x;kgSA xhrka jk mnkgj.kka eka; Hkxoku Jh jkepUnz jh dFkk fn;kSM+h gS vj vksfgt dkj.k gS dS dfo vkijh dkO;ikFkh jks ukao j?kqukFk&:id jkf[k;ks&

b.k xzaFk eks j?kqukFk xq.k] vr Hksn dfork Hkkf[k;kSAb.k ght] dkj.k uke vks j?kqukFk :id jkf[k;kSA

^j?kqukFk :id fMax: xhrka jks dkO; jks vn~Hkqr xzaFk gSA

^j?kqukFk :id* jh ckuxh&ns[khtS&

ikofM+;k¡ lgr ue in&iadt uwiqj gkVd ije iquhrANd dM+cU/k lqpaxk NktS] ij vaxk jktS iq.k ihrAA

iq.kpk tM+r tM+kÅ iq.kph] dG vtku Hkqtk ds;wjAcStarh cG eqxr folkyk] izxV fg;S ekGk HkjiwjAA

xojhckbZ & xojhckbZ jks tye la- 1815 esa Mw¡xjiqj esa gq;ksA vkius ehjk jks vorkj ekU;kS tkorksAvki Hkh ehjk jh rjg QqVdj in fyf[k;k gS] ft.kjh la[;k 610 gSA xojhckbZ inka esa Kku] Hkxrh vj oSjkX;jh efgek ojf.kr gSA b.kjh Hkk"kk xqtjkrh] jktLFkkuh vj cztHkk"kk fefy;ksM+h gSA vkijS xhrka esa ljyrk]lgtrk] vj feBkl gSA

izHkq eksdw¡ ,d csjnjlu nb;sArqe dkju eSa HkbZ js fnokuh] migkl txr dh lfg;sAnkt ydqfV;k] da/ks defB;k] eq[k ij eqjyh ctS;sAghjk ekfud xjFk HkaMkjk] eky eqyd ugha pkfg;sAxojh ds Bkdj lq[k ds lkxj] esjs Mj varj jfg;sA

paMhnku& paMhnku jks tye la- 1848 esa gq;ksA vki fel.k lk[kk jk pkj.k gkA vki cwanh jk jSoklhgk vj cwanhnjckj jk ?k.kka pkok dfo gkA vki laLd`fr] fiaxG vj fMaxG jk izdk.M fo}ku gkA vki yxSVxSik¡p xzaFkk jh jpukdjhA vkijh jpukoka lkj lkxj] cyfoxzg] oa'kkHkj.k] rht rjax vj fo:n izdkl ?k.khpkoh gSA vkijh dforkoka jh Hkk"kk ljy vj e/kqj gSA Nan xfre; gSA

?kwer ?kVk ls ?ku?kksj ls ?kqeM+ ?kks[k] meM+r vk, deBku rsa v/khj lsApiV pisV pj[khu dh pykpy rSa] /kwfj /kwe /kwlr /kdkr ofy ohj ls AA

53

elr erax jkeflag efgiky tw ds] Mkfdu Mjk, ejn Nkfdfu Ndhj ls*lktS lkaVekju ds tSrokj] vkju ds vpy igkju ds ihj ls**

nhuth & nhuth jks tye dSyk'kiqjh tBS esokM+ jk egkjk.kkoka jk b.Vnso Jh ,dfyax th dk eafnjgS] gq;ksA vki tkfr jk Gqgkj rkA vkijS xazFkka lwa vijks jpuk dky la- 1863&88 ekywe gqoS gS* esokM+ jkegkjk.kk Hkheflag th vkiuS ?k.kka ekurk gkA nhuth izfrHkkou dfo vj ;ksx fl) feuj gkA vkijh Hkk"kk vkecksy pky jh jktLFkkuh gh* vkijh jpukok vk/;kfRed vj jgL;okn gSA vkijh jpuk jh vsd ckuxh&

ftruk nhlS fFkj ugha] fFkj gS fujatu ukeA[kV ikV uj fFkj ugha] ukgha fFkj /ku /kkeAA

ukgha fFkj /ku /kke] xke ?kj gLrh ?kksM+kAutj vkr fFkj ukfga] ukfga fFkj lkt latksaM+kAA

dgS nhu njost] dgk brus ij brukAfFkj fut eu lr 'kCn] ukgha fFkj nhlS ftrukAA

4-5 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jh folslrkoka

b.k jks tkLFkkuh lkfgR; dkO; dyk jh nhB lwa o.kkS lcG gSA b.k jk dfo;ka Qxr tl vj /kudeko.k lk: dkO; jks fljt.k dksuh dfj;ks cfYd bl >krh jks xku m.k jk /;s; rksA b.k tqxjk dfo;kauS yk[kilko ;k jkT;kJ; jh ykylk dnS Hkh dksuh jSbX cfYd m.k c[kr yksd psruk txko.kksa gh vkajks /;s; gksA

dkO; Hkklk& b.k leS j dfo eqDrd] vj izca/k nksuwa :ika uS vi.kk;k vj ckajks foxlko dfj;ksAfMaxy vj fiaxG nksuwa dkO; Hkklkoka esa Hkxrh dkO; fy[khT;kSA

b.k e/;dky esa vyx&vyx uawoka dkO; :i ns[k.k esa vkoS gS ft.kjS eka; osfy] jklkS] opfudk] izdkl]foykl] dfoRr Nan vkn [kkl gSA b.kjS vykok m.k c[kr x|&i| fefJr opfudk 'kSyh Hkh mtkl esa vkbZA

Nan] nwgk[k chlh] rhlh] crhlh] ckouh bR;kn dkO;:ika esa fyf[k;ksM+h iksF;ka esa eq[; :i lwa fdzlu:De.kh jh osfy] lxr jklkS] jke jklkS] ekrkth jh opfudk] jktizdkl] lwjtizdkl] jrufoykl] nyirfoyklvkn vkoS gSA

e/;dky esa m.k c[kr jk pkok Nanka jks iz;ksx [kwc dfj;kS x;kS gSA ft.kesa nwgk] dfoRr] daqMfy;k]pkSikbZ vkn [kkl Nan gSA vyadkjka esa vBS jk dfo;ka lcn vj vjFk lxGk vyadkjka uS dke esa fy;k gSAb.k jS vykok oS.k lxkbZ vyadkj jks dkO; eka; vksirks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA

b.k tx jk jktLFkkuh dkO; jh folslrkoka lkj :i esa b.k Hkkar gS

1- b.k tqx jks dkO; ewG :i lwa Hkxrh dkO; gS i.k ohjrk] fl.kxkj jhfr vj uhfr jks xzaFk Hkh [kwcfy[khft;kA

2- dkO; jS lkFkS&lkFkS x| jh U;kjh&U;kjh fu/kkoka esa Hkh lkfgR; jh fljtk.k gqbZA

3- bZleS dkO; Hkklk jS :i esa ^fMaxG* ^vj* ^fiaxG* uS jpukdkj vi.kkbZ vj HkksGGks dkO; fy[khT;kSA

4- dkO; vj x| jh ?k.kh fo/kkoka vj lSfy;ks jks tye mbZ tqx esa gq;kSA

5- Nank vj vyaadkjka jk fo/k&fo/k jk iz;ksx doslj dfj;k vj dkO; jk peRdkjka lwa dkO; uS xwaF;kSA

54

4-6 bdkbZ lkj

b.k bdkbZ esa vki e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jk izeq[k jpukdkjka jh tk.kdkjh m.kjS d`frR; jS lkxSgkfly djhA

iUnjgoha lgh lwa mUuhloha lnh jS fcpkGS jks dky e/;dky ukao lwa vkBf[ktSA m.k c[kr jhifjfLFkfr;ka uS le> j vk ckr tk.kyh dS m.k c[kr jktLFkkuh lkfgR; vsd uwaoksa :i ys;j lkeh vk;ksA

e/;dky jks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; vk[kS Hkkjr uS ukeh dfo;ka vj m.kkjh jpukoka dkj.k cstksM+ fx.khtSvS dfo vkijS fljt.k jS dkj.k vkt Hkh yksd jS fgjnS esa cfl;ksM+k gSA

fo"k;&oLrq jh nhB lwa b.k c[kr jks dkO; ?k.kea/kks gSA m.k c[kr jh dkBt;h jpukoka lwa iwjksjktLFkkuh lekt vj lkfgR; ljkcksj gq;ksM+ks gSA pkj.k lkfgR;] tSu lkfgR;] Hkxfr lkfgR;] vk[;kulkfgR; vkn m.k c[kr jks xtc jks lkfgR; c.k x;ks gSA

Hkklk&lSyh vj Nan&vyadkjka jh nhB lwa m.k c[kr jkS dkO; egrkÅ gSA

4-7 vH;kl jk loky

lko NksVk loky

1- ehjkackbZ jks C;kg fd.kjS lkxS gq;ks\

2- e/;dky jks c[kr dkabZ gS\

3- lka;kth >wGk jh nks; iks/;ka jks ukao fx.kkoks\

4- ^fdjrkj ckouh* fd.kjh jpuk gS\

5- ^psrko.kh jk pqxV~;k* fd.kjh jpuk gS\

6- bZljnkl jh ohj jlkRed dkO; iksFkh fdlh gS\

7- ^jkft;k jk nwgk* jk ys[kd dq.k gS\

8 jks vcqy Qty dq.k uS d;kS tkoS\

9- ehjk¡ ckbZ jks vorkj fd.k uS ekU;kS tkoS gS\

10- paMhnku jks tye dn gq;ks\

11- i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jh Hkxfr ijd jpuk dq.klh gS\

12- ^;fDe.khgj.k* fd.k dfo jh jpuk gS\

13- ^gfjjl* jk jpukdkj dq.k gS\

14- jkft;ks fd.k jks pkdj gks\

15- nhuth jks tye dn gq;ks\

NksVk loky

1- lka;kth >wGk jh thouh fy[kksA

55

2- e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh vks[kk.k djkoksA

3- ck¡dhnkl vkfl;k jh izeq[k pkoh iksF;ka jh tk.kdkjh djk;ks

4- Hkxr dfo bZljnkl jk jpuk lalkj lwa voxr djkoksA

5- nqjlk vk<+k jh jpukoka jks dwG fol; dkabZ gS\

esjk loky

1- ehjkackbZ jks thou ifjpS djkork Fkdka m.kjS ckjS esa fy[kksA

2- i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jks thou ifjpS fy[kksA

3- e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jk izeq[k jpukdkjka jks ifjpS nksA

4-8 lanHkZ xzaFk

1- bZljnkl % lkfgR; vdkneh ubZ fnYyhA

2- lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor&ck¡dhnkl xzaFkkoyhA

3- MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor&jktLFkkuh Hkklk] lkfgR; ,oa laLd`frA

4- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k&jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A

5- MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor&ehjk¡ ckbZ dh izkekf.kd thouhA

6- lhrkjke ykyl&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks laf{kIr bfrgklA

67

bdkbZ % 6

izeq[k dfo & jkeukFk dfo;k

bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

6-0 mísL;

6-1 izLrkouk

6-2 fol; oLrq % jkeukFk dfo;k thouh

6-2-1 tue&oal vj ifjokj

6-2-2 ?kj jkS R;kx] frtkjS vko.kkS

6-2-3 frtkjS jkS lueku

6-2-4 jkeukFk dfo;k jkS /kj.kkS

6-2-5 egkjktk f'konkuflag lwa Lokeheku [kkrj vnkor

6-2-6 dSn vj dSn lwa eqfä

6-3 jkeukFk dfo;k % jpukoka

6-3-1 jkeukFk dfo;k jkS fljt.k

6-3-2 dj.kh th jh Lrqfr

6-3-3 ikcwth jk lksjBk

6-3-4 nzksinh & fou;

6-3-5 xhr vj nwth QqVdj jpukoka

6-4 jkeukFk dfo;k jh jpukoka jkS foLysl.k

6-4-1 Hkfä ijd jpukoka

6-4-2 yksd nsoh&nsork jh jpukoka

6-4-3 nzksinh&fou; jh dkO; psruk

6-5 jkeukFk dfo;k jS dkO; jh pkoh nhB

6-5-1 tqx jkS tFkkjFk

6-5-2 LokHkheku jh j{kk

6-5-3 ukjh psruk jkS lueku

6-5-4 Lora=rk jh xwat

6-6 jkeukFk dfo;k jS dkO; jkS dyk&i{k

68

6-6-1 Nan

6-6-2 vyadkj

6-6-3 Hkklk vj lSyh

6-7 jktLFkkuh dkO; ijEijk esa jkeukFk dfo;k jkS ;ksxnku

6-8 bdkbZ lkj

6-9 vH;kl lk: loky

6-10 lanHkZ iksF;ka

6-0 mísL;

jktLFkkuh dkO; ijaijk jS vk/kqfud tqx jS iSyS ikaoMS esa vSM+k dsbZ dfo gqvk ftdk vsd dkuh ijaijkxrdkO; lwa tqM+~;k jg~;k rks nwth dkuha lekt esa vko.k okGS cnGko uS y[krka os vkijS dkO; esa ifjorZu jklqjka uS <kG~;kA b.k Hkkar jk iSyM+k dfo] dfojktk ckadhnkl vj dfojktk lw;ZeYy ehl.k jg~;k ftdk vkijSdkO; esa uwaoS tqx jk Hkkoka uS lkeha ys*j vk;kA b.kh ijaijk jk egrkÅ dfo jkeukFk dfo;k Hkh fx.;k tk ldSftdk vsd dkuha Hkfä ijd jpukoka lkeha yk;k rks nwth dkuha ifjorZu jk lqjka uS xqatk;eku dj lekt esacnGko yko.k jh lh[k fnohA ijaijkxr dkO;ka jh dfM+;ka esa ^^ikcwth jk lksjBk**] ^^dj.khxjh Lrqfr**] ftL;hjpukoka fx.kh tk ldS rks ^nzksinh&fou;** esa ifjorZu jk Hkko lkeha vk;k tBS dfo jkeukFk dfo;k nzksinhjS ek/;e lwa ukjh jS ijaijkxr :i esa cnGko ykorka ukjh jS ØkfUrdkjh l:i jh fNo uS lkeha yk;k ftdhifjfLFkfr;ka lwa gkj uha ekuS] lekt jS vR;kpkj uS Lohdkj uha dj [kqyS :i lwa vR;kpkfj;ka uS yydkjSAlekt jk Ny&Nn~eka jS lkeha vkijkS lcy i{k jk[kSA

vsd dfo vkijS dkO; esa b.k Hkkar jk U;kjk&U;kjk jax fd.k Hkkar yk; ldS] ;k os fdL;h ifjfLFkfr;ka;k futwa vuqHko OgS ftdk dfo uS ijaijk uS NksM+ uwaoS ekjx dkuha izsfjr djSA dfo jkeukFk dfo;k jkS dkO;b.k lR; jkS lk{kh gS b.kh okLrS okajkS v/;;u ?k.kkS t:jh gS ft.klwa ijaijk vj ifjorZu nksU;ka uS <ax lwale>;h tk ldSA b.k bdkbZ jkS vks bt mísL; gSA

6-1 izLrkouk

dfo jkeukFk dfo;k dkyØe jh nhB lwa dfo jktk ckadhnkl vj dfojktk&lw;ZeYy ehl.k] 'kadjnkulkekSj jk ledkyhu dfo dg~;k tk ldSA vS lxGk dfo jkT; vj jktk fo'ks"k lwa tqM~;k jg~;k i.k LokehHkfä jh vksV esa vkijS LokHkheku lwa d;h le>kSrkS uha dj~;kS vk [kkl fo'ks"krk ckadhnkl] lw;ZeYy ehl.k vjjkeukFk dfo;k esa vsd lkFkS ns[kh tk ldSA

dfojktk ckadhnkl vaxjstka jh uhfr uS le>rka yksxka uS vktknh lk: psrk;kS rks lw;ZeYy ehl.k^ohjlrlbZ* lwa ohj lekt jkS vkn'kZ lkeha jk[;kS ft.kesa ohjrk uS NksM+ fd.kh nwtS xq.k uS uha Lohdkj dj~;kSAHkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke jS iSyS la?k"kZ esa okajS dkO; jh Hkwfedk ?k.kh veksyd vj cstkSM+ jS;hA b.kh Hkkar'kadjnku lkekSj jk xhr [kjS l:i esa ^xksGh gank xhr* fl) gq;kA

Lora=rk laxzke ;k m.kh Hkkouk lwa ns[kka rks jkeukFk dfo;k jkS dkO; dnh vaxzstka jks fojks/k ;k la?k"kZjh ckr uha djh i.k vijks{k :i lwa lkekftd psruk uS txko.k jS Lrj ekFkS os vkReLokHkheku] O;fä jhLora=rk vj ukjh LokHkheku jkS ikB vkijh jpukoka lwa i<+k;kSA b.k tqVk rd ukfj;ka ijnk jS ikNS gh] lektesa gqo.k okGS vR;kpkj uS >sy.kokyh gh i.k dfo jkeukFk ukjh jS m.k feFkd uS rksM~;kS] vj ukjh uS uwaoS l:iesa ykorka nzksinh jS mnkgj.k lwa lekt jS lkeha vsd vkn'kZ jk[;kS ftdh ukjh ifjfLFkfr;ka lwa la?k"kZ djS

69

vR;kpkj dj.kokGka jkS fojks/k djS] ijaijkoka jS uke ekFkS gqo.k okGS vR;kpkj jkS fojks/k djSA /kkfeZd vjlkekftd {ks= lwa tqM+h dqjhfr;ka vj ijaijkoka jkS fojks/k djSA vk lcG ukjh nwth ukfj;ka uS txkoS*d fd.khHkh l:i esa ukjh ekFkS gqo.k okGS vR;kpkj uS uha rks ns[kS vj uha jgS u djS D;wa*d ukjh vxj [kqn vR;kpkjjS lkeha MV uS vHkh gq; tkoS rks dksbZ Hkh m.k ekFkS vR;kpkj uha dj ldSA

dfo jkeukFk dfo;k jkS tho.k ;k=k esa dksbZ izlax bL;k vk;k ft.kesa LokHkheku j{kk [kkrj dj~;ksM+kfdjrc [kkl mYys[k tksx gSA os izlax fd.kh Hkh l:i esa de uha vkaD;k tk ldSA

nzksinh phj gj.k jS NksVS izlax lwa ukjh LokHkheku vj vfLerk jh ckr mBko.k okGS dfo jkS ;ksxnkulkfgR; vj lekt lk: ?k.kkS egrkÅ vj mYys[k tksx gSA dfo jkeukFk dfo;k jS O;fäRo vj d`frRo jSv/;;u jS lkFkS&lkFkS okajh izxfr'khy psruk] O;fä jh Lora=rk vj LokHkheku jh j{kk [kkrj tho.k&la?k"kZjh vksG[kka.k b.k bdkbZ esa djhth gSA

6-2 fol; oLrq&jkeukFk dfo;k % O;fäRo

6-2-1 tue] oal vj ifjokj &

dfo jkeukFk dfo;k jkS tue pkj.k tkfr jh 'kk[kk ^dfo;k* esa gq;kSA laor~ 1865 ¼bZ- lu~ 1808½ esavkijkS tue lhdj ftyS jS ^pks[kk dks ckl* xkao esa gq;kSA vsd jpuk esa dfo jkeukFk dfo;k vkijS xkao jkSuke ^xqekuiqjk* Hkh crGk;kS gSA vkijk firkJh Kkuth dfo;k] nknk ufjfla?knklth gk vS nksU;wa ohj iq#lgkA nknk ujfla?knklth rks la?k"kZ djrka j.k Hkkse esa vkijS tho.k jkS cfynku dj~;kSA jktLFkkuh dfo;ka [kkrjvk ckr ?k.kh pkoh jS;h gS^d os vsd gkFk esa dye jk[krk vj nwtS gkFk esa djoky] jkeukFk dfo;k jh oa'kijaijk esa vk ckr [kjS :i lwa ns[kh tk ldSA okauS ohjrk vj lwjohjrk jh lh[k ohj eka jS nw/k jh /kkj vj oa'kijaijk jS lkapS xq.k /kje jS :i esa feGhA os lkapk dfo] ohj LokHkhekuh vj >wa>k: O;fäRo jk /k.kh jg~;kAvkiuS f'k{kk nh{kk ?kj jh ijaijk eqtc feGhA nwt f'k{kk nh{kk jkS vks ifj.kke jg~;kS d os vkijS dfo dÙkZO;]ohj ekrk jS eksrh liwr jS dÙkZO; uS lkapS <ax lwa fuHkk; lD;kA

jkeukFk dfo;k nks C;kao dj~;k vj nksU;wa ifRu;ka lwa okajS vsd&vsd csVks gq;ks cM+h iRuh jkS iq= ij'kqjkevj NksVh jkS iq= xaxknkl gksA vS nksU;wa iq= 'kkgiqjk jS 'kkld jh lsok esa x;k] vkijS xq.kka lwa ckauS izHkkfordj~;kSA

6-2-2 ?kj jkS R;kx vj frtkjS vko.kkS

dfo jkeukFk dfo;k jkS frtkjS jkT; lwa tqM+.kkS vsd lq[kn la;ksx bt dg~;kS tk ldS b.k la;ksx jSdkj.k bt os frtkjS lwa tqM~;k jg~;kA jkeukFk dfo;k jS vsd NksVkS HkkbZ f'koukFk gks ftdkS vkijS ?kj uS NksM+x;kS ijkS gks Tokajh] dksbZ lwpuk fd.kh uS Hkh uha ghA vsdj ;kajkS iwjkS dqVqEc fd.kh fraokj jS ekSdS HksGS gq;kS]lxGk yksx ekSt&vk.kan lwa theS gk i.k m.k esa okajkS oks NksVks HkkbZ uha gksA okajh eka uS vkijS csVS jh vksywavk;xh vj m.kjh vka[;ka esa vklwa vk;X;kA eka jh ihM+k uS dfo le>X;kS vj oks ekajS lkeha vks iz.k dj~;kSf'koukFk uS ikNkS ?kjka yk ekajS ixka esa gktj djSykA dfo jkS iz.k okauS ?kj NksM.k okLrS etcwj dj~;kS vj oseka jh vkKk ys; ;k=k l: djhA os BkSM+&BkSM+ dsbZ fBdk.kka] jkT;ka esa x;k i.k dBSbZ HkkbZ jkS irkS uha ykX;kSApkyrka&pkyrka os vyoj fj;klr jS frtkjS jkT; iwX;kA m.kh jkT; esa dfo jkeukFk th uS okajkS HkkbZ egkjktkcyoarfla?k th jS lkFkS jSorkSA os HkkbZ lwa feG~;kA nks U;wa Hkkb;ksa uS ?k.kkS vk.kan vk;kSA mBS os vkijh dkO;izfrHkk jkS peRdkj ns[kk;kSA cyoarflag th okauS Hkh vkijS dUuS jk[k fy;k vj ?kjka tko.k lwa jksd fy;kA vcSokajS lkeha nqfo/kk gh*d egkjktk jS euokj jkS eku jk[kS*d eka jS dj~;ksMS+ iz.k jkS ekauA lsoV os vkijhnqfo/kk egkjktk jS lkeha jk[kh rn okauS dksjkS N% fnuka jkS ekSdkS eka lwa feG.k lk: fn;kSA egkjktk okauS lh[knsorka yk[k&ilko* vj lha?kth xkao HksaV dj~;kSA jkeukFk th vkijh eka jS lkeha NksVS HkkbZ f'koukFk vj yk[k

70

ilko jS lEeku lkFkS iwX;kA eka jkS gj[k v.kikj gksA okauS b.k ckr jkS larks"k gks*d os vkijS opu uS fuHkk;lD;kA i.k N% fnuka jh vof/k iwjh gqoyka okauS ikNkS frtkjS vko.kkS iM~;kSA okajkS ?kj jkS R;kx okauS frtkjS jkSdfo c.kk; fn;kS vj lnho okLrS 'kks[kkokVh NksM+ frtkjS jkS jSoklh c.kk; fn;kSA

6-2-3- frtkjS jkS lueku &

frtkjS jS lueku esa dfo uS yk[k ilko jS lkFkS gkFkh] [kM+x vj fla?k th jkS xkao ftdks ^lkl.k* jkSgks oks fnjhT;kS b.k lueku jS lkFkS lclwa eksVkS lueku egkjktk cyoarflag jkS Lugs gks ftdkS okauS feG~;kSb.kjh lk[k jkS nwgkS b.k Hkkar ns[;kS tk ldS&

rhu lgl /kj rhu lS] ikGukG iSrhlAlhgkth ekStka lean] cGoar dh cxlhlAA

i.k dfo jkeukFk dfo;k jkS vks lq[k vj vkuan ?k.kk cjlka rd uha jS;k lD;kS ft.k c[kr jkeukFkdfo;k frtkjS jSo.k ykxk m.kh c[kr la- 1890 esa cyoar flag th ftdk frtkjS jk Lokuh gk os lifjokjnsoyksd gq;k yksxka jkS eku.kkS gks*d vk lk/kkj.k ekSr uha] vsd "kM~;a= jkS ifj.kke ghA vyoj ujs'k okanhtkxhj ekFkS vf/kdkj dj fy;kS lxGk xkao vj tkxhj jk iêk [kkylS dj fn;k b.kh ?kVuk esa jkeukFk dfo;kjkS xkao ^lhagkGh* ftdkS ^lkl.k* xkao gks oks Hkh tCr gq;X;kSA yksx vj dfo egkjktk fou;flag uS ?k.kkSle>k;kS vj izkFkZuk djh i.k egkjktk uha lq.kh b.k ckr lwa dfo ?k.kk nq%[kh gq;k vj os lR;kxzg dj.kS jkSQSlykS dj~;kSA

6-2-4 jkeukFk dfo;k jkS /kj.kkS ¼vyoj jkS /kj.kkS½

jkeukFk dfo;k lwa tn okajkS xkao tCr dj fy;kS rks os ?k.kk nq%[kh gq;k vj os /kj.kS jkS QSlykS dj~;kSAos ,d lkS ,d /kkj.ka jS lkFkS /kj.kS ij cSB~;kA vks /kj.kkS bfrgkl esa ^^vyoj jkS /kj.kkS** dghtSA b.k /kj.kS jh?kVuk lwa vyoj ujsVk jk [kqn jk yksx Hkh nq%[kh gk i.k jktk vkijkS gB uah NksM~;ksA lsoV nsoh; peRdkjlwa vt jktk vkijh ftn NksM+h vj okauS nwtkS xkao ^^lVkoV** feG~;kSA b.k ?kVuk jkS o.kZu MkW- euksgj 'kekZ^^jkeukFk dfo;k & eksuksxzkQ** esa b.k Hkkar dj~;kS gS&^^blh fLFkfr eka; dfo jkeukFk ^/kj.kkS* ¼lR;kxzg½ djjh /kkjh ft.k eka; 101 pkj.k vkRe cfynku dj.kS [kkrj R;kj gqvkA vks ^^vyoj jks /kj.kks** iz[;kr gSA

b.k lk: fy[;kS x;kS gS ^^/kj.kS jh vcjoh fLFkfr ns[kj vyoj ujs'k cM+k HkkbZ guqearfla?k ¼Fkk.kks½ vj'kkgiqjk jh egkjk.kh Hkh m.k uS ?k.kkS gh le>k;kS dS b.k vuFkZ lwa cp.kkS gh mfpr gS] i.k jktk uha ekU;kSAblh gkyr esa guqearfla?k vkijS fBdk.kS jkS iêks iwBks ykSVk;j vyoj uS dksM+ fn;kSA 'kkgiqjS jk egkjk.kh thHkh vulu /kkj.k dj~;kSA vyoj ujs'k jks ea=h vEewtku Hkh [ktkus jh pkch m.kuS ikNh ykSVk; nhuhA oks Hkhb.k egkiki uS ns[kj fopfyr gq;xksA blh gkyr eka; Hkh jktk vkijks gB uha NksM~;kS vj fd.kha jh ckr uhajk[khA

^vyoj jks /kj.kks* dfooj jkeukFk jh iz/kkurk eka; l: gq;ksA pkj.kka] foifÙk jh osGk eka; dj.kh ekrkjkS vkg~oku dj~;kSA dS;kS tkoS dS b.k lwa vyoj jkS jktegy gkyck ykX;kS vj loZ= gkgkdkj ekp mB~;kSdksbZ Hkh dkj.k gq;ks] vyoj ujs'k vc vDdy vkbZ vj oks vkijks gqde ikNks fy;ks vj /kj.kks mBko.k [kkrjpkj.kka lwa vjt djhA b.k Hkkao vyoj jkS /kj.kkS lQy gq;kS vj dfo jkeukFk uS lhagkth lwa Hkh vkN~;kS xkao^lVkoV* feY;kSA** ¼jkeukFkdfo;k % Mk- euksgj 'kekZ % i`- 18½

6-2-5 egkjktk f'konkufla?k lwa LokHkheku [kkrj vnkor

egkjktk fou;flag ftdk vyoj jk egkjktk gk okajS iNS vyoj jkS jkt f'konkufla?k jS gkFkka esa vk;kSAjkt gkFk vko.k jh osGk f'konku fla?k mej esa NksVk gk] vj b.k ukckfyx voLFkk esa fd.kh laj{kd jh t:jrgh b.k okLrS vaxjst ljdkj dkuh lwa jkeukFk dfo;k uS okajks laj{d c.kkbT;kSA

71

egkjktk f'konkufla?k jh tho.k 'kSyh jkeukFk dfo;k uS nk; uha vkorhA dsbZ okj ukeukFk th dfo;kegkjktk uS le>k;k i.k os uha le>;kA vsdj cky dVko.k jh ckr ekFkS fookn gq;kS jkeukFk th egkjktkth jk cky iêsnkj uha j[kokj okajkS eqaMu djok; fn;kSA egkjktk m.k c[kr rks dh uha cksy lD;k i.k euesa jkeukFk th [kkrj cSj ikG fy;ks vj r; dj fy;kS*d b.k vieku jkS cnykS yso.kh gSA dfo jkeukFkdfo;k b.k lkp uS tk.krk gk] okauS vanslkS Hkh gks i.k vkijS LokHkheku lwa] le>ksrkS uh djrka os egkjktk uSlgh ekjx uS yko.k jh ckr lwa uha fMX;kA egkjktk jS ckGeu esa cSj yso.k jh ckr ?kj djh vj jkt jh iwjhlÙkk gkFk vkorka bt os jkeukFk th lwa cnyks fy;kSA

6-2-6 dSn vj dSn lwa eqfä

egkjktk f'konku fla?k jk cky dVoko.k okGh ckr eas Hkksikyflag th jkBkSM+ Hkh esGk gk okauS rksljsvke twrk ekj okjkS vieku dj~;kS vj vkijS eu uS rlYyh nhA i.k jkeukFk th ekFkS tksj uha pkY;kSAvsd fnu tsG jkS njksxkS egkjktk jS cqykoS jkS lansl ys*j okajS dUuS x;kSA jkeukFk th dfo;k b.k ckr uS le>x;kA LokHkheku lwa Hkj~;k jkeukFk th rqjar gkFk esa dVkj ys;] eka txnEck jkS /;ku djrka] dVkj vkijS isVesa ?kky dg~;kS] pkykS dfojtk uS b.k :i esa ns[k njksxkS pedX;kS vj oks dh os.k ykxkS m.klwa iSyh jkeukFkthnwth dVkj lwa m.kHkk;S izgkj dj~;kS oks vkijk gksl&gokl xek; fn;kA i.k vk ?kVuk P;k:a dkuha vsdneQSyxh vsd pkj.k jS lkFkS b.k Hkkar jh ?kVuk vtksxrh ckr gh b.k okLrS egkjktk okajkS rqjar bykt djok;kSvj os Bhd gq;X;kA

b.k ?kVuk jS iNS okauS vyoj jS ckyk fdyk esa dj fn;kS x;kS vj okajh tkxhj uS Hkh tCr dj yhA brjkSlSadha gqorka Hkh os >qD;k uha vj vkijS LokHkheku uS c.kk;kS jk[;kSA

egkjktk f'konkufla?k b.k fdyS duha vk;k vj jkeukFk dfo;k uS lq.kkorka dg~;kS] ^^vkNh/kksyka esa /kwy fxjokbZA** dfo dSn esa bZa ckr uS lq.krka ikj.kkS tckc fn;kS& ^^eSa rks dVkj lwa esjs /kksGka jh /kwy >kM+ yhu i.k FkkjS dkGS ckGka jh /kwG dnS Hkh uha >kM+h tk ldSyhA**

vyoj jS ckyk fdyS jh dSn eas dfo ijra=rk vj ijo'krk jkS nq%[k ns[k.kkS iM~;kS os yxhyxifjfLFkfr;ka lwa la?k"kZ djrk tk; jg~;kgkb.k okLrs os bZ'oj jS Lej.k esa ykX;k b.kh dSn esa os vkijh pkohjpuk nzksinh&fou; jh jpuk djh ft.kesa ifjfLFkfr;ka esa la?k"kZ] LokHkheku jh j{kk vj bZ'oj lwa d#.k iqdkjdjhthA

dfo jkekukFk jS nks csVk gk ftdk 'kkgiqjk jS 'kkld jh lsok esa ykX;k jg~;kA egkjktk okauS lsok jS Qyl:i dha ekax.k jkS dg~;kS rks os vkijS firk uS dSn lwa eqä djko.k lk: lgk;rk ekaxhA 'kkgiqjkjk egkjktkb.k lk: iz;kl dj~;kA vyoj jh jktekrk Hkh b.k lk: lg;ksx dj~;kS b.k lxGka jk jk iz;kl lwa egkjktkf'konkufla?k uS >qd.kkS iM~;kS vj dfo jkeukFk dfo;k uS dSn lwa eqfä feyh vj okajh tkxhj Hkh ikNhfnjhthA

nsgkolku & dfo jkeukFk dfo;k jkS NSykS tho.k Hkfä Hkko lwa Hkj~;ksM+kS jg~;kSA os lVkoV jh MwaxjhjS ekrkth jh lsok djrkA lÙkj cjlka jh voLFkk esa laor~ 1935 ¼lu~ 1878½ esa dfo jh nsgkolku gq;kSA vktdfo rkS uha i.k okjh jpukoka] okajkS LokHkheku vj okajkS la?k"kZ laxGka jS lkeha gSA

6-3 jkeukFk dfo;k % d`frRo

6-3-1 jkeukFk dfo;k jkS fljt.k

jkeukFk dfo;k jkS dkO; ifjek.k ;k foLrkj jh nhB lwa ?k.kkS foLr`r dksuh gSA okajh jpuk esa ohjrk]Hkfä vj d#.kk jk Hkko lkeha vk;k gSA os fdlh O;fä] jktk ;k Lokeh jS tho.k pfjrj uS vk/kkj c.kk; dksbZjpuk dksuha fy[khA okajh jpukoka nsoh&nsork vj yksd nsorkoka jS tho.k pfjrj lwa tqM+h jS;hA

72

dkO;&foLrkj ;k dFkk Øe jh nhB ns[kks rks Hkh y[koS*d dfo NksVh&NksVh jpukoka lkeha jk[h jpukfoLrkj jh nhB lwa ns[kka rks nzksinh&fou; vsd bL;h jpuk gS ft.k jh Nan la[;k mulkB lwa cgksÙkj rdekuhth gS b.k jpuk uS dksbZ d#.k ckgksrjh* rks dksbZ d#.kk&cko.kh* dSoSA ;kajS fy[;ksM+k QqVdj dkO; vjxhrka jh la[;k ?k.kh dksuha i.kos FkksM+h jpukoka os dfo jh dkO; izfrHkk vj fol; jh XgSjh nhB b.k ckr uSfl) djS*d jpuk jkS foLrkj jpuk uS egrkÅ uha c.kkoS] jpuk jkS Hkko bt m.kuS egrkÅ c.kkoS vn m.khdkj.kS jpukdkj vj dfo Hkh egrkÅ c.kSA jkeukFk dfo;k Hkh b.kh nhB lwa ?k.kk egrkÅ vj yksd pkok dfojg~;kA okajh jpukoka uS b.k Hkkar ns[kh tk ldS &

¼1½ dj.khth jh Lrqfr

¼2½ ikcwth jk lksjBk

¼3½ nzksinh&fou;

¼4½ Lora= xhr vj nwth jpukoka

bu lxGh jpukoka jkS ifjp; vj v/;;;u vkxS fy[;kS tk jákS gSA

6-3-2 dj.khth jh Lrqfr &

T;wa iSyh fy[khT;kS gS*d jkeukFk dfo;k jh jpukoka dgh O;fä ijd uha jS;h okajh jpukoka yksdnsoh&nsork vj yksd uk;dka lwa tqM+h jSuh gSA

^^dj.kh ekrk** T;kajkS eafnj nsluksd esa gSA ;ka uS 'kfä jkS vorkj ekuhT;kS gSA pkj.k b.k nsoh jk [kklmikld jg~;k gSA yksd esa dj.kh th jk iKk ?k.kk pkok jg~;k gSA jkeukFk th dfo;k Hkh ;kajk iDdk Hkäjg~;k gSA dj.kh th jkS b"V jkeukFk th jS jg~;kSA tn vyoj jk egkjktk fou;flag jkeukFk dfo;k jh tkxhjtCr dj yh vj okauS /kj.kS ekFkS cSB;kS iM+~;kS m.k c[kr tn dj.kh jh vkj/kuk&Lrqfr dj rn ekU;kS tkoS*degy /kwt.k ykxaX;kS vj egkjktk fou;flag uS gkj* okajh ckr eku.kh iM+hA m.kh c[kr jkeukFk th uS lhagkyhjS cnGS lVkoV xkao HksaV djhT;kSA

dj.kh th jh Lrqfr jk lksjBk b.k Hkkar gS T;kajh la[;k vkB ekuhth gSA b.kesa dj.khth jh Lrqfr gS&

cM+dS Mk<+ ojkg] dM+dS ihB deV~B jhA

/kM+dS ukx /kjkg] ck?k p<+S tn ohlgFkAA1AA

djuy fdfu;ka.khg] /kf.k;k.kh taxG /kjkA

vkGl er vk.khg] ohlgFkh yktS foM+nAA2AA

fo[keh vkbZ okj] uS Åij djL;kS ughaA

lj.kkbZ lk/kkj] dq.k tx dglh] djuykAA3AA

lqf.k;ka lkn lrst] vkbZ] vkxy] vkorkA

txnac vc D;wa tst] djh brh rS djuykAA4AA

nsoh nslk.ksg] /kj ohdk.kS rwa /k.khA

tksx.k tks/kk.ksg] ekuhtS] egkl/kwAA5AA

FkGoV gsyks Fkk;] vkrk csxk bZljhA

73

eksjh ofj;ka Fkk;] vkrk csxk bZljhA

eksjh ofj;ka ek;] cw<+k gq;X;k chlgFkAA6AA

OgS flag gksdjM+hg] iylkgka ijpk fn;kA

Mjih MksdjM+hg] ek] vkrh esokr esaAA7AA

OgS flag gksdjM+hg] irlkgka ijpk fn;kA

Mx Hkj MksdjM+hg] ek vkbZ esokr esaAA8AA

6-3-3 ikcwth jk lksjBk

ikcwth jktLFkkuh yksd ekul esa pkok yksd nsork ekuhT;k gS ;kajh fx.krh ikap yksd nsork T;kuS ikapihj ekuhtS okaeSa djhth gS b.k ckcr vsd nwgks yksd esa pkokS jg~;kS gS&

^^ikcw] gjcw jkenso] ekaxfG;k esgkA

ikapw ihj i/kkjT;ks] xksxkns tsgkAA**

ikcwth] /kka/ky th jkBkSM+ jk csVk gk] ikcwth] Vkcj i.kS lwa bt dsbZ peRdkj ns[kk;kA vkijS C;kay jhcsGk] nsoGns pkj.kh lwa dkGeh ¼dslj½ ?kksM+h b.k opu lwa yhoh*d dke iM+;k twrh uh iS:yka] b.k opu uSfuHkk;kS C;kao jk Qsjk uS v/kwjk NksM+ thanjko [khaph jS lkuha] eaM~;k] xk;ka uS rks os eqä djk; yh i.k xksj{kkesa vkijS tho.k jkS cfGnku nso.kkS iM~;kSA

jkeukFk dfo;k tn tsy esa gk m.k c[kr vk jpuk fy[kh gq; ldS vBS okajkS Hkko vkS jg~;kS*d T;wa vkinsoGns jh lgk;rk djh m.kh Hkkar vki Egkjh Hkh j{kk vj lgk;rk djkSA ikcwth jk lksjBk esa dfo ;wa rks ikcwthjh dFkk jS dslj ?kksM+h jS izlax uS fy;kS gS vj ;q) jS lkFkS ikcwth jS cfGnku uS njlk;kS i.k os [kqn jhlgk;rk jh vjt Hkh djh gS b.k ckcr MkW- euksgj 'kekZ fy[;kS gS& ^^dfooj jkeukFk dkjkxkj ekap vkijheqfä [kkrj ikcwth ¼yksdnsork½ jh izkFkZuk djhA ft.k Hkkar ikcwth ujnsg eka; nsoyns jh enn djh vj m.kiquhr deZ eka; vkRe cfynku ns;j nso in izkIr dj~;kS] m.kh Hkkar oS nso:i esa vc pkj.k&dfo jh lgk;rkdjSA** ¼MkW- euksgj 'kekZ % jkeukFk dfo;k] i`- 30½

yksd esa izpfyr dsbZ nwgka uS jkeukFk dfo;k jh jpuk ekuhth gS i.k 'kks/k iNS vk ckr fl) gqbZ gS*d^ikcwth jk lksjBk* esa bdrhl nwgk dghT;k gS vj cÙkhlokS nwgkS QGJqfr l:i esa gS b.k nwgk ¼lksjBk½ jkS ewGikB b.k Hkkar gS&

ikcwth jk lksjBk &

tk;y [khph tksj] dksGwe¡< jktS de/kA

rs fur cnGS rksj] dslj ?kksM+h dkj.kAA1AA

tn dfg;ks ftujko] dslj ys ikow de/kA

nsL;wa blM+ks nko] ?k.k FkV xk;ka ?ksjL;waAA2AA

yh/kk lkaoG ykj] taxh p¡n MkaHks ftlkA

nsoy jS njckj] HkkY;kGks iwxks HkykAA3AA

ukeh lhl uek;] nsoy uSa ikcw n[kSA

74

ckbZ] ew> crk;] dlh&d ?kksM+h dkGohaAA4AA

ohjk] cw> u ckr] /kka/ky&jk eksVk /k.kh A

?kylh xk;ka ?kkr] tn&dn [khph than jksAA5AA

ik.kh iou izek.k] /kj&vEcj fgUnw /kjeA

vk /kka/ky jh vk.k] flj nsL;wa xk;ka lVSAA6AA

ohjk] nhtS ckag] lkrm chlh lkaoGkA

uVts m.k fnu ukag] ?kj MwcS] xk;ka f?kjSAA7AA

/khjt eu esa /kkj] ls tqx vk[kS lkaoGkA

vkxy xk;ka vkj] ckbZ] Egs ÅtG c.kkaAA8AA

ckbZ] fcdjkGhy] dslj eks dkGh duSA

vkbZ ÅrkGhg] rkGh u¡g cktS r fnuAA9AA

[kSax nqckxka [kksy] dk<h ckgj dkGehA

^cki&cki* eq[k cksy] HkkY;kGks pf<;ks HkykaAA10AA

vks fyNe.k vkSrkj] lde :i dslj ltSA

vk ?kksM+h vlokj] vk;k dFk jk[k.k vejAA11AA

lks<ka jhr lok;] lkEgsGS ?kksM+k ltSA

ckbZ] ew> crk;] dlh&d eyQS dkGehAA12AA

feyS] u yh/kka eksy] ldr i/kkjh lqjx lwaA

ohjk] /khjks cksy] mM ykxS vlek.k jSAA13AA

taxh lks<k tSr] Åejx< Åapks vGxA

rksj.k ca/kS rSr] fd.k fo/k iwxS dkGehAA14AA

N=/kj /kka/ky Nkr] de/kt] lksp uh dhft;sA

rksj.k drh&d ckr] rkjk vEcj rksM+oSAA15AA

/kzqoS uxkjk ?kzhl] lkrwa chlh lkaoGkA

lsgj HkGdS lhl] ikcw pf<;ks ij.kokAA16AA

HkGdS vEcj&Hkk.k] Hkk.k nqoks izFkeh HkGdA

tka fnu pf<;k tku] nso foek.kka nsf[k;kAA17AA

nqok u iwxS nkSM+ lks<ka jk ?kksM+k ldksA

rksj.k ywaeka rksM+ dslj foyeh dkaxjkaAA18AA

75

tynh rksj.k tk;] ckbZ] fuj[kks chan uSaA

eksn euka ug ek;] HkkHkh ;wa dfg;ks HkykaAA19AA

gFkGsoks uj&yksd] iSlkjks ijyksd esaA

lq[k foyl.k lqj&yksd] tku lgsrka tkoL;kaAA20AA

ckbZ] vlqHk u cksy] ds okrka blM+h djksA

de/kt lwa dj dksy] jkt ?k.kk fnu jk[kL;kaAA21AA

l¡eGh :i ltk;] dwdh nsoy dkaxjSA

tk;y xk;ka tk;] dks ikcw p<L;ks djkaAA22AA

vkNk cksy mtkG] dGgG lq.krka dkGehA

Hkkyks yh/k HkqtkG] of.k;ks xk;ka ckg:AA23AA

vk fQj&fQj vkMhg] de/kt uSa ykMh dgSA

N=h] fde NkMhg] vk/kk Qsjka ÅfB;ksAA24AA

lkG~;ka ganks lkFk] vjt djS NS vki uSA

gFkGsok jks gkFk] tfp;ks i.k jfp;ks ughaAA25AA

tst gwar dj than] rlohjka fy[kY;ka rqjrA

oGs t blM+ks chan] ÅejdksV u vkolhAA26AA

xjnu eksVks xkr] isV nwan fNVD;k iM+SA

lks<h&okGS lkFk] rwa MkaHkk vkts r&fnuAA27AA

cksy u blM+k cksy] vkaVhyk Bkdj vyyA

djL;ka lkapk dksy] fiaM xk;ka vkxy iM+SAA28AA

dj esa yh/k dVkj] igyh isV iz.kkfG;ksA

/kd vf.k;kG nq/kkj] v¡r xzh/k.k yhtks vcSAA29AA

tM+ isVh dl tksj] [kSax p<ks gj.kka[kqjSA

vc u¡g iwxS vksj] de/k] gdkyks dkGehAA30AA

?ky [khaP;ka ?kelk.k] nsoy uS xk;k n;hA

cSBks de/k foeka.k] dh/kka lkFkS dkGehAA21AA

,s nwgk bdrhl] pkj.k i<oS pko lwaA

fclok ekuks chl] de/kft;ks Åij djSAA32AA

6-3-4 nzkSinh&fou; &

jkeukFk dfo;k jh lS lwaegrkÅ jpuk nzkSijh&fou;* ekuhth gSA jktLFkkuh dkO; ijEijk jS vk/kqfud

76

tqx eka; vk jpuk jkeukFk dfo;k uS Bkoh BkSM+ fnjk;h gSA vkt yksx ukjh foe'kZ] ukjh Lokra«; psruk jhckr djS] ukjh jS l'kfädj.k jkS leFkZu djS i.k dSbZ cjlka iSyh b.k Hkkar jh jpuk lkeha l[k.kh vsd [kjhigy dS;h tk ldSA ukjh jkS ijaijkxr l:i vR;pkj >sy.k jkS vj&ijnka esa jSo.k jkS jS;kS dfo ukjh jS m.kl:i uS cnG~;kS gSA vBS nzkSinh ft.kjh ykt ywV.k jkS iz;kl Hkjh lHkk esa djhtS] m.k n;.kh; fLFkfr esa Hkhok vkijkS lkgl uha NksM+S] iSyh rks lxGka lwa fuosnu djS i.k iNS vsd&vsd uS pqukSfr nSoS vj okajS iq#"kkFkZuS yydkjS b.k esa ok vkijS ikapw /kf.k;ka] Hkh"e firkeg] nzks.kkpk;Z d.kZ] /k`rjk"Vª lxGka uS HkkaMSA brjkS vtuha ok m.k njckj esa vk;ksM+h ukfj;ka uS Hkh pqukSfr nsoS*d vkt ts Fks Egkjka ykt jh j{kk dj.k esa vkxS uha vkbZrks dky ;k vko.k okGS leSa esa lxGh yqxkbZ tkr jh ykt yqVhtSykA

^nzkSinh&fou;* jh dFkk jkS vk/kkj&izlax egkHkkjr jkS phj gj.k jkS izlax jg~;kS gS ft.kesa dksjoka jh HkjhlHkk esa m.kjS phj gj.k jkS iz;kl djhtS i.k Hkxoku d`".k lgk;rk lwa dkSjo vkijS b.k mís'; esa lQy uhagq; ldSA

dfo jkeukFk dfo;k jS tho.k izlax lwa b.k jpuk jkS XgSjkS tqM+ko jg~;kS gSA nzkSinh jS izlax esa ft.k Hkkarm.kuS vknj lEeku fn;kS tko.kkS pkbtrkS gks uha fnjhT;kS m.kkjkS phj gj.k jkS iz;kl gq;kS m.kh Hkkar dfojkeukFk dfo;k jkS Hkh iSyh tkxhj tCr dj vieku djhT;kS vj iNS egkjkt f'konku fla?k tn okauS fdysesa dSn dj fy;kS rn eqfä feyhA nzkSinh&fou; jh jpuk lk: vk /kkj.kk jS;h gS*d vk jpuk dfo [kqn jhHkkouk jkS izfrQG gS ft.kesa oks Hkko nzkSinh jS ek/;e lwa lkuha yk;kS gSA b.k ckcr fy[khT;kS gS&^^d#.kk ckouh¼nzksinh fou;½ dkO; eka; dfo nzkSinh jS eq[k lwa vki [kqn cksyS gSA lkFkS gh vk ckr Hkh /;ku eka; jk[k.ktksx gS dS dfo jkeukFk jkS LoHkko Hkh yxHkx nzkSinh jS leku gh gksA dfo [kqn Hkh nzkSinh nkabZ LokfHkekuhvj vlgu'khy gksA nzkSinh jkS rjka gh oks m.k c[kr nq"V 'kkld jh idM+ eka; gks vj vlgk; gksA** ¼MkW-euksgj 'kekZ % jkeukFk dfo;k] i`- 40½

^^nzkSinh&fou;** dkO; dksbZ ^d#.k&cko.kh* dSos ft.kesa ipiu lksjBk vj pkj nwgk fnjhT;k gS b.khHkkar vsd uke ^d#.k&cgrjh** Hkh vkoS ft.kesa 72 nksgk- lksjBk vk;k gSA jpuk jS l:i esa vks cnGko jpukjh izflf) jkS ifj.kke eku ldka tBS yksd jh jpuk Hkh b.k jpuk lwa tqM+xh gSA ;wa nzkSinh&fou; uS^^d#.kk&ckouh** vj ^^d#.kk cgÙkjh** dghtSA jpuk jk nksU;w l:i izpfyr vj izdkf'kr gSA i.k vBSd#.kk&cko.kkh jk Nank jkS ewy ikB fnjhtS&

nzkSinh&fou;

nzkSin gsul ns;] osxkS vk olqnso&jkA

ykt jk[k] tl ys;] ykt x;ka ozn yktlhAA1AA

lkjkS iyV~;ks lkFk] dwM+ fopkjh dSjokaA

gfj bTtr uSa gkFk] lg fey ?kkyS] lkaojkAA2AA

ifr eks opu izek.k] izk.k izcG rt cSfB;kA

vks dkSjo volk.k] lcGkS ik;kS] lkaojkAA3AA

[kjkS ew> yt[ksr ÅHkka /kf.k;ka ÅtM+SA

fpr esa dhtS psr] osxkS vk] olqnso&jkAA4AA

ifr eks ns[kS ikap] /kjrka ix /kwtS /kjkA

vkoS ykt u vkap] /kj u[k lwa dqpjS /koGAA5AA

77

lklw vfj;ka&lky] tk;k ikapwa tks ejnA

[kksVkS jfp;kS [;ky] lc tx g¡lS t] lkaojkAA6AA

ifr eks ik;k ikap] ir fd.k lwa tkpwa izxVA

ykxS dqG uS ykap] lkap j[kkT;ks] lkaojkAA7AA

,s fey nqLVh vkt] ikt vuknh ikGVSA

yktS dqG jh ykt] lkS dkslka lwa] lkaojkAA8AA

cksoS fo[k jk cht] ,s fnu&fnu gksoS mHkVA

[kksoS dj&dj [kht] lq[k u¡g lksoS] lkaojkAA9AA

vksBk fnu vk;kg] [kksVk ex dSjo [kM+~;kA

tq/k ikaMo tk;kg] lkjk >xM+S] lkaojkAA10AA

gks; lHkk gexhj] nqLlkl.k [kSapS nqlVA

fpG~;ks iqjk.kks phj] flj lwa pkY;ks lkaojksAA11AA

fuyth dkSjo ukj] ds ÅHkh eqGD;k djSA

vk rks dqVe m/kkj] ns.kk lks ys.kk nqjlAA12AA

vks ukxj vkT;ksg] phj o/kkT;kS pkSx.kksA

ft.k ex er tkT;ksg] yk[kh.kh eks ykt ysAA13AA

nq[k esa djL;ks nsj] Qsj fdlh djL;ks QrsA

ojnk;d b.k osj] lk; djkT;kS] lkaojkAA14AA

tks yt vc tklhg] vk rks u¡g vklh volA

nkeksnj nklhg] nzksin I;klh njl.kkaAA15AA

pkgs phj [kapk;] ikaMo ?kj nzksin izxVA

tho ykt l¡x tk;] lkaph tk.kks] lkaojkAA16AA

eks eu ifM+;ks eksp] ^vko* dS;k vk;ks ughaA

lkM+h jks u¡g lksp] lksp foM+n jkS] lkaojkAA17AA

c.kS lq;ks/ku chu] tkuh nqLlkl.k ftlkA

ukeh lxk uohu] rksj.k xk nzksin r.kSAA18AA

v¡x Nk;ka vknhg] fr.k l¡x yk/kh rsy esaA

ft.k eN ij tk nhg] lk/kh ck.kka] lkaojkAA19AA

v/kir rt vklkg] uka[k fulklka uhljSA

iGVS vc iklkg] lks vjtu dj] lkaojkAA20AA

78

vklk rt vk;kg] ikNk dkSjo iko.kkA

m.k fnu jk nk;kg] lk>S eks lwa] lkaojkAA21AA

lqjir jks lkjksg] dkjt Hj eu cn fd;ksA

/koG ØhV /kkjksg] lnk ftrk;k] lkaojkAA22AA

ru eks fry rsrksg] vkt lHk fcp Å?kM+SA

gfj ikaMo gsrksg] gwa tk.kwa gksrks ughaAA23AA

ys NS vcGk ykt] lcGk g~oS cSBk ldksA

xqê&lHkk ij xkt] lVdS jkGks lkaojkAA24AA

fefu;k eatkjhg] vxu iztkGh Åcj;kA

cjrh eks ckjhg] lqoS d tkxS] lkaojkAA25AA

jTtlqyk ukjhg] dFkk xksi] fd.k lwa dgwaA

le>kS gj lkjhg] lje /kje jh] lkaojkAA26AA

nzksin nqf[k;kjhg] iwdkjh vcGk i.kSA

enrh gj] egkjhg d#.kkdj djL;ks djkaAA27AA

lqjHkh fn;k ljki] iki frdks Hkqxr.k iM+~;ksA

bd gfj] jPNd vki] lnk cpkbZ] lkaojkAA28AA

ysrka frfj;k ykt] ifr cksnks vkMks iM+SA

,s uj cSBk vkt] fla?k L;kG g~oS] lkaojkAA29AA

vko.k nqjoklkg] lzki ns.k Hkqxr.k lghA

bZ'oj rwa vklkg] lkaph iwjh] lkaojkAA30AA

tx vUrj&tkehg] lsod lq[k/kkeh lnkA

lks vcdS Lokehg] lkn u lq.koS] lkaojkAA31AA

yk[kk&xzg jh yk;] rSa ikaMo jk[;k r fnuA

cMk fd;k ou eka;] lkFk u NksM~;ks] lkaojkAA32AA

I;kyk tgj fiok;] Hkhe xax iVD;ks gqrksA

iux&yksd ij.kk;] lkFkS Y;k;ks] lkaojkAA33AA

ns[kS Hkhle nzks.k] tsB dj.k ns[kS tBSA

dks gfj] cjtS dks.k] ykt #[kkGk] ykt ySAA34AA

lqlj u dksÅ lkFk] va/k lHkk uzi va/k jhA

gks.kgkj vi&gkFk] ns[kks Hkhle nzks.k jksAA35AA

79

gkslh tx esa gkal] nzksin ukxh ns[krkaA

lkM+h igyh lkal] lVdS ys ys] lkaojkAA36AA

jfV;ks ^gfj* xtjkt] rt [kxsl fQj rkfj;ksA

vko.k nsjh vkt] lks u¡g dhtS] lkaojkAA37AA

yM+dki.k izgykn] vkn FkuSa dhuks volA

fo.k jks jk[;ks okn] fla?k&ukn dj] lkaojkAA38AA

vklk jk[kh ,d] lqfej.k rks ful&fnu lnkA

Vkcj /kw jh Vsd] jk[kh rwa] olqnso&jkAA39AA

ykjS Hkxrka ykt] yadkx<+ j?kqir yM+~;kA

dj.k HkHkh[k.k dkt] flj nl rksM~;k] lkaojkAA40AA

jkG~;ks tG lqjjkt] /kj vacj bd /kkj lwaA

djS vHk; czt dkt] dj fxj /kkj~;ks] dkUgM+kAA41AA

foiz lqnkek okj] dksM+ka /ku ik;ks dBkaA

o/k.k phj foLrkj] lj/kk ?kVxh] lkaojkAA42AA

jSxj ltu jV~;ksg] ukbZ Nhaik ukbdkA

?kj m.k jS u ?kV~;ksg] lje /kje je] lkaojkAA43AA

tk.kS fdlks vtka.k] rhu yksd rkj.k&rj.kA

gksoS nzksin gka.k] lje /kje jh] lkaojkAA44AA

xw< opu xk;ksg] lq.k ik;kS tn lkaojksA

var osx vk;ksg] phj o/kk;kS pkSx.kksAA45AA

gkj~;ks nq; gkFkkag] nqLlkl.k dj cG nqlVA

tklh flj tkrkag] lSal Hkqtk ns lkaojksAA46AA

nzksin nDdkykg] nqlV&lHkk fop nk[koSA

Y;k;ks u¡nykykg] phj&nqlkyk pkSx.kkAA47AA

[khapks [khap.kgkj] euk /kks[kks jk[kks erhA

leiS ljt.kgkj] lgh ctkth lkaojksAA48AA

lqf.k;ks nzksin lkn] dj.kkdj dj.kk djhA

vklh bG yx vkn] lks ijokM+ks] lkaojkAA49AA

/kjrh iM~+;ks f<xkl] vacj lwa vacj vM~+;ksA

vk;ks iwj.k vkl] lair ?kj ys lkaojksAA50AA

80

ladV nzksin lkn] tx&tkeh rwa tkf.k;ksA

/ko jkes.k fQz;kn] lzo.kka dks/kh] lkaojkAA51AA

isV Nqjks dj ikj] iVS dkt lg.kks iM+~;ksA

m.k fnu jks vk/kkj] lkapks tk.kwa] lkaojkAA52AA

ikaMo izrikGsg] mtokGs vknw fojnA

ns[kks] uan&XokGsg] dkGs eks Åij djhAA53AA

ru eu/ku rkjksg] Hkolkxj fop cwMrkaA

/kf.k;ki.k /kkjksg] ldo mckjks] lkaojkAA54AA

ckou nqgk c.kk;] nzksin dj.kks na[krkaA

lkaofj;ksa dj lk;] fjtd fn;ks jkes.k uSaAA55AA

nksgk

ik;ks tue xqekuiqj] /kj <a<kM+g /kkeA

nqxt xke fou;sl fn;] uxz lVkoV ukeAA56AA

vkB fooq/k dqG vkn esa] pkj.k oj.k pdkjA

dfo;k ee lklk dgh] ft.k e/k tue fopkjAA57AA

jkeukFk dj uke gS] y?kwukFk jh yktA

dj.kkeg dfork djh] djks fNek dfojktAA58AA

uxu ns[k gfj ukj dwa] nbZ phj jh yhjA

nl gtkj xtcG ?kV~;ks] ?kV~;ks u nl xt phjAA59AA

^nzkSinh&fou;* dkO; jh lclwa cM+h [kkfl;r b.kjS O;aX;kRedrk jh gSA O;aX;kredrk jh vk fo'ks"krkb.kuS vkijh tksM+ jh jpukoka lwa U;kjh djSA dkO; 'kkL=h; nhB lwa Hkh vk jpuk [kkl fx.kkou tksx gS ft.kesadfo nksgk vj lksjBS Nan lwa jpuk lkeha yk;kS gS vj gjsd Nan esa ^o;.k&lxkbZ* vyadkj jkS fuokZg djhT;kSgSA

b.k Hkkar nzksinh fou; jktLFkkuh dkO; ijEijk jh egrkÅ jpuk gSA

6-3-5 xhr vj nwth QqVdj jpukoka&

jkeukFk dfo;k jh dkO; lk/kkuk jh izek.k Lo:i okajh jpukoka izksinh&fou; ikcwth jk lksjBk bR;knrks gS gh i.k b.kjS vykok dsbZ vj xhr vj QqVdj jpukoka Hkh lkuha vk;h gS ft.klwa okajh dkO; izfrHkk jhvksGk[kka.k gqoSA b.kesa Hkfä iz/kku xhr] ejfl;k vj O;fä iz/kku jpukoka ;k nwgk fx.kk;k tk ldSA

^^fMaxG xhrka** jS ek/;e lwa jktLFkkuh jpukdkj vkijh Hkkoukoka uS lkeS jk[kh gS jkeukFk dfo;k Hkhb.kh l:i esa vkijh jpukoka fy[kh gS oka'k nks faMxG xhr ftdk dj.khekrk* lwa tqM+;k gS os ?k.kk pkok jg~;kgSA b.k xhrka jkS vsd&vsd pj.k vBS fnjhtS gS&

¼1½ bdks vkljks ugha NS vkSj dBS gh dfoanka vkbZ]

81

egk?kksj ?kM+h T;ks ojrh bGk eka;A

HkSjoka lfgrk lkrwa cgék vkoT;ks HksGk

Losr Mk<+kokGh osGk o.kh esa lgk;AA

¼2½ nqlV nkg.kh fojn vkxk yxs nk[kts]

gS lnk lsoxka dlV gj.khA

Fk;ks bG tqxknw tk.k FkGoV /k.kh]

fd;ks dG uoknw izpks dj.khAA

cwanh jk jktdfo lwjteYy ehl.k jS lqjxokl iNS jkeukFk dfo;k ejfl;k jS :i esa nwgk dg~;k m.kkaeka; lw vsd nwgks b.k Hkkar gS&

ft.k lwa vtG tkr] fnl fnl lkjS nhlrhA

jS.ko Fkkajh jkr lqdfo u tuE;ks lwtM+kSAA

b.kh Hkkar jk"Vªdfo 'kadjnku lkekSj ckcr fy[;kS ejfl;k jkS nwgkS b.k Hkkar gS&

f'kdL;k nso.k lkFk] gks 'kadj lz"Vh r.kkSA

fd.k lax djL;ka ckr] 'ksj lqou lqjxka x;kSA

jkeukFk dfo;k jh bk jpukoka uS ns[;ka] fuf'pr :i lwa dg~;kS tk ldS*d okajh jpukoka ifjek.k jh nhBlwa uha i.k Hkko] dkO; nhB vj dkO; mís'; lwa d.kh p"kh vj lQy gS b.kh okLrS okauS tudfo Hkh dg~;kSb.k ckcr vkSj nwgks ?k.kkS pkokS jg~;kS gS&

^^tudfo rks nks;t gq;k] ek#/kj lj.kkeA

jkeukFk dfo;ks rFkk] f[kfM+;ks fdjikjkeAA**

6-4 jkeukFk dfo;k jh jpukoka jkS foLysl.k

6-4-1 Hkfä ijd jpukoka &

ukeukFk dfo;k jh jpukoka jkS ewy Loj Hkfä iz/kku jg~;kS gSA okajh jpukoka esa Hkfä jl jS vykok fd.khnwth Hkko jh jpukoka ns[k.k esa uha vkoSA uha rks os fl.kxkj jh jpukoka fy[kh vj uha dksbZ O;fä iz/kku jpukgh fy[khA jkeukFk dfo;k jS jpuk /kfeZrk jh vk folslrk jS;h*d os vyoj vj frtkjk jS ifjokj lwa XgSjS :ilwa tqM+~;k x;k i.k mBS jS ;k fd.kh Hkh nwtS O;fä] jktk] uk;d ;k ukf;dk uS ;k vkjS tho.k pfjrj uS vk/kkj c.kk; jpuk uha fy[khA

okajS tho.k esa tn Hh d"V vk;kS rks os fd.kh jktk ;k 'kkld lwa vjt uha djh os vjt djh rks ;krks ekrk dj.kh lwa] ikcwth lwa ;k nzksinh&fou; esa nzkSinh jS ek/;e lwa Hkxoku Jhd`".k lwa vjt djhA b.k vjtesa okajkS Loj Hkfä jl lwa vksr izksr jg~;kSA

^dj.kh th jh Lrqfr* esa okajkS Hkko vjt lwa Hkj~;kS jg~;kS gS ft.kesa fuosnu ftdks Hkfä jkS vsd :i gSm.kesa okajkS Hkk o lkeha vk;kS gSA xq.k dFku* Hkh Hkfä jkS vsd Hkko gS ft.kesa Hkä Hkxoku jS xq.kka jkS xku djrkSokalwa vkijS lgk;rk lk: fuosnu djS&

82

^^lqf.k;klkn lrst] vkbZ vkxy vkorkA

txnao vc D;wa tst] djh brh rSa dj uykAA

FkGoV gsyks Fkk;] vkrk osxk] bZljhA

eksjh ofj;k ek;] cw<+k gq;X;k] chlgFkAA**

nzkSinh&fou; esa Hkh b.kh Hkkar jk Hkko ns[;k tk ldS&

fuosnu & nzksin gsyk ns|] osxkS vk olqnso jkA

ykt jk[k tl ys;] ykt x;ka] ozn yktlhAA**

xq.k deu & jfV;ks gfj jktjkt] rt [kxsl fQj rkfj;ksA

vko.k nsjh vkt] lkS ug dhtS lkaojkAA**

Lej.k & ^^vklk jk[kh vsd] lqfej.k rks ful fnu lnkA

Vkcj /kw jh Vsd] jk[kh rwa] olqnso jkAA**

jkeukFk dfo;k jh jpukoka jk vs Hkko ns[k fuf'pr :i esa dg~;kS tk ldS*d Hkfä jl bt okajkS jpukokajkS vk/kkj jg~;kS vj os [kjs l:i esa Hkfä jl lwa vksr izksr jpukoka bu lkeha yk;kA

6-4-2 yksd nsoh&nsorkoka jh jpukoka &

jkeukFk dfo;k jh jpukoka esa yksd ekul jh fopkj/kkjk lwa XgSjkS yxko lkeha vkoSA ^nzkSinh&fou;* esaHkh yksd izpfyr /kkj.kkoka vj dFkkoka jkS lgkjkS fy;kS vj nzkSinh jS ek/;e lwa [kqn jh lgk;rk dj.k jh fourhHkxoku lwa djhA b.kjS vykok nwth jpukoka esa os vkijh Hkfä yksd ekul esa fcjkT;k nsoh&nsorkoka lk:njlk;h gS vj okauS vk/kkj c.kk; bt vkijh jpukoka lkeha jk[kh gSA

^^ikcwth jk lksjBk** vj ^dj.kh jh Lrqfr* b.k Hkkar jh jpukoka fx.kh tk ldSA ikcwth ikap ihjka ek;alwa vsd fx.khT;k gS vj 'kfä l:ik dj.kh ekrk pkj.kka jh nsfo;ka ek;a lwa [kkl fx.khth gSA vkt Hkh^^ikcwth** vj dj.khekrk jh iwtk djhtS] esGk HkjhtS vj vS nksU;wa nsoh&nsork Hkksxka jS Hkfä jk lcy vk/kkjgSA

6-4-3 nzkSinh&fou; jh dkO; psruk

jkeukFk dfo;k jh jpukoka esa Hkfä Hkko jS vykok nwth dkO; psruk jk Hkh njl.k gqoSA ^nzkSinh&fou;**jh dkO; psruk b.k esa [kkl fx.kko.k tksx gSA nzkSinh&fou; jh dkO;&psruk rhu l:ika esa fx.kko.k tksxgSA iSyS l:i esa dfo nzkSinh jh d#.k dFkk uS ljy lcnka eka; vsd NksVS l:i esa <kyh gSA

dkO;&psruk jh nhB b.k jpuk jkS nwtkS l:i dfo jh [kqn jh dFkk lkeh vk;h gS tBS m.kjk [kqn jkLokeh ;k jktk ftdk okajk j{kd gk os bt jkeuk; dfo;k uS tG esa dSn dj fn;kS os vkijS Hkko uS nzkSinhjS ek/;e lwa izdV dj~;kS vj fy[;kS& ^^ykt j[kkGk ykt ySA D;wa*d jktk jkS /kje vkiajh turk] mBS jk[kkl yksx] dfo;ka vj lkfgR;dkjka jh j{kk dj.kkS] okajS LokHkheku vj lEeku jh j{kk dj.k jkS gq;k djS i.ktn oks vkijS b.k /kje lwa VG tkoS rks vSM+h vc[kh csGk esa Hkxoku lwa vt vjt djhtS] nzkSinh&fou; esab.kh Hkkar jh Hkkouk jk njl.k dj~;k tk ldSA vj rhth nhB lekt esa ukjh tkxj.k jkS Hkko gS ft.kesa vkjpuk ?k.kh pkoh gSA

83

6-5 jkeukFk dfo;k jS dkO; jh pkoh nhB

6-5-1 tqx jkS ;FkkFkZ &

oks dfo ftdkS vkijS ledkyhu ifjos'k vj tqx lwa U;kajkS gV*j jpuk fy[kS rks m.k jpuk jkS eksy degq; tkoS D;wa*d m.k jpuk esa ledkyhu ifjos'k jk njl.k uha gqoSA b.k nhB lwa ns[kka rks y[kkoS jkeukFkdfo;k jh dh jpukoka esa tqx jkS ;FkkFkZ lkeha vk;kS gSA ^nzkSinh&fou;* b.k dze jh jpuk fx.kh tk ldSA

nzkSinh&fou; jS jpuk dky uS ns[kka rks y[kkoS*d lu~ 1857 jkS iSykS Lora=rk laxzke yM~;kS tk pqD;kSgks b.k tqx jk dfo psruk txko.k esa ykjS uha jg~;k Hkyka bZ Lora=rk gkly uha gqbZ i.k tu&tu jS eu esaLora=rk [kkrj Hkko tkxX;kA dsbZ dfo b.k ckr uS fl) djh*d lekt esa psruk txko.k jkS dke ohj ukfj;kaHkh dj ldS vj ts ukjh tkx`r ;k pSru gq; tkoS rks lekt esa tkx`fr vk; ldS b.k okLrS dfo ohj ukfj;kajk vkn'kZ lkeha jk[;k ukfj;ka jS ek/;e lwa lekt uS txko.k jkS dke dj~;kSA dfojktk lw;ZeYy ehl.k ^ohjlrlbZ* esa b.k Hkkar jh ohj ukfj;ka jk fprjke mdsj~;k gSA dfo jkeukFk dfo;k Hkh nzkSinh&fou; esa b.k HkkarjkS iz;kl dj~;kS tBS nzkSinh dk;jka uS f/kdkj~;kS vO;oLFkk ekFkS O;aX; dj~;kS vj vR;kpkj vukpkj dj.kokGkauS f/kDdkj~;kS gSA

b.k :i esa fl.kxkj dkG esa ukjh jkS ftdkS l:i jg~;kS jkeukFk dfo;k m.kesa dh psruk Hkj.k jkS iz;kldj~;kS vj ukjh jkS uwokS l:i lkeh vk;kSA

6-5-2 LokHkheku jh j{kk &

jkeukFk dfo;k jkS tho.k LokHkheku jh j{kk esa lejfir jg~;kSA os vkijS tho.k dkG esa dnh&Hkh vkRexkSjo vj lEeku lwa le>kSrkS uha dj~;kSA egkjktk fou; flag vj egkjktk f'konku flag jS 'kklu esa jkeukFkdfo;k jS lkFkS ftdh ?kVukoka gqbZ vj os ft.k Hkkar m.kkajkS lkeukS dj~;kS m.k lxGS ?kVukØe esa okajSLokHkheku jh j{kk jh Hkkouk bt lkuha vkoSA

^^nzkSinh&fou;** esa nzkSinh jkS lxGkS la?k"kZ [kqn jS vkRe xkSjo vj LokHkheku jkS bt gSA

6-5-3 ukjh psruk jkS lueku&

ukjh psruk jS lueku jh nhB lwa ns[kka rks y[kkoS*d jkeukFk dfo;k jS dkO; esa ukjh psruk [kkrjlueku jkS Hkko ?k.kS O;kid l:i esa le;ksM+kS gSA ^^nzkSinh&fou;** b.k nhB lwa vsd BkokS xzaFk gSA

vsd ukjh ft.k jk ifr m.kuS tqvS esa gkj tkoS] Hkjh lHkk esa m.kjh bTtr ywV.k jkS iz;kl djhtS] uharks jktk] uha ea=h] uha dksbZ ohj lSfud] uha dksbZ /keZ jk j{kd vj uha dksbZ nwth ukjh Hkh m.kjh j{kk jS okLrSvkxS vkoSA vSM+h fole ifjfLFkfr esa ok ukjh lxGh 'kklu O;oLFkk] dqy ijEijk] lkekftd O;oLFkk ekFkSXgSjh pksV djS] m.kuS pqukSrh nsoSA m.k pqx esa tBS ukjh ijnka jh vksV esa jSorh fd.kha jS lkuha eqaMkS uha [kksyldrh m.k tqx esa vsd vSM+h ukjh jkS vkn'kZ lkeha jk[k.kkS] dfo jkS vsd egrkÅ iz;kl dg~;kS tk ldS vjm.kh vk/kkj ekFkS vks dg~;kS tk ldS*d jkeukFk dfo;k vkijS dkO; esa ukjh psruk jkS lueku dj~;kSA

6-5-4 Lora=rk jh xwat

jkeukFk dfo;k izR;{k :i lwa vkijS dkO; esa Lora=rk jh ckr uha dS;h i.k vizR;{k l:i esa okajS dkO;esa Lora=rk jh ckr vk;h gS] [kqn jS vf/kdkjka [kkrj la?k"kZ dj.k jh ckr lkeha vk;h gSA

vsd Lora= lekt esa O;fä jh Lora=rk vj m.kjh vfLerk fdrjh egrkÅ gS dfo jkeukFk dfo;k^^nzkSinh&fou;** esa le>ko.k jkS iz;kl dj~;kS gSA vsd Lora= fopkjka uS fy;kSM+h ukjh ft.kesa vkRe xkSjo jkSHkko gks ok vke feu[k uS rks dkabZ Hkxoku uS Hkh lgk;rk dj.k lk: ck/;dj nsoSA vsd Lora= ukjh ft.k

84

Hkkar lekt esa O;ogkj dj lekt jS <+kyS uS cnG ldS ^^nzkSinh&fou;** esa b.k Hkkar jk fprjke lkeha vk;kgSA

b.k Hkkar dg~;kS tk ldS*d vkRe ftdks O;fä Lora=rk jh ckr nhlS gS ;k m.kuS egRo fn;kS tkoS m.kjhxwat dsbZ cjlka iSyh jkeukFk dfo;k jS dkO; esa ns[kh tk ldSA

6-6 jkeukFk dfo;k jS dkO; jkS dyk i{k

dkO; jpuk izfØ;k esa fd.kh Hkh jpuk jS okLrS ft.k Hkkar Hkko i{k jkS egRo gS m.kh Hkkardyk i{k jkSHkh egRo gSA Hkko i{k jpuk uS vkarfjd nhB lwa etcwr djS rks dyk i{k jpuk uS ckgjh l:i esa QwVjkikSnsoSA dyk i{k jS QwVjkikS jkS vk/kkj Nan] vyadkj vj fof'k"V Hkk"kk 'kSyh jkS iz;ksx ekuhT;kS gSA dyk i{k jhnhB lwa jkeukFk dfo;k jkS dkO; fd.kh Hkkar lwa de uha dg~;kS tk ldSA okajS dkO; jS dyki{k jkS foLysl.kfuEu Hkkar dj~;kS tk ldS &

6-6-1 Nan &

ikjaifjd dkO; izfØ;k esa Nan&foghu jpuk jh dYiuk Hkh uha djh tk ldS ;k ;wa dS; ldka*d fcukNan jkS LgkjkS fy;ka dksbz Hkh dfo vkijh jpuk lkeha uha yk ldSA

dfo jkeukFk vkijh jpukoka esa Nan jh nhB lwa nksgs vj lksjBs uS jpuk jkS vk/kkj c.kk;kS gS& vj vkijhjpukoka jkS Nan jS uke lwa bt gS T;wa ikcwth jk lksjBk* Fkk Nanka jh la[;k jS vk/kkj lwa d#.kk ckouh* ft.kesa52 Nan jpuk jk vk/kkj jg~;k gSA

jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jh jpukoka esa nwgk vj lksjBk Nan [kkl jg~;k gS ;k ;wa Hkh dS; ldka vS Nan btjktLFkkuh dfo;ka jk fiz; Nan jg~;k gSA jkeukFk dfo;k jh jpuk esa vS Nns b.k Hkkar ns[;k tk ldS&

lksjBk & ikcwth jk lksjBk

mnkgj.k & tk;y [khph tksj] dksGw ea< jktS de/kA

rs fur cnGS rksj] dslj ?kksM+h dkj.kSA

¼Nan % ekf=d Nan 1&3 11&11 ek=k] 2&4 13&13 ek=k e/; esa uqd½

nksgk & nzksinh&fou;

mnkgj.k & uxj ns[k gfj ukj dwa] nbZ phj dh yhjA

nl gtkj xtcy ?kV~;kS] ?kV~;ks u nl xt phjAA

¼Nan ekf=d Nan 1&3 13&13 ek=k] 2&4 11&13 ek=k rqdkUr½

6-6-2 vyadkj

jkeukFk dfo;k vkijh jpukoka esa vyadkjoknh nhB uha jk[kh vkSj u gh okajkS mís'; vkijh izfrHkk jSizn'kZu jkS jg~;kS os rks LgSt esa vkijh jpukoka esa vyadkjka uS iz;ksx dj~;kS vj vyadkjka jkS vks iz;ksx dkO;esa dykRedrk jS cks/k uS c/kk;kS gSA vyadkjka jkS nksU;w Hksn ;kajks jpukoka esa ns[;k tk ldS i.k 'kCnkyadkjmYys[k tksx gS ft.kesa vuqizkl Hkj jktLFkkuh vyadkj ijaijk jkS ^o;.k&lxkbZ* [kkl rkSj lwa f=.kk;kS tkldSA

o;.k lxkbZ vyadkj & ^o;.k lxkbZ* vyadkj jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jkS fiz; vyadkj jg~;kS gSA o;.klxkbZ jk- rhu Hksn ekuhT;k gS vs rhuw Hksn vkfn e/; vj vUr esy o;.k lxkbZ vyadkj jk mnkgj.k jkeukFk

85

dfo;k jh jpuk esa ns[;k tk ldS&

vkfn esy ¼izFke esy½

mnkgj.k & ^^vkL;k rt vk;kg] ikNk dkjSo iko.kkA**

e/;esy %

mnkgj.k & ^^ru eks fry rsrksg] vkt lHkk fcp Å?kM+SA**

vUr esy

mnkgj.k

^^ukeh lxk uohu] rksj.k xk nzkSin r.kSA**

vuqizkl &

mnkgj.k & gfj ikMso gsrksg] gwa tk.kw gksrks ughaA

6-6-3 Hkklk vj lSyh

jkeukFk dfo;k jh jpukoka dkO;kRed nhB lwa ;k dkO;'kkL=h; nhB lwa ?k.kh vc[kkbZ ;k xzafFk;kafy;kSM+h uha jS;h gS os ljy vj lh/kh Hkklk es avkijh jpukoka lkeha yk;k gS ft.klwa LgSt :i esa vkijh ckruS dSo lD;kA

okajh jpukoka izlkn xq.k uS fy;kSM+h vfHk/kk 'kSyh esa fy[;kSM+h gS dBSbZ&dBSbZ nzkSinh&fou; esa O;atukjkS iz;ksx gq;kS gSA Hkklkjh nhB lwa ns[kk rks os ljy jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkS iz;ksx dj~;kS gS] rRle 'kCn vis{kkd`rde iz;ksx gq;k gSA rn~Hko 'kCnka jkS iz;ksx b.ka Hkkar ns[k ldka&

¼1½ chlgFkh yktS fcM+n

¼2½ lsgj HkGdS lhl

dfo jkeukFk dfo;k jh Hkklk esa vjch&Qkjlh Hkk"kk jS rn~Hko 'kCnka jkS iz;ksx Hkh dj~;kS gS T;wa&

¼1½ vjt djS NS vkiuS

¼2½ rloh jks fy[kY;ka rqjr

¼3½ gks; lHkk gexhj

¼4½ Qsj fdlh djL;ks Qrs

6-7 jktLFkkuh dkO; ijaijk esa jkeukFk dfo;k jkS ;ksxnku

jktLFkkuh dkO; ijaijk esa vk/kqfud tqx jk pkok dfo;ka esa dsbZ egÙoiw.kZ dfo jg~;k ft.kesa dfojktkckadhnkl] dfojktk lw;ZeYy ehl.k] dfojktk 'kadjnku lkekSj jg~;k b.kh dM+h esa dfojktk jkeukFk dfo;kuS Hkh fy;kS tk ldSA ;kajS dkO; esa Hkfä bl lwa tqM+h jpukoka feGS rksnwth dkuha U;kjh&U;kjh psrukoka lwa tqM+hjpukoka esa ^nzksinh&fou;* [kkl rkSj lwa fx.kh tk ldSA b.k jpuk esa dfo nzkSinh jS la?k"kZ jS lkFkS [kqn jS la?k"kZuS ekaM~;kS gS] ukjh foe'kZ jh vkt jS tqx esa ftdh ckr djhtS m.kuS brjk cjlka iSyh ekaM.kkS dfo jh vsdmiyfC/k dgh tk ldSA

jkeukFk dfo;k jS O;fäRo vj d`frRo lwa tqM+h vsd [kjh fVIi.kh ftdh MkW- euksgj 'kekZ djh m.kuS ;wa

86

ns[kh tk ldS & ^^jkeukFk th dfo;k jktLFkkuh gk] jktLFkkuh pkj.k gk vj jktLFkkuh pkj.k dfo gkAjktLFkkuh jS :i eka; vki iwjk mRlkg lEié gkA jktLFkkuh pkj.k jS :i ek; vki nqxkZ jk ije Hkä gkAjktLFkkuh pkj.k dfo jS :i eka; vki loZFkk fuHkhZd vj [kjh dSof.k;k gkA b.k lkjh ckrka lwa dfoojjkeukFk jS lq>ko] vkpkj&fopkj vj fØ;k dyki jkS [kqyklkS gq; ldS gSA dfooj jkeukFk uS d.khyksdfiz;rk izkIr gqbZ] b.kjks ,d izeq[k dkj.k vkijh dkO; izfrHkklk;S vkijks fujkGks pfj= xq.k Hkh gSA** ¼MkW-euksgj 'kekZ&jkeukFk dfo;k] i`- 19½

dfo jkeukFk dfo;k jh iwjh dkO; lk/kuk b.k lkap uS fl) djS*d fdth Hkh lkfgR; lkexzh jkS eksym.kjS ifjek.k lwa ukI;ks uha tk;*j m.kjS xq.k vj Hkko lEink lwa dwaR;kS tkoSA vkijh dfork b.k Hkkar jh Hkko/kkjk gS ftdh t.kS&t.kS uS ljlkoS vj m.kesa psruk txkoSA

6-8 bdkbZ jkS lkj

jkeukFk dfo;k lhdj jS vsd NksVS xkao esa tuE;k vkSj frtkjS esa tk; vkijh izKk vj izfrHkk jhvksG[kk.k djok;h vkijS dye vj LokHkheku jh rkdr uS fl) djhA vkijh n`<+rk lwa jktgB fMxG;k vjpfj= jkS oks mtkl jg~;kS* ftdks dgh le>ksrS jh vkM+ esa fey uha iM~;kSA vkt dfo rks uha i.k okajk cksyt.k&t.k uS psrU; dj jg~;k gSA

6-9 vH;kl lk: loky

1- jkeukFk dfo;k jS thoua&pfj= jh vksG[kka.k djkokSA

2- jkeukFk dfo;k jh dkO; lk/kuk lwa tqM+~;kS vsd lkarjkS vkys[k fy[kkSA

3- ^ikcwth jk lksjkBk* jS vk/kkj ekFkS ikcwth jS thou pfj= jh fo'ks"krkoka esa ekaMkSA

4- ^nzksinh&fou;* jh dkO; psruk uS le>kokSA

5- jkeukFk dfo;k ukjh Lokra«; psruk jk fd.k Hkkar leFkZd jg~;k\ le>kokSA

6-10 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- ¼la-½ MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy&nzkSinh fou;A

2- MkW- euksgj 'kekZ&jkeukFk dfo;kA

3- MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor&jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk lkfgR; ,oa laLd`frA

87

bdkbZ % 7

izeq[k dfo & fdjikjke f[kfM+;k

bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

7-0 mísL;

7-1 izLrkouk

7-2 fol; oLrq & dìkjke f[kfM+;k % O;fäRo

7-2-1 tue % oal vj ifjokj

7-2-2 tkxhj vj izokl

7-2-3 dfo dìkjke vj jktkjke ¼jkft;k½

7-2-4 jktk jke jh thouh

7-2-5 jkft;k uS lkfgR; lwa vejrk

7-2-6 jkft;k uS lueku vj egÙo

7-3 dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k % d`frRo

7-3-1 jkft;k jk lksjBk & ifjp; vj ewGikB

7-3-2 pkGd usph ekrk

7-3-3 LQqV jpukoka

7-4 dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jh jpuk jkS foLysl.k

7-4-1 uhfr ijd jpuk

7-4-2 uhfr vj vknlZ jk U;kjk&U;kjk vk;ke

7-5 dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jh lkekftd nhB

7-5-1 vknlZ lekt jh lajpuk

7-5-2 fuls/kkRed lw=ka jkS foospu

7-6 dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jS dkO; jkS dyk&i{k

7-6-1 Nan

7-6-2 vyadkj

7-6-3 Hkklk vj lSyh

7-7 jktLFkkuh dkO; ijaijk esa dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jkS ;ksxnku

7-8 bdkbZ jkS lkj

7-9 vH;kl lk: loky

7-10 lanHkZ iksF;ka

88

7-0 mísL;

lkfgR; vj lekt jkS XgSjkS laca/k jg~;kS gSA lkfgR; fcuk lekt uS izsj.kk dq.k nsoS vj lekt fcuklkfgR; uS lkexzh dq.k nsoSA lkfgR;dkj lekt jks ekax eqtc U;kjk&U;kjk fo"k;ka uS lkeha ykoS vj m.kuSvkijh 'kSyh esa <kG lekt uS vk.kan nso.k okLrS vj lekt uS f'k{kk nso.k jS okLrS vkijh jpuk lkeha ykoSAdsbZ lkfgR;dkj jpuk jkS mísL; dksjkS euksjatu bt jk[kS ;k eu uS fcyeko.k jkS bt jk[kS i.k dkO; 'kkL=jk vkpk;Z b.k ckr uS jphdkj djS ^d lkfgR; esa vk.kan jS lkFkS&lkFkS lekt jS fgr jkS mísL; Hkh gqo.kkSpkbtSA ok jpuk bt lekt jS okLrS lkFkZd fl) gq; ldS ft.kesa lekt jS fgr jh lk/kuk jk rRo gqoSA ft.kjpuk esa dksjkS euksjatu gqoS vkn'kZ jh nhB lwa ok jpuk vdsne [kjh uha dS;h tk ldSA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ijEijk ?k.kh foLr`r jS;h gS vj b.k iajijk esa dsbZ jpukdkj vkijk U;kjk&U;kjkfo"k; vj mísL; ys; lkeha vk;k gS i.k yksd m.k jpuk dkjka uS bt yksd esa ekU;rk nh gS ftdk fd.kha ufd.kh :i esa yksd fgr uS vkn'kZ Fkjirka vkijkS fljt.k dj~;kSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ijaijk jS mÙkj e/;dkyesa uhfr dkO; ijaijk lwa tqM+;k dsbZ jpukdkj nhlS ftdk vkijh jpukoka uS yksdfgr esa jph vj yksd uSlejfir dj nhA m.k jpukoka jh vk [kkfl;r jS;h*d yksd Hkh m.k jpukoka uS vkijh jpukoka eku yh vjokajS Hkko lwa tqM+h dsbZ dfM+;ka Hkh tksM+ nhA dsbZ jpukoka jkS rks Hkko vj vBS rd jpukdkj jkS uke Hkh yksdvkijS bPNk eqtc jk[k fn;kS vj ewG jpukdkj jkS yks gq;X;kSA

b.kh Hkkar jh jpuk vsd ft.kesa ewG jpukdkj xkS.k vj yksd jkS Hkko vj ekU;rk izHkkoh gq;h ok jpuk^jkft;k jk lksjBk* ;k ^jkft;k jk nwgk* gS b.k jpuk jk ewG jpukdkj dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jg~;k vj osvkijk nwgk ^jkft;k* uS lacksf/kr djrka dg~;k gSA yksd esa vS nwgk brjk pkok gq;X;k*d b.kesa jpuk rks vkxSc/kxh vj jpukdkj ikNS jS;X;kS yksd esa vk jpuk ^jkft;k* jS uke lwa pkoh gq;xhA dfo dìkjke uS yksxHkwyX;k] ?k.kdkjk yksx rks jkft;k jk nwgk uS jkft;k* jh bt jpuk ekuSA yksd jh vk ekU;rk jpuk uS egRofn;kS m.kjS mísL; uS egRo fn;kSA

b.k bdkbZ esa jkft;k jk nwgk jh b.k yksd izflf) jkS fo'ys"k.k dj~;kS tk jg~;kS gS m.kjS lkFkS&lkFkS dfodìkjke jh dkO; lk/kuk jh vksG[kka.k djk;h tk; jS;h gS*d dfo fd.k Hkkar yksd esa vkijh jpuk jkS leji.kdj~;kS*d vkt vk jpuk dfo jh jpuk uha t.kS&t.kS jS gksBk vj fg;s ij jkt djS gSA

7-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ijaijk jS dky&Øe jh nhB lwa dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k mÙkje/;dky jk dfofx.khT;k gS FkkajkS tho.kdkG lu~ 1743 lwa 1833 rd jkS ekuhT;kS gSA mÙkje/;dky jh izo`fÙk jhfr vj uhfrijd jS;h b.k okLrS izo`fÙk ijd v/;;u esa b.k dkG uS jhfr ;k uhfr dkG jkS uke fnjhT;kS gS b.kjS mÙkjorhZdky esa vk/kqfud dky jk lqj xwat.k ykxX;k ft.kjk njl.k dfojktk ckadhnkl jS dkO; esa gqoSA ;wa dfojktkckadhnkl Hkh uhfr ijd xhr vj jpukoka fy[kh b.k :i esa izo`fÙk vj dky jh nhB lwa dfo dìkjke jkSjpukdky ckadhnkl jS ledkyhu jg~;kS gSA

vkijS lSatkSM+ tqx jh jpuk ijaijk vj fo'ks"krk uS dfo dìkjke vkijS jpukoka esa vaxzsth vj b.kjkSlqifj.kke okajh jpuk jS l:i esa lkeha vkoSA ^jkft;k jk lksjBk* jh jpuk lwa jpuk ijaijk esa vsd uwaokS v/;k; tqM~;kS vj oks v/;k; uhfrîjd lacks/ku dkO; jkS jg~;kS jkft;k jk lksjBk jS iNS pdfj;k] HkSfj;k]eksfr;k] fdlfu;k] ukfFk;k bR;kn ukeka lwa dsbZ jpukoka lkeha vk;h ft.kesa O;fä uS lacksf/kr dj dfo vkijhuhfrxr ckr lkeha yk;kS gSA b.k jpukoka esa dfo vj lacksf/kr O;fä jk U;kjk&U;kjk laca/k jg~;k gSA b.kjpukoka jk uke] jpukoka jk jpukdkj ;k jpuk jkS dky pkgs ftdkS Hkh jg~;kS i.k b.k jpukoka jkS mísL; vsd

89

bt jg~;kS*d jpukdkj ljy l:i esa uhfr lw=ka uS lkeha yk; feu[k uS vkn'kZ feu[k vj lekt uS vkn'kZlekt c.kko.k jkS iz;kl dj~;kS gSA

7-2 fol; oLrq & dìkjke f[kfM+;k % O;fäRo

7-2-1 tue% oal vj ifjokj

dfo dìkjke jkS tue pkj.k oa'k esa gq;kSA pkj.k tkfr jkS fo'ks"krk ckcr vk mfä pkoh jS;h gSA&

^^pkj;afr dhfrZfefr pkj.kk%A** b.kjkS erGc gS] dhjfr uS vkxS c/kko.k okGk uS pkj.k dg~;kS gSA pkj.k

e/;dky esa vkijh egrkÅ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gS b.kkajh Hkwfedk lk: MkW- eksguyky ftKklq fy[;kS gS] & ;q)ds lkFkh pkj.kksa esa ohj /keZ dks f'k{kk nsus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro vius Åij fy;kA blds lk/ku cus bfrgkl vkSj

dfork] ftls lqudj jktiwr tkfr dÙkZO; iFk ij pydj yksd dY;k.k esa layXu gqbZA pkj.k jktiwr dks

,sfrgkfld izlaxksa dh lgk;rk ls ekSf[kd f'k{kk nsrk vkSj vko';drkuqlkj dkO; ds }kjk mlds dk;ksZa dh

vkykspuk Hkh djrkA------ mudh le> esa vkus okyh ns'kh Hkk"kk esa dkO; jpuk dj mls mins'k nsuk vkjaHk

fd;kA**

pkj.k dfo vkijh dyke lwa] vkijh vkstLoh ok.kh lwa iaFk HkwY;k uk;dka uS dÙkZO; jh xSy crk;h vkn'kZjkS ikB i<+k;kS vj ekr Hkkse jS egRo] m.kjS [kkrj cfynku jS egÙo uS crGk;kSA t:jr iM+h tn vS dye

jk /k.kh] djoky Hkh /kkj.k djh vj j.kHkkse esa vkijkS ohjrk lwa Hkj~;kS dÙkZO; fuHkk;kSA b.kh pkj.k oa'k jh

f[kM+h;k lk[kk esa dfo dìkjke jkS tue gq;kSA

dfo dìkjke jkS tue ekjokM+ jkT; jS esM+rk ijxuS jS xkao tlwjh esa gq;kSA b.kkajS firkth jkS uke

txjke gks ftdk [kjkM+h jk f[kfM+;k pkj.k gkA ;kajS tue vj xkao jkS ifjp; nsorka MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k

fy[;kS gS& ^;s tks/kiqj jkT; ds xkao [kjkM+h ds fuoklh f[kfM+;k 'kk[kk ds pkj.k FksA buds firk dk uketxjke FkkA ^^¼2½ MkW- 'kfänku dfo;k b.kk jkS ifjp; nsorka fy[;kS gS&] ^^dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k 'kk[kk ds

pkj.k FksA buds firk txjke th ekjokM+ ds xkao [kjkM+h ds fuoklh Fks] ftUgsa dqpkeu ds Bkdqj tkyeflag

th us vius fBdkus dk tlwjh xkao iznku fd;k FkkA dìkjke th dk tue blh xkao esa gqvk FkkA ¼3½ b.kkjS

tue jh lgh frfFk jkS mYys[k dBSbZ uha feG~;kS gSA MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh b.kkjkS tho.k dkG 1743 lwa 1833

rd ekU;kS gSA ¼4½ b.k lxGS oj.ku lwa vk ckr fuLpS :i lwa dS;h tk ldS*d b.kkjkS tue tlwjh xkao esa

gq;kS ftdkS xkao vkijS firkth uS tkxhj esa feG~;kSA

7-2-2 tkxhj vj izokl

dìkjke th uS dkO; izfrHkk vkijS firkth lwa fojklr esa feyh ftdk [kqn fMaxG] fiaxG vj laLd`r

jk pkok fo}ku gk] b.k fojklr uS ys; dfo dìkjke vkxS ca/;k vj [kqn uS Hkh pkokS fo}ku fl) dj~;kSA

dg~;kS tkoS*d fo}rk dnh fNI;ksM+h uha jSoS dfo dìkjketh jh izfrHkk ?k.kh fNI;ksM+h uh jS; ldhA

lhdj jk egkjktk nsohflag th vj jktdqaoj y{e.kflag th jS njckj jk vki pkok fo}ku jg~;kA egkjktk

nsohflagth vkijS vafre le; esa jktdqaoj y{e.kflag th jS ijofj'k jkS ftEekS dfo dìkjke uS lwaI;kSA vkib.k nkf;Ro uS [kwc <ax lwa fuHkk;kSA

jkt ifjokj jh b.k lsok jS iNS vkiuS egkjktiqjk vj yNe.kiqjk xkao tkxhj esa HksaV djhT;k b.k xkaok

jk rkackirj fo-la- 1847 vj la- 1858 jk gSA dfo dìkjke jkS iwjkS tho.k b.k tkxhj vj jkt ifjokj lwa

tqM~;kS jg~;kSA

90

7-2-3 dfo dìkjke vj jktkjke

dfo dìkjke jkS tho.k jktkjke fcuk v/kwjkS jSorkS ;k vkt ftdh fiNk.k dfo dìkjke jh b.k yksdesa gS b.kjkS ewG dkj.k ^jktkjke* gS ftxuS ^jkft;k^ uke lwa lacksf/kr djhT;kS gSA

^jkft;k* uS dfo dìkjke jS dkO; jkS dkO; uk;d dS; fn;kS tkoS rks vk ckr ?k.kh csvksirh uha ykxSD;wa*d yksx dfo uS de vj jkft;k uS ?k.kkS tk.kSA jkft;k jkS tho.k dfo dìkjke uS lkfgfR;d nhB lwaiwj.krk fnohA vk ckr vsdne [kjh gS vj b.k lR; uS udkj~;kS uha tk ldSA

7-2-4 jktkjke jh thouh

^jkft;k jk lksjBk** jkSa jkft;k ewG :i esa jktkjke gks ft.kjkS tye laor~ 1825 jS yxSVxS tlwjh xkaoesa gq;kS dfo dìkjke jkS tue Hkh b.kh xkao esa gq;kS gksA jktkjke jh tkr njksxk ¼jko.kk&jktiwr½ ghA jktkjkedfo dìkjke jkS fo'oLr vj fiz; lsod gks ftdkS dfo jh gj Hkkar lsok djh vj dìkjke th b.kjh lsok lwa[kwc izlé gkA

7-2-5 jkft;k uS lkfgR; lwa vejrk

^jkft;k* uke lwa pkokS jktkjke dfo dìkjke jkS fo'oLr lsod gks vsdj dfo [kwc chekj gq;X;k] m.kchekjh esa jktkjke ¼jkft;k½ okajh lsok djh vj dfo m.kjh lsok lwa izlé gq;kA os gj Hkkar vk ckr lksprkjSork*d b.k lsok jkS ekSy fd.k Hkkar pqdk;kS tkoSA

vsdj dfo dìkjke th ns[;kS*d jktkjke lsok djrkS i.k eu lwa oks jkth uha gks m.kjS eu esa dksbZ ckr[kVd jS;h gS i.k oks dS; uha ldS dfo b.kjS eu uS VVksG.k jh dkslhl djh ls og jktkjke vsd fnu nq%[khgqorka vk ckr dS;h*d EgkjS larku jkS lq[k uha] vj b.kh okLrS nq%[kh gwa*d EgkjS iNS EgkjkS uke yso.k okGkSdksbZ uha jSoSykA dfo jktkjke jS b.k tckc uS XgSjkbZ lwa lksP;kS vj iNS jktkjke uS dg~;kS*d eSa FkuS vejd:aykA b.kjS iNS dfo dìkjke vkijh jpuk uS ^jkft;k* uS lejfir dj nhA vkijk nwgka esa ^jkft;k* uSlejfir dj nhA vkijk nwgka esa ^jkft;k* uS lacksf/kr dj~;kS vj vks lacks/ku lkfgR; vj yksd esa jkft;k uSvej dj fn;kSA ^jkft;k jk lksjBka* lkFkS jkft;k jkS uke tqM+X;kS yksx dfo dìkjke uS HkwyX;k i.k jkft;kuS uh Hkwy lD;kA

jkft;k jk lksjBka uS yksx dfo dìkjke jh jpuk uha ekuS vj ^jkft;k* jh jpuk ekuS Hkyka bZ vk ckrlkp uha i.k jkft;k uke lwa vks tqM+ko jkft;k uS lkfgR; yksd vj lekt esa pkokS dj fn;kS m.kjh ih<+h okGkm.kuS ;kn jk[krk ;kuha i.k dìkjke jk nwgk m.kuS lkfgR; vj yksd esa vej dj fn;kSA

7-2-6 jkft;k uS lueku vj egRo

jkft;k uS dfo dìkjke jh jpuk lkfgR; vj yksd esa vej dj fn;kS i.k thorka Hkh m.kuS [kwc lEekufeG~;kSA

tks/kiqj jk egkjktk ekuflag dkO; izseh] lkfgR;uqjkxh vj [kqn Hkh dfo gkA os vsdj dfo dìkjke thlwa fey.kh pkork i.k os uha vk; lD;k vj jktkjke njckj esa gkftj gq;kSA egkjktk ekuflag m.kuS ^^vkijSlkeha cqyk;kS] m.kjS HkkX; jh ljkguk djrka vj dkO; lwa vejrkjh ckr dSorka vsd nwgkS dS; lq.kk;kS&

lksuS jh lktkag] tfM+;k ux&d.k lwa ftdsA

dhukS dojktkag] jktk ekye jkft;kA**

¼gs jkft;k! lksuS jk XgS.kk esa jru tM+ko Hkkar vS lksjBk jp dfojktk FkuS jktkoka rd esa tx pkokS

91

dj fn;kSA okLro esa yksd esa jkft;ksa pkokS gS dfo dìkjke ugha b.k lwa cslh dksbZ dfo vkijS lsod uS dkabZlEeku ns; ldSA jkft;k jS mnkgj.k lwa vk ckr fl) gqoS*d xhrka esa ftdh [;kfr gqoS uk dgh feVS uha vjb.k [;kfr jkS gdnkj jkft;kS gq;kS ft.kuS dfo dìkjke vkijh dye lwa vej dj fn;kSA½

7-3 dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k % d`frRo

dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jkS O;fäRo ?k.kkS ljy jg~;kS m.kh Hkkar okajkS d`frRo Hkh ljy vj yksd pkokSjg~;kS gSA b.kkjh jpukoka la[;k jh nhB lwa ?kuha uha jS;h] vkijh jpukoka esa lclwa egrkÅ jpuk ^jkft;k jklksjBk* jg~;k b.k lksjBk jh la[;k vkn'kZ ikB jh nhB lwa 160 lwa cslh uha vj pkGd usph jk nwgk ftdh ukV~;d`fr gS ok jpuk Hkh ifjek.k jh nhB lwa cM+h uha i.k vs NksVh&NksVh jpukoka Hkh dfo dìkjke uS lkfgR;ijaikjk esa vej dj fn;kSA uhfr jh nhB lwa jP;ksM+h jpuk ^jkft;k jk lksjBk* jktLFkkuh lkfgR; iajijk jhveksyd jpuk fl) gq;h gSA jpuk Øe jh nhB lwa dfo dìkjke jh vS nks jpukoka egrkÅ gS&

7-3-1 jkft;k jk lksjBk

7-3-2 pkGdusph jk nwgk

7-3-1 jkft;k jk lksjBk

dfo dìkjke uS vj jkft;k uS lkfgR; vj yksd esa vej dj.k okGh jpuk jS l:i esa ^jkft;k jklksjBk* uS fy;kS tk ldSA

^jkft;k jk lksjBk* d`fr eka; lksjBk jh la[;k jS ckcr [kwc fopkj gq;kS gS D;wad b.k jpuk jh izflf)uS ns[krka vj yksd lwa tqM+ko uS ns[krka vkSj Hkh dsbZ jpukdkj jkft;k jS uke lwa nksgk fy[;k vj os nwgk Hkhjkft;k jk lksjBk jS lk;S tqM+X;k i.k ewG :i lwa b.k jpuk esa 140 lwa 165 rd lksjBk ns[;k tkoSA

yksd esa b.k jpuk jh izflf) lwa tqM~;k U;kjk&U;kjk fo}kuka jk fopkjka uS b.k Hkkar ns[;k tk ldS&

7-3-1-1 lhrkjke ykyl %

^^lkfgR; txr~ esa vkt rks dìkjke dh izflf) gS og bUgha lksjBks dh yksdfiz;rk ds dkj.k gSA b.klksjBksa dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk mudh ljyrk] lgtrk ,oa cks/kxE;rk gSA 'kh?kz cks/kxE; gksus ds dkj.k gh;s lgt gh ikBdksa ds ân; esa viuk LFkku cuk ysrs gSaA dfo us Lo;a thou ds pkSjkgs ij [kM+s gksdj fofHkéleL;kvksa dks ns[kk] ij[kk mu ij fopkj fd;kA rRi'pkr~ mudk fupksM+ ,oa fu"d"kZ bu lksjBksa ds :i esaloZlk/kkj.k ds lkeus izLrqr fd;k gSA dìkjke ds fy[ks ;s lksjBs tu lk/kkj.k esa brus vf/kd izpfyr gq,fd cgqr ls vU; dfo Hkh jkft;k ds uke ls lksjBksa dk fuekZ.k djus dk yksHk laoj.k ugha dj lds gSaA bllsjkft;sds okLrfod lksjBksa esa dqN izf{kiz va'k Hkh lfEefyr gks x;s gSaA**

7-3-1-2 txnh'k flag xgyksr

jktLFku ds lSadM+ksa dkO; esa] ^jkft;k ds lksjBs* Hkh viuk ,d LFkku j[krs gSaA lksjBksa dh Hkk"kk ljy]jkspd vkSj mins'kizn gksus ds dkj.k jktLFkku ds fuoklh izk;% bu lksjBksa dks cksyrs ns[ks tkrs gSaA 'kk;ngh dksbZ ,slk euq"; gks ftls jkft;k ds nks&pkj lksjBs ;kn u gksA jktkvksa vkSj ljnkjksa dh lHkk esa jkft;kds lksjBs ekSds&cs ekSds lqus tkrs gSaA lk/kkj.k yksx rks bUgas lkalkfjd O;ogkj esa fuR; iz;ksx djrs jgrs gSaAif'peh jktLFkku dh fj;klrksa ds jsftMs.V duZy ikmysV rks lksjBksa ij brus eqX/k Fks fd mUgksaus cM+h esgurls ftrus Hkh lksjBs fey ldsA mudk laxzg dj vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa vuqokn fd;k FkkA mä jsftMs.V bu lksjBksadh rkjhQ esa dgk djrs Fks& ^êkjokM+h Hkk"kk ds lkfgR; esa jkft;k ds lksjBs vewY; oLrq gSA

92

7-3-1-3 MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor

^^mUgksaus vius LQqV lksjBksa ds ek/;e ls ftruh izflf) izkIr dh] og vius vki esa egRoiw.kZ gSA ;|fibu lksjBksa dh la[;k 175 gh jh gS fQj Hkh bu lksjBksa us O;kid izflf) izkIr dh vkSj ;s jktLFkkuhyksdekul esa ?kqy fey x;s gSA ;s nksgs uhfrijd dkO; ds lqUnj mnkgj.k gSaA-------- bu lksjBksa dh ljyrk]lgt cks/kxE;rk ua gh bUgsa yksdfiz; cuk fn;k gSA**

7-3-1-4 MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh

"Krparam Khidiya (1743-1833), a favourite poet of Raoraja Devisinha of sikar, is famous for

his couplets on Niti Known as Rajiya ra Doha (or sortha), about 165 in number. They are addresses

to Rajiya, a faithful servant of the poet. Hence his name occuss in energy couplet. Being issuless,

Rajiya was always grief slrikan for fear of the end of his line. Knowing this the poet immortalized

Rajiya in thess couplets. To the common man the couplets go by Rajiya's name. They are wise

rajiya in a few effective words, propular similar and easy language this has brought wide populat-

ing to the poet. Which no other poch could reach.

b.k Hkkar dg~;kS tk ldS*d jkft;k jk lksjBk b.k Hkkar jh jpuk jS;h ftdh fo"k; lkexzh lwa yksd esa?k.kh pkoh jS;h vj dfo jS lkFkS jkft;k uS Hkh pkokS vj vej dj fn;kS b.k d`fr jk VksGok lksjBka jS ewyikB uS b.k Hkkar ns[k ldka ft.k jkS lEiknu Mk- ujksre Lokeh dj~;kS&

ewy ikB ¼VkGoka lksjBk½ &

vM+oka [kM+oka vk;] lqnrkjk foylS lnkA

lweka pUuS u lkFk] jkb ftrjh jkft;kAA1AA

vnrkjk ?kj vk;] ts ØksMka lair tqM+SA

ekStns.k eu eka;] jrh u vkoS jkft;kAA2AA

vjgV dwi reke] vej yx u gqoS brkSA

tGgj ,dh tke] jsGS lc tx jkft;kAA3AA

volj ik; vusd] HkkoSa dj HkwaMh HkyhA

var leS xr vsd] jko jad jh jkft;kAA4AA

volj ek; vdkt] lkeks cksY;ka lkaitSA

dj.kks ts fl) dkt] jhl u dhtS jkft;kAA5AA

vgGk tk; mik;] vkNksM+h dj.kh voljA

nqlV fd.kh gh nk;] jkth gqoS u jkft;kAA6AA

vkNksM+k fnx vk;] vkNksM+k HksGk gqoSA

T;wa lkxj esa tk;] jGS unh tG jkft;kAA7AA

m.k gh Bkae vjksx] Hkkat.k jh eu esa Hk.kSA

vk rks ckr vtksx] jke u HkkoS jkft;kAA8AA

93

míe djks vusd] vFkok v.k míe djksA

gkslh fugps Egsd] jke djS lks jkft;kAA9AA

mitkoS vuqjkx] dks;y eu gjf[kr djSA

dM+okS ykxS dkx] jluk jk xq.k jkft;kAA10AA

ÅapS fxjoj vkx] tGrh lkS ns[kS txr~A

i.k tGrh fut ik;] jrh u lw>S jkft;kAA11AA

,d tru lr ,g] dwdj dwxa/k dqek.klkaA

NsM] u yhtS Nsg] jSo.k nhtS jkft;kAA12AA

d.k eqxrk /ku dksl] Hkfj;ks i.k izkir fcukA

nhtS dklwa nksl] j;.klj uS jkft;kAA13AA

dg.kh tk; fudke] vkNksM+h vk.kh mdrA

nkeka yksHkh nke] jatS u ckrka jkft;kAA14AA

dgh u ekuS dks;] tqxrh v.ktqxrh tBSA

L;k.kka uS lq[k ik;] jg.kkS pqidkS jkft;kAA15AA

dkGh] ekSr dq#i] dLrwjh dkaVk rqySA

lDdj cM+h l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;kAA16AA

dh?kksM+kS midkj] uj Ør?k.k ekuS ughaA

ykur ns T;kaykj] jth mMkokS jkft;kAA17AA

dwM+kdwM+ izdkl] v.knhBh tSls blhA

mM+rh jgS vdkl] jth u ykxS jkft;kAA18AA

D;ksa u HkT;ks djrkj] lkpS eu dj.kh lfgrA

lkjks gh lalkj] jpuk >wBh jkft;kAA19AA

[kqG xqG v.kdwarkg] ,d Hkko dj vknjSA

rs uxjh gwarkga] jksgh vkNh jkft;kAA20AA

[kwan x/ksM+ks [kk;] iSyk jh ckM+h ijSA

v.ktqxrh vk;] jM+dS fpr esa jkft;kAA21AA

xgefj;ks xtjkt] enNfd;ks pkyS erSA

dwdfj;k csdkt] jks; eqlS D;wa jkft;kAA22AA

xSyk xaMd xqyke] cqpdkj~;ka ckaFkS iM+SA

94

dwV~;ka nsoS dke] jhl u dhtS jkft;kAA23AA

pqxyh gh lwa pwu] vkSj u xq.k b.k cklrSA

[kksl fy;k cs[kwu] fjxG mBkoS jkft;kAA24AA

pksj pqxy okpky] ;kajh ekuhtS ughaA

laiM+koS ?kldkG] jhfr ukM~;ka jkft;kAA25AA

Mwaxj tGrh yk;] tksoS lkjks gh txr~A

ij tGrh fut ik;] jrh u lw>S jkft;kAA26AA

rt lkjh eu ?kkr] bdrkjh jk[kS b/kdA

cka feu[kka jh ckr] jke fuHkkoS jkft;kAA27AA

nqlV] lgt lenk;] xq.k NksM+S vkSx.k xgSA

tkSad p<+h dqp tk;] jkrkS ihoS jkft;kAA28AA

ugp gks; fulad] fpr ug dhtS pG fopGA

,s fo/kuk jk vad] jkbZ ?kVS u jkft;kAA29AA

i;ehBk dj ikd] ts berj lhaphft;sA

mj dM+okbZ vkd] jap u ewdS jkft;kAA30AA

iG&iG esa dj I;kj] iG&iG esa iyVS ijkA

, eqrGc jk ;kj] jgts vGxks jkft;kAA31AA

ikVk ihM+ miko] ru ykxk r[kkfj;kaA

cgS thHk jk ?kko] jrh u vks[kn jkft;kAA32AA

e.k/kj fo[k v.keko] eksVk ug /kkjS extA

chNw iwaN c.kko] jk[kSflj ij jkft;kAA33AA

erGc jh euokj] pqidS ykoS pwjekSA

fc.k erGc euokj] jkc u ikoS jkft;kAA34AA

eu lwa >xM+S eksj] iSyk lwa >xM+S iNSA

R;kajk ?kVS u rksj] jkt dpsM+h jkft;kAA35AA

fefy;ka vr euokj] chNfM+;ka Hkk[kS cqjhA

ykur ns T;ks ykj] jth mMkoks] jkft;kAA36AA

feyS fla?k ou ekag] d.k fejxka fezxir fd;ks\

tksjkoj vr tkg] jgS mj/kxr jkft;kAA37AA

95

eq[k Åij ehBkl] ?kV ekagh [kksVk ?kM+SA

blM+ka lwa b[kGkl] jk[khtS uafg jkft;kAA38AA

ewlk uS eatkj] fgr dj cSBk gsdBkA

lks tk.kS lalkj] jl ug jglh jkfta;kAA39AA

jksx vxu vj jkM+] tk.k vyi dhtS truA

ckf/k;ka iNS foxkM+] jkSD;kS jgs u jkft;kAA40AA

ykok rhrj fldkj] gj dksbZ gkdk djSA

fla?kka r.kh fldkj] je.kh eqldy jkft;kAA41AA

ywaD;ka djS u yksi] ou dsgj HkSGk olSA

djS u lcGk dksi] jadka Åij jkft;kAA42AA

fol dlk; vu [kk;] eksg ik; vGlk; urA

tye vdkjFk tk;] jke Hktu fcu jkft;kAA43AA

fofo/k c.kk; c.kk;] tqxr ?k.kh jft;ks txr~A

dh/kh cqlr u dk;] :fi;k flj[kh jkft;kAA44AA

le>gkj lqtk.k] uj ekSlj pwdS ughaA

volj jkS vkSlk.k] jgS ?k.kk fnu jkft;kAA45AA

lkapkS fe= lpsr] dgks dke u djS fdlksA

gfj vjp.k jS gsr] jFk dj gkaD;ks jkft;kAA46AA

L;kGka laxr ik;] djd papsM+s dsgjhA

gk; dqlaxr gk;] jhl u vkoS jkft;kAA47AA

lq[k esa izhr lok;] nq%[k esa eq[k VkGk fn;SA

ts ds dglh tk;] jke&dpsMh] jkft;kAA48AA

fgEer fdEur gks;] fo.k fgEer fdEur ughaA

djS u vknj dks;] j; dkxt T;wa jkft;kAA49AA

gqUuj djks gtkjk L;ko.ki] pqrjkbZ lfgrkA

jsr diV foogkj] jgs u Nkuks jkft;kAA50AA

7-3-2 pkGd usph ekrk

dfo d`ikjke f[kfM+;k jh nwth egrkÅ jpuk ekuh tkoSA vka jpuk vsd ukV~; jpuk gS ft.kesa vyadkjkajkS cj.kko vj iz;ksx gq;kS b.k xzaFk jh Hkklk izkS<+ ekuhth gSA b.k jpuk esa izd`fr jkS lkarjkS oj.kko gq;kS gSb.k jpuk esa izkr% dky jkS oj.kko b.k Hkkar gq;kS gS&

96

^^feGrk vksd ful pj.k] dksdun e/kqi dksd fteA

lqeu ckl fnudj izdkl] NqVr vdkl freAA

bf/k vekae >Yyjh nekae] fof/k fof/k ug cTtrA

flo f>yh dksfld flxkG] lqj ukfgu lTtrAA**

b.k jpuk jkS ifjp; MkW- ujksÙke Lokeh b.k Hkkar dj~;kS gS&^^;g dfo dh cgqpfpZr jpuk gS ij bldkizkekf.kd :i vHkh lkeus ugha vk;k gSA blh fo"k; dh ,d jpuk ^pkGdjk; ukVd* uke ls HKh Kkr gSAlkSHkkX;flag us bl jpuk ds pkyd uspha jpuk dk gh ,d vaVk gksus dh laHkkouk izdV dh gS tks] vf/kdBhd yxrh gSA bl jpuk esa dfo esa pkGd ekrk ds Ükaxkj vkSj u`R; dk o.kZu fd;k gSA blesa ekrkth dsvkHkw"k.kksa dh /ofu vkSj u`R; ¼dh xfr½ dk ltho okrkoj.k izLrqr djus okyk o.kZu gSA** ¼jkft;k jk nwgk &ujksÙkenkl Lokeh % i`&11½

7-3-3 LQqVjpukoka &

b.kjS vykok nwth jpukoka jk uke Hkh lkeha vkoS ftdh dfo dìkjke jh ekuhth gS i.k b.k jpukokajk izkekf.kd uha lks lkeh vk;k gS vV uha os izdkf'kr gqbZ gS os jpukok b.k Hkkar gS&

1- fyNe.k izdkl 2- fiaxy izca/k

7-4 dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jh jpuk jkS foLysl.k

7-4-1 dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k

dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jh jpuk nhB uhfr rÙo dkuha b.kh okLrS os uhfr ijd jpuk jkS fljt.k dj~;kSAdìkjke th jS jpukdkG uS ns[;kS tkoS rks oks c[kr jhfr dky jkS ekU;kS x;kS tBS ?k.kdjk jpukdkj fl.kxkjvj jhfr iz/kku jpukoka fy[khA

fl.kxkj ijd jpukoka esa uk;d&ukf;dk jS fl.kxkj jk o.kZu] izse yhykoka jk o.kZu vBS rd ikSjkf.kdnsoh&nsorkoka uS vk/kkj c.kk; Hkfä jS lkFkS&lkFkS fl.kxkj jl lwa ifjiw.kZ jpukoka fy[khth b.kjS lkFkS&lkFkSjhfr vj vyadkjka lwa tqM+h jpjkoka Hkh lkeha vk;hA ;wa vsd jpuk fyNe.k izdkl* dfo dìkjke jh Hkh jpukjS;h ft.kesa os vkijS jkT; jS Lokeh jS tho.k uS vk/kkj c.kk; jpuk fy[kh vj lkFkS&lkFkS Nan vyadkjka jkSifjp; fnjhT;kS gSA

i.k lkfgR; txr~ esa dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;kjh vksG[kka.k b.k jhfr xzaVk ;k ^pkGdusph ekrk* xzaFk lwauha gS vkt okajh fiNka.k jkft;k jk lksjBk* lwa gS& ftdkS vsd uhfr ijd dkO; gS b.kjkS vsd&vsd Nan uhfrjkS vkn'kZ lw= gS ft.kesa dfo vkn'kZ rRok jkS fun'kZu dj~;kS gS] uhfr jk rRoka uS njlk;kS gS vj lekt esavdj.kh; vj dj.kh; ckrka jkS [kqyklkS dj~;kS gSA vsd feu[k b.k lekt esa jSorka vkijh Hkwfedk b.k lektesa egkekuo jh fd.k Hkkar fuHkk; ldS dfo b.k ckr uS Hkh le>k;h gSA oks vsd dkuha vkn'kZ feu[k jkSmnkgj.k jk[;kS gS rks nwtS dkuha vkn'kZ lwa fojr gks;ksM+S feu[k uS f/kDdkj;kS gSA

b.k jpuk jh lcls cM+h folslrk vk gS*d dfo b.kesa dBSbZ Hkh vkijS mís'; uS vkijS xzaFk esa lkeha uhyk;kS gS vj uha bZ vsd lkFkS cSB lksís'; jpuk fy[kh gS oks tho.kjk v.kHko ft.k Hkkar Hkh vkork jg~;k okauSvkijh ljy Hkk"kk esa jkft;k uS lh[k nsorka lw= :i esa fijksork x;k vj vkt os gh lw= vke vkneh jS okLrsuhfr dkO; jkS i;kZ; c.kX;kS gS vj b.k l:i esa ^jkft;k jk lksjBk* jktLFkkuh uhfr dkO; ijaijk jkS veksydxzaFk fl) gqoSA

97

7-4-2 uhfr vj vknlZ jk U;kjk&U;kjk vk;ke

dfo dìkjke vkijh jpuk ^jkft;k jk nwgk* esa vkn'kZ vj uhfr jk U;kjk&U;kjk rRo vj vk;ke lkehayk;k gS b.k vk;keka esa vsd vkn'kZ lekt jh lajpuk jkS vk/kkj R;kj gqoSA vkt jkS feu[k ts b.k uhfr lw=kauS ys; vkxS c/kS rks oks vsd vkn'kZ feu[k fl) gq; ldSA dfo [kqyS :i esa vS vkn'kZ ;k rÙo lkeha uha jk[;ki.k okanS nwgka lwa vS ckrka vk vkn'kZ lw= lkeha vkoSA okajS nwgka lwa ftdh ftdh vkn'kZ ckrka lkeh vkoS okauSb.k Hkkar ekaM~;kS tk ldSA

7-4-3 bZLoj jh lÙkk uS Lohdkj.kkS

feu[k gjesl vkijS vfHkeku vj vgadkj esa jSoS*d oks ftdkS djS okS loZJs"B gS lc dke feu[k jhlxrh] lkejFk ;k rkdr lwa bt gqoSA b.k vgadkj jS cwrS feu[k vkijh lxrh jkS izn'kZu djS vkijS FkksFkSvgadkj lwa [kqn uS b.k txr~ esa fljS ekuSA i.k okLrfodrk b.k lwa U;kjh gqoS b.k txr~ jkS fljt.kgkjijefirk ijeslj bt gS feu[k jh dj.kh m.kjh lxrh jS lkeha 'kwU; gSA dfo le>koS b.k izd`fr jkS lxGkSvk/kkj bZLoj gS oks bt lSa dh dh djS feu[k rks m.kjS gkFk jkS vsd ek/;e gS ft.k lwa lc dke gqoS dj.kokGkS oks bZLoj bt gS feu[k fQtwy mBk&iVd esa vkijh lxrh yxkoS gqoS rks vkf[kj oks bt gS ftdkSHkxoku pkoS b.k okLrS feu[k uS FkksFkkS vgadkj uha dj.kkS pkbtS &

^^lkS ewj[k lalkj] diV ft.kka vkxG djSA

gfj lgq tk.k.kgkj] jkse jkse jh jkft;kAA**

7-4-4 dFkuh vj dj.kh esa vsd :irk

feu[k vkijS lekt esa vkijh U;kjh&U;kjh Hkwwfedk fuHkkoS vj gj l:i esa m.kjkS drZO;] m.kjkS O;ogkjU;kjkS&U;kjkS gqoSA vkn'kZ feu[k rks vkijS drZO; uS lkapS <ax lwa fuHkkoS vkijS O;ogkj uS Hkh vkGkS jk[kSA ftdhckr oks dSoS m.kuS djS ;k fuHkkoSA tn ^ds lalkj esa b.k Hkkar jk feu[k ?k.kk lkeha vkoS ftdk vkijh dFkuhvj dj.kh esa vsd :irk uha jk[kS dSoS*dh vj djSa dhaA

dj.kh vj dFkuh jS cnG tkoS vj nwtk feu[k okajS dke vj fopkjka jkS vankt uha yxk; ldS b.kokLrS HkykS feu[k oks gS ftdkS vkijh dj.kh vj dFkuh uS vsd jk[kS dfo b.klwa vkxS vk ckr Hkh le>koSftdk feu[k b.k Hkkar jkS Hksn jk[kS okalw vGxkS jSo.kkS pkbtS&

^êq[k Åij ehBkl] ?kV ekagh [kks; ?kMS+A

blM+ka lwa b[kykl] jk[khtS ufga jkft;kAA**

7-4-5 nqjxq.kk lwa cp.kkS

dfo dìkjke U;kjS&U;kjS l:ika esa feu[k uS nqjxq.kka lwa cp.k jh lh[k nh gSA dfo dsbZ nqjxq.kka uSfx.kk;k gS oks feu[k bZ";kZ] }S"k oSeUL; lwa vGxkS jSo.k jh lh[k nsoSA

os feu[k ftdk [kqn jS LokjFk jS ikNh nwtka jkS vfgr djS okauS dfo Bhd uha ekU;kS gSA dfo m.kyksxkauS Hkh Bhd uha ekuS ftdk vkijS LokjFk jS ikNS nwtka jh pqxyh djSA okajh pqxyh lwa nwtk feu[kka jkS vfgrgqoS b.k okLrS oks pqxyh lwa vknr vj pqxy[kksj feu[kka lwa vGxkS jSo.k jh lh[k nsoS rks pqxy [kksjka jh vknruS crGkoS vj okalwa vGxkS jSo.kjh lh[k nsoS&

^^pqxyh gh lwa pwu vkSj u xq.k b.k oklrSA

[kksl fy;k cs[kwu*] fjxG mBkoS jkft;kAA

98

pksj pqxy okpkG ;kajh ekuhtS ughaA

laiM+koS ?kldkG] jhrh ukM~;ka] jkft;kAA**

7-4-6 lkph nksLrh jk[k.kh

lekt esa feu[k vkijS tho.k pyko.k okLrS fdruk bZ yksxka lwa laca/k jk[kS] ;k m.kuS laca/k jk[k.kk iM+SD;wa*d m.k feu[kk fcuk vsd feu[k jkS tho.k vkxS uha c/k ldSA feu[k jk vS laca/k jxr lwa tqM+~;k gqoS ftdkm.kuS tue jS lkFkS feyS T;wa ekrk&firk] HkkbZ] CgSu] nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh ekek dkdk eklh Hkqok vkn i.kb.kjS vykok Hkh feu[k m.kjS lkFkS jSoS ftdk t:jr eqtc] mej eqtc ;k eu eqtc c.kS vS fjLrk fe=rkjk dS;k tk ldSA fe=rk jk dSbZ okj fjLrk rks [kwu jk fjLrka lwa Hkh vkxS c/k tkoSA

fe=rk esa dfo jkS ekuokS jg~;kS*d lkpkS fe= vkijS fe= jkS dke djS] m.kjh lgk;rk djS] vc[kkbZ esavkMkS vkoSA ftdkS fe= vkijS LokLF; jS okLrs fe=rk jk[kS oks lkpkS fe= uha dg~;kS tk ldSA dfo vSM+k fe=kauS eyGch ekuS vj okalw lwa vGxkS jSo.k jh lh[k nsoSA fe=rk esa LokjFk vko.k lwa ok fe=rk [kre gq; tkoSAdfo b.k Hkkar jh ckrka dSbZ nksgka esa fy[kh gS T;wa &

^^lkapks fe= lpsr] dgks dke u djS fdlksA

gfj vjt.k jS gsr] jFk dj gkD;kS jkft;kAA

eryc jh euokj] pqids ykoS pwjekSA

fcu eryc euokj] jkc uk ikoS jkft;kAA

fefy;ka vr euokj] chNfM+;ka Hkk[kS cqjhA

ykur ns T;ka ykj] jth mMkokS jkft;kAA**

7-4-7 dqlax jkS R;kx &

dfo vkn'kZ lekt jS fuekZ.k esa feu[kka uS dqlax jkS R;kx dj.k jh lh[k nh gSA b.kjS lkFkS dqlax jkSR;kx vj ln~lax dj.k lh[k Hkh nh gSA

dqlax lwa feu[k vkijS ln~xq.kka uS Hkwy tkoS m.kesa nqxqZ.k vk; tkoSA dqlax lwa feu[k nqO;Zlu lh[kysoS vkijks lxrh uS xek; nsoS b.k okLrS dfo dqlax jkS QG crkorka m.klwa vGxkS jSo.k jh lh[k nsoS&

^^L;kGka laxr ik;] djd papSM+S dsgjhA

gk; dqlaxr! gk;! jhl u vkoS jkft;kAA**

vsd tru lr vsg] dwdj dqxa/k dqek.klkaA

NsM+ u yhtS Nsg] jSo.k nhtS jkft;kAA**

7-4-8 dje jks egkre

dfo d`ikjke vkijS nwgka lwa Jevkj deZ jh egÙkk uS le>k;h gS] b.kjS lkFkS dfo vkGL; vj dk;jrkuS R;kx.k jh ckr dSoSA dfo Je uS tho.k jkS vk/kkj ekU;kS gSA vj Je djrka tho.k uS vkxS c/kko.k jh lh[kfnoh gSA dfo ekuS ftdkS feu[k dje gks.k gqoS oks tho.k esa fodkl uha dj ldSA ftdkS feu[k dk;jrk lwavkijkS tho.k vkxS c/kkoS rks vkijh lxrh uS xek; nsoS b.kjS lkFkS oks b.k Hkkar jkS tho.k fcrkoS ft.kuS ykxsf/kDdkjS vj dksbZ vknj uha djS&

99

^^fgEer fdEer gks;] fo.k fgEer fdEer ughaA

djS u vknj dks;] jn dkxn T;wa jkft;kAA

feGS flag ou ek;] fd.k fejxka e`x"kr fd;kSA

tksjkoj vfr tkag] jgS mj|xr jkft;kAA

uepj fogax fujkl] fou fgEer yk[k ogSA

ckt =ir dj okl] jtiwrh lwa jkft;kAA**

uhfr vj vknlZ jk vS lw= ftdk dìkjke f[kfM+;k jk nwgka lwa lkeha vk;k gS m.kkajS vykok Hkh dsbZ bL;krRo Hkh ft.kka uS lkeha jk[k feu[k vkijS tho.k uS egku~ c.kk; ldS b.kesa LokHkheku jh j{kk] LokehHkfDr]d`rKrk] nku jh efgek] volj uS fiNk.k.k jh f[kerk] feu[ki.kS jS eksy] e`nq Hkkf"krk bR;kn bL;k xq.k gSft.kuS vi.kk; feu[k vkijS tho.k uS vkxS ys tk; ldSA

7-5 dfo dìkjke jh lkekftd nhB

lkfgR; jh lh[k lekt lk: mi;ksxh gqoS vj oks lkfgR; bt lekt lk: mi;ksxh gqoS ftdkS vkijhlkexzh lwa b.k lekt vj m.kesa jSo.k okyS eku[kS uS dha lh[k nsoS] m.kh lkfgR; uS lkFkZd lkfgR; jh laKknh tk ldSA lkfgR; jh lkFkZdrk jh nhB lwa ns[kka rks ^jkft;k jk lksjBk** vsd lkFkZd jpuk gS D;wa*d tho.kjS fd.kh i{k uS dfo NksM+~;kS uha gS vj vkijS lksjBk :ih lw=ka lwa lekt uS izsj.kk nh gS b.k l:i esa dfojh vk nhB vsd egrkÅ lkekftd nhB dS;h tk ldSA dfo jh b.k nhB jh dha folslrkoka ;wa ns[kh tk ldSA

7-5-1 vknlZ lekt jh lajpuk

T;wa iSyh dghT;kS gS dfo vsd vknlZ lekt jh ladYiuk uS y;s vkxS c/kS tBS oks pkoS b.k lekt esajSo.k okGkS feu[k lk/kkj.k feu[k uha vsd vkn'kZ feu[k c.kS vj oks lekt ft.k es oks jSoS oks Hkh vsd vkn'kZlekt c.kSA

dfo dìkjke vkn'kZ lekt jh lajpuk esa feu[k uS bt vk/kkj c.kkoS b.k okLrS oks feu[k uS le>koSft.kesa ^jktkjke* feu[k jkS izfrfuf/k c.kSA vBS dfo izopu dj.k okGkS uha i.k vsd lkps fe= T;wa vsd lyknsoSA vk f'k{kk ;k lykg] vsdkaxh uha gq; lokZaxh.k gS ft.kesa esa lekt jkS dksbZ {ks= vNwrkS uha jg~;kS gSA

b.k Hkkar [kjS :i esa dg~;kS tk ldS*d dfo vkijS dkO;kRed lans'k lwa vkn'kZ lekt jh lajpuk jkSfprjke lkeha ykoSA

7-5-2 fuls/kkRed lw=ka jkS foospu

dfo dìkjke vkijh jpuk esa vsd dkuha vkn'kZ feu[k okLrS dj.k okGk dkeka uS le>k;kS gS rks nwthdkuha fu"ks/kkRed lw=ka jkS foospu Hkh dj~;kS gS b.k fu"ks/kkRed lw=ka esa os ckrka crGk;h gS ftdh feu[k uS uhadj.kh pkbtSA vS fu"ks/kkRed lw= dBS bZ rks lh/kS :i esa lkeha vkoS rks dBSbZ vizR;{k :i lwa lkeha vkoSAvS fu"ks/kRed lw= uhfr jkS fun'kZu djS T;wa&

fuls/k ¼eukbZ½

^^b.k gh lwa vonkr] dg.kh lksp fopkj djA

cs ekSlj jh ckr] :M+h yxS u jkft;kAA**

100

pksj pqxG okpkG] T;kajh ekuhtS ughaA

laiM+koS ?kldkG] jhrh ukM~;ka jkft;kAA**

m.k gh Bke vjksx] Hkkat.k jh eu esa Hk.kSA

vk rks ckr vtksx] jke u HkkoS jkft;kAA**

vizR;{k fu"ks/k esa dfo ckr rks lh/kS :i esa dSoS i.k m.kjkS vjFk vizR;{k :i esa fudGS vj m.kesa fd.khdke uS uha dj.k jkS lansl gqoSA jkft;k jk lksjBk esa b.k Hkkarjk dsbZ nwgk ns[;k tk ldS&

^îky.k Hkk.k] iGkf[k] dsbZ ewj[k míe djSA

mGVh QwVS vka[ks] jsr mNkG~;ka] jkft;kAA

iG&iG esa dj I;kj] iG&iG esa iGVS ijkA

, eqryc jk ;kj] jgts vGxkS jkft;kAA

míe djks vusd] vFkok v.k míe djksA

gkslh fug/kS gsd] jke djS lks jkft;kAA

[ky&xqG v.kdwarkg] vsd Hkko dj vknjSA

rs uxjh gqarkga] jksgh vkNh jkft;kAA**

b.k Hkkar dg~;kS tk ldS*d dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k vkn'kZ tho.k lwa dj.kh; dk;Z vj vdj.kh; dk;kZchpkGS] feu[k uS vkNS uS vaxst.k vj cqjS dkuka lwa cp.k jh lh[k nh gSA

7-6- dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jS dkO; jkS dyk&i{k

dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jkS mís'; vkn'kZ vj uSfrd tho.k jh lh[k nso.kkS bt jg~;kS b.k okLrS dkO;jS dyk i{k dkuha okajkS ?k.kkS :>ku uha jg~;kS i.k lgt esa vko.k ?kGS vyadkjka jS iz;ksx lwa cp Hkh uha lD;kAokajS dkO; jkS vk/kkj ljy Hkk"kk vj lSyh jS;h b.k ljy Hkklk 'kSyh lwa bt okajh jpuk yksdfiz; gqbZA Nanijaijk jS lclwa NksVS Nan nwgk Nan jS lksjBS nwgS us vk/kkj c.kk; os vkijh jpuk lkeha yk;A okajS dkO; jS dyki{k uS foLrkj lwa b.k Hkkar ns[k ldkaA

7-6-1 Nan

gjsd jpukdkj vkijh jpuk uS lkeha yko.k okLrS fd.kh u fd.kh Nan uS vk/kkj c.kkorkS ;wa vk/kqfuddkO; esa rks Nan foghu jpuk Lohdkj djhth gS i.k izkphu] e/;dkyhu vj vk/kqfud dky esa Hkh dsbZjpukdkj Nan fcuk jpuk jkS vfLrRo Lohdkj uha dj~;kS gSA Nan bt jpuk gh izLrqfr jkS vk/kkj jg~;kS gSA

dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k vkijh jpuk ikjaifjd 'kSyh esa djh b.k okLrS os vkijh jpuk jkS vk/kkj Nan uSc.kk;kS vj T;wa jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jkS fiz; Nan nwgks Nan vj b.kjkS Hksn lksjBks Nan jg~;kS gS dfo dìkjku vkijhjpuk b.k lksjBs Nan esa gh jph vkSj dkj.k gS*d b.k jpuk jkS uke Hkh ^jkft;k jk lksjBk* jg~;kS gSA

lksjfB;k nwgkS

lksjBks Nan nwgs jkS vsd Hksn jg~;kS gS b.k okLrS b.k Nan uS lksjfB;s nwgS jkS uke fn;kS gSA lksjfB;kS nwgksjktLFkkuh yksd esa ?k.kkS pkokS jg~;kS gS b.k okLrS dghT;kS gS&

101

lksjfB;kS nwgkS HkykS] Hky ek[k.k jh ckrA

tksc.k NkbZ /k.kHkyh] rkjka NkbZ jkrAA**

lksjfB;ksa nwgks T;wa iSyh fy[khT;ksa gS vks vsd ekf=d Nan gS b.kesa pkj pj.k gqoS vj rqd iSyS vj rhtSpj.k jh feGhtS gSA

Nan

iSyks pj.k nwtks pj.k rhtkS pj.k pkSFkkS pj.k rqd

13 ek=k 11 ek=k 13 ek=k 11 ek=k 1@3 pj.k

;wa rks d#.kk] Hkfä vj fl.kxkj jl jh jpukoka esa lksjBS jkS iz;ksx ns[khtS i.k jktLFkkuh uhfr dkO;ijaijk esa Hkh lksjBS Nan jkS iz;ksx gq;kS gS ft.kjkS lclwa egrkÅ mnkgj.k ^jkft;k jk lksjBk* dg~;kS tk ldST;wa vsd lksjBS jkS mnkgj.k b.k Hkkar gS&

^^vM+oka [kM+oka vkFk lqnrkjk foylS lnkA

AA · AA · ·A ¾ 11 AA ·· AA· A· ¾ 13

lweka pyS u lkFk] jkbZ ftrjh jkft;kAA

·· A · A · A ¾ 11 ·· A · · A · ¾ 13**

b.kh Hkkar gjsd Nan jS ek=koka jh fx.krh vj rqdka feyku dj~;kS tk ldSA b.k nhB lwa dS; ldka dfodìkjke lksjBS Nan esa vkijh jpuk uS lkarjS <ax lwa lkeha jk[kh gSA

7-6-2 vyadkj

dfo dìkjke vkijh jpuk esa vyadkj jh eksg uha jk[;kS gS i.k LgSt esa vk;k vyadkjka uS iz;ksx dj.klwa udkj~;kS Hkha uh gSA vyadkjk jkS vkS LgSt iz;ksx okajS dkO; eka; LgSt lqUnjrk yk;kS gS vyadkj dBS bZ HkhdkO; esa cks> c.k lkeha uh vk;k gSA

jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jkS fiz; vyadkj BS.k lxkbZ vyadkj jkS iz;ksx rks gq;kS bZ gS m.kjS lkFkS vuqizkl :idvj miek vyadkj jk iz;ksx Hkh ns[;k tk ldSA

oS.k lxkbZ

o.kh jS fo'ks"k laca/k uS oS.k lxkbZ vyadkj dghtS b.kjk rhuwa Hksn dfo dìkjke jS dkO; esa ns[;k tkldS&

izFke esy

eu lwas >xM+S ekSj] iSyk lwa >xM+S iNSA

R;kajka ?kVS u rkSj] jkt dpSM+h] jkft;kAA

e/;esG

ojrS gsr lok;A

ikVk ihM+ mikoA

102

rs uxjh gwrkagA

gkFkG cG eksrkgGka A

var esG

rt eu lkjh ?kkr A

vuqizkl %

vsd gh oj.k jh vko`fÙkA

pkyw pkdj pksjA

xSyk xaMd xqykeA

xksyh xksjS xkr

Bkdj Bkyk BksBAA

b.k Hkkar dS; ldka dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k vyadkjka jkS CgkSr LgSt iz;ksx dj~;kS gS vj b.kh dkj.k okajSdkO; esa cksf>Uurk uha gSA

7-6-3 Hkklk vj lSyh

dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jS dkO; jh lclwa eksVh b.kkajh ljy Hkklk vj lgt 'kSyh jh gSA b.k ljy HkklkjS dkj.k gh vkS dkO; yksd esa brjkS pkokS vj BkokS jg~;kS gSA

b.k dkO; jh Hkk"kk esa jktLFkkuh jS ekud l:i jk njl.k gqoSA b.kjS lkFkS&lkFkS lar dkO;ka eka; Hkklkjh ftdh ljyrk vj ywaBkbZ nhlS ok ljyrk vj BkSl i.kkS dìkjke jS dkO; esa nhlSA vkS bZt dkj.k gS*dft.k Hkkar lar dkO; t.kS&t.kS jS fg;S uS Kku vj mtkl fn;kS vj m.k Kku vj mtkl fn;kS vj m.k Kkujks ek/;e ljy Hkklk vj lSyh c.kh m.kh Hkkar dìkjke f[kfM+;k jkS dkO; vkijh Hkklk vj lSyh gS dkj.k vktrd txpkokS gS vj jSoSykA

7-7 jktLFkkuh dkO; ijaijk esa dfo dìkjke jkS ;ksxnku

jktLFkkuh dkO; ijaijk jh l:vkr ohj dkO;ka lwa gqbZ m.kjS iNS Hkfä dky esa Hkfä iz/kku jpukokans[k.k esa vkbZ tBS Hkfä ijaijkjh U;kjh&U;kjh /kkjkoka lwa tqM+;kS dkO;k ns[k.k esa vk;kSA mÙkj e/;dky esa jhfrvj fl.kxkj dkO; ijaijk esa vsd uwoha dkO; ijaijk ns[k.k esa vk;h ft.kuS uhfr dkO; ijaijk jkS uke fn;kSgSA dkO; ijaijk esa dsbZ jpukoka vj jpukdkj ns[k.k esa vk;k m.kesa jkft;k jk lksjBk* jpuk jk jpukdkjns[k.k esa vk;k m.kesa ^jkft;k jk lksjBk* jpuk jk jpukdkj dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;kjkS uke vfoLej.kh; gSAlacks/ku ijd uhfr dkO; ijaijk esa vki ftdkS iz;ksx dj~;kS oks vko.k okGk dfo;ka jS okLrS vkn'kZ c.;kSft.kjkS vkSlqQy jg~;kS*d lacks/ku ijd uhfr dkO; ijaijk jh vsd fluj/k dkO; lkexzh ns[k.k esa vkoS ft.kjkSJh x.ks'k dfo dìkjke dj~;kS b.k :i esa jktLFkkuh dkO; ijaijk esa okajh BkSM+ veksyd gS vj okajkS ;ksxnkuvfoLej.kh; gSA

7-8 bdkbZ jkS lkj

jktLFkkuh uhfr dkO; ijaijk jh egrkÅ jpuk jkft;k jk lksjBk* eku[kS uS vkn'kZ tho.k jkS ikB i<+koSvj lk/kj.k eku[kS lwa egkekuo c.k.k jh lh[k nSoSA jktLFkkuh lacks/ku ijd uhfr dkO; jh vk jpuk vj

103

b.kjk jpukdkj dfo dìkjke jktLFkkuh yksd jS fgoM+S esa vj ekul esa vkijh egrkÅ BkSM+ c.kk;ka vkn'kZjkS ikB i<+k;kS gS vj i<+korh jSoSykA

7-9 vH;kl lk: loky

1- dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jS tho.kh uS vkijS lcnka eka; ekaxSA

2- ^^jkft;k** jkS ifjp; djkorka ^jkft;k jk lksjBk* jS jpukØe jS fodkl uS le>kokSA

3- ^jkft;k jk lksjBk* dkO; jh dkO;xr folslrkoka uS le>kokSA

4- ^jkft;k jk lksjBk* jk dfo vkijh jpuk lwa vsd vkn'kZ tho.k jkS fprjke fd.k Hkkar lkeha yk;kS gSAle>kokSA

5- jktLFkkuh dkO; ijaijk esa dfo dìkjke f[kfM+;k jS egÙo uS njlkokSA

7-10 lanHkZ iksF;ka

1- ujksÙkenkl Lokeh&jkft;k jk nwgk A

2- txnh'k flag xgyksr&jkft;k jk lksjBk A

3- MkW- 'kfänku dfo;k&jkft;k jk lksjBk A

4- MkW- Hkxorhyky 'kekZ&jktLFkkuh uhfr ijd lacks/ku dkO; A


104

bdkbZ & 8

izeq[k lardfo;=h & lgtksckbZbdkbZ jh :ijs[kk

8-0 mísL;

8-1 çLrkouk

8-2 jktLFkku jk lar&laiznk;

8-3 lar&lkfgR; jk jpukdkj

8-4 pj.knklh laiznk;

8-5 lgtks ckbZ jkS tho.k&ifjpS

8-6 lgtks ckbZ jkS fljt.k&lalkj

8-7 lgtks ckbZ jkS tho.k&njl.k

8-8 dkO;xr folslrkoka

8-9 bdkbZ jkS lkj

8-10 vH;kl lk: loky

8-11 egrkÅ iksF;ka

8-0 mísL;

jktLFkkuh Hkxrh dkO;&ijEijk ?k.kh lcG gSA b.kjS bfrgkl eka; lar&lkfgR; ;k lar&lEiznk;ka jkS?k.kkS egÙo gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR;sfrgkl eka; fljSukao lar lEiznk;ka jS ekjQr fy[khT;kS lkfgR; eksdGk;resa feGSA larka vj m.kka jk flL;&flL;koka tdh lkfgR; lkexzh lekt uSa nh gS] m.kuSa lar&lkfgR; jh laX;kfnjhth gSA larka vkijh Hkxrh&lkèkuk] xSjS vuqHko] LokuqHkwfr vj Hkxoku jS [kkrj vFkkx usg uSa vkijh ljlvj lgt ok.kh lwa lxGka lkEgha jk[;kS gSA

larka jS lkFkS vkajk flL; vj flL;koka bZ eksdGk gq;k gS] tdk vkijh lcG ok.kh lwa Hkxrh&dkO;ijEijk uSa Åaph BkSM+ rkabZ iqxkbZ] lxq.k vj fujxq.k Hkxrh ijEijk uSa vkijS lcnka jS vkljS lk/kkj.k feu[kkarkabZ iqxk;*j lekt uSa Hkxrh lwa ljkcksj dj fn;kSA vka jS minslka uSa vke tu varl eu lwa vaxsT;k vj m.kkauSa vkijS tho.k eka; Hkh <kGÓkA vka flL;&flL;koka jh ijEijk eka; lgtks ckbZ jkS ukao pkokS&BkokS gSA b.kkjki| ?kj&?kj eka; xkbZt.k ykX;kA xq#&flL; ijEijk uSa fuHkko.k okGh lgtks ckbZ jktLFkkuh lar lkfgR;eka; vkijh U;kjh&fudsoGh BkSM+ c.kkbZ gSA b.k bdkbZ jS ekjQr vkika Hkxr dof;=h lgtks ckbZ jStho.k&njl.k uSa le>kaykA b.kjS vykok&

1- jktLFkkuh lar&lEiznk;ka vj lar&lkfgR; jS jpukdkjka lwa bZ fo|kFkhZ voxr gqoSykA

2- b.k bdkbZ jkS vsd mísL; fo|kfFkZ;ka uSa pj.knkl lEiznk; lwa Hkh tk.kdkjh djko.kkS jSlhA

3- lar pj.knkl lEiznk; jh flL;k lgtks ckbZ jS tho.k vj m.k ekFkS pj.knklth jS izHkko jkS oj.kkobZ b.k bdkbZ esa djhT;kS gS] ft.klwa fo|kFkhZ uSa lgtks ckbZ ckcr lexz tk.kdkjh feylhA

4- lgtksckbZ jh izeq[k jpuk ^lgtks izdkl* jh jpukoka lwa bZ fo|kfFkZ;ka uSa ifjfpr djko.k jkS mísL; b.k

105

bdkbZ lwa iwjkS dj.k jkS iz;kl djhT;kS gSA

5- b.k bdkbZ lwa fo|kFkhZ lgtks ckbZ jS dkO; jh folslrkoka uS Hkh le> ldSykA

8-1 izLrkouk

gjsd lar vj egkRek vkijS tqx vj ifjfLFkfr;ka jh nsu gqoSA Hkkjr esa rsth lwa cnGrh jktuhfrd]lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vj vkjfFkd ifjfLFk;ka bZ HkxrhdkG uSa tye fn;kS] tn fgUnqvka jS duS vkrrkb;k¡ lwafuiV.k jS [kkrj u rks lxrh gh vj u gh dksbZ ckauSa Bhd ekjx fn[kkof.k;kS bZ gkSA vk[kS Hkkjr eka; eqxykajkS tksj gq;X;kSA èkjeijk;.k fgUnw turk esa uSjkL;] mnklh] vkReXykfu vj vfLFkjrk jkS cksyckykS gq;X;kSAvcS dksbZ vSM+kS fgUnwifr dksuh gkS tdkS eqxyka jS vR;kpkjka jkS eqdkcykS dj ldS vj fgUnqvka jh j{kk djSAtn feu[kka jh lxrh jkS ijkHko gq;X;kS rn feu[kka jkS >qdko Hkxoku dkuh gq;kSA vS ifjfLFkfr;ka Hkxrh&tqxuSa tye fn;kS vj m.k cxr Hkxrh vkanksy.kka jkS izpkj&izlkj gq;kSA Hkkjr jS eka; m.k cxr dsbZ lEiznk;kajkS mn; gq;kSA vka ^eka; cYyHk lEiznk;*] ^fuEckdZ lEiznk;*] ^jkeLusgh lEiznk;*] ^jk/kkLokeh lEiznk;*]^gfjnklh lEiznk;*] ^pSrU; lEiznk;* fljSukao gkA vka lEiznk;ka jk fØ;kdGki Hkxrh&vkanksy.k uSa vkxS c/kk;kSA b.k tqx eka; fo}ku iafMrka vj lkL=osÙkkoka lwa ys;*j fuj{kj lk/kq&larka rkabZ Hkxor Hkxrh jS [kkrjvkijk lkL= lEer vFkok LokuqHkwfr jk Lora= fopkj ijxV dfj;kA

^lar* lcn jh O;k[;k djrka MkW- t;ukjk;.k oekZ fy[kS] ^lar lcn m.k feu[k jkS i;kZ;okph gS tdkSlkUr izÑfr okGkS] lnkpkjh egkRek vj lTtu gqoSA** vkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh eqtc] ^^lar 'kCn ml O;fDrdh vksj ladsr djrk gS] ftlus lr :ih ije rÙo dk vuqHko dj fy;k gks vkSj tks vius O;fDrRo ls ÅijmBdj mlds lkFk rnuq:i gks x;k gks] tks lar Lo:i fuR; flf) dk lk{kkRdkj dj pqdk gks] ogh largSA**

vk[kS Hkkjr eka; tdk lar pkok gq;k gS] m.kka eka; dchj] jfonkl ¼jSnkl½] ukud] ukenso] Kkunso]xksj[kukFk] ,dukFk] lar rqdkjke] leFkZ xq# jkenkl vkn [kkl gSA vka jS ukao lwa dSbZ iaFk vj lEiznk;FkjihT;kA vka lEiznk;ka jS lkxS jktLFkku eka; vksj Hkh lar lEiznk; feGS] ft.kk eka; nknwiaFk] jkeLusghlEiznk;] fc'uksbZ lEiznk;] tlukFkh lEiznk;] pj.knklh lEiznk;] ukFkiaFk] ykynklh lEiznk;] vkbZ iaFk]xwnM+ iaFk] vyf[k;k lEiznk; vj fujatuh iaFk vkn izeq[k gSA

b.k rjS jkLVªh; Lrj jk larka vj izkarh; Lrj jk larka jktLFkku jS vk[kS tuekul ekFkS vkijkS izHkkoNksMÓkSA vke vkneh vka jS minslka uSa vi.kk;*j tho.k jS mísL; uSa lQG dj.k ykX;kSA

8-2 jktLFkku jk lar&lEiznk;

e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ijEijk eka; vka larka jkS ;ksxnku ?k.kkS egrkÅ gSA vka larka vsddkuhvkijS vkjk/; jh lk/kuk djh rkS nwth dkuh tulkekU; uSa vkNkS ekjx fn[kk;*j v/;kRe jS ewd l:i uSle>k;kSA jktLFkkuh lar dkO; ijEijk ekFkS vkijk fopkj jk[krka Fkdka MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh fy[kS]"Rajasthani is as rich in the sant poetry as it is in the folk literature. The main characteristics of saintpoetry is that it deals with Nirgun-Bhakti which inclines towards the Sagun-Bhakti (SagunonmukhNirgun-Bhakti), also indicating at times the Yog-Sadhna."

vk[;ku dkO; jS T;wa lar&lkfgR; jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS e/;dkG jh vsd pkoh folslrk c.k*j lkEghavkoSA lar&lkfgR; jktLFkkuh jS yksd&lkfgR; ftrjkS pkokS gSA jktLFkku eka; eksdGk lar&lEiznk; gq;kgS] tdk yksdekul uSa Hkxrh&Hkko lwa ljkcksj dj fn;kSA b.k tqx eka; lxq.k vj fujxq.k Hkxrh jkS lkfgR;eksdGk;r esa jphT;kSA jktLFkkuh lar&lkfgR; ijaijk ?k.kh ywaBh vj lcGh gSA lxGS lar&lkfgR; eka;

106

dyk&i[k jh BkSM+ Hkko&i[k uSa iz/kkurk feGh gSA MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh lar&lkfgR; jk vkf/kdkfjd fo}kugS] ftdk e/;dkG eka; QGrk&Qwyrk lar&lEiznk;ka jh vsd foxr c.kkbZ gS] tdh b.k Hkkar gS&

lEiznk; izorZd ;k izpkjd

1- ukFk xksj[kukFkth

2- jfld vxznklth

3- jkekor oSjkxh vuaruath

4- fcLuksbZ tkaHkksth

5- tlukFkh tlukFkth

6- fujatuh gfjnklth

7- fuEckdZ ij'kqjkensoth

8- nknwiaFk lar nknwn;kyth

9- ykynklh ¼ykyiaFk½ ykynklth

10- pj.knklh pj.knklth

11- xwnM+iaFkh larnklth

12- ¼1½ jkeLusgh jkepj.kth

¼2½ jkeLusgh nfj;koth

¼3½ jkeLusgh jkenklth

¼4½ jkeLusgh gfjjkenklth

13- vyf[k;k ykyfxfjth

14- vkbZiaFk ththnsoh ¼vkbZth½

b.k rjS jktLFkku jS eka; lxq.k vj fujxq.k Hkxrh jh ijEijk feGS] ft.kuSa eksddk lEiznk;ka jk larkal: djhA lar&lkfgR; jh vk ijEijk yxksyx jkrh&ekrh gksorh jS;hA vS lEiznk; vkijh Hkxrh&Hkkouk lwafeu[kka jS fgoM+S eka; uwaoh psruk txkbZ vj vkMEcjka lwa nwj jSo.k jks minsl fn;kSA

8-3 lar&lkfgR; jk jpukdkj

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka; lar dfo;ka jh vsd ywaBh ijEijk jS;h gSA vBS jk lkèkq&larka ft.k rjS jhlkfgR;&lk/kuk djh ck jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh vsd v.keksy /kjksgj gSA vBS lar&ijEijk jk pkok vj Bkokdfo;ka jkS ifjpS vj m.kka jh jpukoka jh vksG[kk.k djkbZ tk; jS;h gSA

1- lar nknwn;ky % lar nknwn;ky jh ok.kh ewG :i esa <wa<kM+h cksyh eka; jP;ksM+h feGSA vkijk Hkko]fopkj] fl)kUr vj vuqHko vka okf.k;ka eka; feGSA vka okf.k;ka jkS ladyu vj laxzS b.kkjk psyk dfj;kSA vkajhok.kh txr&dY;k.k jh ekaxfGd Hkkouk lwa ljkcksj vj ije rÙo jh lgt :i lwa ehBh vfHkO;fDr gSAljyrk vj izseHo vkajh ok.kh jh folslrk gSA lar nknwn;ky jh Hkxrh&jpuk jkS vsd nk[kykS ns[khtS&

nknw nh;k gS Hkyk] fn;k djks lc dks;A

?kj esa /kjk u ikb;s] tks dj fn;k u gks;AA

107

nknw lc tx uh/kuk] /kuoark ufga dksbA

lks /kuoark tkf.k;s] tkdS jke inkjFk gksbAA

2- c[kukth % c[kukth lar nknwn;ky jk flL; gkA vkijh ok.kh jkS jpukdkG fo-la- 1640 jS iNSbZ jS;kS gkslhA vka jh jpukoka jh Hkklk cksypky jh ekjokM+h vj <wa<kM+h jks esG fy;kSM+h jktLFkkuh Hkklk gSAvkajh okf.k;ka jh eksVh folslrk vk gS dS b.kka eka; xs;rk gSA vka okf.k;ka jh la[;k yxSVxS 167 gSA dS;kS tkoSdS c[kukth jh [kqn jh vkokt ?k.kh ehBh ghA vki [kqn vkijh ok.kh xk;*j lq.kkork gkA c[kukth jh Hkklkvke tu jh Hkklk gSA vka jk Hkko lgtrk lwa le> esa vk tkaoSA

3- jTtcth % nknwn;ky jk fljekSj flL;ka eka; jTtcth jkS ukao ?k.kkS BkodkS gSA vkajh tkr iBk.kghA vki ?k.kk if<;k&fyf[k;k rkS uha gk] i.k vkijh ok.kh eka; xSjkS fparu ns[k.k uSa feGSA vki ^ok.kh* vj^loZaxh* ukao jk nks xzaFk fy[;k] ft.kka eka; dkO; jh rkdr X;ku&xfjek vj xq#&Hkxrh jkS ifjpS feGSA

4- lqanjnkl % lqanjnkl Hkh nknwn;ky jk psyk gkA vkiuSa O;kdj.k] lkfgR;] osnkUr] ;ksx vj^"kM~n'kZu* vkn xzaFkka jkS vkNkS X;ku gkSA fl.kxkj jl jh dforkoka vkiuSa vkNh uha ykxrhA Qxr dosljds'konkljh ^jfld fiz;k* vkiuSa vkNh ykxrhA lqanjnklth jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh fiaxG lSyh eka; vkajhjpukoka jphA

5- nhuth % mn;iqj jS xqM+kyh xkao eka; tyfe;k nhuth tkfr jk yqgkj gkA vki izfrHkkoku dfovj ;ksxfl) feu[k gkA vki nhuizdkl] ijekFkZ&izlax] fprko.k lkj] bZlj&Lrqfr] jkt psrko.kh] dDdkcÙkhlh] xxM+ uhlka.kh i| vj QqVdj jpukoka fy[khA vki pkoh tdM+h] ckjgeklk] Qkx vkn jkS iz;ksxdfj;kSA vkijh lk/kuk fujxq.k Hkxrh dkuh cslh ghA vkijh dforkoka jkS folS czãX;ku] tkr&ikr jkS >wBkSHksnHkko] ;ksx] oSjkx vkn jS;kS gSA

6- xojh ckbZ % xojh ckbZ Vkcji.kS eka; fo/kok gq;xhA cka fnuka fo/kokoka jkS tho.k ?k.kkS vc[kkS gkSAb.k dkj.k vki i<.kkS&fy[k.kkS l: dfj;kSA vki Hkxor xhrk jkS v/;;u djÓkS vj Hkxor&Hkxrh eka;MwcxhA b.kjS bZ dkj.k vki ?k.kh tx pkoh gqbZA xojh ckbZ dSbZ QqVdj i| fyf[k;k ft.kesa X;ku] Hkxrh vjoSjkx jh efgek xkbZth gSA xojh ckbZ jh Hkklk jktLFkkuh] xqtjkrh vj czt jkS jfG;kS&fefG;kS :i gSA vkiyxSVxS 610 i| fyf[k;k] tdk ?k.kk pkok gq;kA

7- dkth egewn % dkth egewn vsd pkok lar dfo gS] ft.kka jk i| jktLFkkuh eka; vkt Hkhtxpkok gSA vkijk 45 jS yxSVxS i| feGS] tdk vkt Hkh gkFk fy[kh iksF;ka eka; fc[kjÓk iM+Ók gSA vkijki| 16oha lnh jh l#vkr esa ?k.kk pkok gq;kA vka i|ka eka; [kM+h cksyh jkS vlj lkQ fuxS vkoSA

8- n;kckbZ % vki egkRek pj.k nkl jh flL;k gkA vki n;kcks/k* vj ^fou;ekfydk* ukao jk nks xzaFkkajh jpuk djhA n;kckbZ xq#&efgek] izse jkS vax] lwj jkS vax] flej.k jkS vax vkn lwa tqM+h jpukoka fy[khAvkijh ok.kh eka; nSU; vj oSjkx jh b/kdkbZ gSA

9- xjhcnkl % xjhcnkl nknwn;ky jk eksch csVk gkA lar nknwn;ky iNS vki xíh ekFkS cSBÓkA vki^lk[kh*] ^in*] ^vuHkS izcks/k*] ^v/;kRe izcks/k* vkn xzaFkka jh jpuk djhA

b.k rjS jktLFkkuh lar&lkfgR; jk vS jpukdkj dfo vkijh ys[kuh lwa [kqn rkS vej gq;k bZ gS] lkxSbZ jktLFkkuh Hkxrh dkO;&ijEijk uSa ?k.keksyh HksaV ns;X;kA xq# efgek] oSjkx vj tho.k jh {k.kHkaxqjrk vkajS dkO; jh [kkl fol;&oLrq jS;hA

108

8-4 pj.knklh lEiznk;

pj.knklh lEiznk; jk izorZd lar pj.knklth gkA lar pj.knklth esokr gydS lwa tqfM+;k vsdegku lar gk] ft.kka jkS izHkko [ksrj ?k.kkS ywaBkS jS;kSA vkijkS tye esokr gydS jS ^Msgjk* ukao jS xkao eka; fo-la- 1760 esa HkknoS jS P;ku.kS i[k jh rht uSa gq;kSA vkijk firkth jkS ukao eqjyh/kj vj ek;M+ jkS ukao dqathnsohgkSA vkijkS tye <wlj oSL; dqG esa gq;kSA vkijh vkè;kfRed vfHk#fp jS dkj.k vki vktho.k czãpkjh jS;kAtn pj.knklth 19 cjlka jk gq;k rn ckajks feyki 'kqdnso eqfu lwa gq;kS] ft.kka lwa vki nh{kk yhAJhen~Hkkxor uSa fljekSj vj ywaBS xzaFk jS :i esa vki vaxsft;kSA vki ?kqeDdM+ tho.k vi.kk;*j minsl nsorkjS;kA fo- la- 1839 eka; fnYyh esa vki jkelj.k gq;k] tBS vkijh lekf/k c.;ksM+h gSA

lxq.k vj fujxq.k nksuwa fopkj/kkjkoka uSa lar pj.knkl vaxsthA vki czã uSa xq.kkrhr jS :i esa vaxsT;kSAvkijS eqtc czã lxGh BkSM+ feGS] okS uha rkS lkdkj gS vj uha bZ fujkdkjA vki xq#Hkxrh ekFkS ?k.kkS tksjfn;kSA vkijkS eku.kkS gkS dS xq# uSa flej.kS lwa bZ bZLoj lwa lk{kkRdkj gq; tkoSA lar pj.knkl lRlax ekFkScslh tksj fn;kSA vkijkS eku.kkS gkS dS feu[k tSM+kS dje djS] m.kuSa fcÙkkS bZ QG feySA vki vkijh ok.kh eka;txS&txS uSfrdrk ekFkS tksj fn;kSA vkijkS eku.kkS gkS dS ?kj&?kj esa fojkteku Hkxoku rhjFkka eka; dksuhfeGSA ri] rhjFk] ozr vj lk/kuk jke ukao jS cjkscj dksuhA

pj.knklh iaFk jS dfo;ka eka; pj.knkl vj m.kjh nks flL;koka lgtksckbZ vj n;kckbZ jh Bkoh BkSM+gSA vkijh Hkklk czt jfG;ksM+h jktLFkkuh gSA b.k iaFk jk tksxthr] jke:i] :ikjke] v[kSjkenkl] eueksgunklvj ljlek/kqjhx.kth txpkok lkfgR;dkj gq;k gSA pj.knklh lk/kq ihGk xkHkk iSjS vj yykV ekFkS xksihpan.kjkS irGkS fryd yxkoSA ekFkS Åij ihGS jax jh Vksih vj ikxM+h cka/kSA

8-5 lgtks ckbZ jkS tho.k&ifjpS

lgtks ckbZ xq# pj.knklth jk fljekSj flL;ka eka; lwa vsd ghA vki lar dkO;èkkjk jh txpkohdof;=h gkA jktLFkku jS lar&dfo;ka jh ijEijk eka; vkijkS ukao ?k.kkS vknjhtSA vkijkS tye esokr gydSjS mn;iqj ukao jh BkSM+ ij ^Msgjk* ukao jS xkao eka; vsd <wlj oSL; dqG esa gq;kSA vkijS tye jkS cxr fo-laor~ 1740 ekU;kS tkoSA dSbZ fo}kuka jkS vuqeku gS dS lgtks ckbZ jkS tye egkjkLVª eka; fo-laor~ 1740 eka;gq;kS gkS vj nsgkolku laor~ 1820 esa gq;kS] i.k vkf/kdkfjd :i lwa vkS dSo.kkS ?k.kkS vc[kkS gSA vkijS firkjkS ukao gfjizlkn vj ekrk jkS ukao uwihckbZ crk;kS tkoSA

xq# % lgtks ckbZ pj.knklth jh flL;k gk vj vki vktho.k czãpkfj.kh jS;kA vkS ekU;kS tkoS gSdS lar pj.knkl lgtks ckbZ jk eesjk HkkbZ gkA pj.knklth gh pj.knklh lEiznk; jk izorZd gkA lgtks ckbZjh xq# pj.knkl jh pkoh flL;koka eka; fx.krh gqoSA xq# pj.knkl bZ lgtks ckbZ vj n;kckbZ uSa tho.k jh{k.k Hkaxqjrk jS ckjS esa crk;*j oSjkx jh izèkkurk ekFkS tksj fn;kSA pj.knklth Hkh 14 xzaFkka jh jpuk djh] tdkb.k Hkkar gS& 1- v"Vkax ;ksx] 2- ukldsr] 3- lansg lkxj] 4- HkfDr lkxj] 5- gfjizdk'k Vhdk] 6- vejyksd[kaM /kke] 7- HkfDr&inkjFk] 8- 'kCn] 9- eu fojDr dju xqVdk] 10- jke ekyk] 11- Kku Lojksn;] 12-nkuyhyk] 13- czãKku lkxj] vj 14- dq#{ks= dh yhykA pj.knklth jks iaFk dchj iaFk lwa feyrks&tqyrksgSA

lgtksckbZ ekFkS xq# izHkko % lgtks ckbZ jks ^'kqd lEiznk;* esa nhf{kr gkso.kkS Hkh vsd la;ksxdkjh?kVuk ekuh tkoS gSA ?kjokGk feG*j lgtksckbZ jkS C;ko 11 cjl jh mej esa r; dj fn;kS gkSA C;ko jS ekSdSekFkS tn lqgkx.k yqxk;ka m.kkjkS fl.kxkj djuS xhr xk; jS;h gh rn m.kh cxr pj.knkl th vk;k vjlgtks ckbZ uSa yf{kr djrka Fkdka cksY;k&

109

lgtks rfud lqgkx ij] dgk xqnk, lhlA

ejuk gS jguk ugha] tkuk fcLok chlAA

dS;kS tkoS gS dS vkS in lq.krka bZ lgtks ckbZ jS fgjnS jh vkRek jk laLdkj tkxX;k vj vki C;kodj.kS lwa euk dj fn;kSA tksx lwa vk ?kVuk gq;h dS tkau eka; QVk[kka jh vkokt lwa chan jh ?kksM+h fcndxhvj Hkkx NwVh ft.k dkj.k vsd isM+ lwa Vdjk; tko.k lwa chan jh fejrq gks;xhA vkS [kksVkS lekpkj tnlgtksckbZ rkabZ iwX;kS rkS m.kjkS oSjkx ladGi vkSj Hkh ywaBkS gks;X;kSA

lgtksckbZ jk firk Hkh dkG jh b.k xfr vj cxr jS i[k uSa ns[k*j lxGS ifjokj lesr nh{kk ys;yhA

8-6 lgtks ckbZ jkS fljt.k&lalkj

lgtksckbZ vsd lar&dof;=h gkA xq# pj.knkl jS minslka jS izHkko lwa vki xgLFk tho.k uSa NksM*jHkxor vkjk/kuk eka; vkijkS lxGkS tho.k vjfir dj fn;kSA vki Hkxor dkO; eka; bŸkk jeX;k dS dSbZokf.k;ka] in] lkf[k;ka vj Hktuka jh jpuk djhA vkijkS jpukdkG fo-laor~ 1800 jS vklS&iklS ekU;kS tkoSAvkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh jS eqtc lgtks ckbZ vkijS xzaFk ^lgt&izdkl* jh jpuk fnYyh jS izhfNriqj¼ijhf{kriqj½ ukao uxj eka; djhA b.k xzaFk eka; xq#&Hkxrh jkS lkarjkS oj.kko gq;kS gSA JhÑ".k jS lkdkj&lxq.kvj ekèkq;Ze; :i jkS oj.ku gq;kS gS rkS lkxS bZ b.kesa lgtks ckbZ jh fou; Hkkouk jh vfHkO;fDr Hkh feGSA

lgtksckbZ vkijh jpukoka eka; xq# jh egÙkk] uke ekgkRE;] vtiktki] lalkj jh fuLlkjrk vj m.klwavGxkS jSo.k jh psrko.kh] dke&Øks/k&en&yksHk&eksg vkn jkS R;kx] djeQG ekFkS foLokl] vkNkS dke dj.kSekFkS tksj] izserÙo jkS fu:i.k] fof/k&fu"ks/k fujis{k fLFkfrcks/k*] fujxq.k&lxq.k fujis{k czãrÙo jkS vfuoZpuh;vj vuqHkwfrijd oj.ku vkn izeq[krk lwa feGSA lgtks ckbZ vkijh okf.k;ka eka; ifo= vj fujeG tho.k&i)frekFkS tksj fn;kS gSA

Ñ".k Hkxrh &

lgtks ckbZ 18oha lnh jh ehjk¡ Hkh dgh tkoSA vki tho.k&njl.k eka; Hkxrh&rÙo uSa Fkjfir djm.kuSa lkFkZdrk nh gSA ehjk¡ jS leku lgtks ckbZ Hkh [kqn uS JhÑ".k lkl vjfir dj fn;kS&

esjs ,d Jh xksikG vkSj ukfga dksbZA

vk; cls fg;s ekfga vkSj nwtks dksbZ /;ku ukfga]

esjk cl muds rkfg] oksbZ] oksbZ] oksbZA

tkfr gw eku rth] yksdgw dh ykt Hkth]

nksuksa dqy ekfga lth] dgk djS dksbZA

mith ?kV izhr esjh] fugpS gqbZ gw¡ psjh]

igjh gS izse csjh] VwVS ufga tksbZA

eSa rks pj.knkl HkbZ] xfrefr lc R;kx nbZ]

lgtks vc ukfga jgh] mB xbZ gS nksbZA

ehjk¡ckbZ jS leku bZ lgtksckbZ vkijS inka eka; [kqnjS vkjk/; JhÑ".k jS QqBjkiS jkS oj.ku djSA b.kjSlkxS bZ b.k ckr jkS Hkh pko jk[kS dS m.kjk vkjk/; m.kjS fgjnS eka; vkijkS jSokl djS ft.klwa m.kk jkS tho.k/kU; vj lkjFkd c.k tkoSyk&

eqdV yVd vVdh eu ekaghA

110

ur ru uVoj enu euksgj] dqaMy >yd vyx fcFkqjkbZA

ukd cqykd gyr eqDrkgy] gksB eVd xfr HkkSag pykbZA

Bqed&Bqed ix /kjr /kjfu ij] ckag mBk; djr prqjkbZA

>qud >qud uqiqj >udkjr] rrk FksbZ FksbZ jh> fj>kbZA

pj.knkl lgtks fg; varj] Hkou djkS ftr jgkS lnkbZA

lgtksckbZ vkijS vkjk/; Hkxoku JhÑ".k jS QqBjkiS jkS fprjke mdsj*j vk pkouk jk[kS vj vjt djSdS Hkxoku m.kjS fgjnS eka; fojktSA lgtksckbZ Hkxoku JhÑ".k jS eksjeqdV vj m.kkjh yVd ekFkS cfGgkjhtkoSA JhÑ".k jS dkuka jk dqaMG] ukd jh cqykd vj eksfr;ka jh ekGk m.kkjS eu uSa gj[kkoSA JhÑ".k jkS calhctko.kkS] fujr esa exu gkso.kkS] dej uSa ypdk;*j Hkko njlko.kks vj ixka jk ?kqa?k: jh #.k&>q.k ;wa tk.kSdksbZ laxhrdkj ^rk&rk Fkb;k* djS gSA

lgtksckbZ vkijS vkjk/; uSa vjt djS dS gs izHkq ! vkijh vk bt fNc EgkjS fgjnS :ih Hkou eka; Fkjfirdj.kS jh fdjik djkS] ft.kjS dkj.k EgkjkS tye lQG gq; tkoSA lgtksckbZ jh b.k rjS jh Hkxrh ehjka lwa esG[kkoSA lxq.k Hkxrh uSa njlk;^j lgtksckbZ vkijS tho.k uSa lkjFkd vj /kU; c.kk; fy;kSA

lgtks ckbZ jh xq#&efgek &

vBkjoha lnh jS vkf[kj eka; tn lekt ?kksj vkMEcjka lwa ljkcksj gks;*j fxjkoV jS nkSj esa vk;kS rnlgtks ckbZ vkijh lVhd jpukoka lwa lekt uSa uwaokS ekjx fn[kk;kSA lgtksckbZ vkijS tho.k uSa lkalkfjdeksg&ek;k jS ca/kuka lwa vGxkS jk[k*j vkijh ^uSlfxZd izfrHkk* vj njl.k jS tksj ekFkS lekt jS lkaeh blk Hkkojk[;k dS lekt vj leS lkFkS cS [kjk mrfj;kA

vsd izfrHkk uSa vxj vkNkS xq# feG tkoS rkS okS vkijS O;fDrRo uSa uwaokS vk;ke ns; ldSA lgtks ckbZb.k ckr jh lk[kh Hkjrh fy[kS&

pj.knkl lejFk xq#] loZ vax fru ekfgaA

tSls dks rSlk feyS] jhrk NksM+s ukfgaAA

xq# uSa gfj lwa Hkh fljekSj eku*j lgtks ckbZ dSoS dS fo/kkrk feu[kka lkxS ikap pksj yxk; fn;k gSA vsdxq# bt gS tdk lk/kd uSa b.klwa eqxrh fnjk; ldSA gfj feu[kka uSa ifjokj jS ca/kuka lwa cka/k fn;kS] i.k xq#X;ku ns;*j m.kjh lgk;rk djh vj eerk :ih csfM+;ka uSa dkV nhuhA gfj bZ m.kuSa jksx&Hkksx eka; mG>k;kSi.k xq# m.kuSa lkpkS ekjx crk;*j eqxrh fnjok;h&

gfj uS eksalw vki fNik;kS]

xq# nhid lsa rkfg fn[kk;kSA

lgtksckbZ jS eqtc xq# lwa dha Hkh uha yqdko.kkS vj uk bZ m.klwa >wB cksy.kkSA feu[k jh Hkyh&cqjh ;k[kjh&[kksVh dha Hkh ckr gqoS] m.kuSa xq# lkaeh lkQ dj nso.kh pkbZtS&

xq# lwa dNq u nqjkb,] xq# lwa >wB u cksyA

cqjh&Hkyh] [kksVh&[kjh] xq# vkxS lc [kksyAA

lgtksckbZ xq#&efgek uSa mtkxj dj.k lk: dSbZ in fyf[k;k] ft.kesa xq# uSa bt rkj.kgkj eku*jtho.k vji.k dj.kS jh lh[k fnjhth gSA lgtks ckbZ ekuS gS dS ft.k ekFkS xq# jh fdjik gqoS ;k ft.klwa xq#jkth gq; tkoS m.k lk: bZl lwa fey.kkS ljy gq; tkoSA xq# vkijS flL; uSa vk/;kfRed rÙo rkabZ iqxk;*j

111

ijerÙo lwa lk{kkRdkj dj.kS ;ksX; c.kk; nsoSA b.k ckr uSa crkorh lgtks fy[kS&

lgtks xq# izlUu gS] esVÓks eu lansgA

jkse jkse lwa izse mfB] Hkhat xbZ lc nsgAA

fpmaVh tgka u pf<+ ldS] ljlksa uk Bgjk;A

lgtks dwa ok nsl esa] lrxq# nbZ clk;AA

ukao jh efgek &

lgtksckbZ vkijS tho.k jS vuqHko lwa irkS yxk;kS dS feu[k vxj vkijS dje jh lkjFkdrk uSa le>ysoS rkS m.kjkS tekjkS Hkh lkjFkd gq; tklhA csdkj jS ek;ktkG esa Qal*j gfj uSa Hkwy.kS vj HkkSfrd rÙoka lwa?k.kkS gsr] m.kuSa djeiFk lwa vGxkS dj nsoSA tho.k jh fuLlkjrk vj lkekftd laca/kka jS NG lwa HkjÓS oSokjuSa ns[k*j feu[k uSa bZLoj jh Hkxrh dkuh >qd.kkS pkbZtS&

njn cVk; ldS ugha] eq, u pys lkFkA

lgtks D;ksa dfj vkius] lc ukrs cjcknAA

lgtks /ku ekaxs dqVac] xkM+k /kjk crkoA

tks dqN gS lks ns gesa] fQj ikNs efjtkoAA

vkS bt dkj.k gS dS lgtksckbZ eksg&eerk] dke&Øksèk] yksHk&eksg vkn uSa NksM*j gfj jS ukao jh LrqfruSa bt tho.k jkS ije rÙo ekU;kS gSA lgtks ckbZ jS eqtc&

lnk jgs fpr Hkax gh] fgjnS fFkjrk ukfgaA

jke&uke ds Qy ftrs] dke ygj cfg tkfgaAA

lgtks Hkft gfjuke dks] rtks txr lwa usgA

viuk rks dksbZ ugha] viuh lxh u nsgAA

b.k rjS lgtks ckbZ lkQ&lkQ dSoS dS tho.k jS eka; feu[kka jkS izse LokjFk lwa Hkfj;ksM+kS gqoSA b.kjSlkxS vkS Hkh dSoS dS ft.kjS ljhj eka; eksg cl tkoS vFkkZr~ tdkS feu[k eksg&ek;k lwa xzLr gq; tkoS] m.kjkSeu eSyks vj ljhj fueGkS iM+ tkoSA b.k tho.k eka; ftÙkk Hkh ukrk gS] lxGk LokjFk lwa Hkfj;k gSA feu[kdqVqac&ifjokj eka; vGw>*j vsd fnu vi.kS vkiuSa [kre dj nsoS&

lgtks LokjFk lc yxs] nkjk lqr vkSj ohjA

tho.k T;ksrs cSy T;ksa] eq;sa cVkosa lhjAA

>wBk ukrk txr dk] >wBk gS ?kjoklA

;g ru >wBk nsf[k dj] lgtks HkbZ mnklAA

lgtks thor lc lxs] eq;s fudV ufga tkfgaA

jksoS LokjFk vki.kS] Loius nsf[k MjkfgaAA

lgtksckbZ jS eqtc feu[k /ku&nkSyr iko.k [kkrj bZ bZLoj uSa HktS gS vj /ku ekFkS bZ vkLFkk&fcLokljk[kS vFkkZr~ /ku uSa bt lxGS dkeka jkS lk/ku ekuSA ftdkS feu[k Qxr LokjFk [kkrj esG&feyki jk[kS m.kjSfgjnS eka; lkpks gsr uha gqoSA tdkS /ku&nkSyr vj lqokjFk uSa bt Llks dha ekuS cks bt lgh vjFkka eka;vKkuh bZ gqoSA b.k dkj.k bZ lgtks ckbZ lh[k nsoS dS feu[k uSa vS lc NksM*j Hkxoku jS ukao uSa Lej.k dj.kkS

112

pkbZtS i.k lkxS cks b.k ckr jkS Hkh /;ku jk[kS dS ?k.kS xqest esa vk;*j Qxr fn[kkoS lk: bZ Hkxoku jkS ukaouha ysoS&

jke ukao ;wa yhft,] tkus lqfejugkjA

lgtks dS djrkj gh] tkus uk lalkjAA

izse jh efgek &

lgtks ckbZ izse jh efgek jkS c[kk.k Hkh dfj;kS gSA lgtks ckbZ dSoS gS dS tdkS feu[k bZLojh; izse jkSnhokukS c.k tkoS] m.kjh tkr vj oj.k vkn jh ykSfdd fiNk.k [kre gq; tkoSA lalkj jk yksx Hkyka bZ m.kuSackoGkS dSoS vj m.klwa fjLrk&ukrk rksM+ ysoS i.k QSj Hkh okS vkijkS tekjkS lQG c.kk; ysoSA b.kjkS dkj.kcrkorh Fkdh lgtks ckbZ fy[kS dS tdkS feu[k Hkxor izse esa ckoGkS gq; tkoS] m.kjS eu jh lkalkfjdoklukoka vj dkeukoka vsdne [kre gq; tkoSA vSM+k yksx lnho vk.kan lwa ljkcksj jSoS vj lalkj eka;?kwerk&fQjrk bZ czã lwa lk{kkRdkj dj ysoS&

izse fnokus tks Hk,] eu Hk;ks pdukpwjA

Nds jgS ?kwer jgS] lgtks ns[k gtwjAA

izse fnokus tks Hk,] tkr&cju x;ks NwVA

lgtks tx ckSjk dgs] yksx x, lc QwVAA

txr jh vlkjrk &

lgtks ckbZ minslkRed :i lwa vkijk fopkj lxGka jS lkEgha jk[;k gSA vkijS eqtc lalkj jk lxGkfjLrk&ukrk] laca/k lc csdkj gSA vkijks&ijk;ks lc fejrq jh csGk feF;k ykxSA lalkj jks lxGka lwa ywaBks lkapvkS gS dS gjSd feu[k uSa vsd u vsd fnu fejrq t:j vklhA b.k dkj.k vkS lalkj iwjh rjS uLoj gS] vlkjgS&

vpjt tho.k txr esa] efjcks lkapks tkuA

lgtks vkSlj tkr gS] gfj lksa uk ifgpkuAA

fu'p; ejuk lgft;k] thou dh ufga vklA

dS VwVh lh >ksaiM+h] dS efUnj esa cklAA

dksbZ fdlh ds lax uk] jksx ej.k nq[k ca/kA

brus ij viuks dgSa] lgtks ;s uj va/kAA

b.k rjS lgtks ckbZ jh jpukoka eka; nksgk] pkSikbZ vj dqaMfG;k Nan jkS iz;ksx eksdGk;r esa gq;kS gSAlkxS bZ tho.k jh vlkjrk] Hkxor&Hkxrh] izse] oSjkx] lgt tho.k jh lkèkuk vkn jkS oj.kko djÓkS gSA

8-7 lgtks jkS tho.k&njl.k

lgtks ckbZ fd.kh Hkh rjS jS fn[kkoS vj bPNk lwa fojDr gks;*j vkijS lgt inka eka; tho.k jks vfHkuoi[k fn[kkoS gSA lgtksckbZ eqtc txr jkS ckjykS :i Hkyka bZ QwBjkS nh[kS i.k vksl jh cwan jS mueku f[k.kHkj okLrS gS] /kw,a jS xksV T;wa fc[kj tkoSA tho.k jS vSM+S vfHkuo i[k jh O;k[;k okS bt dj ldS tdkS tho.kjS rkfÙod i[k uSa lkjFkdrk jS lkxS le>S vj vke tu rkabZ iwxkoS&

txr rjS;k eksj dh] lgtks Bgjr ukfgaA

tSls eksrh vksl dk] ikuh vatqjh ekfgaAA

113

/kwvka dklk x< cuk] eu esa jkt latks;A

>kabZ ekabZ lgft;k] dcgw lkap u gks;AA

lgtksckbZ vkijS tho.k eka; lnho y?kqrk uSa BkSM+ nhuhA lgtks ckbZ jS eqtc y?kqrk esa bt izHkqrk gSAtdkS feu[k tho.k eka; vi.kS vkiuSa NksVkS eku*j thoS] lkapS vjFkka esa m.kuSa bt ÅijokGkS gfj feySAlgtksckbZ jS eqtc feu[k jkS pSjks&ekSjks ns[k*j lxGk gjf[kr gqoS i.k m.klwa dkabZ gqoS \ vkf[kj esa iwtk rksixka jh bZ gq;k djSA b.k ckr uSa le>korh Fkdh lgtks ckbZ vkxS dSoS dS rkjk ?k.kk usUgk gqoS i.k vkHkS eka;?k.kS gj[k lwa iGiGkaork jSoS] rks nwtS dkuh lwjt vj pkan ?k.kk eksVk gqoS i.k m.kjkS cMsji.kkS bt xzg.k uSaU;warS&

lhl dku eq[k ukfldk] Åaps&Åaps ukaoA

lgtks y?kqrk dkjus] lc dksbZ iwts ikaoAA

lgtks ckbZ jS eqtc tdkS tho lalkj eka; vkoS okS eksg ek;k uSa vi.kkoS bZ gS i.k tdk rÙo tho.kuSa lkjFkd c.kkoS oS rÙo m.klwa vGxk gq; tkoSA tho.k jS vkf[kj eka; m.kuSa iNrkokS gqoS i.k iNS dha dkjhuha ykxS&

tx esa dgk fd;ks rqe vk;A

Loku dh T;ksa isV Hkj ds fn;k tue xaok;A

igj fiNys ukfga tkxks] fd;ks u 'kqHk deZA

vku ekjx tk; ykX;ks] fy;ks u dq# /keZA

ti u fd;ks] ri u lk/;ks fn;ks uk rsa nkuA

cgqr mjT;ks eksg en esa] fd;ks dk;k ekuA

nsg ?kj gS ekSr js vku dk<s rksfgaA

,d {k.k ufga jg u ikos] fQj fd, dk gksfgaA

jSu fnu vkjk cuk] dkVS tq rsjh vk;A

lrxq# dgS lqu lgft;k] vcdsjk Hktu mik;AA

b.k rjS lgtks ckbZ vkijS tho.k jk lxGka vuqHkoka lwa txr jh vlkjrk jS i[k uSa tk.k fy;kS vjm.kh*t eqtc lalkj uSa lkaph lh[k nhuhA

lgtks ckbZ vkijS tho.k vj vkpj.k lwa yksd oSokj eka; cka tho.k ewY;ka jh Fkji.kk djh ft.kka jSdkj.k lekt uSa bZa nhB feGhA lgtks ckbZ vkijS tho.k uSa vsd nk[kykS c.kk;*j tx jS lkeh jk[k fn;kSAlgtksckbZ crkoS dS tdkS lk/kq vkMEcjka lwa Hkfj;kS jSoS okS lkapS vjFkka esa lkèkd dksuhA lgtksckbZ jS eqtc&

tks lksos rks lwU; esa] tks tkxs gfjukeA

tks cksys rks gfjdFkk] Hkxrh djs fu"dkeAA

rhuksa ca/k yxk; dj] vugn lquS VdksjA

lgtks lqUu lekf/k esa] ufga lka> ufga HkksjAA

lgtks ckbZ vkijh ckr uSa bÙkh lQkbZ lwa dSoS dS m.k eka; lxq.k&fujxq.k Hkxrh jh èkkjk lgt bZ fuxSvkoSA nwtS dkuh m.kka jh jpukoka eka; izÑfr jkS brjkS QwBjkS i[k y[kkoS dS feu[k izÑfr lwa izse dj.k ykxSA

114

lgtks ckbZ crkoS dS gkFkh fdrjkS eksVkS vj lcG gqoS i.k ?kkyS rkS vkijS ekFkS esa /kwM+ bZ gSA nwtS dkuh dhM+hfdrjh usUgh gqoS i.k QSj Hkh ck U;kjk&U;kjk jl tksM+ bZ ysoS&

ukuh phaVh Hkxou esa] tgk¡ rgk¡ jl ysgA

lglks dqatj vfr cM+k] flj esa Mkjs [ksgAA

lgtksckbZ jk Hkxoku fujxq.kkRed lxq.k czã gS tdk lkalkfjd t:jrka jS eqtc vorkj Hkh /kj ldSgSA b.k [kkrj lgtksckbZ jks eku.kkS gkS dS lxq.k&fujxq.k jh vyx voèkkj.kk uha gS vS vsd bZ rÙo jk nksU;kjk&U;kjk :i gS&

fujkdkj vkdkj lc] fujxq.k v# xq.koarA

gS ukgh lwa jfgr gS] lgtks og HkxoarAA

fujxq.k ls lxq.k Hk;ks] lar m/kkjugkjkA

lgtks dh MaMksr gS] rkdks ckjEckjkAA

csdkj jS cMIiu uSa ys;*j feu[k HkkVS T;wa lalkj lkxj eka; Mwc tkoS i.k tn okS caèkuka lwa vGxkSgq;*j fr.kdS jS T;wa gGdkS gq; tkoS rn m.kuSa lalkj lkxj uSa frj*j ikj dj.k eka; dha tst uha ykxSA

lgtksckbZ vkijS opu] dje vj oSokj uSa lkèkqrk dkuh bZ yxk;ks jk[;kSA vkS bt dkj.k gS dS vkajhjpukoka ?k.kh uha gS i.k m.kjh oSpkfjd vj nkjlf.kd nhB ?k.kh ywaBh gSA m.k cxr esa tn yqxk;ka jS [kkrjoSjkx vj lkèkqrk jks ekjx bÙkks lkSjks uha gks] QSj Hkh ft.k lkgl vj f[kerk jS lkFkS lgtks ckbZ vkijS ri]lk/kuk oSjkx vj Hkxrh lwa tl dek;kSaA

8-8 dkO;xr folslrkoka

lgtks ckbZ lalkj] lkalkfjd laca/kka vj pkok yksxka uSa vk/kkj c.kk;*j tho.k jh fuLlkjrk vj ljhjuLojrk uS njlkbZ gSA vkajS dkO; eka; lgt ljy Hkklk] lSyh] Nanka vkn jkS iz;ksx gq;kS gSA vkajS dkO; jhfolslrkoka b.k Hkkar gS&

Hkklk&^^lkS"Bo** &

lgtks ckbZ jS dkO; jh Hkklk lgt] ljy vj oSokfjd gS] tdh vk[kS lkalkfjd lkap uSa crko.k eka;flejFk y[kkoSA vkijh Hkklk eka; jktLFkkuh jS lkxS czt Hkklk jS lcnka jkS iz;ksx ?k.kkS gq;kS gSA vkijS dkO;eka; dBS&dBSbZ laLÑr jk rRle lcn Hkh vk;k gS] T;wadS& nzO;] T;ksfr] LokFkZ] dqVqac] Øks/kh vknA b.kjSvykok ru] varj] Hkou] eqDrkgy tSM+k lcn Hkh vk;k gSA dBS&dBSbZ rn~Hko lcnka jkS iz;ksx Hkh gq;kS gS]T;wadS& tkr&cju] vey] ijrhr vknA lgtks ckbZ jh Hkklk jh folslrk gS dS b.kesa yksd lcnkoGh jkS iz;ksxdjhT;ks gSA rRle lcnka jS lkxS bZ rn~Hko lcnka jS iz;ksx lwa lgtksckbZ jh vk lgt Hkklk vke tu jS le>esa vk; tkoSA

lSyh &

lgtks ckbZ jS dkO; uSa xSjkbZ lwa i<.kS ij irkS ykxS dS b.kesa minslkRed lSyh] izcksèkukRed lSyh]mnkgj.k lSyh vj vyaÑr lSyh jkS iz;ksx gq;kS gSA vka lSfy;ka eka; minslkRed lSyh jh iz/kkurk feyS]T;wadS&

ckck dk;k uxj clkokSA

Kku nf"V lwa ?kV esa ns[kkS] lqjfr fujfr ykS ykokSAA

115

ikap ekfj eu cl dfj vius rhukSa rki ulkokSA

lr larks"k xgkS n< lsrh] nqtZu ekfj HktkokSAA

lhy fNek /khjt dwa /kkjkS] vugn cac ctkokSA

iki ckfu;k jgu u nhtS] /kje ctkj yxkokSA

lqcl ckl gksoS rc uxjh] cSjh jgS u dksbZA

pjunkl xq# vey crk;kS] lgtks laHkkyks lksbZAA

Nan &

lgtks ckbZ vkijS dkO; eka; Nanka jkS iz;ksx tFkktksx dfj;kS gSA lk[kh] nksgk] pkSikbZ vj dqaMfG;k NankajkS BkodkS iz;ksx vkajS dkO; eka; BkSM+&BkSM+ ns[k.k uSa feySA vkijh lkf[k;ka eka; rqdkarrk gS rkS inka eka;lqxs;rk vj ukn&lkSan;Z ?k.kdjS :i lwa feySA

izrhd&fo/kku &

lgtks ckbZ nwtk lar&dfo;ka jh Hkkar dsbZ tkXkka ikfjHkkfld lcnka uSa izrhd :i esa iz;ksx djÓk gS]T;wadS vugn] vey] lqjfr&fujfr vknA vS vSM+k lcn gS tdk ;ksx&lkèkuk vj vè;kRe jk O;atd gSA b.krjS dS;kS tk; ldS gS dS lgtks ckbZ jkS dkO; minslkRed Hkkoka lwa rks ljkcksj gS gh] lkxS bZ dkO;&dykjh nhB lwa Hkh lcG gSA

8-9 bdkbZ jkS lkj

e/;dky eka; tdh Hkxrh/kkjk pkyh m.kjS eka; larka vj lar&dfo;ka jkS eksdGkS ;ksxnku jS;kS gSA larkajh okf.k;ka feu[kka eka; uwaoh psruk txk;*j eks{k iko.k jkS lkSjkS ekjx fn[kk;kSA m.k cxr jktLFkku eka; Hkhlar&lkfgR; vj lar&lEiznk; vkijk ix ekaM.kk dfj;kA lar&lEiznk; jk izorZdka vj lar&dfo;ka jhfljt.kk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uSa uwaok Hkko] fol; vjvk;ke fn;kA lar&lEiznk;ka eka; bt vsd lEiznk;pj.knklh iaFk gS] ft.kuSa pj.knklth pyk;kS] m.kka jh bZ nks psfy;ka n;k ckbZ vj lgtksckbZ txpkoh gq;hA

lgtks ckbZ vkijh fujxq.k Hkxrh jh dkO; jpukoka vj vkijS xq# jh lkaph Hkxrh jS dkj.k ?k.kh pkohgq;hA Hkxr&fljkse.kh ehjka ckbZ jS leku bZ lgtks ckbZ oSjkx Hkksxrh Fkdh xq# efgek xkorh JhÑ".k jhmikluk dj*j vej in ik;kSA vkijh okf.k;ka] i|ka vj Hktuka lwa lgtks ckbZ jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uSa vsdvyx fiNk.k nh gSA

8-10 vH;kl jk loky

1- lgtks ckbZ oSjkx D;wa fy;kS \

2- xq#&Hkxrh jS ckjS esa lgtks ckbZ dkabZ fy[kS \

3- pj.knklth jkS lgtksckbZ jS tho.k ekFkS dkabZ izHkko iM+ÓkSA

4- Ñ".k&Hkxrh ekFkS lgtks ckbZ jk fopkj fy[kkSA

5- lgtks ckbZ ^ukao jh efgek* esa dkabZ fy[kS \

6- izse jh vlkjrk ekFkS Vhi ekaMkSA

7- txr jh vlkjrk ekFkS fopkj jk[kkSA

8- lgtks ckbZ jS tho.k jh ck fdlh ?kVuk gh ft.kjS dkj.k vkauSa lifjokj oSjkx yso.kkS ifM+;kS \

116

9- jktLFkku jk lar lEiznk; ekFkS Vhi ekaMkSA

10- lgtks ckbZ jS tho.k&njl.k uSa mtkxj djkSA

11- lgtks ckbZ jS dkO; jh folslrkoka jh fojksG djkSA

12- pj.knklh lEiznk; ekFkS vkijk fopkj njlkoksA

13- lar&lkfgR; jk jpukdkjka jk ukao vj m.kkajh izeq[k jpukoka jh tk.kdkjh djkoksA

8-11 egrkÅ iksF;ka

1- MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor&jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfrA

2- MkW- fdj.k ukgVk&vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % izofÙk;ka vj izsj.kklzksrA

3- MkW- jkts'k vuqie&jktLFkku jk izeq[k larA

4- ij'kqjke prqosZnh&mÙkjh Hkkjr dh lar ijEijkA

5- MkW- lhrkjke ykyl&jktLFkkuh lcndkslA

6- ia- lw;Z'kadj ikjhd&tkaHkksth jh ok.khA

7- MkW- enu lSuh&fljt.k jh lk[kA

i=&if=dkoka &

1- ijEijk ¼jktLFkkuh lar lkfgR; fo'ks"kkad½] jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku] pkSikluh] tks/kiqj

2- tkxrh tksr] jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh] chdkusj

3- 'kks/k if=dk] lkfgR; laLFkku] jktLFkku fo|kihB] mn;iqj

4- ojnk] jktLFkku lkfgR; laLFkku] fclkÅ

5- e#Hkkjrh] fcM+yk baLVhV~;wV] fiykuh

6- e#Jh] lar lkfgR; fo'ks"kkad] uxjJh] pw:

117

bdkbZ & 9

e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jh izeq[k jpukoka %lkekU; tk.kdkjh

bdkbZ jks e.Mk.k

9-0 mísL;

9-1 izLrkouk

9-2 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR;

9-3 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jh izeq[k jpukoka

9-4 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh u| lkfgR; jh folslrkoka

9-5 bdkbZ lkj

9-6 vH;kl jk loky

9-7 lanHkZ xzaFk

9-0 mísL;

e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; vkijh Hkxrh /kkjk vj vkSt jS [kkfrj ?k.kkS txpkokS b.k tqx jk dfovj okajh jpukoka jktLFkku esa gh uh oj.k vk[kS lalkj esa vkijh vfeV Nki NksM+h gSA b.k bdkbZ lwa vkiuSuhpS fy[kh tk.kdkjh feGlh&

1- e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS tqx jks njlko lkeh vklhA

2- m.k leS jh jktuhfr] lekt O;oLFkk vj laLd`fr jh vksG[kk.k feGlhA

3- e/;dkyhu jk jktLFkkuh dkO; jh izeq[k jpukoka jks ifjpS feySyk

4- e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jh folslrkoka jh tk.kdkjh feySykA

9-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS e/;dky uS Lo.kZdky* d;kS tkoSA 15oha lnh lwa GS;^j 19oha lnh rkbZ jS chpkdSjks cxr jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks e/;dky dghtSA esa eqxy lkezkT; jh Fkji.kk] m.kjks foxlko b.k jS iNSvaxszth llku jh Fkkiuk vkn lwa e/;dky lwa uqoks tqx l: gq;ksA bLyke /kje jS vko.klwa Hkh vBS jS lektgkykr cnfy;kA b.k tq.k esa tkr&ikr] NwvkNwr] lfr izFkk] inkZ&izFkk vkn jks tksj gksA jktkoka jks eqxykalkHkh >qd.kS jS dkj.k vke turk nq%[k gq;xh vj Hkxoku rkj.kgkj uSA eku.k ykxhA feu[kka jh Hkkoukoka uStk.k^j vBS jk dfo;ka HkxrhdkO; jks fltj.k dfj;ksA b.kjS lkxS fgt ^ohj dkO;* vj ^ykSfdd dkO;* jhjpuk gqbZA vaxzst m.k c[kr rkabZ vk;jh tM+ka etcwr djyh ft.kuS m[kkM+ QSd.k [kkfrj lkfgR;dkjka vkijhdye pykbZA e/;dky uS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS Hkxrh dky d;kS tkuS D;wdSb.k tqx esa Hkxrh jh iksF;ka lclwa T;knk fy[khthA

118

9-2- e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR;

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk vkfndky jS eka; tSu dkO; vj pkok jks fljt.k b/kdks gq;ksA e/;dky esa Hkhpkj.k dkO;ka jh dkQh jpukoka vkikajS lkeus vkoS gSA e/;dky esa lkfgR; uS flej/k dj.kS [kkfrj pkj.k vjtSu dfo;ka jks ;ksxnku ?k.ksa esgrkÅ gSA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ftdh fljt.k tkrjk fodze jh lkroha&vkBoha lnh lwa l: gqbZ] ck iUnzgohalnh jS yxSVxS le`) gqbZA vkjfEHkd dky jh] izo`fRr;ka lwa U;kjh vj uqoksi.k fy;ksMS lkfgR; uS ê/;dky*jh laKk nh xbZ lwa b.kjh l: vkr yxSvxS fo- e-a 1450 esa ekuh tkoS gSA vks e/;dky bZLoh lu~ 1850 rkbZnks pj.kka esa ckaV~;ks tkoS&,d ^îwoZ e/;dky** vj nwtk ^^mRrj e/;dkya** tqx jks dkyØe b.k Hkkar ekU;ksx;ks gS&

e/;dky ¼fo- la- 1450 lwa bZ- la- 1850 rkabZ½

iwoZ e/;dky ¼Hkxrhdky½ mRrje/;dky

¼fo- la- 1450 lwa fo- la- 1650 rkabZ½ ¼flaxkfjd vFkok jhfr dky½

¼foa- 1650 lwa bZ- 1850 rkbZ½

9-3 e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; jh izeq[k jpukoka

e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks dkO; vyx&vyx :ika /kkjkoka vj lSfy;ka lwa Hkj;ks iwjks gSohjrk Hkxrh] uhfr vj jhfr xzaFk ijaijk eka; m.k tqx jk dkO; jh jpuk gqbZ gS] ft.kesa dSbZ dkO; iksF;k gSft.kk uS e/;dky jh izfrfu/kh jpukoka dS; ldkaA vka ukeh dkO; pksF;ka esa uhps fy[kh [kkl gSA

fdzlu&:De.kh jh osfy*& e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh Hkxrh dkO; ijaijk eka; jk fprsjk dfo oji`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ ewG :i lwa ^Hkkxor* uS vk/kj c.kk ^j vkijS dkO; ljt.k dfj;ksA ôsfy* jks vjFk ôsy]oYyjh ;k csy* lwa fy;ks tkoS gSA b.kjks [kqyklks b.k Hkkar dfj;ks gS&

osfy rlq cht Hkkxor ok;m] efg Fkk.km fizFkqnkl &eq[kewG MªkG] tM+ vjFk] ekWMgb lq&fFkj djf.k pf<+] NkWg lq[k

dfo [kqn ôsfy* jks vks :id cka/k^j b.k iksFkh jS ukao jh lkjFkdrk njlkba gSSA dfo ukf;dk jkS fpjkeZ^dud&osfy* jS :i esa dj~;kS gSA

^^dud&osfG* fcgq¡ iku fdfj**A

i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ jh ^fØlu :De.kh jh osfG* vsd izca/k dkO; gS] ft.kjS eka; Hkxoku d`".k vj :De.khjS gj.k vj b.kjS iNS C;kg jS izlax jh cj.kko dfj;ks x;ks gS A laor~ 1637 esa jfp;ksM+h b.k dkO; iksFkh uSMkW- ,y- ih- VSLlhVksjh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; :ih [kku jkS ywaBkS jru ekU;kS gSA dfo nqjlk vk<+k b.k dkO; uSîkapokS osn vj mx.khlok iqjk.k* jh miek nh gS&

:De.kh xq.k y[k.k :i xq.k jpko.kA^ôsfy* rklq dq.k djS o[kk.kA

ik¡pekS osn Hkk[;kS ihFkGAiqf.k;kS mx.khloksa iqjk.kA

fMaxG dkO; ijEijk jh vk fljekSj jpuk d`".k jS thou jh vsd ?kVuk jks c[kk.k djS gSA ft.kesa

119

:De.khth jks ckGi.k] o;% laft] flaxkj cj.kko] :De.kh jks fØlu uS lanslksa Hkst.kksa] fjrq oj.ku] fjrq fogkjvkn jS lkxS ^:De.kh gj.k* rFkk tq/k uS vk/kkj c.kk ^j vks dkO; jP;kS x;ks gSA

ôsfy* jS eka; flaxkj] Hkxrh vj ohj Hkko jS lkxS bt lkar] jsfnz Hk;kud] vn~Hkqr d:.k] ohHkRl vjokRlY; jh NVk Hkh ns[k.k uS feyS gSA Hkxrh Hkko ize[k gqo.kS jS ckn Hkh dfo b.kuS flaxkj xzaFk ekuSA

lqdnso O;kl tSnso lkfj[kk] lqdfo vusd rs ,d lUFkA=hoj.k ifgykS dhtS frf.k] xw¡fFk;S tsf.k flaxkj xzaFkAA

dfo i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ Vkcji.kS esa [ksyrh :De.kh jks oj.kko ?k.kkS QqVjkiS lwa dfj;ks gSA & ns[khtS&

jkek vorkj uke rkb :De.kh] ekuljksofj es:fxfjAckGGfr dfj gal pkS ckGd] dud&osfy fcgqa iku fdfjAA

C;kg lwa iSyh fgt :De.kh d`".k uS vkijks Hkjrkj eku^j vkijS lq[k uS ys[k.kh c.kk ^j vj vkalwvkfefy;ksM+h L;kgh lwa i= fy[kS rks m.kjS eu jh O;Fkk uS dfo ?k.kh prjrk lwa izLrqr djS &

pGi= i= fFk;kS nqt ns[ks fpr ldS u jgfr u iwfN ldfUrAvkS vkoS fte fte vklUukS] fre fre eq[k /kkj.kk rdfUrAA

b.k rjS dfo la;ksx flaxkj vj fo;ksx flaxkj jS lkxS Hkxfr jl uS Hkh iz/kkurk nh gSA i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+jS fgjnS jh ewG Hkkouk Hkxrh fgt gSA dfo jh osfy* vj nwth dSbZ jpukoka lwa b.k ckr jh tk.kdkjh Hkh feGsAdfo vkijh Hkxrh Hkkouk uS njlkorks Fkdka fy[kS&

ftf.k nh/k tue tfx eqf[k ns thgk] fØlu tq iks[k.k& Hkj.k djbdg.k r.k r.km dhjru L=e dh/kk¡ fo.k dse dhjru\

ôsfG* jS eka; ohj jl jks oj.kko izlaxfpr jS eqtc gq;ks gSA 23 i|ka eka; tq) jh rS;kjh vj tq) jksvar&vs lxGk ?kVukoka dkO; c) gqbZ gSA

dGdfGrk dqUr fdj.k dfG ÅdfG jftr fofl[k foojftr okm/kfM+&/kfM+ /kcfd /kkj /kk:tG flgfj&flgfj le[kS flykmA

dfo i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ vkijS b.k dkO: esa izd`fr jks :ikGks :i :De.kh jS :i&oj.ku eka; b.k rjSdfo eka; [kqnjk Hkkoka uS ?k.kh ljlrk vk[kjka <kd~;ks gSA jS lkFk dkO; :i fn;kS& gSA

b.k dkO; esa osfy;ks xhr jk[khT;ks gSA 'kCnkyadkj vj vFkkZyadkjka jk iz;ksx gjSd Nan eka; feGS] b.kjSlkFkS fgt vka Nanka esa oS.k lxkbZ jh NVk Hkh ns[k.k uS feySA ôsfy* jh Hkklk fMaxy gSA b.k iksFkh vks Hkh i=ksykxs dS Qoslj i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ laLd`r

Hkklk jk if.Mr gkA dfooj lCnka jks p;u ?k.h lko/kkuh lwa dfj;ks gSA tQk vkijS vjFk jS lkxS&

gkyka&>kyka jk dq.MfG;k¡& bZljnklth ckjgB ft.kka uS jktLFkku vj xqtjkr eka; ^bZljk lksijesljk* jS ukao lwa Hkh tk.khtS vkijh dkGt;h veksyks jpuk gkGka&>kyka jk dq.Mfy;ka* jktLFkkuh dkO;txr jks vsd veksyh ux gSA vsd Hkxr dfo gqork Fkdka Hkh bZljnkl ohj jl iz/kku jpuk jks fljt.k djjktLFkkuh ohj dkO; ijEijk uS le`) djh gSA

^^gkyka&>kyka jk dq.Mfy;k** jS fljt.k jS ykjS dfo jks /;s; ohj Hkkouk uS txko.k jS lkxS jktLFkkuhyksd ekul vj vBS jk thou ewY;ka jks njlko ikB dk lkeh Yxo.kks j;kS gSA

b.k iksFkh eka; xqtjkr jk gGon ujsl >kyk jk;flag vj /kzksd jk Bkdqj gkyk tlkth jS fcpkGS gq;k

120

tq/k jks oj.kko gSA Qxr ckr ckr esa vks tq/k gq;ks ft.kesa tlkth jh Bqadjk.kh >kyk jk;flag uS lacksf/kr djdSoS gS&

/khjk /khjk Bkdqjk¡ xqEej fd;k¡e tkgAegq¡xk nslh >¡wiM+k tS ?kfj gkalh ukgAA

ukg egq¡xk fn;.k >w¡iM+k fuzeS ukjAtkolkS dM+rGk¡ dsfe tjlkS tgjAA

:d&gFk isf[klkS gkFk tljkt jkAfBoark¡ iko /khjk fn;kS Bkdqjk¡AA

vSt lwa Hkfj;k vS dFku ohjka uS dj.k [kkfrj mdlk;kAb.k dkO; eka; ohjRo Hkko jS lkxS jktLFkkuhijaijk] m.kjk thou ewY;ka uS Hkh ikBdka lkeh jk[;kS x;ks gSA vcyk] czgkz.k] xk; vj lj.kkxr jh fjN;kdj.kksa ohjka jks dRrZO; jS;ks gSA b.k ckr uS vkijS vsd dq.Mfy;ka jS jLlkjS dfo ?k.kh ekjfedrk lwa izLrqrdfj;ks gSA

dsgfj&dsl] Hkeax& ef.k] lj.kkbZ&lqgM+kagAlrh&i;ksgj] d`i.k&/ku] iM+lh gkFk HkqokagAA

^gkyk&>kyk jk dq.Mfy;ka jh vk folslrk jSbX gS dS b.k esa ohj feu[kka gS lkxS ohjkaxukoka jh ohjHkkouk uS Hkh izLrqr fdj;ks gSA ohjkaxuka jk Hkko gS dS ft.k uxj esa dk;j vj ckiM+ jks jSokl gS vjFkkr tBStks/kkok esa ohjrk jks mUekn uha gqoS m.k nsl uS ckG nso.kksa pkfg,&

efrokGk ?kweS ugha uga ?kk;y cjM+k;Ackfy l[kh ÅnzaxM+kS HkM+ ckiM+k dgk;AA

b.k iksFkh eka; dfo Qxr ohj jl uS fgt eSRrork uha nh cfYd flaxkj jl ek/kS Hkh iwjks vf/kdkjtrk;^j vkijk Hkko lkQ dfj;k gSA ;Fkk&

lSy ?keksM+k fde lfg;k xtnarAdfB.k i;ksgj ykxrk¡ dlelrkS rw darAA

MkW- 'kEHkwflag euksgj flaxkj vj ohj Hkkoka jS esG ekFkS vkijkfopkj jk[krk fy[kS& ^^blesa Ükaxkj vkSjohj ijLij xkMkfyaxu esa bl rjg vkcYV gSa fd nksuksa dks i`Fkd dj lduk lEHo gh ughaA tks dkO;'kkL=hÜkaxkj vkSj ohj dh lg/kkfeZdrk esa jlkHkko dk vkjksi yxkdj Hk`d`fV p<+krs gSa] os rfud bl NUn dkvoyksdu djsaA**

^gkyka&>kyka jk dq.Mfy;k* jks dkO;xr QqVjkikS Hkh ns[ktksx feySA b.kesa fMaxy Hkklk jks iz;ksx gq;ksgS rks lkxS fgt fp=kRedrk] /oU;kRedrk vj izHkkoh lcn ;kstuk jk Hkh njlko feySA dBS&dBS laLd`rlcnkoyh jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA b.k dkO; jh lxGk lwa eksVh ckr vkbZ dS b.k esa Qxr vsd fnt Nan dq.MfG;k*jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA vuqiz;kl] miek] :id 'rks"k] vj O;ktLrqfr vyadkjka b.k dkO; jkS QqVjkikS c<koS gSAo;.k lxkkbZ vyadkj jks iz;ksx dj dfo vkijh ohj dkO; ijaijk jks fuokZg dfj;ks gSA dsgjh e:a dGkb;ka]:fgjt jRrfM+;kagA vkf[kj esa dS; ldka bZljnkl ckgjB jks dkO; gkyka&>kyka jk dq.Mfy;k¡ vsd ohj jliz/kku jpuk gSA b.kesa ohjka jks lqHkko] tq/k dj.kS jh dqlGrk vj Hk;adjrk uS mdsj.k jks tru dfj;ks gSA ohjHkkoka lwa ljkcksj vk d`fr jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh vsd veksyd d`fr gSA

ukxne.k & jktLFkkuh d`".k Hkxfr dkO; ijaijk eka; tfM+;ksMS+ ux eka; lwa vsd vkSj ux gS

121

^ukxne.k* ukxne.k jpuk gS dfo >wGk lka;kth jhA bZMj jkT; jk jktkfJr dfo lka;kth >wGk pkj.k dfogS ftdk vsd vPNk lkfgR;dkj gqo.kS jS lkFkS d`".k jk Hkxr Hkh gkA ckGi.kS lwa fgt vkijS eka; Hkxr~ Hkxfrjk cht vadwfjr gq;X;k gk vj voLFkk jS lkxS& lkxS vkxS c<+rk jS;kA vkijh nks iksF;ka& ukxne.k vj:De.kh gj.k fljSukao gSA

ukxne.k 17oha lnh esa jfp;ksM+h fMxG lkfgR; jh vsd ?k.kewth jpuk gSSA vk jpuk [kaM dkO; jhfoxr esa vkoS gSA dksb Hkh [kaM dkO; jh l:vkr eaxGkpj.k lwa ekuh tkoS] ft.kuS dfr dkO; jS l: esa fuHkkoSHkh gS&

cG oks lknj oj.kowa] lkjn djks ilk;AiokMkS iUuxka fljS] tnqifr dh/kks tk;AA

lka;kth jh b.k iksFkh jh dFkk Hkh Jhen~Hkkxor eka; yh xbZ gSA b.k dFkk jS LlkjS lwa dfo ;qxkuqdwyifjfLFkfr;ka uS crk; ^j vj m.klwa la?k"kZ dj.kS jh ckr jk[kh gSA

^ukxne.k* ukxne.k dFkk jh l:vkr ekrk tlksnk }kjk Jhd`".k uS txko.kksa] fljko.k djko.kksa vjjkst jh rjS Xokfy;ka lkxS xk;ka pjko.kS lwa gqoSA

fogka.kwa uoks ukFk tkxkS ogsyk] gq;kS nksfgok /ksuq xksokG gsykAtxkM+s tlksnk tnwukFk tkxS] egh ekj ?kweS] uoSuhr ekaxSAA

Hkxoku d`".k XokG ckGdka jS lkxS nM+h&xsfM;S jks [ksy [ksySA d`".k jS gkFkka lwa nM+h teuk unh esa iM+tkoS ft.kuS yso.k lk: d`".k ugh eka; dwn tkoSA lkjh flLVh eka; gkykdkj gks tkoS ek tlksnk] uan ckck]cynso vj nwtka xkao okGk lkxS lxGh xk;ka >wj.k ykxSA uh jS eka; d`".k ukxjkf.k;ka lwa feyS ft.klwa d`".kjks laokn gqoSA

d`".k jh eqjyh jh /kqu lwa dkfG;ks tkx tkoSA d`".k vj dfG;S jS fcpkjS yM+kbZ gqoSA d`".k jS izgkjka lwadfB;ks fpRdkj djS m.kjS eq[k lwa jDr MPpk iM+u ykxSA vkf[kj esa d`".k eqjyh jh /kqu ctkork] dkfB;S jSgtk:a Q.kka ek/ks fujr djrk tequk lwa ckjS vkoSA b.k njlko uS ns[k.k [kkfrj nsork vkijk jFkka uS jksd nsokS]ukjn vj dikGh Hkh fujr djSA d`".k dkfG;S uS czt jh xfG;ka eka; ?kqekoS vj uan jS vakx.k esa NksM+ nsoSA

ukxne.k vsd Hkxfr ijd jpuk gS ft.kesa d`".k jS O;fDrRo uS mdsfj;ks x;ks gSA ukxne.k jS eSro uSHkh crk;ks x;s gSA Hkxfr dkO; eka; Jhd`".kjh yhyk jS xq.kxk.k lwa eks{k fey.kSjh ckr Hkh dkO; jS vkf[kj esacrk;^j dfo Hkxfr jl uS izxk<rk nh gSA

Hkxfr jljS vykok b.k dkO; eka; flaxkj] okRlY;] ohj] jkSnz vkn jlka jks iz;ksx dfj;;ks x;ks gSAd`".k jS teuk esa dwn.k jh ckr tn tlksnk uS Bk iM+S rks m.kjh euksO;Fk uS dfo ?k.kh /kkfeZdrk lkxS] izLrqrdjh gS&

fcgwa ykspuSS uhj& /kkjk cgarh] duS;kS duS;kS tlwnk dgarh]dyanh r.kS vkb yksVar dkaBS] x;kS tkaf.k fparkef.k bad xkaBSAA

d`fr eka; d`".k jS QqVjkiS vj m.kjS vkHkw"k.kka jks oj.kudj dfr vkijh dkO;dFkk jh Nki NksM+h gSAoj.ku iz/kku 'kSyh rFkk fp=kaRed 'kSyh eka; b.k dkO; uS xwaFk^j dfo vkijh lkfgfR;d ijaijk uS izLrqr djhAxk;ka jS eSro uS njlkorh vk iksFkh m.k cjDr jS ikjaifjd Hkkstu jks Hkh c[kk.k djSA

iapkvezrS nso bPNsS i[kkj.k] lcS rhFkZ oklkS olS xOoqlkGkAngh nw/k jkcka ph vk lq[knkbZAA

122

d`".k vj dfG;S fcpkGS gq;ksMS gq/k uS dfo lthork lwa izLrqr dfj;ks gSA dfG;S jh iwaN jkS izgkj d`".k jS Qwyjh ika[kM+h jS T;ka ykxSA

dkfG;S uS NksM.k jks vjnkl] vj d`".k jks fujr dj.kksa tSM+kS oj.ku ?k.kksa jkspd ykxSA

dkGkS ukfp;kS ÅijS ukx dkGh] oGS jaHk ukVkjaHkh vadokGhAMjS ukx dkGh >jS Jks.k MkP;k] uekS ukp rS ukFk ukjn ukP;kAA

b.k rjS ukxne.k vsd Hkxfr dkO; gqo.kS jS lkxS ohj jlkRedrk lwa ljkcksj gSA

ukxne.k eka; 125 Nan gSA ft.kesa 121 Hkqtaxiz;kr 4 nwgk vj 1dGl jks dfoRr gSA b.kjh vyadkj;kstuk ?k.kh iq"V gSA b.kesa oS.k lxkbZ] miek] :id] vuqiz;kl] mRizs{kk vkn vyadkjka Ks iz;ksx gq;ks gSAe/;dkyhu jpukoka eka; lwa vk vsd fljekSj jpuk lkfgr gqoS gSA

jkft;k jk nwgk&

uhfr dkO; jS 'osrj eka; laLd`r jS iNS lxGh Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka esa jktLFkkuh fljekSj gSA jktLFkkuhuhfr dkO; rGko eka; ?k.kka fgt vuqHko fl) vksG;ka vj mn~ns'; lwa Hkjh mfDr;ka :ih dey f[kyrk jS;kgSA b;ka rks uhfr fo"k;d mYys[k rks izk;% lxGk xzaFk esa feyS] i.k 18oha lnh jS mrjk/kS esa uhfr&rRo /k.kdjkafey.k ykxkA uhfr dFku izk;% fMaxy xhr] NIil] >ekG ] uhlk.kh] dqaMfy;ka] nwgk vkn ?k.kka fgt Nank esafeyS gSA

b.k fgt Nanka esa lksjfB;k nwgk^jS LlkjS uhfr dFkuka jh vfHkO;fDr ?k.kh gqbZ gSA de lwa de lcnka esacslh lwa eUrO; izdV dj xkxj eka; lkxj Hj.kS jks iz;kl gq;ks gk b.k Nanka jks iz;ksx dj dfo fdjikjke[kfM+;k ^jkft;k jk nwgk* ukao jh iksFkh jks fljt.k dj ?k.kkS tl dek;kSA

f[kfM+;k 'kk[kk jk pkj.k dfo fdjikjke ckjgB b.k iksFkh jks ukao vkijkS pkdj jkft;k jS ukao ekFkSjkf[k;ksA ekfyd&lsod jh fu"Bk jh ijaijk uS fuHkkork dfo jkft;k uiS lacksf/kr dj nwgk jh jpuk djhft.klwa jkft;k txr esa ?k.kksa pkoksa gq;xksA jktLFkkuh jk pkok fon~oku MkW- euksgj 'kekZ ^jkft;S jk nwgk* jkjpukdkj jh ljko.kk djrk fy[kS&

dfooj fdjikjke jks] iqu ilj~;ks v.kikjAlnk lqjaxk lksjBk] lqjlr jks fl.kxkjAA

jpuk fdjikjke jh] ok.kh jks ojnkuAlq.k dj lqxuk lksjBk] ew<+ gqoS efrekuAA

b.k iksFkh esa dfo fHku[k jks] m.kjh] izd`fr jh O;k[;k djh gSA dfo b.k ekFkS tksj nsoS dS fHku[k jkslqHkko yk[k truka jS iNS Hkh dnS u lq/kjSA

vouh jksx vusd] T;kjka fo/kfduk truAb.k ijfØfy jks ,d jRrh u vksjon] jkft;kAA

lqHkko jS ckjS esa dfo vkxS fy[kS dS ft.k Hkkar dMwoks gqoS] m.kcS pkoS bejr ;k nw/k lwa D;wa u [khpa nksi.k m.kjS ekeyks dMw;ksio [kre dksuh gqoSA b.k fgt Hkkar uhp uS pkoS fdrk fnt minsl ns nsoks i.k m.kjhuhprk dnS Hkh [kre dksuh gq; ldSA b.k ckr jk[krk dfo fd[kS&

i; ehBk dj ikd] ts bejr lhaphft;SAMj dM+okbZ vkd] jap u ewdS jkft;kAA

123

dfo erych fHku[kka ekFkS Hkh vkijh O;X;kRed ys[kuh pykbZ gSA dfo fy[kS dS erych vkijS lqokjFk lk:thntwjh djS i.k lqokjFk fudBrk fgt tk.kS Hkh dksuhA blka fHku[k iG&iG esa nsr djS vj iG&iG esa[khtS] blk eryoh lwa vGxks jSo.kS esa fnt lkj gSA

eryc jh euokj] pqidS GkoS pwjeksAfcu eryc euokj] jkc u ikoS jkft;kAA

fdjikjketh fHku[kjh cksyh jks eSRro Hkh fx.kkoS gSA fdjikjke th fy[kS ds fHku[k uS vkijh ok.kh ekuS^daVªksy* jk[k.kksa pkfg,S D;wadS feBh ok.kh fHku[k jS fNjnS esa feBkl Hkj nsoS i.k dM+oh cksyh fHku[k uS blks?kko nsoS ft.kus txr jh dksbX nok Hkh feVk dksuh ldSA

b.k [kkfrj dfo cksyh ekFkS fy[kS&

mitkoS vuqjkx] dks;y eu gjfjor djSAdM+oks ykxS dkx] jluk jk xq.kjkft;kAA

fHku[k jS xq.kka jS ckjS esa dfo fy[kS dS feu[k pkoS fdrks Hkh QwVjks D;wa u gqoS vxj m.kesa xq.kka jh dehgS rks lc csdkjA yksx fHku[kka jS QqVjk;S gqoS vxj m.kesa xq.kka jh deh gS rks lc csdkjA yksx fHku[ka jSQqVjk;S uS eSro dksuh nsoS cfYd fHku[k m.k jn~nh dkxt T;wa gS ft.kjks dksbZ mi;ksx uha gqoSA dfo dLrwjhvj lDdj jS xq.kka vj l:i ekFkS fy[kS&

dkGh ?k.kh d:i] dLrwjh dkVka rqySAlDdj ?k.kh l:i] jksM+k rqyS jkft;kAA

dfo datwl vj nkuh fHku[kka jS lqHkko ekFkS fy[kSA nkuh duS tS laifRr uha gqoS rks Hkh cS vkijS ?kjS vk;kafHku[kka uS [kkyh uha tko.k nsoSA vj datwl duS djksM+ka jh laifRr Hkh tqM+ tkoS rks Hkh vkajS eu esa jRrh HkjHkh nku nso.kjh uk vkoSA

vnkrk ?kj vk;] ts ØksM+ka lair tqM+SAekSt ns.k eu eka;] jrh u vkoS] jkft;k**

laxrh jks lkj le>kork dfo fy[kS dS uqxjka jks lkFk dj.kS lwa vsd O;fDr [kqn uqxjks c.k tkoSA i.kvkNka fHku[kka jks lkFk fHku[kka uS vPNkbZ fnt dkuh ys; tkoSA

efy;kfxjh ea>kj] gj dks rj pUu.k gqoSAlaxr ys; lq/kkj] :a[kka uS* jkft;kAA

lkpkS ehr lnho vkM+S c[kr esa dke vkoSA lkpks fe= cks fgt gqoS ftdks fcuk lqokLFkk jS lnho vkxSc<+ j dke djSA dfo d`".k jks nk[kGks ns;*j crkoS dS vkijS Hkhr vjtu [kkfrj lkjFkh rd c.k tkoSA

lkpks fe= lpsr] dg~;ks dke u djS fdlkSAnj vjtq.k jS gsr] jFk dj gkaD;kS] jkft;kAA

^jkft;k jk nwgk* eka; dfo vyadkjka ekFkS ?k.kks tksj uha ns;^j uhfr dFku ekFkS tksj nsoSA dfo iwjh iksFkheka; lksjfB;S nwgk jks iz;ksx dfj;ks gSA b.kjh Hkklk fMaxy gSA dqy feyk^j dfo fdjikjke f[kfM+;k vkijhuhfr ok.kh lwa iwjS txr uS ljflr dfj;kS gSA

gEehj jklkS&ohj dkO; ijaijk eka; 1728 esa tks/kjkt jfpr gEehj jklkS lkeh vkoS gSA vks vsd ,dgtkj Nank jks dkO; xzaFk gSA b.k eka; pkSgk.kka jh oalkoyh gSA b.kjS vykok b.k dkO; esa dfo gEehjnso jh

124

ohjrk] vykÅn~nhu lwa gaEehj nso jh nqle.kh] m.kka jS fcpkGS gq;ksMS+ tq/k] cka jS tq) esa GM+.kSjk rkSj&rjhdk]ihjoj gEehjnso jS lqjaxokl jk dFkkud vk;k gSA

^gEehj* jklkS dFkkud vsfrgkfld gSA b.k jS eka; ft;ka dS gEehj jh [kqnew[kqn flj dkV yso.kksa]vykÅn~nhu jks leanj esa dwn ej tko.kksa vknA b.k xzaFk esa gEehj] vykÅn~nhu vj efgek'kkg rhu pfj=jk fp=kae dfo mdsfj;k gSA i.k ft.k Bhj gEehj jks pfj= dkO; esa mdsfj;ks gS m.kesa dfo jh FkksM+ks [kkfe;kafeySA gEehj tSM+s ohj jks ft.k <ax lwa pfj=&fp=.k gqo.kksa pkorks gksb b.kesa oks uha gq;ksA dfo gaehj vjvYykÅn~nhu uS lqjx esa feyk;k gSA b.k lwa L;kr~ dfo fgUnw&eqlGeku vsdrk dkuh yksxka jks /;ku [khap.kksapk;ks gqoSyk i.k blh /kj.kk ek= dkYifud gSA

b.k xzaFk esa flaxkj jh NVk Hkh fc[kjh gS vj dBS&dBS izd`fr&oj.ku Hkh Hkksr vkN~;ks c.k ifM+;ks gSAoj.ku iz/kku vk jpuk ohj jl lwa ljksckj gSA fMaxy eka; jfp;ksM+h vk jpuk ohj dkO; jh loG lk[k HkjSgSA

egknso ikjorh jh osfy& 16oha lnh jS mrjk/k esa fdlu vs fcjke.k dfo b.k rsfyjh jpuk djhAb.k eka; 382 i| gSA xaxkorkj.k vj f'ko&lrh ikjorh jS C;kg ekFkS vks vsd o.kkZukRed xzaFk gSA

b.kjS eka; dfo e/;dky jh ijaijk fuHkkork fkdk eaxyk&pj.k lwa dkO; jh l:vkr djSA b.k jS eka;gfj efgek] jktk lkxj jh v'oes/k jh jpuk] HkkxhjFk jh riL;k vj xaxkrj.k] lrh jks tye vj m.kjS QwVjS:i jks djo.kko dfo djh gSA

b.k dkO; eka; dfo Gksd] ijaijkoka jks c[kk.k dfj;ks gSA ft.kesa dfo lrh jS C;kg lk: n{k dkuh lwaukjsG Hkst.kksa] C;kg jh R;kjh] ckjkr jks vko.kksa] lrh jks C;kg lk: flaxkj dj.kksa] lrh vj f'ko jks ;K eka;tk;^j HkL; gq; tko.kksa] b.kjS C;ko jh pjpk gqo.kh] fo|u&ck/kkoka jks vko.kks] ikjorh jks flaxkj] m.kjks C;kovj lqj&vlqj tq/k oj.kko b.k csfy esa feyS gSA

gfjjl& bZljnkl ckjgB jh vsd nwth pkoh vj Bkoh iksFkh gfjjl vsd 'kkUr jl iz/kku HkfDr dkO;gSA vkijh b.k jpuk jS vk/kkj ekFkS fgt vki mPp dksfV jk Hkxr dfo cf.k;kA gfjjl vkijh nwth Hkxrhijd jpukoka eka; fljekSj jpuk gSA ^gfjjl* 'kkar jl jks bZ'oj HkfDr jks xzaFk gS] ft.kjS eka; bZ'oj jk ?k.kkafgt ukeka jh efgek] m.kjS izfr dfo jks izse] nhttuka jks dk:f.kd izdkj vkn lxGh ckrka jks ^gfjjl* esaQqVjks HksGi gq;ks gSA

dfo bZljnkl jh Hkxrh jks ifjpS vkijh iksFkh ^gfjjl* jh dSbZ i|ka lwa feySA vki dkO; iksFkh jhl:vkr Hkh ^eaxykpj.k* lwa dj Hkxrh Hkkouk jks ifjpS fn;kS&

ifgyks uke izes'kjks] ft.k tx eaM~;ks tks;Auj ewj[k le>s ugha] gjh djs lks gks;AA

ljlr Lusg esa tiksa] x.kifr ykxk ik;AbZ'kj bZ'k vkjk/kuk] ln~cq/k djks lgk;AA

dfo b.k dkO; eka; lxq.k fojxq.k nksuwa :ika esa bZlj jks xq.kxk.k dfj;ks gS&

fujXxq.k ukFk uekS ft; ukFk] lzacaxr nso uekS lflukFkAuekS rks uekS rks yhyk ukad] lksga vorkj uekS JhjkeA

dfo [kqn vkijS dkO; jh efgek jks c[kk.k dfj;ks gS&

125

gfjjl gfjjl gsd gS vujl vujl ekuAfou gfjjl gfj Hkxfr fcuq tue o`Fkk uj tkuAA

b.k rjS gfjjl e/;dkfyu Hkxrh dkO; ijaijk jh vsd fljekSj jpuk gSA

e/;dky jS eka; ykSfdd dkO; jkS Hkh fljt.k gq;ks gSA e/;dky esa eks[k ykSfdd izse dkO; feyS ft.kuSvBS fx.kko.kks ?k.kks mfpr jSlh b.k izsek[;kuka esa dbZ jS ys[kdka jks irks feyS i.k dbZ jks irks dksuhAjktLFkkuh izsek[;ku ijaijk ?k.kks twuks vj flej/k gSA nwth Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka jS vis{kk jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa izseiz/kku lkfgR; ?k.kka :ika esa feyS gSA vS izsek[;ku yxSVxS 13oha lnh lwa gh fey.k ykX;k gS ft.kjh ijaijk19oha lnh jS vkaf[kj rkbZ pkyrh jSbZ gSA jktLFkkuh izsek[;kuka jh izeq[k folslrk m.kjh fofo/krk jSbZ gSA dky]Hkko] Hkk"kk] dFkk] f'kYi vj nwtka Lrjka ij b.kesa fofo/krk jSbZ gSA b.k rjS jS izsek[;kuka uS izLrqr dj.kS jksmn~ns'; vsd vksj tBS izseh ;qxy jS izse uS crko.kksa jS;ks gS rks nwth dkuh rRdkyhu lkekftd] jktuSfrd]/kkfeZd vj lkaLd`frd ifjfLFkfr;ka uS crko.kks Hkh jS;ks gSA /kekZpkpkZ }kjk jfpr izsek[;kuka jks mn~ns'; /keZvj vkijS er Ks izpkj dj.kksa jS;ks gSA b.k izsek[;kuka eka; dsbZ jks ifjpS b.k Hkkar gSA

<+ksyk&ek: jk nwgk&<+ksyk&ek: jk nwgk vsd Js"B isze dkO; gSA b.kh jpuk 15oha lnh jS e/; esa gqbZgSA dfo jks ukao vX;kr gSA b.kjh dFkk iwxG nsl lwa l: gqoS tBS jks jktk fiaxy jS vsd dU;k gh cha jksukao ekjok.kh gksA uG jS csVS jks ukao <ksyks gksA vsd ckj iwxG nsl eka; dkG ifM+;ks b.k dkj.k jktk fiaxyvkijS yokteS lkxS ujoj nsl tk; iwX;ksA

iwxy nsl nqdkGfFk;q] fd.kgha dkG folsflAfiaxG ÅpkGm fd;m uy u[kj pb nsflAA

jktk uG vj fiaxy nksuw fo/kkrk jS tksx lwa fefy;kA mBS fiaxG jh iRuh mek nsoM+h jh futj <ksykekFkS iM+h vj m.kjh bPNk jS dkj.kS <ksyk&ek: jks C;kg gq;ksA m.k c[kr ekjok.kh MsM cjl jh gh vj <ksyk3 cjl jks gksA lqdkG gqo.kS ij jktk fiaxy ikNks iwxy x;ks vj vkijS lkxS ek: uS Hkh ys; x;ksA

tn ekjok.kh l;k.kh gqbZ rks vsd jkr m.kuS lwi.kS esa <ksyks fn[;ks vj ck fojg jS rki esa cGu ykxhAlf[k;ka uS b.k ckr jks vpjt gq;ks dS ft.k uS ekjok.kh dnS ns[;ks dksuh m.kuS iszse fd;k dj.k ykxhA rnekjok.kh jks toku izse jh ifjHkk"kk gh cnG nsoS&

ts tho.k frUgk¡&t.kk¡] ru gh ek¡fg olarA/kkjb nw/k i;ksgjs] cGd fde dk<arAA

llusgh lenk ijb] olr fn;k ea>kjAdqlusgh ?kj vk¡x.kkbZ] leank ikj AA

ekjok.kh jh fojg osnuk uS ek&cki tk.kX;kA m.k fnt fnuk vsd ?kksM+k jks lkSnkxj iwxy vk;ks] m.klwirks ykX;ks dS <ksyk jks nwtks C;kg ekyo nsl jh jktdqekjh ekyok.kh jS lkxS gq;X;ksA ftdk Hkh lanslokgiwxy lwa vkoS 3 ouS ekyok.kkh ejok nsoSA ekjok.kh vkijks izse lanslks ns;^j <kf<;ka uS <ksyk jS duS HkstSAftdka ekyok.kh jS vknE;ka uS Ny*j fd;kabZ egyka rkbZ iwx tkoSA mBS vk[kh jkr oS lqjhyh vj jnj lwaHkjhT;ksM+h vkokt esa xk&xk;*j ekjok.kh jks luseks <ksyk uSa lq.kk;ksA lq.k*j <ksyks ekjok.kh lwa feyuS lk:mrkoGks gq;X;ksA

vad fnu <ksyks ?kksM+S ij lokj gq;^j ekjok.kh lwa fey.k [kkrj tko.k ykX;ksA ekyok.kh uSa b.k jks BkgifM+;ksA ok Hkkx^j ?kksM+S jh yxke idM+ yhuhA oha fnu rks oks ikNks ckoM+X;ksA i.k dh fnuka iNS <ksyks iwxyiwX;ksA mBS m.kjks ?k.kksa gh vknj gq;ksA ikap&lkr fnu mBS jS;^j oks ekjok.kh uS ys;^j ikNks ujoj dkuh cghj

126

gq;X;ksA ekjx esa vsd txka nksuw lwrk vj mBS ekjok.kh uS iho.kksa lkai dkV [kk;ks ft.k lwa <ksyks fyki dj.kykxksA brjS esa tksxh&tksx.k jS Hks[k esa f'ko&ikjorh mBS ixV~;kA oS ekjok.kh uS thok fnuhA mBS lwa vkxSpkY;k rks m.kjks lkeuks Åej lwejk lwa gq;ks ftdks ekjok.kh uS [kksl.k lk: vkijS nG&cG lesr oka jks ihNksdfj;ksA

Åej <ksyS lkxS NG dj ekjok.kh uS yso.kks pkorks i.k Åej jS lkxS ekjok.kh jS ih*j jh vsd <ksy.kghA oka xk&xk^j Åej jS dij jh ckr ekjok.kh uS le>kbZA ekjok.kh Bksyk uS psrk;ks rn Bksyks ekjok.kh uSÅaV ekFkS cSBk;^j fulj HkkX;ksA Åej okajks ykjks dfj;ks i.k gkj^j chuS ikNks ckoM+.kks iM+;ksA Bksyks vjekjok.kh egyka iwxX;k vj ekSe lwa jSo.k ykxX;kA

^Bksyk&ek:* esa flaxkj jk nksuw i[k la;ksx& fo;ksx feyS gSA dfo b.k jks fp=kae mdsj.k esa iwjhlko/kkuh cjrh gSA oj.ku jh xaHkhjrk] la;rrk vj 'khy laiUurk lwa flaxkj uS c'yh;rk lwa cpk; fy;ks gS&

daB foyXxh ek:rh dfj dapwok nwjApdoh efu vk.kan gqom] fdj.k ilkj~;k lwjAA

la;ksx jS lkxS fo;ksx flaxkj uS dfo ?k.kh ekfeZdrk jS lkxS izLrqr dfj;ks gS&

ckcfg;k rw¡ pksj] Fkkjh pk¡p dVkfolw¡Ajkfr t nhUgh yksj] eb¡ tk.;m izh vkfo;mAA

dkO; 'kkL= eka; fjg jh ftrjh nlkoka fx.kkbth gS] m.kesa lwa yxSVxS lxGh nlkoka ^Bksyk&ek:* esafeyS gSA ekjok.kh jS fgjnS jh vpjt Hkjh bPNkoka jS vykok m.kjh tM+rk] fpark] mUekn] Le`fr] O;kf/k] izrkijk fp=kae ?k.kka gh eje uS Nqv.k okGk gSA

^Bksyk&ek:* yksdxkFkk gSA vr% b.kesa lk/kkj.khdj.k jh lxfr ?k.kh gSA b.kjh Hkk"kk jktLFkkuh gS tfdrsjgoha lwa iUnzgoha lnh rkabZ if'peh Hkkjr jh iz/kku lkfgR; Hkk"kk ghA iwjks dkO; nwgk Nan eka; jfp;ksM+ks x;ksgSA oj.ku iz/kku vk jpuk jktLFkkuh laLd`fr] yksd thou jks vsd QwVjh fp=ku mdsjS gS vBS rkabZ dS xkFkkjS vkf[kj esa ek: izns'kjks oj.ku ?k.kS QqVjkiS lkxS dfj;ks x;ks gSA

ek: nsl mifUu;k¡] lj T;m¡ i/fj;kgAdM+ok dns u cksygh] ehBk cksyf.k;kgAA

lqf.k] lqanjh] dsrk dgk¡] ek: nsl c[kk¡.kAekjok.kh fefG;k¡ iNb] tk.;m tue] izok¡.kAA

tsBaoks ÅtGh tsBok& ÅtGh jh dFkk jk lkS uSM+S&xSM+s i| feyS ftdka tsBoS jk lksjBk nwgk ukaolwa fiNkf.ktSA vS nwgk ÅtGh vkijS iszeh tsBoS uS dS;ks gSA vS lksjBk 17oh lnha vj cknjh gLrizfr;ka esafc[kj;ksM+k feySA ewG lksjBka jh jpuk 1500 jS vkl ikl gq;ksM+h gSA tsBoS&ÅtGh jh dFkk b.k Hkkar gS&

jktdaoj tsBoks vsdj fldj djck uS x;ksA esg va/kkjh jkr uS cks ekjx HkwyX;ks vj cslq/k gq;X;ksAvej jh csVh jktdqaoj uS gksl esa yko.k lk: ?k.kka tru dfj;k i.k oks uha tkX;ksA vejks Hkksr xjhc gks ^ch*jS duSa tsBoS uS BaM lwa cpko.k lk: xkHkk uha gkA b.k okLrS cks vkijh csVh uS dS;ks dS vks vki.kks esgekugSA b.kuS cpko.kks /kje gSA b.k okLrS rwa b.k uSa FkkjS Mhy lwa fuok;ks djA vejks vkijh tks/k&toku csVh uSadS;ks] gq; ldS ;qod vki.kh tkr ls bZ fulj;k oS vj cha lwa rsjks C;ko dj nsowaA vkijS cki jh vkX;k eku^jÅtGh cha uS vkijS fuok;S Mhy jh fuokap nhA tsBok uS gksl vk;ksA

gksl esa vkxzk ik.k fLFkfr jks tn tsBok uS irks pkY;ks rks cks Åtyh uS vk'oklu fn;ks dS oks cha lwa

127

C;kg dj ysoSyksA ÅtGh tsBoS jh ckr uS eku fy;ks vj oS vsd nwtS lw isze dj.kS yxkA i.k tn tsBoS uSBkg ykX;ks dS ÅtGh pkj.k jh csVh gS] rks os cnGX;ks] D;wa dS ijaijk lwa jktiwrka vj pkj.kka esa C;kg uha gq;loSA tsBoS ÅtGh b.k jS iNS cha lwa fey uha ldhA ÅtGh jk i| m.k jS fjg osnuk uS ?k.kS ekfeZd <ax lwamtkxj djSA

vaxwBS jh vkG] yksHkh yXXkkMS+ x;ksA:uh lkjh jkr] tdu iM+h jS tsBokAA

vka[;ka mf.k;kjks] fuij ugha U;kjks gqoSAfizre dks I;kjks] tksrh fQ:a jS tsBokAA

eksjk euk ekuS] >M+ yksjka vkoS tknSAftoM+ks eks tkoS] tkÅa fd.k fnl tsBokAA

ukxth ukxorh& 18oha lnh vj ckn jh gLrizfr;ka esa b.k dFkk jk 50 jS uSnsxSM+S i| feySA ewGi| L;kr 16oh lnh jS ckn jk gSA vks vsd izsek[;ku gSA ft.kesa ukxth ukxerh lwa izse djrks gks A i.k m.kjksHkkbZch jks NkuS lh C;ko jpk fn;ksA ukxerh jS cki uS b.k ckr jks Bkg uha gks lks oks cha jks C;ko bls vknehlwa dj fn;ks ft.kuS ok udkj pqdh gh A ukxth b.k ckr uS lgu dksuh dj lfd;k vj cks vkRegR;k djyhA

ukxerh cha jh rykl esa f?kjrh&fQjrh m.kjh fujr nsg uS tks; fy;ksA ukxerh vkijS /k.kh uS NksM*jvkijS ihgj dkuh pky iM+hA ekjx nkx&vxu esa dwn iM+hA b.k dkO; iksFkh eka; ukxth jh fojg O;Fkk]ukixerh jh fujklk vj d:.kk jk Hkko ?k.kka fgt ekfeZd <ax lwa mtkxj dfj;ks x;ks gSA

cha>k&lksjB& ykSfdd 'kSyh jh b.k jpuk jk jpf;rk Hkh vX;kr gkA ch>k&lksjB jks izse vxj jS;ksgS vj lksjB jS nwgka jS L;kjS lk/kkj.k tu uS vkijh Hkkoukok jh vfHkO;fDr nh gSA vk yksddFkk jktLFkku vjxqtjkr esa ?k.kksa ekfuT;ks gSA vk vsd fojg iz/kku izsek[;ku gS] ft.kesa uk;dYukf;dk nksuw jS fojg jk Hkkomtkxj gq;k gSA

lksjB fla?ky nhi uh] ikyh vk.k dqEgkjAij.kh jktk :j uS] eka.kh jko [ksaxkjAA

lksjB fla?ky nhi jh] ikyh vkf.k varkjAij.kh jktk jks eub] ftrjkb fl.kxkjAA

chatk Egkadb vkax.kb] fur vkoM furtkbZA?kj jh osnuk ckGgk] dg mrm dksb u tkbZAA

chatk Fkkadb dkj.kb] rksM+;m uolj gkjAyksx tk.kb eksrh pq.kb] fuefue d: tqgkjAA

lksjB jkx esa tn b.k nwgka uS xk;ks tkoS rks lq.k.kS izse Hkk"kk lwa ljkcksj gq;k fcuk uha jS; ldSA

9-4 bdkbZ lkj

e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh i| lkfgR; jks dkO; lalkj i.kks flej/k gSA b.k dky esa jktLFkkuh lkfgR;esa i| jS lkxS x| jks Hkh fljt.k gq;ksA i| lkfgR; esa ohj] Hkxfr] uhfr] flaxkj vkn esa dkO; fljt.k gq;ksAHkxfr dkO; esa vBS jk dfo ?k.kS tl ik;kSA vkijS dkO; jS ik.k vS ?k.kkS Åpks njtks ik;ksA vS lekt esa iwt.ktksx cf.k;kA b.k c[kr dkO; jh Hkk"kk eka; jktLFkkuh jS lkxS nwth Hkk"kkok jh lcnkoyh jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA

128

oS.klxkbZ vyadkj b.k c[kr jk dfo;ka jh dyk jSbZ gSA e/;dky uS lkfgR; uS lkfgR; jh nhB lwa Lo.kZdkydSaok rks xyr uh gwalhA

9-5 vH;kl loky

1- ^osfy* jks ewG vk/kkj dkbZ gS\

2- bZljnkl uS fd.k ukao lwa vksGf[ktS\

3- lka;kth jh nks iksF;ka jks uko fx.kkoksA

4- jkft;k jks iwjks ukao dksbZ gS\

5- jkft;k jk nwgk jk ys[kd dq.k gS\

6- egknso ikjorh jh osfy eka; fdrk i| gS\

7- gfjjl jk jpukdkj dq.k gS\

8- C;ko jh csGk <ksyk&ek: jh mej fdrh gks\

9- ukxth ukxerh jh dFkk lkj fy[kkA

10- ch>k lksjB jk dksbZ nks i| fy[kksA

11- Bksyk&ek: esa e: iznsl jS QqVjkiS uS fd.k Hkkar mdsj~;ks x;ks gS\

12- ekjok.kh lf[k;ka jS iz'u jks c[kk.k fd;k dfj;ks gS\

13- Bksyk&ek: jh dFkk crkvksA

14- osfy fØl.k :De.kh jh dkO; jks oj.kko fy[kksA

9-6 lUnHkZ iksF;ka

1- izks- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor Bksyk ek: jk nwgk&jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR;A

2- lhrkjke ykyl&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks laf{kIr bfrgklA

3- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k&jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A

4- bZljnkl % lkfgR; vdkneh ubZ fnYyhA

5- MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor&ehjk¡ ckbZ dh izkekf.kd thouhA

6- lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor&ck¡dhnkl xzaFkkoyhA

151

bdkbZ&12

e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh Hkklk dkO;% mn~Hko vj fodkl

bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

12-0 mn~nsL;

12-1 izLrkouk

12-2 iw¡BHkkSe

12-3 e/;dky dh jktuhfrd fLFkfr;k¡ vj dfork

12-4 e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh dfork dks fodkl

12-4-1 izo`fr dh nhB lw¡

12-4-1-1 pkj.k dkO;

12-4-1-2 ikSjkf.kd vj /kkjfed dkO;

12-4-1-3 vk[;ku dkO;

12-4-1-4 lar lkfgR;

12-4-1-5 tSu dkO;

12-4-1-6 ykSfdd izse dkO;

12-4-2 fo[kS dh nhB lw¡

12-4-2-1 vkjk/; vkjk/ku vkSj vkSrkjokn

12-4-2-2 fuxqZ.k czg~e dh mikluk

12-4-2-3 tq>kjk¡ dk fojn xku

12-4-2-4 izse dFkkoka

12-4-2-5 uhfr dh ckrk¡

12-4-2-6 Nan lkL=

12-4-2-7 yksd rRo

12-4-3 Hkklk dh nhB lw¡

12-4-3-1 Hkklk dks fodlko

12-4-3-2 jl

12-4-3-3 Nan

12-4-3-4 vyadkj

152

12-4-3-5 lSyh

12-4-3-6 nwth [kkl ckrka

12-5 bdkbZ lkj

12-8 lanHkZ xazFkk¡ dh ikuM+h

12-0 mn~nsL;

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa tha cxr uS vkerkSj is e/;dky ekU;ks tkoS NS] ¼lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 rkabZ½ ckscxr jktuhfr dh nhB lw¡ ?k.kdjk cnykok¡ dk lk[kh j~;ks NSA eqxyk¡ dks lklu iSyh etcwr gks;ks] QSjfc[kj~;ks] O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;k¡ vj lSfud vfHk;kuka dS vksGkos uqvk {ks= esa jktLFkkuh x;k vj uqbZ laLd`frvj uqvk <c lkFkS yk;kA QSj tn eqxyk¡ dh dsUnzh; lRrk fc[kjh rks nslh jtokM+k vi.kh vi.kh Bke isetcwr gks;kA cs Hkh eqxy ikrlkgk¡ dh ns[;k¡ ns[k vi.kk njckjh dfo jk[;k Hkklk uS Hkh v¡xM+kbZ yhAjktLFkkuh Hkklk e:xqtZj dh Nk¡oGh lw¡ ckjs vk^j vi.kh uqbZ vksG[kk.k Fkjick esa lQy gksbZA bZa dky dkNsdM+yk cxr rkabZ iwxrka iwxrka ckSikj csbZ vkbZ ijnslh daifu;k¡ dks jktuhfr esa vruks n[ky c<+;ks] vj Å¡lw¡ tqM~;k ykV lkgck¡ dh uhfr;k¡ vruks tqye l: dj fn~;ks dS jS;r esa fQjafx;k¡ lw¡ eqxfr ikck dks psrcn~;ksA iW.k fQjaxh diuh i<kbZ vj lapkj dk uqvk <c ykbZ] tha lw¡ ftuxk.kh esa uqvk vk;ke tqM~;kA ;k¡lkjh ckrk¡ uS /;ku esa j[kk.krk Fkdka e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dkO; dk mn~Hko vj fodkl uS tk.kcksegrkÅ gksxksA

12-1 izLrkouk

e/;dky lw¡ iSyh jktLFkkuh Hkklk ek:xqtZj* Hkklk dk vlj esa NhA twuh jktLFkkuh vj twuh xqtjkrhdh [;kr ek¡Mrk Fkdka vlh ujh iksfFk;k¡ dks ukao lkeS vkoS NS] T;ka ds rkabZ nksU;w¡ Hkklk okGk vi.kh FkkrhekuS NSA e/;dky esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa uqvk laLdkjk¡ vj uqvk eqgkojk¡ dks fodlko gks;ks vj jktLFkkuh vjxqtjkrh Hkklk dh U;kjh&U;kjh vksG[k.k Fkkfir gksbZA e/;dky dk dfo dye dk /k.kh Hkh Nk iwx;k gks;kHkxr Hkh Nk vj yksBk tw>kj Hkh NkA ck¡ ftuxk.kh dk lxGk i[k [kqn dh dforkok¡ esa lgsT;kA ijeslj dkxq.kxku] tq>kjk¡ dk fojnxku lw¡ ys j vke feu[kka dh ihM+k] rk¡bZ ok¡ dh dforkok¡ dks fol; c.khA bZa nhBlw¡ e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk dfo;k¡ dh dfork dks Qyd mruks gh c<ks NS] truks dL;k Hkh nkSjdk vjFkoku fljt.k dks gks ldS NSA

12-2 iw¡BHkkSe

jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks lSa lw¡ iSyks mYys[k vkBok¡ lbZdk dk xzaFk ^dqoy;ekyk* esa feGS NSA iW.k ;ksvuqeku yxk;ks tk ldS NS dS Å¡ lw¡ iSyh Hkh jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa lkfgR; fljt.k dh jhr rks j~gh gksxhA^dqoy;ekyk* dk ,d ^ppZjh jkl* esa m|ksru lwfj twuh jktLFkkuh csbZ ^e:Hkklk* lcn dks bLrseky djrkFkdk¡ dfo ek¡M~;ks NS &

dfl.k deG nG yks;kk py gsr vks

ih.k figqy Fk.k dfM;j Hkkj fdyar vks

rky pfyr of.kvkofy dy;y ln~n vks

jkl ;fEe tb yOub tqcb lR; vkAA

153

vkBok¡ lbZdk lw¡ nlok¡ lbZdk rk¡bZ bZ Hkklk dks lkfgR; ?k.kksa UgW feySA 11 ok¡ lw¡ 13ok¡ lbZdk rk¡bZfLFkfr esa lq/kkj gks;ks rks lgh] iW.k Qs:¡ Hkh jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa lkfgR; fljt.k xfr 13ok¡ lbZdk ikNS c<+hAbZa cxr rk¡bZ jktLFkkuh vj xqtjkrh tk.kS ,d gh isVk dh Hkklk j~ghA gkyr rks ;k NS dS twuh jktLFkkuhdk dkG t;h xzaFk ^dkUgM+ ns izca/k* xqtjkrh fo}ku twuh xqtjkrh dks xzFk ekuS NSA bZa iksFkh lu~ 1455 esain~eukHk fljT;ks NksA

12-3 e/;dky dh jktuhfrd fLFkfr;k¡ vj dfork

l:okrh dky esa fpRrkSM+ dk xqfgyksr vj fllksfn;k] ukxkSj&vtesj dk eqlyeku lkldk¡ dks vljjktLFkku dk bfrgkl is cRrks j~;ksA e/;dky vkrka vkrka dqN vkSj jktiwr jktku~ dks ncncks cn~;ks] T;k¡esa ekjokM+ dk jkBkSM+ [kkl j~;kA vdcj dk jkt esa tSiqj dk dNokgk¡ dks vlj c<~;ksA QSj izrkiflag vyojjkt dh Fkjiuk djhA izrkiflag u:dk Nk] th uS dNokgk¡ dh gh ,d [kki ekU;ks tkoS NSA pkSgku oal dkgkM+k¡ 1343 esa 'kkgtgk¡ cw¡nh dk gh ,g fgLlk uS dksVk ds rk¡bZ lqrarj jkt dks ntksZ ns fn~;ksA Hkjriqj esa tkVvj tSlyesj esa HkkVh jktk dh rwrh cksyhA Mw¡xjiqj] ck¡lokM+k uqvk jkt c.k x;k NksVk&NksVk fBdkuknkjvkilh jkM+ esa mGrk j~;kA ukGk ukGk fj;klrk vi.kS vBS lkeFkZoku dfo;k¡ uS vkljks fn~;ks vj jkt dkvklz; lw¡ jktLFkkuh dfork uqvk vk;ke x<~;kA iW.k vL;ks dks; Ug¡ Nks dS jktkoka dh fojnkofG;k¡ jpcksgh dfo;k¡ dks /;S;Z j~;ks OgSA ok¡ us ftuxk.kh dk lkjk i[k lk¡rjk <c lw¡ vi.kha dforkok¡ esa Nq;kA

12-4 e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh dfork dks fodkl

12-4-1 izo`fr dh nhB lw¡

e/;dky esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ?k.kksa lkfgR; fljT;ks x;ksA dh nhB lw¡ bZ lxGk lkfgR; uS uhpS eqtcukGk ukGk fgLlk esa ck¡V ldk Nk¡%&

12-4-1-1 pkj.k dkO;


12-4-1-3 vk[;ku dkO;

12-4-1-4 lar lkfgR;

12-4-1-5 tSu dkO;

12-4-1-6 ykSfdd izse dkO;

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dks vfrgkl ek¡Mrk Fkdka ch-,y-ekyh- ^v'kkar* Åij fy[; foHkktu uS ekU;ks NSA

12-4-1-1 pkj.k dkO;

e/;dky dk dfo;k¡ esa lS lw¡ IgSyks ukao xkM.k ilkbr dks lkeh vkoS NSA xkM.k ilkbr] f[kfM+;kpku.k vj fla<k;p pkSHkqtk uS Å¡ cxr dk l:okrh jktLFkkuh dfo ekU;k x;k NSA ;s dfo jkBkSM+ jko jheyvj ekjokM+ dk jko tks/kk dk cxr dk dfo Nk vj rhuw¡ gh lu~ 1438 esa jhey dh fejR;q is dfo;kok¡ jphAf[kfM+;kk pku.k rks jh.key dk eqjnk MhG uS vkx Hkh nh Nh vj QSj fj.key dk Qwy Hkh xaxkth esa ?kkY;kNkA eq¡grk uS.klh vi.kh [;kr esa Qoslj ilkbr dh dfork dks mYys[k [kqn dh ckr dh lk[k dS rkSj isfn~;ks NSA Hkk.Mkm O;kl dh gEehjk;.k*] lwtkth chBw dh jko tSrlh jks Nan*] vklksth ckjgB dh HkfV;k.khmekns jk dfoRr*] ck?kk jk nwgk*] y{e.kk;.k*] jko lqyrk.k jk >wy.kk*] >wy.kk jko vejfla?k xtfla?kksr jk]>wy.kk*] ^jko es?kk jk*] ^jktk ekufla?k jk >wy.kk*] vkfl;k djelh dh ^lwtk ckysNk jk dfrRr*] ^dslksnkl

154

xkM.k dh ^xq.k :id]* ^jko vejflag jk nwgk*] *foosd okrkZ*] ^xat xq.k izdkl*] fd'kkjnkl HkkV dh^jktizdkl*] f[kfM+;k tXxk dh ôpfudk jkBkSM+ jruflag egslnklkSr jh*] ôhjHkk.k jruw dh jkt :id*dj.khnku dfo;k dh ^lwjtizdkl*] ekifla?k vkfl;k dh êk/ko ;'k izdk'k*] fdlukth vk<+k dh ^Hkhefoykl*] jkenku ykyl dh Hkheizdkl*] tks/kjkt dh gEehj jklkS*] gfjuke 'kkf.MY; dh dsljh flag lej*]n;kjke jko dh ^jk.kk jklkS*] dqaHkd.kZ lkanw dh jru jklkS vj ckadhnkl dh ^pqxyeq[k pisfVdk*] êkofM+;kfetkt*] ^dì.k niZ.k*] ^larks"kckouh* bR;kn Å¡ tqx dk pkj.k dkO; dh egrkÅ iksfFk;k¡ NSA


e/;dky esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk dfo;k¡ feu[kk tw.k uS lkarjks vjFk nsck dh nhB lw¡ ikSjkf.kd vj/kkjfed dkO; Hkh ek¡M~;ksA Å¡ tqx esa ek¡Mxh uhfr dh jpukok¡ rks vckj Hkh izklafxd ykxS NSA Å¡ cxrtq/kk¡ dks cxr NksA ckr ckr esa jkM+ dkk jhaxV~;k f[kp tkcks djS NhA êw¡N dk loky* is tku ns nscks vkudh ckr ekuh tkoS NhA Qsj tqa>kjk¡ bZa mNko nsck dh nhB lw¡ Hkh ikSjkf.kd xkFkkok¡ is iksfFk;k¡ ek¡MhxhA e/;dky dk ujk dfo iwX;k Fkdk Hkxr Hkh NkA ckjgB bZljnkl uS rks vkt Hkh ^bZljk lks ijesljk* dg^jleJ~;ks tkoS NSA ^vkSrkj pfjr* vj ^gfjjl tlh iksF;k¡ dks vckj Hkh ?kj ?kj ikjk.k Å¡ gh flj/kk Hkko lw¡dj~;ks tkoS NS] tL;k¡ fgUnh cksyck gkGk iznslk¡ esa rqylhnkl dh ^jkepfjr ekul* dks ikjk;.k gksos NSAdfo;k¡ fl.kxkj dk psr vj Hkxfr dk Hkko xw¡Fkck dh nhB lw¡ Hkh ikSjkf.kd vk[;kuk¡ is dforkok¡ fljthAfizFkhjkt jkBkSM+ dh ôsfy fØlu :def.k jh* bZa dks ,d mnkgj.k NSA f'ko] lxfr] vfHkeU;q] HkDr izgykn]d`".k]jke tL;k nsorku~ is dforkok¡ jpck lkFkS dfo;k¡ lxq.k vj fujxq.k mikluk uS Hkh vi.kk fljt.k dksfol; c.kk;ksA

Jh/kj O;kl lIrnh jk Nan*] f[kfM+;k pku.k ekrk th jk Nan*] t;flag gfjjklkS*] ckjgB vklkuan xq.kfujxq.k izk.k] pw¡Mksth n/kokfM+;k xq.k Hkk[kM+h] jkeyhyk*] xq.k pkd osyh] djelh lka[kyks fØluth jh osfy*]dq'kyykHk ^nqxkZlIrinh*] nqxkZ lrlbZ] ek/kkSnkl n/kokfM+;k ^jke jklkS*] dY;k.knkl jko xq.k xksfoUn*]egslnkl jko j?kqukFk pfjr*] eqagrk j?kqukFk :/k jklks] fcV~Bynkl :def.k gj.k*] ihjnku ykyl ukjk;.kusg] îjeslj iqjk.k* vj ^fgaxGkt jklkS] egkjktk vthr flag ^xq.k {kekizc*] ckjgB eqjkfjnku ^xq.k fot;C;ko*] gfjnkl ykyl ^xq.k {kekizc] ckjgB bZljnkl gfjjl] ^xq.k Hkkxoar gal*] ^xq.k jkl yhyk*] ^xq.k ckyyhyk*] xq.k lHkkioZ*] ^xq.k vkxe* vj x:M+ izka.k] fizFkh jkt jkBkSM+ olqnsojkmr jk nwgk] n'kjFknsojkmr jknwgk vj oYyHknsojkmr jk nwgk tlh jpukok¡ ek.MhA bZljnkl ckjgB dks fuank Lrqfr bZa nhB lw¡ vuwBks xzaFkNS dS lxGh iksFkh esa dfo vi.kka vkjk/; uS vksGeks nsrks nh[ks NS] iW.k lk¡P;k bZ Å¡ vkjk/; dk tlxku djSNSA bZa tqx esa fdjikjke f[kfM+;k uhfr fol; nwgk ^jkft;k dh egrkÅ iksFkh NSA

12-4-1-3 vk[;ku dkO;

gj tqx esa chrk cxr dh ckrk¡ vj yksd esa pkoh Bkoh dFkkok¡ is Qs:¡ lkfgR; ek¡M~;ks tkoS NSA bZa dkmn~nsL; lS lw¡ [kkl gksos NSA ,d rks twuh ckrk¡ dS vksGkos ekStwnk lekt esa uSfrd ewY;k¡ uS cnkoks nscks vjnwtks ih<+h dS rk¡bZ foxr dh t.kdkjh nscksA bZa nhB lw¡ e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk dfo;k¡ vk[;kukdks ?k.kks fljt.k dj~;ksA bZa fljt.k dS vksGkos ok¡ [kkldj fl.kxkj] Hkxrh] ohj] vj d:.k jl dh ;knjk[k.k tksx vksfG;k¡ fljthA esgksth dh jkek;.k esa Å¡ vxr dks fprjke ns[;ks tk ldSA tn guqeku thyadk esa tk^j lhrk ds rkabZ jketh dh chaVh ns NS*&

vkMk Mwaxj oh>oa.k] fd.k fop ekNGk x;anAlhr dgs js canjk] fd.k fo/k ujd yksfi;k leanAA

vfHkeU;q dk dFkkud is ^dFkkud vgeuh*] :de.kh dk C;ko dk izlax is :de.kh eaxG ¼fdLlu th jksC;kgyks½ HkDr izgykn dk dFkkud is îzgykn pfjr* tL;k vk[;ku dkO; bZa tqx esa ek¡M~;k x;k NkA ;k¡ds lkxS dFkk ^Hkhao nqlkl.kh*] ^dFkk lqjxkjksfg.k*] ^dFkk cglksok.kh*] dFkk ^m"kkiqjk.k*] ^vejcks/k*]

155

^ukefuf/k*] xksj C;kgyks*] ^gfjpu iqjk.k*] lhr iqjk.k*] ^gjdhjr iqjk.k* bR;kn vk[;ku dkO; Å¡ tqx esa Oghek¡M~;k x;k NkA

12-4-1-4 lar lkfgR;

jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks e/;dky dk fljt.k dk nkSj esa lekt esa Hkk¡r HkrhGk cnyko gks j~;k NkA eqxyk¡vj ijnslh ckSikjh daifu;k¡ dk laidZ lw¡ uqvk /ka/kk vj uqbZ tkfr;k¡ iui jh Nh rks twuh jhrk¡ dks dV~VjiW.kksHkh [kre gks j~;ks NksA oL;k¡ Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt dk psr esa ukGh /kkjkok¡ pyu esa j~gh NSA e/;dky esajktLFkkuh lekt esa U;kjk U;kjk /kkjfed laiznk;k¡ dh fopkj /kkjkok¡ tx pkoh j~gh vj ok¡ dk dk ekuck okGk¡vi.kk vi.kk <c lw¡ jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk lkfgR; Hk.Mkj flej/k dj~;ksA

ukFk laiznk; dk dfo;k¡ uS l/kqdM+h cksyh esa vi.kka in jP;k] iW.k jktLFkku esa j~g okGk ukFk iaFkh lk/kdka dh Hkklk jktLFkkuh NhA fijFkhukFk dk fujtu fujok.k* vj HkfDr cSdq.B* dh Hkklk esa jktLFkkuh Hkklkdk lcn cRrk ckij~;k x;k NSA ukFk pfj=] tya/kj pfj=] ukFk iqjk.k] tya/kj Kku lkxj] vuqHko] eatjh]l:i.k jk nwgk] rsx eatjh] jruk gehj jh okjrk] vuqHko izdkl bR;kn Å¡ cxr dk ukFkiaFkh lk/kdka dhegrkÅ jpukokÅ NSA

^jfld laiznk;* dh xknh jSoklk esa NSA ;k lar ijaijk Å¡ cxr dk izxfrlhy fparu dh izrhd ekuhtkoS NhA vurkun] lq[kkuan] ihik] dchj psrd rk¡bZ iuik;ks Å¡ ijaijk lw¡ tqM~;k vxznkl jSoklk esa ;k xknhFkjih NhA vkSjaxtsc dh ej~;k¡ ikNS bZa fopkj/kkj dks ?k.kksa izpkj gks;ksA bZa fopkj/kkjk uS ekuck okGk¡ jktLFkkuhHkklk esa ?k.kks lkfgR; fljT;ks] iW.k ujk lark¡ dk QqVdj in jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh veksyd gsek.kh NSA

^foL.kksbZ laiznk;* rks vckj Hkh jktLFkkuh lekt esa ,d egrkÅ Bke j[kk.kS NSA lu~ 1485 esa tkaHkksthbZa laiznk; dh Fkjiuk djhA ok¡ dk izHkko fldanj yksnh ij Hkh NksA rstksth pkj.k] lelnhu] flonkl]dslksnkl xksnkj] lqjtunkl iwfu;k bR;kn bZa ijaijk dk pkok Bkok dfo NkA

tlukFkh laiznk; lu~ 1500 dS yxS VxS l: gq;ksA ;ks iaFk vorkjokn esa ifr;kjks j[kk.kS NSA bZa iaFkuS Fkjick okGk tlukFk th jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa in jP;kA djenkl] nsoksth] ykyukFk] pks[kukFk] gkjksth]lksHkksth bR;kn bZa iaFk dk chtk egrkÅ jpukdkj NkA fujatu iaFk dh Fkjiuk gfjnkl th djhA C;kgyk]lk[kh] uke fu:i.k xazFk] pkGhl inh] pkSng inh vj tksxlekf/k ok¡ dh egrkÅ jpukok¡ NSA bZa iaFk dkdfo;k¡ dh jpukok¡ esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkxS [kM+h cksyh vj czt Hkklk dks esG Hkh feGS NSA txthounkl]/;kunkl] ukxjhnkl] lsoknkl] Hkxokunkl fujatuh] euksgjnkl] bR;kn bZa laiznk; lw¡ tqM~;k pkok Bkok dfogks;k NSA fujatu iaFk okGk ewfrZ iwtck esa ifr;kjks Ug¡ j[kk.kS] iW.k fuEckdZ laiznk; uS ekuck okGk lxq.k HkfDresa Hkjkslks djS NSA bZ laiznk; dh [kkl xknh lysekckn esa NSA lhdj ftyk dk ijlqjke nsoth lizank; dhFkjiuk djh Nh ijlqjke nso vj fVdenkl Å¡ tqx esa bZa lizank; dk egrkÅ lar vj dfo gks;k NSA

^^lk/k u dksbZ ix HkjS] dcgqa jkt nqokfj@nknw myVk vki esa csBk czg~e fopkfj** tlh vksfG;k¡ ek¡MckokGk lar nknw th nknw iaFk dh Fkjiuk djhA os ?k.kka fl) dfo NkA bZa iaFk esa pkj Hkkar dk lk/kq gksosNS&[kkdh] fojDr] ukxk vj Fkkaek/kkjhA nknwiaFkh ewfrZiwtk uS Ug¡ ekuSA nknw lkxS c[kukth] jTtc] xjhcnkl]txUukFknkl] tuxksiky] nkeksnjnkl] Hkh[ktu] larnkl] [ksenkl] jk?konkl tL;k dfo nknwiFk lw¡ ghtqM~;k NkA jTtcnkl th dh ok.kh dks mnkgj.k ns[kks%&

jTtc ikjl ijl rsa] feVxks ykSg fodkj]

rhu ckr rks jfg xbZ] ckad] /kkj v: ekjA

Hkyh dgr ekur cqjh] ;s gS izd`fr uhp]

156

jTtc dksBh xkj dh] T;w¡ /kksoS T;w¡ dhpAA

pj.knklh liznk; dk Fkjif.k;k pj.knkl ,d fl) dfo NkA bZa iaFk esa n;kckbZ vj lgtksckbZ tlhlar dfo Hkh gksbZ] tdk veksyd fljt.k djhA ykynklh laiznk; vj xwnM+ iaFk dk lk/kqok¡ Hkh jktLFkkuhHkklk dk lkfgR; Hk.Mkj uS flej/k dj~;ksA jkeLusgh laiznk; dk nfj;koth] jkenklth] n;kyqnkl] ijlqjke]fiFkksnkl] iwj.knkl] eqjkjhjke vi.kk fljt.k lw¡ jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk e/;dky dh dfork dh dhjr c<+kbZAvyf[k;k laiznk; dk ykyfxfj th vj vkbZ iaFk dh ththckbZ dks ukao Hkh e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dkdkO; esa egrkÅ Bke j[kk.kS NSA ehjk¡ckbZ nhuth] dkth egewn] ihikth] xojhckbZ dk ukao lw¡ rks dq.kvtk.;ks gksoSxksA ;s Å¡ dky dk egrkÅ dfo NkA

12-4-1-5 tSu dkO;

tSu dkO; txr dk iM+iap esa iM+ck csbZ de vj tho dh eqxfr dh okark esa cRrks ek¡M~;ks x;ks NSApfj= fuekZ.k dh HkksGko.k nscks tSu dfo;k¡ dh fljt.kk dks lSa lw¡ [kkl mn~nsL; NksA iaUnzgok¡ lbZdk esa czg~eftunkl ?k.kdjk ^jl* ek¡M~;kA ;s jkl ykEch dforkok¡ gh gkscks djS NhA ;k¡ dh Hkklk esa xqtjkrh vjjktLFkkuh Hkklkoka dk HksGi :i esa ns[;ks tk ldS NSA doslj Nhgy îap lgsyh jk nwgk* ûkeckouh*] îaFkhxhr*] ^mnjxhr tlh jpuk ek¡MhA Nhgy dh Hkklk cksypky dh jktLFkkuh NhA os feu[k dk eu dk Hkkok¡dk l/;k gks;k fprsjk NkA ok¡ dh jpukok¡ esa lkalkfjd thou dk i[k Hkh ns[;k tk ldS NS%&

igyh cksy ekfy.kh] eksjk nqD[k vuarA

ckyk tkscu NksfM dj] x, nslkmfj darAA

ru rjoj QG ykfx;k] nksb ukjax jliwjA

lwd.k ykxh cyM+h lhap.k gkGk nwjAA

dfo dq'kyykHk Å¡ cxr dk ukephu dfo NkA ok¡ dk uko ds fcu vckj Hkh e/;dky dk jktLFkkuhHkklk dkO; dh ckr v/kwjh ekuh tkoS NSA os ^Nan'kkL=*] ^dke'kkL=*] ^laxhr 'kkL=* yksd lkfgR;] Hkwxksy]euksfoKku] fiaxG bR;kn dk tk.kdkj NkA ok¡ dks lkfgR; ok¡dh lk/kuk dh [;k.kh vi cksys NSA dq'kyykHkek/kokuy dkedandyk pkSikbZ] <ksyk&ek: pkSikbZX] vxM+nRr jkl] fiaxy fljksef.k rst lkj jkl] LraHtuik'oZukFk Lrou] l=qat; rhFkZ;k=k Lrou egkekbZ nqxkZ lIrlbZ bR;kn jpukok¡ ek¡MhA ok¡ fMaxy ukeekykukao dh ,d iksFkh jph th uS jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks lSa lw¡ twuks î;kZ;okph dks'k ekU;ks tkoS NSA

dfooj le;lqanj Hkh ?k.kks lkfgR; jP;ksA jktLFkkuh esa ;k¡ dk ek¡M~;k ^jkl* vj ^NIi;* rks vyw¡Bk NSghA nkSyrfot; dks xazFk ^[kqek.k jklks* jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh [;kr esa egrkÅ Bke j[kk.kS NSA xksjk&cknyin~e.kh NIi;* ok¡ dh nwth egrkÅ iksFkh NSA dfo nkSyrfot; dh iksF;k¡ esa Å¡ cxr dk lekt] jhrk¡] R;wgkjbr;kn dh foxrokj tk.kdkjh feyS NSA t;ekyth] fou;panz] Hkh[k.kth] Kkulkj e/;dky dk nwtkegrkÅ tSu dfo gks;kA

12-4-1-1 ykSfdd dkO;

e/;dky esa ykSfdd iszse dkO; Hkh ?k.kka jP;k x;kA dqN jpukok¡ dk rks jpukdkj dks uko rkabZ yksdfclj x;k iW.k ckadh jpukok¡ yksd esa thorh j~ghA tsBok&ÅtGh dk lksjBk dks ukao dks; uS ;kn dks; Ug¡AukGk ukGk fo}kuka dk ukGk ukGk er NS] iW.k bZa lkso.kh izse dFkk tk.kS lcdk gh eu esa Bkao c.kkbZAjktdqekj tSBok lw¡ ÅtGh dk fojg dh dk.kh dfo lcnka&

vaxwBS jh vkG] yksHkh yXxkMS x;ksA

157

:uh lkjh jkr] td iiM+h jS tsBokAA

vk¡[;ka mf.k;kjks] fuiV ugha U;kjks gqoSA

izhre eks I;kjks] tkrh fQ:¡ jS tsBokAA

^ek/kokuy dkedanyk* Å¡ tqx dks ,d vkSj egrkÅ ykSfdd izse dkO; NS] tha fljt.kk tSu dfodq'kyykHk djhA uk;d ukf;dk dk fojg dS vksGkos ftuxk.kh dk jax dfo bZ iksFkh esa lkrjk <c lw¡ mdsj~;kNSA iksFkh esa lksGg fl.kxkj dks oj.ku tkoks%&

ihu i;ks/kj dfBu mrax] ykspu tkf.k =Lr dqjaxA

Hkkfy fryd] flfj os.kh nam] Hkeg oad eueFk dks naMAA

dksey ljy rjy vaxqGh] nar ftL;ka nkfMeuh dqGhA

[kGdb pwMh lksou r.kh] {kqnz?kafVdk lksgke.khAA

dslfjflg ftL;q dfV yad] jru tfM+r dfV es[kG cadA

ta?k tqxy dfj dnGh FkaHk] vfHkuo :fibZ je.kh jaHkAA

vkaxb panu dslj [kksfG] v/kj nl.k jafxr rcksGA

vtu&flm vaftr vk[kM+h] tkf.k fodp dey ika[kM+hAA

^<ksyk ek: dh iszse* dFkk lxGk nsl esa dgh vj lq.kh tkoS NSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa bZ vk[;ku dkO;?k.kk ek¡M~;k x;kA <ksyk ek: jk nwgka dk dfo dk ukao is ukGh ukGh jk; NS] dq'kyykHk Hkh <ksGk ekjo.khpkSibZ ek¡Mh iW.k <ksyk ek: j nwgk dks egRr bZ esa NS ds ;k e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks ,d egrkÅmnkgj.k NSA ;ks ,d Hkko Hkj;ks izsedkO; NS vj bZ esa ekjok.kh dh fcjg uS ?k.kka gh lkrjk <c lw¡ mdj~;ksNS%&

ckcfg;ks uS fojg.kh] nqgwok ,d lqHkkoA

tc gh cjlS ?k.k&?k.kks] rc gh dgS fiz&vkoAA

vdFk dgk.kh izse dh] fd.k lw¡ dgh u tk;A

xwaxk dk lqiuk Hk;k] lqej lqej fiNrkbZAA

pank rks fd.k [kafM;ks] ek [kaMh fdjrkjA

iwfue iwjkS Åxlh] vkoarkS vorkjAA

^^lS.kh&ohtkun]] ukxth&ukaxoarh] ch>k&lksjB] tyky&cwcuk bR;kn

e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dkO; dh nwth egrkÅ iksF;k¡ NSA

12-4-2- fol; dh nhB lw¡

fol; dh nhB lw¡ Hkh e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh dfork dks fodlko le>~;ks tk ldS NSA Å¡dky dk yxkSyx cnyrk jktuhfrd lehdj.kk¡ dfo;k¡ vj dforkok¡ is Hkh cRrks vlj MkY;ksA feu[k tndks; Bke vkl Ug ns[ks rks Å ,d vlh lxfr dk vkjk/ku esa vi.kks dY;k.k gsjs NS] tha lxfr uS lxGklalkj dks fu;ark ekU;ks tkoS NSA e/;dky esa lSa lw¡ T;knk Hkxfr ijd dkO; ek¡M~;ks X;ksA vklz; nsck okGk¡

158

dk fojn xkck lw¡ ys j e/;dky dks jktLFkkuh dkO; vaxzstk¡ dk tqyek¡ ds f[kykQ vkokt cqyan djck iwX;ksA

12-4-2-1 vkjk/; vkjk/ku vj vkSrkjokn

e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork esa Hkxfr dk ,suk.k lar dfo;k¡ dh dfork esa gh Ug¡ ohj jl dkfljt.k ds csbZ [kkl rkSj lw¡ mYys[ktksx gks;k cs dfo;k¡ esa Hkh ns[kck csbZ leji.k dh njdkj xzaFk l: djcklw¡ iSyh dfo vi.kka vkjk/; bZa ckr dks lqdjkuks vnk djcks Ug¡ HkwyS Nk ds Å¡ dh fdjik lw¡ gh dfo uS ;ksegrkÅ dkjt lk/kck dks ekSdks feY;ks dfooj nqjlk vk<+k fo:) fNgrjh esa ,d Bkao is ek¡M~;ks NS%&

vy[k iq:"k vkns'k] ns'k cpk; n;kfu/ksA

ojuu d:¡ fo'ks"k] lqg`n ujs'k izrkilhAA

¼gs vyf[k;k! Egw¡ vkids rkbZ fuao.k d:¡ Nw¡A n;kfuf/k! nsl dk I;kjk izrki dh fjPNk djtSA Egw¡ ok¡dk gh tl dks [kkl c[kk.k d:¡ N¡A½

^lIrinh jk Nan] ekrkth jk Nan gfjjk] xq.k Hkk[kM+h] jkeyhyk] xq.k pkyd osfy] nqxkZ lkrkbZ] gfjjl]xq.k jkl yhyk] xq.k cky yhyk] xq.k lHkkioZ] xq.k vkxe] x:M+ izka.k] fuankLrqfr] olnsojkmr jk nwgk]n'kjFknsojkmr jk nwgk] oYyHknsojkmr jk nwgk] ukxne.k] :de.kh gj.k] egknso ikjorh jh osfy] jke jklkS]nsoh Lrqfr] xq.k vkxe] HkkxhjFkh jk nwgk] xq.k xksfcUn] j?kqukFk pfjr] :Fk jklkS] ukjk;.k usg] ijeslj iqjk.k]fgaxGkt jklkS] xq.klkj] ekrkth jh opfudk] xq.k fot; C;ko] xq.k {kekizc vbR;kn xazFk jpukdkjk¡ [kqn dkvkjk/; dk vkjk/ku esa fljT;kA ckgjgB ujgfjnkl dksSrkj pfjr* rks 24 vorkjk¡ dks c[kk.k djS NSA /kksGkojkg dk vorkj dh Lrqfr djrks dfo ek¡Ms NS%&

fguk{k gfju dL;i cfy"VA tksMqok vlqj izxVs izfr"VAA

lks Hk;s ng ijor lekauA vfr nq"V dke cy vizekuAA

jkT;kfHk"ksd fgjuk{k dhuA fut /kjs N= pkej uohuAA

fFkr Hk;s jkt vklqj vts;A frafg le; vu; izxVs ves;AA

12-4-2-2 fujxq.k czg~e dh mikluk

jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ vkSrkjk¡ dk tl xkck lkxS fujxq.k czg~e dk xq.k c[kk.kck csbZ Hkh dforkok¡ ek¡MhAdoslj dslksnkl fujxq.k HkfDr dk Nan jP;kA ckjgB vklkuan dk xq.k fujxq.k izk.k esa rks /kje fujis[kiW.kkdk rRo Hkh ns[kck esa feyS NSA

12-4-2-3 tq>kjk¡ dk fojn xku

e/;dky dk dfo;k¡ tq>kjk¡ dk tl xkrk Fkdka ?k.kksa lkfgR; fljT;ksA bZa esa dfo uS vklz; nsck okGkjktku~ dk tlxku rks Nks gh] iW.k i`Foh jkt jkBkSM+ vj nqjlk vk<+k tL;k dfo Hkh gks;k T;k¡ vklz; nsckokGk dk cSjh dk xq.k Hkh x;kA egkjk.kk izrki vj vdcj dks cSj dq.k lw¡ NqI;ks NS\ nqjlk vk<+k vj i`Fohjkt vdcj esa Nk] iW.k cxrlj egkjk.kk izrki dk tw>kjiW.kk dks tl xkork¡ os UgW fgpD;kA ;k ckr izfl)NS ds ,d ckj vc[kk;k¡ lw¡ ijslku gks j egkjk.kk izrki vdcj uS lqyg dh ealk trkck csbZ dkxn ek¡Mfn;ksA vdcj ;ks dkxn i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ uS fn[kkrk Fkdka bZa ckr dks etkd mM+k;ks ds tha izrki uS os lwjtdh ukabZ nedkck okGk crkoS NS] cks lwjt vkaFkck csbZ R;kj gksX;ks NSA bZa is i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ nwgk ek¡M^j izrkiuS [kank;k] T;k¡ uS ck¡p^j egkjk.kk izrki lqyg djck dks fopkj rt fn;ksA

/kj ck¡dh fnu ik/kjk] ejn u ewdS ek.kA

159

?k.kka ufjUnk ?ksfj;ks] jgs fxjank jk.kAA

ekbZ ,gM+k iwr t.k] tsgM+k jk.k izrkiA

vdcj lwrkS vkS>dS] tk.k fljk.kS lk¡iAA

vdcj len vFkkg] lwjki.k Hkfj;kS ltyA

esokM+ks fr.k ek¡g] iks;.k Qwy izrki lhAA

vbjs vdcfj;k] rst frgkGkS rqjdkM+kA

ue ux uhlfj;k] jk.k fcuk lg jktohAA

lg xkofM+;s lkFk] ,d.k ckM+S ckfM+;kA

jk.k u ekuh ukFk] rkMS lk¡M izrkilhAA

ikrG rks ir'kkg] cksyS eq[k gw¡rk o;.kA

flgj iNefn'k ek¡g] ÅxS dklijkolqrAA

iVdw¡ ew¡Nk¡ ik.k] dS iVdw¡ fut ru djk¡A

nhtS fy[k nhok.k b.k nks egyh ckr bdAA

vk ekurk NS ds i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ dh ikrh esa ;s nwgk ck¡P;k rks egkjk.kk izrki laf/k dh ckr fcljk nhAe/;dky dk ohj jl dh dforkok¡ esa fMaxy dkO; Hkklk dh lcn lxfr ?k.kka lkarjk vj vljdkjd <clw¡ lkeS vkoS NSA ^lwjt izdkl* esa dj.khnku dfo;k dk ;ks c[kk.k ck¡pck tksx NS%&

jorkG jkSnG jkslkG egkfj.k] dkG [kaMkG vkrkG djSA

f>yekG da/kkG djkG iM+S >fM+] /kw ef> ekG tVkG /kjSA

tfV;kG NqVkG HkjS i= tksxf.k] iS fte [kkG j=kG iMSA

vHkekG foyan r.kk eqag vkfxG] yksg blh fo/k tkS/k yM+SA

dfj dkG HkM+ka frg dkG fdrk] dfjekG >M+ka tjnkG dVSA

izfrekG djkG tMar /kM++ka ij] >kG p[kka fodjkG >M+SA

vHkekG foyan r.kk eqag vkfxG] yksg blh fo/k tkS/k yM+SAA

12-4-2-4 issze dFkkoka

ohj jl e/;dky dks lSa lw¡ pkoks Bkoks dfork dks jl Nks] iW.k bZa dk vjFk ;ks dks; UgW dS tq/k esa tkunsck uS lSa l¡w ifoRrj le>ck okGk tq>kjk¡ dk eu esas izse dh dksey dw¡iG UgW QwVS NSA Å¡ tqx dk feu[kVwV^j nqle.k is fxjS Nk vj Mwc^j izse djS NSA e/;dky esa vlh ?k.kh izsedFkkok¡ is dkO; fljT;ks x;ksA ek/kokuy dkedndyk] <ksyk ek: jk nwgk]* <ksyk ek: pkSikbZ* tyky&cwcuk] tsBok&ÅtGh tlh izse dFkkok¡is Å¡ dky esa ek¡M~;ks x;ks dkO; vkt Hkh eu uS Hkko lw¡ HkhT;ks gks;ks ijl ns NSA jk/kk fdlu dk izse uS vk/kkj c.kk^j Hkh ?k.kh iksfFk;k¡ Å¡ dky esa fljth xbZA osfy fØlu :def.k jh esa i`Foh jkt jkBkSM+ ts vksfG;k¡ek.Mh] os bZ ckr dh lk[k HkjS NS

xq.k xU/k xzfgr fxfG xjG mxfGr

160

iou okn , mHk; i[kA

lhz[kaM lSG lS;ksx la;ksfxf.k]

Hkf.k fojfgf.k Hkq;ax Hk[kAA

ey; ukao dk ck;jk uS ys j la;ksfx.kh vj fo;ksfx.kh ck;j esa fookn gksX;ks NSA la;ksfx.kh dSoS NS ds;ks ck;jks ey; ukao dk Mwaxj is panu dk :¡[kka uS Nw j vk;ks vj Å¡ xq.k /kkj.k dj vk;ks [kqlcw okGks vjlq[k nsck okGks ck;jks NSA iW.k fojfg.kh dgS NS ds ;ks tks ck;jks NS] ;ks lk¡P;k gh ckld uS fuxG^j mx;ksNSA bZa lw¡ ;ks folHkj~;ks NS vj nq[k nsck okGk NSA

12-4-2-5 uhfr dh ckrk¡

cks dky[k.M ujk cnykok¡ lw¡ xqtj j~;ks NSA uqvk uqvk rkSj rjhdk fodlko ik j~;k Nk vj ?k.kdjhtwuh ekurkok¡ vi.kka vfLrRr uS cpk;k¡ vj c.kk;k¡ jk[kck csbZ tw> j~gh NhA vL;k cxr esa dnh dnh uhfrdh ckrk¡ lSa lw¡ cM+h t:jr lw¡ v.ktk.;k dks; UgW NkA dforkok¡ esa Bke Bke is uhfr dh ckrk¡ jphA lar dfovj tSu dfo;k¡ dk rks fljt.k dks mn~nsL; gh pfj= fuekZ.k NksA ;k¡ ds lkxS uhfr dh lh[k nsck okGh nwljhdforkok¡ Hkh bZa nkSj esa fljth xhA *fdjik jke f[kfM+;k* ts nwgk rks vckj Hkh lq.;k yksd esa tk ldS NS%&

pkyS tBS pyar] v.k&pfy;k vkoS ugha

nqfu;ka esa njlar] jhl lqykspu] jkft;k!

¼nqfu;k esa feu[kka dks lqHkko NS ds ok¡ dh vk¡[;k¡ lw¡ jksl oBS gh >GdS NS] tBS ok¡ dks tksj pkyS NSAtBS tksj Ug dkMS iW.k fucG uS lxGk f>M+dS NSA½

12-4-2-6 Nan lkL=

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk e/;dky dh ,d folslrk ;k Hkh NS dS bZa dky esa Nan lkL= is Hkh ?k.kk xaFkek¡M~;k x;kA dq'kyykHk fiaxy fljksef.k] pkj.k tksxhnku ^gfj&fiaxy izca/k] gehjnku jruw ^fxg&izdkl*eankjke ^j?kqukFk :id* fdluk vk<k ^j?kqoj tl izdkl*] mn;jkt ^dfo dqGcks/k* dfojktk eqjkfjnkufMaxGdksl] fgaxGkt nku dfo;k îzR;; i;ks/kj*] lkaoGnku vkfl;k êgkHkkjr :id* vj ukxjktfMaxGdks'k* tlh iksF;k¡ dh jpuk dj^j bZ ijaijk uS flej/k dj~;ksA

12-4-2-7 yksd rRo

e/;;qx esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk dfo;k¡ ftuxk.kh dk nwtk i[k Hkh dforkok¡ esa xw¡F;kA rht&R;waokj]esGk cksikj lw¡ ysj [ksy&fldkjk¡ dh ckrk¡ ok¡ dh jpukok¡ dks fol; c.khA ck¡dhnkl rks vxsth daiuh dk tksjtqyqe lw¡ mdrk;k feu[k dh jhl uS gh vkokt nhA dsljhflag tSrkor ia[kh iqjk.k tlh Fkh ek¡Mh] tha esaiaf[k;k¡ vj <ksjk¡ dh dFkkok¡ ds vksGkos uhfr dh HkksGko.k nh NSA nqjlk vk<+k ^fdjrkj ckouh* dks fljt.kdj~;ks tha esa ukGk ukGk /ka/kk djck okGk feu[kka dh vc[kkbZ uS lqj fn;ks x;ks NSA ck¡dhnkl ^pqxyeq[kpisfVdk]* êkofM+;k fetkt vj ^di.k niZ.k* tlh iksF;k¡ dks fljt.k yhd lw¡ gV^j dj~;ksA ^jkek;.k* vjêgkHkkjr* tL;k gh ,d tru dj~;ks [kksrlh lkanw T;k¡ egkHkkjr* dk vBkjg ijck¡ dks lkj jktLFkkuh dhfMaxg dkO; lSyh esa dj~;ks vj bZa iksFkh uS ^Hkk"kk HkkjFk* ukao fn;ksA

12-4-3 Hkklk dh nhB lw¡

12-4-3-1 Hkklk dks fodlko

Hkklk dh nhB lw¡ jktLFkkuh Hkklk lk: e/;dky dks fljt.k ?k.kka egRr dks NSA ;ks gh oks dky NS]

161

tha dky esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk ek:xqtZj dh NkaoGh lw¡ fudG^j vi.kha ukGh vksG[kk.k FkjihA twuh xqtjkrhvj twuh jktLFkkuh ?k.kh ,dL;kj dh Nh iW.k e/;dky esa fMaxG dfo;k¡ dh lcn lk/kuk vj nwth dkO;folslrkok¡ jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh uqbZ vksG[kk.k FkjihA ckSikj vj jktuhfr dh nhB lw¡ jktLFkkuh lekt dksnwljk lektk¡ ls esytksy cn~;ks vj bZa uqvk laidZ jktLFkkuh Hkklk uS ?k.kka uqvk lcn fn;kA jktLFkkuhnwljh Hkklku~ dk lcn Hkh vi.kk;kA Å¡ cxr dk dfo;k¡ laLd`r] Qkjlh] mnZw czt] izkd`r] viHkzal] 'kwjlSuh]iatkch] lksjBh vj flU/kh dk gh UgW vaxzsth dk rn~Hko lcn Hkh dforkok¡ esa ckij~;kA dfo;k¡ tq/k oj.ku dhcxr lcn dh lxfr fn[kkck csbZ ^f}r* lcn Hkh lkarjk <c lw¡ ckij~;kA dj.khnku dfo;k vi.kh lcnlxfr lw¡ gh fejnax vj ?kq¡?k: lw¡ [kM+ck okGh vkokt dks vL;ks oj.ku dfork esa dj~;ks NS%&

/kqfu eznax /kq/kdVl] /kqdV /kq/kqdVl /kqdV /kqjA

>.k.k.k ta= >.kfd] izxV f>ef>e /kqfu uqiqjA

mex vax mNjax] jax dzqdq Fkaqx Fkqax jrA

FksbZ; FksbZ; rr FksbZ;] rrrr Fksb; Fksb; rrAA

;ks Å¡ cxr Nks tn jktLFkkuh Hkklk dh cksfy;k¡ Hkh fodlko ik j~gh NhA [kkldj lar dfo;k¡ yksddh tqcku esa yksd dh ckr dgrk Fkdka yksdcksfy;k¡ uS ?k.kks c<+koks fn;ksA nslt lcn] lkaf<;k] [kkar] >k>h]jhB] FkkscM+] ekax.kgkj] okgyk] ?kkY;m] vD[kj mpkGks] >kG bR;kn bZa gh dkj.k lw¡ Å¡ vxr dh dforkok¡esa feGS NSA rqd vj y; dh t:jr ds eqtc ,d gh lcn dk ukGk ukGk :i Hkh dforkok¡esa dfo;k¡ckij~;kA ^jktk* csbZ jk;] jkb] jk.k] jk.kk] jko] jkÅ vj ^lktu* csbZ ckye] fiz;] izhre izhm] I;kjk] dar]Hkjrkj tL;k lcn dfo;k¡ dke esa fy;kA pw¡fd Å¡ tqx esa dforkok¡ esa lq.kck vj lq.kkck dks cM+ks egRr Nksvj lq.kh tkck okGk dforkok¡ esa /ofu dks vki.kks vlj jg NSA bZa ys[ks dfo;k¡ [kkl ekSdk is njlko esa cRrksvlj iuikck dh nhB lw¡ ^vuqj.kkRed&lcn Hkh ckij~;kA [kM+gM+] /kM+M+afr] cM+DdbZ] xgxgbZ tL;k lcnbZa ys[ks gh dfork esa vk;kA viHkzal Hkklk dk dTt] /kTt] dTtG] eUu tL;k¡ lcnk¡ dk pyu dks Hkh ;ksgh [kkl dkj.k NksA

dfo;k¡ [kS.kkork¡ vj eqgkojk¡ dk Hkh lkarjk <c lw¡ bLrseky dj~;ksA ;k¡ ds lkxS lcn dh rhuw¡ lxfr;k¡vfHk/kk] y{k.kk vj O;atuk rks tL;k¡ ok¡ dk gqdqe is gkFk ck¡/;k¡ ÅHkh jVh NhA vkst] izlkn vj ek/kq;Z xq.kdfork vj fol; dh izd`fr eqtc dfork esa lkarjk <c lw¡ ckij~;k x;k NSA

12-4-3-2 jl

ohj jl esa fMaxG dfo;k¡ ?k.kh dkGthr.kh fljth] iW.k nwtk jl Hkh cxrlj ok¡ dh dforkok¡ esa vk^jlq.kck vj ck¡pck okGk¡ dk euM+k is Å.Mks vlj djS NS doslj dq'kyykHk dh iksFkh egkekbZ nqxkZ lizlh esatn dfo ekal [kkrk fxn~/kk¡ vj [kIij Hkj^j yksgh ihrh pkSlB tksfxf.k;k¡ dks c[kk.k djS NS rks ohHkRl jldks mnkgj.k lkeh vkoS NS%&

fx} r.km xgxgh;m] ya?k.k ?kuS ?k.ks Hk[k ygh;m]

nso gqbZ rl nka.ko VksGh] geph epb xsgjh;k gksGhA

[kkQj eaMb [ksyb [kksGh] jklb jaxr pmlBh VksGhAA

dfojkt dj.khnku dfo;k dh ;k¡ vksfG;k¡ esa jkSnz jl dks :i ns[kks%&

[kSxDd mpDd [kkVDd [kxDdA

dkVDd dVDd >kVDd >VDdA

162

fctDd cyDd tqjDd tjDdA

lsyDd /keDd tqjDd tjDdA

djDd gkMDd xqMDd dM+DdA

f[kaoS [k¡tjDd iM+S [kjM+DdAA

i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ dh ^osfy fØlu :def.k jh* esa fl.kxkj jl dks mnkgj.k NS ;s vksfG;k¡%&

ikS<kM+S ukn osn ijcks/ks

fufl fnfu okx fogkj furqA

ek.kx e;.k ,.k fof/k ek.kS

:"kfef.k dUr clUr fjrqA

¼dkenso tL;k :def.k dk Hkjrkj fdlu th clUr _rq esa dke dks lq[k vL;k¡ Hkksxs Nk dS jkr esalaxhr dks ukn rks ok¡bZ iks<+koS Nks vj rM+ds osn earjk¡ dk lqj ok¡ uS txkoS NkA os urds jkr&fnu cxhpkesa fogkj djcks djS Nk½

gkL; jl dk mnkgj.k de feyS NS] iW.k dforkok¡ esa dqjhrk¡ vj cqjk ek¡t.kk is O;X; ?k.kksa feyS NSAd:.k jl] Hkxfrjl] ohjjl dks rks Hk.Mkj Hkj~;ks iM~;ks NS e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk dfo;k¡ fol;vi.kh dforkok¡ esa uojl lkarjk <c lw¡ xw¡F;k NSA

12-4-3-3 Nan

e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; dh ,d [kkl ckr Nh vj ok Nh Hkk¡r HkrhGk Nank¡ dks vuqlklu ?k.kksegrkÅ ekU;ks x;ks NS vj gj Nan dh vi.kh folslrkok¡ vj c.kxV gksos NSA e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklkdk dfo Nank¡ is dM+h idM+ j[kk.kS NkA Nan is ek¡M~;k x;k xazFkka ckcr iSyh pjpk gks pqdh gS iW.k nwtk xzaFkk¡esa Hkh dfo;k¡ Hkko U;kjk U;kjk Nan ckij~;k NSA dqN mnkgj.kk¡ lw¡ e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ dh bZalk/kuk uS le> ldk¡ Nk¡%&

Nan lkjlh &

/kqfo jkx lha/kzo cac /kwlka] rwj Hksfj =gDd,

tksx.kh polfB ihj t; t;] paM oke pgDdk,A

gqfo ukl lkl czg~ekl /kege] [kksf.k /ke /ke gS[kqjkaA

?kw?kjka ik[kj jksG ?ke ?ke] >ksG >e >e >T>jk

>M+oka.k [kM+gM+ xzh/k >M+QM+] Hkwr [kspj HkwpjkA

lhdks= Mkdf.k feGS lkdf.k] djS jkl Hk;adjkAA ¼dj.kh nku dfo;k½

Nan jksedh &

eatu vatu dhuk] lqf/k l cru Hkhuk]

Hkzej lkjHk yhuk] lksgb flj jD[kjhA

dqaMy diksy pksy] onu rcksy jksy]

163

dqp >d>ksj iksj] lkjb rUoh lD[kjhA

dksey d.k;fj dc] v/kj fonze fcc]

iqgi os.kkh izyach] tblh fp= iqRrjhA

dq'ky lqefr tkxb] dksL; fjf[kjk; vkxb]

nwj gh Fkh ikab ykxb] ekau ljx Fkh ÅrjhA ¼dq'kyykHk½

nwgk lksjBk &

vkNksM+k f<x vk; vkNksM+k HksGk gqoS

T;w¡ lkxj esa tk;] jGS unh&tG] jkft;k! ¼fdjik jke f[kfM+;k½

nksgk &

bgka lqnkek foiz bdq] egknfjnzh ew<+

,d fØ;k dfj lq} og] v:grHkkx vxw<+AA

banzh vjFk fojkx og] eu fu'p; fuDdkaeA

tFkk ykHk larks"k tu] [khu olu ru L;keAA ¼ckjgB ujgfjnkl½

[kqM+n lk.kksj &

¼[kqM+n lk.kksj jktLFkkuh dks ,d [kkl Nan NSA bZa esa iSyks pj.k ek=koka dks] nwtks pj.k 13 ek=kok¡ dksgksos NSA rqdkr esa nks ^y?kq* gksos NS½

rk<ka izfr ÅUgks ekBka rhUgks

lcnh ,yV voso floA

ihFky R;ka jh>S iqfgoAA ¼nqjlk vk<+k½

NIi; &

yk[k fla?k dsgfj] ,d tacd xzfg Y;koSA

nq;.kk nsf[k Hkwrsl] rtS dkseM iykoSAA

lsl uVS HkqvHkkj] Hkxfr izgykn u HkkoS

cfy jktk gfjpj.k NkafM vojka fpr Y;koSA

jfo fdj.k isf[k tx re jgS] nc gSekpG izTTGSA

gfj gfj iqdkj lkjax/kj] tka flj rkt u laHkGSAA ¼iFohjkt jkBkSM+½

^xhr* fgUnh esa dfork dh ,d fo/kk dks ukao NS] iW.k jktLFkkuh esa xhr Nan NS] vj bZa Nan dk Hkh ujk:i NSA e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ xhr Nan esa ?k.kh dforkok¡ ek.MhA

^>wy.kk] xkgk] nksgk] i}jh] v/kZukjkp] rkjd] dygal] =ksVd] Hkqtaxh] efNd] jksedan] lkjlh]eksrhnke] =dqVca/k] jlkoyk] fo".kqin] vfjYy] csvD[kjh] m}r] lkj] gkdy] gfjfiz;k] dqaMfG;k bR;kn Nane/;;qx dk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ fol; eqtc vj Nan dh /ofu eqtc ckij~;kA

164

12-4-3-4 vyadkj

dfork esa lCnkyadkj vj Hkkokyadkj dfo [kqn dS psr lw¡ ckijS NSA e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡Hkh lxGk izpfyr vyadkj ckij~;kA jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks o;.k lxkbZ* ,d lCnkyadkj NS] vj bZa dk Hkh ?k.kkaHksn NSA eksVk :i esa le>ck csbZ dg;ks tk ldS NS ds tha oj.k lw¡ Nan dh l:okr gksoS Å¡ pj.k dks vkf[kjhlcn Hkh Å¡ gh oj.k l¡w l: gksos rks ô;.k lxkbZ* vyadkj ekU;ks tkoS NSA vkfnesy] vUresy ô;.k lxkbZ*dk vyx&vyx :i NSA dj.khnku dfo;k dh dfork esa ô;.k lxkbZ* dks mnkgj.k ck¡pks%&

tgj fo[ke tkjax Hkqtk /kkjax HkqtaxeA

Hkky rst Hkkjax tjk gkjax yls teAA

ô;.k lxkbZ* ds flok vuqizkl] ;ed] iqu:fDrizdkl] 'ys"k tL;k lCnkyadkj vj miek] :id]n`"Vkar] mnkgj.k] vFkkZUrjU;kl] mRizs{kk] Hkzkfreku] O;frjsd] vR;qDr] vuUo;] izrhi] rqY;;ksfxrk] r~n~xq.k]ehfyr] vlaxfr] fo"kknu] vuqeku] bR;kn vyadkj jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ ?k.kka ckij~;k NSA

12-4-3-5 lSyh

e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk dfo;k¡ vi.kha dforkok¡ esa fu"ks/kkRed] fo/;kRed] o.kZukRed]C;ktLrqfr ijd] iz'ukRed] Lrqfr ijd] lacks/kukRed vj vkRefuosnuijd lSyh viukbZ NSA ohj jl dhdforkok¡ esa o.kZukRed] Hkxfrjl dh dforkok¡ esa lacks/kukRed vj dforkok¡ esa o.kZukRed] Hkxfrjl dhdforkok¡ esa lacks/kukRed vj fo/;kRed lSyh T;knk feyS NSA ckjgB bZljnkl dh iksFkh ^fuUnk Lrqfr*Hkxfrjl dh jpuk gksrk gq;k Hkh O;ktLfrqfrijd lSyh dks ,d lkarjks mnkgj.k NS] tha esa ijxV esa rks dfovi.kka vkjk/; dh yhykoka dk vkSfpR; is loky [kM+ks djS NS] iW.k lkaP;k gh Å bZa ds vksGkos vkjk/; dhfNerku~ dks tl c[kk.kS NSA

12-4-4 nwth [kkl ckrk¡

tn e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh leS dh dfork is ckr djh tkoS NS rks dqN nwth folslrkok¡ Hkh lkehvkoS NSA bZa leS dk dfo;k¡ esa izdkl] foyko vj jklkS* ukao lw¡ jpukok¡ [kkl rkSj lw¡ ns[kh tkoS NSA e/;dkyesa dfork ds lkxS gh jktLFkkuh x| Hkh ix FkjI;k vj ôpfudkok¡ ukao lw¡ ujh jpukok¡ lkeh vkbZAvkajpukok¡ esa dfo x| vj i| dk HksGi l:i esa ckr dg NSA bZa dky [k.M dk dfo;k¡ ckij~;k x;k Nandk ukao is Hkh jpukok¡ dks ukao j[kk.;ks vj bZa ys[ks ujh iksF;k¡ dk ukao esa xhr] dfoRr] >wy.kk* ukao Hkh feysNSA ?k.kdjh jpukoka dk rks ukao esa dsoy Nan gh NS& tL;k¡ j.key Nan] jko tSrlh jk Nan] Nan egknsohjk bR;kn vlh gh jpukok¡ NSA osfy jpukok¡ e/;dky esa ?k.mkh Qyh&QwyhA i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ dh ôsfyfØlu :def.k jh* rks jktLFkkuh dh vEj iksF;k¡ esa ,d fx.kh tkoS NSA vkbZ ekrk jh osfy] fpgq¡xfr jh osfy]jko jru jh osfy] tEcwLokeh jh osfy] xjHkk osfy] Øks/k osfy bZa gh tqx esa ek¡Mh xhA Nank¡ dh la[;k eqtcchlh] rhlh] cRrhlh] pkGhlk] lrlbZ tL;k ukao j[kk.kck dh jhr e/;dky esa ekStwn NhA dfo nqjlk vk<+kdh fdjrkj ckouh tqx lw¡ vkxS dh jpuk ekuh tkoS NSA

e/;dky dk NsdM+yk cxr rk¡bZ iwxrk¡ iwxrk¡ ijnsl lw¡ cksikj csbZ vkbZ diuh dk gkdek¡ dks vBh dkjktdkt esa n[ky vj jS;r is tksj tqye vruk cn x;k Nk dS vkefeu[k dk eu esa Hkh eqxfr dh dkeukflj mBkck ykxh NhA dfo bZa psr lw¡ dL;k¡ vNrks j~g ldS NksA njckjh dfo gksrk Fkdka dfojktk ck¡dhnkljS;r dk eu dk njn vj jksl uS lcn fn;kA ok¡ dh jpuk vk;ks baxjst jS;r jS Åij rks jktLFkkuh dhdkGthr.kh jpukok¡ ds HkSGi esa fx.kh tkck ykxh &

165

vk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åij] vkgl yha/kk [kSfp mjkA

/kf.k;k ejS u nh/kh /kjrh] /kf.k;ka ÅHkk xbZ /kjkAA

QkStka ns[k u dh/kh QkStka] nks;..kk fd;k u [krk MGkA

[oka [kkap pwMS [kkaon jS] m.kgt pwM+S xbZ ;GkAA

e/;dky dks jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks dkO; vi.kk cxr lkxS dnerky djrks Fkdk dky dk dkGtk isnLr[kr djrks j~;ks vj fodlko dk uqvk vk;ke ikrks j~;ksA

12-5 vH;kl csbZ loky

1- izo`fr dh nhB lw¡ e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; dh folslrkok¡ dk¡bZ Nh\ crkoksA

2- e/;dky esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk vi.kh [kkl vksG[kk.k c.kkbZA dL;k¡\

3- e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk dfo;k¡ dk pkok fol; dk¡bZ dk¡bZ j~;k\

4- e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk dfo;k¡ dh Nan ;kstuk ckcr vki dk¡bZ tk.kks Nks\

5- e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ dk dkO; dh Hkklk is ,d Vhi ek.MksA

12-6 lanHkZ xzaFkk¡ dh ikuM+h

1- eksrhyky esukfj;k&jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR;A

2- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh&jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR;A

3- ch-,y-ekyh ^v'kkar*&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk bfrgklA

4- MkW- ';ke euksgj ik.Ms;&e/;;qxhu izsek[;kuA

5- vxjpan ukgVk&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh ijaijkA

6- MkW- dLrwjpan dklyhoky&jktLFkku ds tSu lar&d`frRo vkSj O;fDrRoA

7- MkW- ujsUnz Hkkukor&jktLFkkuh lkfgR;% izo`fRr;k¡A

8- lkSHkkX; flg 'ks[kkor&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lainkA

9- Hk¡oj flag ^lkekSj*&jktLFkkuh 'kfDr dkO;A

166

bdkbZ &13

jktLFkkuh NanlkL=% vsd vksG[kk.kbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

13-0 mísL;

13-1 izLrkouk

13-2 Nan lcn jh mRifŸk vj vksG[kk.k

13-3 Nanka jks egŸo

13-4 Nanka jks l:i vj Hksn

13-5 dkO;lkL= vj NanlkL= jkS laca/k

13-6 NanlkL= jh ijaijk

13-7 jktLFkkuh NanlkL= jkS fodkl vj ijaijk

13-8 fMaxG jk xhr&Nan vj m.kkajh NanlL=h; folslrkoka

13-9 xhr lcn jkS vjFk vj fMaxG xhr

13-10 fMaxG xhrka jkS ikB

13-11 fMaxG xhrka jk Nan lkL=h; lk/ku

13-12 bdkbZ jkS lkj

13-13 vH;kl lk:a loky

13-14 lanHkZ xzUFk

13-0 mísL;

jktLFkkuh NanlkL= jh lkekU; tk.kdkjh vj m.kjh folslrkoka okGh b.k bdkbZ jkS ewG /;s; ikBdkauSa jktLFkkuh NanlkL= jh fiNk.k djko.k jkS jS;ks gSA b.k bdkbZ jS eka; vkiuSa vka fcanqoka jh tk.kdkjhfeGSyk&

1- Nan lcn jh O;qRifŸk] vjFk] ifjHkklk

2- Nanka jS l:i] Hksn

3- Nanka jh egrkÅ BkSM+

4- dkO;lkL= vj NanlkL= jkS lEcU/k

5- NanlkL= jkS lEcU/k

6- jktLFkkuh NanlkL= jkS fodkl vj ijaijk

b.kkajS lkFkS jktLFkkuh jk [kkl xhr&Nanka jh eksVh&eksVh folslrkoka jkS oj.kko dj~;kS tkoSykA

167

jktLFkkuh NanlkL= lwa tqM+~;ksM+h egrkÅ ckrka jh vkoxh vksG[kk.k djko.k jkS /;s; jS;kS gSA

13-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh NanlkL= uSa tk.k.k okLrS jktLFkkuh dfo;ka jk jP;ksM+k fMaxG xhrka uSa Hwy tkoka rks ckr iwxuha vkoSA twukdkG lwa jktLFkkuh dfo;ka dfo;ka [kkldj pkj.k dfo;ka xhr&Nan jkS iz;ksx dj vkijS tqxifjosl jk ohj tks/kkjka jh dhjr jk c[kk.k djrka okajh fojnkofG;ka xkbZA dfo vkijh ohj&ok.kh lwa xhrka esaoka ohjka uSa vej dj fn;kA jktLFkku esa fojyks bZ vSM+kS ohj gksoSyk ft.kjh ohjrk jkS dksbZ xhr uha jfpT;kSgksoSA vys[kwa ohjka jh dj.kh] okajh ohjrk uSa thorh jk[k.k okGk vka xhrka uSa fMaxG jh futw lEink dSoka rksvitksxrh ckr uha ykxSA ft.k ohjka uSa bfrgkl HkwyX;kS okauSa fMaxG dfo vkijk xhrka esa fo#nk;k vj bfrgkljk lk[kh/kj c.kk;kA vS fMaxG xhr xs; dksuh] i.k vkauSa i<.k jh vsd dGk gS ftdh cstksM+k vj ?k.kh vljnkjgSA

xhr&Nan fMaxG dforka jh eBksB gS] m.kka jkS eku vj lku gSA xhr&Nan jh mRifŸk uha rks viHkzal lwavj uha bZ cztHkklk lwa gks;h gSA vk jpuk fMaxG dfo;ka jS fg;s jh mit gSA okajS cq)cG jh lSyk.kh gS vSxhr&NanA ft.k Hkkar lwa nwgks viHkzal jkS es#naM gS] m.kh^t Hkkar xhr&Nan fMaxG dfo;ka jkS eqGk/kkj gSAjktLFkkuh NanlkL=dkjka vkikS vkijh nhB esa xhrka jk dSbZ&dSbZ Hksn crk;k gSA fiaxG&fljksef.k esa 33 Hksn]j?kqukFk :id esa 72 Hksn vj j?kqoj tlizdkl esa 92 Hksn vka xhr&Nanka jk mnkgj.k lesr crkbZT;k gSANanlkL= jS fu;eka vj folslrkoka uSa vka xhr&Nanka lwa bZ vksG[k ldkaA vka xhrka jk mnkgj.k nsorka Fkdka bZNanlkL=dkjka jktLFkkuh NanlkL= jh fiNk.k djkbZ gSA

13-2 Nan lcn jh mRifŸk vj vksG[kk.k

dkO;&lkL= jS eqtc oj.k] fojke] ek=k] ;fr] xfr jks fopkj djuS ftdh lcn&jpuk djh tkoS m.kuSaNan dSoSA Nan rS oj.kka vj ek=koka esa jP;ksM+h vsd i|&jpuk gSA b.kjh O;qRifŸk laLÑr jk Nn~ /kkrq lwa gks;hgSA Nanka jks isyM+kS mYys[k osnka esa feGSA izkphudkG esa fjlh&eqfu Nanka lwa vkijS Hkkoka uSa izxV djrkAfjlh&eqfu;ka jS X;ku jh xaxk Nanka esa [kGdrh osn& iqjk.kka vj eksVk&eksVk /kje&xzaFkka jS :i esa fyfic)gks;ksM+h feGSA vks bZt dkj.k gS dS osnka uSa cxr jh tkrjk djko.k okGk vsd t:jh vax jS :i esa Nanka uSaekurk fnjhthA

laLÑr jk ^Nn~* /kkrq jS vjFk esa vkoŸk] jf{kr vj izlUu dj.kkS vkoSA tn jktlHkkoka esa pkj.k vjpkj.ksŸkj dfo fo#nkoyh cksyrk rks jktk jkth gksork] tq) jk eSnku esa tn dfooj ohj jl lwa ljkcksjjpukoka cksy^j ohjka jh gwal c/kkork rks m.klwa P;k:esj jks j.k[ksrj vj ohj] ohjrk lwa vksrizksr gks; tkorkAb.kesa vkijS vkJ;nkrk jh ejtkn uSa mckj.k jk Hkko gksorkA ohjrk bZa D;wa jktLFkkuh dfo;ka tBS ft.k jljh jpukoka jh vs jpukoka mBS jks okrkoj.k m.k jl esa jaxht tkorkSA dSo.k jks vjFk vks dS jktLFkkuh dfo;kajh vs jpukoka bZ Nanka jS ukao lwa tk.khtSA ft.k jpuk esa vkljks nso.k okGka uSa jkth dj.k jks Hkko] ekVh jhejtkn] ekrHkkse jh fjNÓk dj.k jk Hkko vj vkijS Hkkoka us vkRelkr dj.k jh ikSap ft.k dfork esa gksoS] okjpuk Nan gSA vkj/; jks xq.kxku vj gjSd Lrqfrijd jpuk Nan gSA

b.k [kkrj izkphu dky jk dfo vkijS vkJ;nkrkoka jS pfj= lwa tqM+ÓkSM+h ftdh jpukoka djh okauSa Nankajh laX;k fnjhthA vs jpukoka jks; rjS gh gksosA vsd rks ok jpuk] ftdh vsd gh tkfr jk Nan esa jP;ksM+h gksoSvj nwth ok jpuk] ftdh U;kjk&U;kjk tkfr jk Nanka esa jP;ksM+h feGSA T;wa ukxne.k] osfy fØlu #de.kh jh]nzksinh fou;] ohj lrlbZ vkn vusd jpukoka jk ukao fx.kk;k tk; ldS ftdh fØlu #de.kh jh] nzksinhfou;] ohj lrlbZ vkn vusd jpukoka jk ukao fx.kk;k tk; ldS ftdh vsd tkfr jk Nanka esa jP;ksM+h gSAukxne.k esa eaxGkpj.k jk nwgka jS iNS vk[kh jpuk vsd bZ 72 Nanka jh jpuk gksorka Fkdka bZ b.kesa Hkkar&Hkkar

168

jk Nanka jks iz;ksx gks;kS gSA

Lrqfr ijd jpuk bZ Nan dghtSA Lrqfr vkijS bLV nsork jh gksoS dS bLV nsoh jh vj HkykabZ vkijSvkJ;nkrk jh] ft.kesa okajS xq.kka jks c[kk.k djhtS] vSM+h vys[kwa jpukoka jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa yk/kSA jkm tSrlhjks Nan] j.keYy Nan] ekrkth jks Nan] xksj[kukFkth jks Nan] jkensoth jks Nan vkn jpukoka esa uk;d jS pfj=jks iqjtksj xq.kxku gks;kS gSA ft.k jpuk esa ek=k] oj.k] ;fr] xfr] vj y;&lqj lkFkS rqdcanh jks fu;evi.kkbtS vSM+h dkO;&jpuk uSa Nan dSoSA ^^i|** vj ^^Nan** vsd vjFk esa fyjhtSA

Nan jks vsd vjFkk cka/k.kkS ¼ca/ku½ Hkh gqoSA Nanka esa ca/k^j dfork uSa BSjko] osx] jkx vj QwVjkikS ¼lkSan;Z½feGSa unh ft.k Hkkar vkijS nks; fdukjka esa caf/k;ksM+h vkijS vsd fuLpS ekjx ekFkS fujck/k xfr lwa cSorh tkoSm.kh^t Hkkar Nan dkO; uSa xfr iznku djSA

13-3 Nanka jks egŸo

Nanka jS ek/;e lwa dfo FkksM+k lcnka jS eka; xw< vj xSjk vjFk uSa le>ko.k jh [kSpy djSA Nanka esarqdcanh] y; vj lqj jS dkj.k laxhrkRedrk jks xq.k gksoS ft.klwa Nan lq.k.k esa vkNk ykxSA laxhr lwa okrkoj.kljl gq; tkoSA vSM+k Nanka uSa lq.k^j eku[kkS ?kM+h Hkj vkijk nq[kM+ka uSa fclkj laxhr jh ehBh jkx esa Mwc tkoSAdSbZ Nan fg;s jk daoGk] ehBk vj fujeG Hkkoka uSa mtkxj dj.k okLrS cjrhtSA ek/kq;Z vj izlkn xq.k lwayckyc vka Nanka jh ?k.kh njdkj gSA b.k vkfFkZd vj HkkSfrd tqx esa feu[k lkfUr pkoSA vijksxh nqfu;k esavi.kk;r pkoSA vsdykS cSBkS feu[k jsfM;kS] VsifjdkWMZj lwa vSM+k Nanka uSa lq.k^j tho.k jh ?kfM+;ka ljl c.kk;ldSA

dSbZ Nan vkst xq.k okGk gqoSA vkt bZ tn vkstLoh ok.kh esa ohj jl jk Nan lq.kka rks lq.kko.k okGkvj lq.k.k okGka jS mf.k;kjka ekFkS ohj&Hkkoka jk lSyk.k ns[;ka fcuk uha jSokaA Nanka esa ok rkdr gS] oks cwrkS gSdS ft.k jl vj Hkko jks Nan i<htS ;k cksyhtS mBS oSM+k bZt Hkko jks okrkoj.k c.k tkoSA jkx&jkfxfu;ka jksNanka lwa xsjks laca/k gSA lksjB] ekaM vj eYgkj jkx jk Nan vkijS gsrkGw jS fg;s gkFk ?kky.k okGk gSA

13-4 Nanka jks l:i vj Hksn

Nan ek=k vj oj.kka ¼vk[kj½ jh fx.krh lwa c.kSA y?kq ;k NksVk vk[kjka okLrS ^^A** jks ladsr gqoSA NksVkvk[kj& v] b] m] d] fd] dq] [k] x] ?k----A b.kh Hkkar xq# jS okLrS ^^·** jks ladsr gq;SA eksVh ek=koka okGkvk[kj b.kesa vkoSA T;wadS& vk] bZ] Å] ,s] vks] vkS] dks] dkS----A

mnkgj.k

y?kq esa vsd jh fx.krh] xq# esa nks; jh fx.krh djhtS&

v e j & rhu ek=koka ¼y?kq½

A A A

ek Gk & ¼xq#½ pkj ek=koka fx.khtSA

· ·

eaxy Hkou veaxG gkjh ¾ 16 ek=koka

·AA AAA A ·AA · ·

gjSd Nan jS fcpkGS fojke ¼BSjko½ jh BkSM+ gqoS ft.kuSa ;fr dSoSA Nan cksy.k jh y; jh y; uSa xfr dSoSA

169

b.kesa ;fr jks /;ku jk[k.kkS t:jh le>htSA

Nan esa eksVS :i lwa pkj pj.k ekuhtSA gjSd esa ;fr jks U;kjkS&U;kjkS fu;e gqoSA b.kka uSa in bZ dSoSArhu oj.kka jh HksGi uSa ^x.k* dSoSA oj.kka jh y?kqrk vj xq#rk jk fopkj lwa x.kka jk vkB Hksn ekuhtSA vka x.kkajk ukao b.k lw= lwa ?k.kk lksjk le> ldka&

^;ekrkjktHkkulyxk*

b.k lw= lwa ft.k x.k jks :i tk.k.kkS gqoS m.kjk iSyM+k vk[kj jS vkxS okGk nks; vk[kj Qsj feyko.klwa m.k x.k jks :i lkaeh vk; tkoS&

x.kka jk ukao fx.k.k jks bye ek=koka lwa x.k jks :i

;x.k ;ekrk A · · ¼vks ;x.k jks :i gSA½

ex.k ekrkjk · · ·

rx.k rkjkt · · A

jx.k jktHkk · A ·

tx.k tHkku A · A

Hkx.k Hkkul · A A

ux.k uly A A A

lx.k lyxk A A ·

x.kka jkS iz;ksx ojf.kd oŸkka esa gksoSA Nan jS pj.kka esa ;k inka esa vk[kjh oj.kka jh lekurk uSa rqd* dSoSAft.k Nank jS pj.kka esa ^rqd* uha okauSa vrqdkar jpuk dSoSA

Nanka jk Hksn &

(i) ekf=d Nan%& ft.k Nan esa ek=koka jh fx.krh djhtS oks ekf=d Nan ekuhtSA nwgks] pkSikbZ] mYykyk]jksyk] NII;;] xhr] gfj xhfrdk ekf=d Nan gSA

(ii) ojf.kd Nan%& ft.kesa oj.kka ¼vk[kj½ jh fx.krh djh tkoS oks Nan ojf.kd Nan gqoSA Hkqtaxh]Hkqtaxiz;kr] =ksVd] loS;k] dfoŸk] vs ojf.kd Nan gSA vka nksuwa rjS jk Nanka esa bZ okajS pj.kka jh ek=koka vjoj.kka jh fx.krh jS fglkc lwa rhu Hksn gqoS&

¼v½ le Nan%& le Nanka jS P;k:a pj.kka jh ek=koka dS oj.k cjkscj fx.krh okGk gqoSA T;wadS pkSikbZ jkpj.k cjkscj gqoSA b.k okLrS pkSikbZ le ekf=bZ le ekf=d Nan gSA

¼c½ fole Nan%& fole Nanka esa pj.kka jh ek=k ;k oj.k U;kjk&U;kjk ¼vleku½ gqoSA NIi;] dqaMfy;kvkn fole Nan gSA

¼l½ vj/kle Nan%& vka Nanka esa iSyk&rhtk pj.k esa vj nwtk&pkSFkk pj.k esa ek=koka ;k oj.kka jh fx.krhcjkscj gqoS ;k vkajkS Øe vsd tSM+kS bZ gqoSA nwgks vj/kle ekf=d Nan jkS iq[rk mnkgj.k gSA

vka jS vykok Nanka jk dha Hksn b.k Hkkar gks;k gS&

x.kc) Nan%& b.k Hkkar jk Nanka esa oj.kka vj x.kka jh fx.krh r; gqoSA T;wadS& loS;k] Hkqtaxiz;kr]

170

eankØkarkA

eqDrd Nan%& b.k Hkkar jk Nanka esa oj.kka jh fx.krh r; gksoSA x.k vj y?kq xq# jkS dksbZ fu;e b.kka esaykxw uha gksoSA

lk/kkj.k Nan%& ft.kesa 32 lwa de ek=koka vj 26 lwa de oj.k gqoS oks lk/kkj.k Nan ekuhtSA

naMd Nan%& ft.k Nan jk gjSd pj.k esa 26 lwa cslh oj.k ;k 32 lwa cslh ek=koka gqoS oks Nan naMd jhvksGh esa vkoSA nks Nank jS esG lwa ftdkS Nan cs.kS m.kuSa bZ naMd Nan dSoSA NIi;] dfoŸk vj dqaMfG;k NannaMd jk mnkgj.k gSA

jktLFkkuh dkO; esa ;wa rks vusd Nan gS i.k eksVS :i lwa rhu Nanka jk uke ?k.k eksn lwa fx.kk;k tkoSAvS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk [kkl Nan ekuhtS& nwgks] xhr Nan vj uhlka.kh Nan twuh jktLFkkuh dfork jk izk.krŸo ekuhtSA

13-5 dkO;lkL= vj NanlkL= jkS laca/k

dkO;lkL= dkO;&jpuk jS nksuwa i[kka dyki[k vj Hkkoi[k] ckjyk vj eka;yk nksuwa :ika jh fojksG djSANanlkL= dfork jkS ckjykS ckukS ekuhtSA fo}kuka jh ekurk jS;h gS dS dkO;lkL= vj NanlkL= nksuka jkS [ksrjU;kjkS fudsoGkS gSA vk /kkj.kk ne[ke okGh uha ykxS D;wadS dkO; jk l:i] m.kjh jpuk&cq.kxV] dkO; jk izk.krŸo] dyk] flYi] Hkko vkn ekFkS fopkj dj.k okGkS dkO;lkL= Nan lkL= uSa udkj uh ldSA MkW- HkkxhjFkfeJ jks dSo.kkS gS dS NanlkL= dyk&[ksrj esa lcnka jS xfr fo/kku jkS v/;;u dj.k okGkS gSA NanlkL= jSfcuk lcn&vjFk e; dkO; jh fdŸkh bZ dwar djykS oks v/kwjkS bZ jSoSykA b.k ckr uSaa le>.k lk:a ?k.kk FkksM+k^di.k xSjk vjFkka esa vkpk;Z Hkjr eqfu bZ fy[kS dS uha rks dksbZ lcn vjFkgh.k gS vj uha dksbZ Nan lcngh.k gSAdkO; jh vkRek uSa ltho] ljl] euekso.kh] :ikGh vj cks/kxE; c.kko.k okLrS lcn jh xfrfof/k;ka vj lcnjk izHkkoka uSa le>ko.k okGkS NanlkL= dkO;lkL= jkS vax ekuhtSA dksbZ Hkh dkO;&jpuk gksoS m.kesa ;fr&xfr]y;&rky] lqj vkn rŸo dekscslh gksoS i.k gkoSyk vol vj vS lxGk rŸo lcnka jh xfr lwa tk.khtS] b.kokLrS bZ NanlkL= vj dkO;lkL= jS esG jh njdkj iM+SA

13-6 NanlkL= jh ijaijk

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; jk vkfn xzaFk osn gSA vk ckr rks iq[rk gS dS lkfgR; jk ftŸkk bZ rŸo ;k twuk lSyk.kgS oS osnka esa yk/kSa Nanka jkS iSyM+kS iz;ksx ;k mYys[k bZ osnka esa bZ gks;kSA NanlkL= jh ijaijk _Xosn lwa l: gks;h]b.kesa xk;=h] f="Vqi vj ogfr Nanka jkS iz;ksx feGSA lkeosn jh jpuk Nanka esa gks;h gSA vkfndfo okYehfdjkek;.k esa dSbZ Nanka jkS iz;ksx iwjS /kf.k;ki lkxS djÓkS gSA m.k cxr Nanka jh fojksG ;k dwar [kkrj fd.khlkL= jh jpuk HkykabZ uha gks;h] i.k m.k cxr jk fo}kuka uSa Nan jpuk jS fl)karka vj use/kje jkS iwjkS KkugksA okYehfd jS iNS vkpk;Z fiaxy vkijk xzaFk ^fiaxy* esa dSbZ oSfnd vj ykSfdd Nanka jh jpuk vj fu;ekajkS foospu djÓkSA fiaxykpk;Z jS ^Nanlw=* jS lkFkS bZ Hkkjrh; NanlkL= jh l:vkr gks;hA b.k okLrS NanlkL=vj fiaxylkL= vsd&nwtS jS i;kZ; vjFk esa vksG[khtSA fiaxy jk b.k xzaFk es dSbZ NanlkL=dkjka jS ukeka jksmYys[k rks feGS] i.k okajh jpukoka dBSbZ futj uha vko.k lwa vkpk;Z fiaxy bZ NanlkL= jk vkfn vkpk;ZekuhtSA fiaxy jk b.k xzaFk jkS uke fiaxy&lw= gSA b.kjh jpuk lw=ka esa djhth gSA

fiaxy jS iNS laLÑr lkfgR; esa NanlkL= jh jpuk dj.k okGk fo}kuka esa dsnkj HkÍ ^oŸk&jRukdj* jhjpuk djhA Nanka jh jpuka uSa le>.k okLrS vks xzaFk ?k.kkS egrkÅ ekuhtSA b.k xzaFk jh lclwa eksVh folslrkvk gS dS b.kesa gjSd Nan jk y{k.k m.kh^t Nan esa crk;ksM+k gS] ft.klwa Nan jkS U;kjkS mnkgj.k nso.k jh t:ruha iM+SA b.kjS iNS egkdfo dkfGnkl ¼Jqrcks/k½] xaxknkl ¼Nanks&eatjh½] vj {ksesUnz ¼lqoŸk&fryd½ jk uke

171

fx.kk;k tk; ldSA

ckjoha lrkCnh esa gq;k gsepUnzpk;Z Ñr ^NUnkuqlklu* xzaFk bZ Nan&foospu jh nhB lwa [kklks egrkÅjS;kS gS] ft.kesa laLÑr] izkÑr vj viHkzal jS Nanka jkS vkNkS oj.kko djhT;kS gSA NanlkL= jh ijaijk esa îzkÑriSaxye~* xzaFk jkS uke bZ vk;k fcuk uha jSoSA b.kjS jpukdky uSa ys;^j fo}kuka esa erHksn gS] i.k ?k.k[kjk fo}kub.kuSa ponoha lrkCnh jh jpuk ekuSA

fgUnh esa NanlkL= jh ijaijk uSa vkxS c/kko.k esa vkpk;Z dslonkl] fpUrkef.k] efrjke] fHk[kkjhnkl]in~ekdj] xtk/kj] lq[knso tSM+k vkpk;kZa jkS ;ksxnku jS;kSA dslonkl uwaoka Nanka jkS iz;ksx jkepfUnzdk xzaFk esadjÓkS i.k Lora= :i lwa d.kh rjS jkS NanxzaFk uha fy[;kSA b.kjS iNS jkS iz;ksx jkepfUnzdk xzaFk esa djÓkS i.kLora= :i lwa fd.kh rjS jkS NanxzaFk uha fy[;kSA b.kjS iNS foxrokj fpUrkef.k Ñr NUn&fopkj*] efrjke Ñr^Nan&lkj*] fHk[kkjhnkl Ñr ^NUnks.kZo*] in~ekdj Ñr ^Nan&eatjh*] xtk/kj Ñr ôŸk&pfUnzdk* vj lq[knsoÑr ôŸk&fopkj folsl :i lwa mYys[ktksx gS] i.k fgUnh jk jhfrdky esa jP;ksM+k vka lxGk xzaFkka esa ^laLÑrNanlkL=* jh bZ udy djhth gS ;k m.kuSa bZ nwth okj fy[khT;kS gSA gka] dha vSM+k Nanka jh ifjHkklkoka bZ fnjhthgS] ftdS laLÑr Nanka jS iNS jfpT;kA b.k Hkkar vkfndkyhu fgUnh lkfgR; esa ?k.kdjk NIi;] jksyk] nksgk]rksej] =ksVd] xkFkk] mYykyk vkn Nanka jkS iz;ksx gks;kS gSA

13-7 jktLFkkuh NanlkL= jkS fodkl vj ijaijk

jktLFkkuh lkfgr; jh vkn&tqxkn lkfgR; ijaijk vj lkfgR; jk bfrgkl uS tk.k.k okLrS] le>.kokLrS m.kjS NanlkL= vj vyadkjka jh [kkl izofŸk;ka uSa le>.kkS ?k.kkS t:jh gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR;] lkfgR;jS bfrgkl esa uhao jkS oks etcwr HkkVks gS ft.k ekFkS fgUnh lkfgR; jkS :ikGkS eSy c.;ksM+kS gSA m.kh^t le)lkfgR; jh vkijh U;kjh Nan ijaijk bZ jS;h gSA laLÑr vkpk;Z dSbZ uwaoh lSyh jS Nanka jkS fljt.k djÓkSAlaLÑr] izkÑr vj viHkzal jh m.kh^t Nan ijaijk uS vi.kk;^j jktLFkkuh dfo;ka dha ekSfyd Nanka jh jpukdjhA vaosj jh deh jS dkj.k dSbZ NanlkL= rks futjka bZ uha vkoS] Qxr okajkS ukeksYys[k dSbZ xzaFkka esa feGtkoSA vaosj jh deh jS dkj.k dSbZ NanlkL= rks futjka bZ uha vkoS] Qxr okajkS ukeksYys[k dSbZ xzaFkka esa feGtkoSA ûkxjkt fiaxy* m.k eka; vsd gS] i.k MkW- lhrkjke ykGl vkijk vsd fuca/k esa fy[kS dS oS b.k xzaFk¼ukxjkt fiaxy½ uSa futjka ns[;kS gSA

jktLFkkuh NanlkL= jh ijaijk esa fiaxy fljksef.k* xzaFk jkS uke ?k.kkS pkokS gSA fljS vksGh esa vko.k okGkb.k xzaFk jk jpukdkj tSlyesj jk jkoy gjjkt HkkVh gkA lezkV vdcj jS cxr esa gks;k jkoG gjjkt HkkVhjh fo}rk b.k xzaFk esa lqHkV bZ futj vkoSA dfo b.k xzaFk esa 71 Hkkar jS NIi; jkS oj.kko djS ft.kesa 69 NIi;rks xq.k vj mnkgj.k lesr fy[;ksM+k feGSA b.k xzaFk esa vusd xhr Nanka jk uke bZ vk;k gS ftdS NanlkL=lwa U;kjk fudsoGk ykxSA b.k xzaFk esa BkSM+&BkSM+ ekFkS okjrkoka bZ fn;ksM+h gS] ft.klwa Nanka jk xq.k lksjk le>esa vkoSA Nan vj okjrkoka jS esG lwa xzaFk ?k.kkS vljnkj ykxSA Nanka jh le>kbl uSa ljy c.kko.k [kkrjokjrkoka jkS iz;ksx dfo jh dqlyrk jh lSyk.kh gSA b.k tksM+ jkS xzaFk jktLFkkuh NanlkL= ijaijk esa nksjks futjvkoSA b.k xzaFk esa pEiw dkO;&'kSyh jkS iz;ksx gks;kS gSA

laor~ 1721 esa tksxhnkl pkj.k jkS fy[;ksM+kS ^gfj fiaxy* uke jkS xzaFk feGSA b.kjh ikaMqfyfi ljLorhHkaMkj] mn;iqj esa jk[;ksM+h gSA MkW- lhrkjke ykGl jk bZ vsd ys[k lwa vk tk.kdkjh feGS dS pkj.k tksxhnklizrkix< ujsl gfjflagth jS mBS jSork vj m.kkajh cMkbZ esa bZ 22 fMaxG xhr Nanka jks fljt.k vki djÓkSAj?kqoj tl izdkl jk jpf;rk fdluk vk<k bZ b.k xzaFk jh lk[k HkjS vj vkijS xzaFk esa b.kjkS mYys[k djSAfMaxG jh Nan ijaijk uSa le>.k lk: b.kjkS vkijkS egŸo gSA b.k xzaFk jkS vafre Nan&

laor~ lrj bdohl esa dkfrd lqHk i[k panA

172

gfj fiaxy gfjvan tl] of.k;kS [khj leanAA

b.kesa dha ladksp jh ckr dksuh dS jktLFkkuh NanlkL= jh ijaijk viHkzal lwa vkxS vkbZ gSA MkW-ukjk;.kflag HkkVh vkijk vsd ys[k esa vks fy[kS dS NanlkL= jh ijaijk vkijkS twukS osl cnG vk/kqfud Hkkjrh;Hkklkoka esa vkbZ] ft.kesa fMaxG Nan ijaijk jkS laca/k viHkzal ijaijk lwa jS;kS gSA viHkzal jk dSbZ Nan rks vkijkm.kh^t l:i esa fMaxG dfo;ka jh gBkSVh c.;kA m.kjS iNS fMaxG vkijh U;kjh fudsoGh NanlkL= jh ijaijkuSa fFkjir djhA

jktLFkkuh NanlkL=dkjka esa ekjokM+ jS ?kM+kSbZ xkao jk jSoklh gehjnku jruw jkS uke bZ ?k.kkS pkokS gSAvki dPN ¼xqtjkr½ jk jktdqaoj y[kir jk vkfJr dfo gkA fMaxG dfo;ka esa gehjnku jruw vsd [;krukeNanlkL=dkj ekuhtSA vki ,d lkS fipŸkj xzaFk fy[;k] ft.kesa y[kir fiaxy] xq.k fiaxy izdkl] gehjukeekGk] tksfrl tM+ko] czãk.M iqjk.k] Hkkxor nji.k vkn jk uke fx.kko.ktksx gSA

y[kir fiaxy & b.k xzaFk jkS jpukdky fo- la- 1796 crk;kS tkoS&

laor~ lŸkj fNUuokS] i.kUrj ojl iVarjA

frfFk mfŸke lkfre] okj mfŸke xqjokljAA

b.k xzaFk esa dfo 26 Hksn xkgk] vkB izR;; vj 23 Hksn xhrka jk fn;k gSA vkijS vkJ;nkrk y[kir jSxq.kka jkS c[kk.k vka Nanka esa djhT;kS gSA Nanka jh izLrqfr vj vfHkO;fDr jh nhB lwa vks xzaFk cstksM+ gSA NanlkL=jh vksGh esa ?k.k egrkÅ b.k xzaFk esa fpr foykl] lhagpyks] >M+eqxV] fpŸkbyksG] xkS[k] lk.kkSj lkeqykS]vBrkykS eqM+Sy] >eky] ?kksM+knekS] gfj.k>i] f=dqVca/k] ygpkG] lksjfB;kS] Hkejxqatkj] lkoa>MkS] Hkk[kM+h]ikyo.kh] ikM+xfr] osfy;kS] tkaxM+kS] izgkl] jl[kjkS] dsokj vj lia[kjks xhr Nanka jkS lkarjkS oj.ku gk;kS gSA

xq.k fiaxy izdkl & dfo gehjnku jruw jfpr b.k xzaFk jkS cxr 1768 fo- la- jS;kS gSA xzaFk jS varesa jpukdky jkS mYys[k b.k Hkkar djhT;kS gS&

laor lrjg vM+lVs] ekg lhr fjr eklA

tSgM+ks tksM+s tkaf.k;ks] bgM+ks fd;ks vH;klAA

lq.krka iq.krka lh[krka] v/kd gks; vk.kanA

dfg;ks xzaFk gehj dfo] xq.k xzkgd xksfoanAA

bZLoj jS xq.kka jkS c[kk.k djrka dfo xzaFk&jpuk djhA ekf=d vj ojf.kd Nanka jh jhr vj xq.kka jksoj.ku~ b.kesa gks;kS gSA b.kesa 71 Hksn NIi; jk] 23 Hksn nwgka jk] 36 Hksn xkFkkoka jk gSA [ka/kk.k xkFkk jkS foLrkjlwa fopkj djrka b.kjk 28 Hksn crk;k gsA

xhr Nanka jh nhB lwa b.k xzaFk esa osfy;ks lka.kksj jk 30 Hksn ek=k izLrkj eqtc djhT;k gSA ek=k izLrkjjkS fu;e xhrka jS lEcU/k esa nwtk NanlkfL=;ka uha vi.kk;kSA gehjnku jruw fMaxG jk ukeh dfo;ka esa vkoSAvkijh jpukoka vj fljt.k f[kerk jh cjkscjh dj.k okGk dfo ?k.kk FkksM+k gSA gehjnku jruw dkO;&fljt.kjS lkFkS m.kjS lkfL=; i[k uSa y;^j xSjkbZ vj futw lks>h lwa fopkj djÓkS gSA

dfo dqGcks/k & fMaxG NanlkL= jk jpukdkjka esa mn;jke jkS ukao bZ fljS fx.khtSA ekjokM+ jkFkcwdM+k xkao jk jSoklh mn;jketh tks/kiqj egkjktk ekufla?kth jk Ñikik= dfo;ka esa vsd gkA b.k dfo jkSuke dBSbZ&dBSbZ mesnkjke bZ fy[;ksM+kS feGSA dfo jkS ?k.kdjkS tho.k rks dPN&Hkqt jk gkA dSbZ dykoka jkKkrk gkA vkijkS fy[;ksM+kS NanlkL= jkS xzaFk ^dfo dqGcks/k* jktLFkkuh 'kks/k Hksn vj tFkkoka] 3- vL=&lL=

173

oj.ku] 4- fMaxG&fiaxG izLuksŸkj] 5- mdr oj.ku] 6- jl oj.ku] 7&8- vo/kkau ekGk] 9- ,dk{kjh uke ekGk]10- vusdkFkhZ uke ekGkA

b.k xzaFk esa xhrka jk xq.k mnkgj.k lesr pkSjklh Hksn fn;ksM+k gSA tFkkoka vj mdr ekFkS bZ dfo iwjkS&iwjkSfopkj dj [kqyklkS djSA xzaFk jh l:vkr esa vsd xhr jS eka; bZ 84 xhrka jkS ukeksYys[k dj.kkS dfo jh prqjkbZgSA b.kjkS :i vBS ns[k.ktksx gS&

eankj1 euen2 [kqM+n3 e/kdj4Alks[k5 xks[k6 =acd7 ladj8Alksg.kks9 Hkze>ai lzkod10 Hkk[kM+h11 v/kHkk[k12AAxty13 eqfM;y14 vjV15 xtxr16AizkS<17 Mks<ks18 lok19 lzhir20AikVar >M+eqxV21 nhid22 lq/kHkk[k23 jl24 lk[k25AApan26 fpr;yksG27 pan.k28AohjdaB29 fooka.k30 oan.k31AdeG32 /keG33 izgkl34 dkNkS35 lia[kjks36 lkjax37AAlrjo.kkS38 lkywj39 lk;d40Avsd vNj41 e/kqj Hkk;d42Aikyo.k43 rkVad44 yqirk lks[k45 v/kjl46 ljaxAA>MwFkG47 ?kMwFkG48 en>j49AfodV50 ca/kj f=dqV51 dsoj52Ae/kqj53 fpŸkfoykl54 eaxG55 xa/klkj56 x;an57AAosfG;ks58 eqxrkoGh59 oj60AtkaxM+ks61 xqatkj Hkej62Agkalyks63 ygpkG64 gsyk65 ekyxhr66 e;an67AA=acdM+ks68 =ackG69 [kqlj70AlksjBks71 lsykj72 lqanj73AvMG74 eulq[k75 vM+rkGkS76 pax77 pksfV;kG78AAyyr eqxV79 >eky80 yaxj81AlhagpykS82 nqjesy83 laxjAeume84 izdkl eulq[k Hksy vad >ekyAA

vks xzaFk Nanka jh cq.kxV vj jl foospu jh nhB lwa vkijkS egŸo jk[kSA l: lwa var rkabZ dfo vkijSvkJ;nkrk nsly jkS xq.kxku vj okajh dhjr jk c[kk.k djÓk gSA xhrka jh lSyhxr foy{k.krk esa dfo jhdqlykbZ] ÅaMh fuj[k&ij[k fujtj vkoS A vkijk vsd xhr esa leqanj jk pons jruka lkFkS [kqn jS dkO; jhponS folslrkoka uSa rksyrka dfo vkJ;nkrk jS xq.kka jh dwar b.k ;Hkkar djh gS&

xhrka jk tBS xkSM+ohjo] ykV Nan vBS ygjAokadh dfork ?kkV Hkej fo/k] TokG >kV eqxorka tgjAAvezr llad la[k fe.k mdrh] /kuq[k /kuarj tFkk /kjAen jl Nkd xq.kka efgifr;ka] Nsd ted :ih vPNjAAoka.kh i<S ckt xt osGka] /kuq[k p<S lj Øhr /ktAlqtl /kko lirk# fizFkhlj] xq.k deyk lkjS xjtAAokj izHkko prqjnkl fo|k] jko xq.kka Hkfj;ks jruA

174

/kje uko nsly N=/kkjh] ekSt lHkko lean euAA

j?kqukFk :id%& j?kqukFk :id jk jpf;rk eaNjke lsox jkS tye fo- la- 1827 esa gks;kSA vkiuSaVkcji.kka lwa bZ dkO; fljt.k jkS pko gksA dfo :i esa vkijkS tye vSM+h osGk esa gks;kS tn ekjokM+ esa vusddfo vsd.k lkxS vkijh dkO; dqlGkbZ lwa fMaxG jk HkaMkj uSa Hkj.k jk tru djS gkA lxGk dfo vsd&vsdlwa vkxGk gkA eaNkjke tks/kiqj egkjktk ekufla?kth vj okajk xq# ukFkth jh izlalk jkS dkO; lq.kk;kS ft.klwajkth gks;^j ekufla?kth vj okajk xq# ukFkth jh izlalk jkS dkO; lq.kk;kS ft.klwa jkth gks;^j ekufla?kth 720fjfi;ka jh lkyh.kk isUlu ih<+h&nj&ih<+h cka/k nhA okajh vko.k okGh vky&vkSykn uSa vk isUlu egkjktklqesjfla?kth jS jkt rkabZ feGrh jS;hA eaN dfo jkS fy[;ksM+kS ^j?kqukFk :id* jktLFkkuh ¼fMaxG½ jkS ?k.k pkokSNanlkL=h; xzaFk jru gSA iwjkS xzaFk ^uo foykl* esa jfpT;kS gSA jkedFkk jS lkFkS xhr Nanka jh O;k[;k ?k.khfujkGh uS euekso.kh gSA xhr Nanka jS lkFkS oS.klxkbZ] tFkk] mdfr] nksl vkn ekFkS bZ dfo fopkjka jkS iqjtksj[kqyklkS djÓkS gSA b.kesa 72 xhrka jk xq.k mnkgj.k lesr fn;ksM+k feGSA xhr&Nanka jk uke nso.kk vBS t:jhdksuh D;wadS ^j?kqukFk :id* dsUnzh; lkfgR; vdknseh] uwaoh fnYyh lwa Ni^j ikBdka lkaeh vk;ksM+kS gSA b.kdkGt;h Ñfr jkS lksjks gkFk ykx.kkS bZ vsd eksVh eSgek jh ckr gSA jkedFkk jkS lkso.kkS] :ikGkS foxrokjQwVjks oj.ku ft.kesa ljyrk vj lgtrk gSA vk Ñfr vkijh xq.k xkgdrk jS dkj.k ?k.kh pkoh gSA pkj.ksrjdfo jh jpuk gksorka Fkdka bZ fMaxG jk pkj.k dfo b.kuSa ?k.kh nk; djh gSA NanlkL= jh f'k{kk okLrS rks b.kjkmnkgj.k dkO;e; ifjHkklkoka fg;s esa oSxh bZ <wd tkoSA daBLFk dj.k esa bZ b.k xzaFk jk mnkgj.k ljy vjlgt tk.khtSA fonslh fo}ku MkW- fxz;lZu bZ b.kjS yksdpkoh gkso.k jh gkaeG HkjSA fMaxG xhrka jkS NanlkL=h;v/;;u dj.kkS gksoS rks vks xzaFk ?k.k egrkÅ gSA dkO;lSyh uSa fuj[k.k&ij[k.k okLrS mnkgj.k l:i vSvksGÓka&

vNjax vr fo/k osn mŸke] jpS eaMi jhrAlqr pkj nljFk r.kka lkFkS] ijf.k;k dj izhrAAcM+ daofj lhr fonsg jh] j?kqukFk oj jktslAv: vuqt daofj mjfeyk] lks ldt C;kgh lslAAuziHkzkr dql/kqt r.kS ukxj] ns[k iq=h nks;Abd ekaMoh oj Hkjr vfjf/ku] lqrr dhjr lks;AAij.kk;k lqr mtokG ik[kka] nku yk[kka nh/kAfxjok.k gj[;k xxu&ekjx] dqle cj[kk dh/kAA

j?kqoj tl izdkl%& j?kqoj tl izdkl NanlkL= jkS ukeh xzaFk gSA fMaxG jk yksdpkok jk"Vªdfonqjlk vk<k jh vkBoha ih<h esa tyE;k fdluk vk<k Ñr vks xzaFk jru fMaxG esa vkijh ÅtGh isB jk[kSAfdluk vk<k dSbZ Hkklkoka jk tk.kdkj vj izfrHkkoku dfo gkA mn;iqj jk egkjk.kk Hkhefla?k jh vkijS ekFkSesgckuh ghA ^Hkhe foykl* jh jpuk vkijS vkJ;nkrk jk fojn c[kk.k.k okLrS djhA vkijh dSbZ LQqV;jpukoka jS lkFkS vs nks; jpukoka ^Hkhe foykl* vj ^j?kqoj tl izdkl* ?k.kh ljko.ktksx gSA

j?kqoj tl izdkl fMaxG NanlkL= jkS eksVkS vj pkokS xzaFk gSA b.kjk pkj izdj.k ;k v/;k; gS] ft.kesaiSyk izdj.k esa x.kkx.k] nX/kk{kj] xq# y?kq vj NanlkL= jk vkB izR;; jkS oj.kko dfo djÓkS gSA nwtk izdj.kesa 224 ekf=d Nanka jk y{k.k mnkgj.k lesr fnjhT;k gSA fMaxG jh dha x| jh dha x| lSfy;ka esa nokoSr]opfudk] okjkroka vn ekFkS bZ vkijk fopkj jk[;k gSA fp=dkO; jk dha mnkgj.k bZ b.k izdj.k esa fn;k gSArhtk izdj.k esa 117 oj.k&oŸkka jk y{k.k vj mnkgj.k gSA NIi; Nan jS vusd :ika uSa dfo xSjkbZ lwa mtkxjdjÓ gSA pkSFkk izdj.k esa 91 xhr Nanka jk y{k.k mnkgj.k lesr fn;k gSA xhrka jk [kkl lk/ku oS.klxkbZ]v[kjksV] tFkk] mdfr] nksl vkn ekFkS bZ vkijk fopkj jk[;k gSA xhr izdj.k jh l:vkr esa dfo vsd Nanesa bZ 91 xhrka jk uke fx.kk; fn;k gSA jktLFkkuh NanlkL= esa lclwa cslh xhrka jk mnkgj.k b.k xzaFk esa feGSA

175

mnkgj.kka jS ekFkS xhrka jk y{k.k x| eka; fy[k.k jS dkj.k lksjk vj >V le> esa vk; tkoSA xzaFkdkj fy[kSdS yksx 99 Hkkar jS xhrka jh ckr djS] i.k EgSa ftŸkh rjS jk xhr i<Ók vj lqf.k;k gwa m.kkajkS bt oj.ku vBSdjÓkS gwaA

xhr fuuk.k uke fx.kkoS]lqf.k;k nhBk tdS y[khtS]fo.k nhBk fd.k Hkkar onhtSA

b.klwa vk ckr rks iq[rk gks; tkoS dS dfo eupkoS T;wa xhrka jk uke vj :i uha ns;^j fMaxG esacjrht.k okGk xhr Nanka jk mnkgj.k bZ vkijS xzaFk esa fn;k gSA xzaFk jkedFkk ekFkS fy[khT;kS gS tSM+kS ds xzaFkjS uke lwa irkS pkySA xzaFk jh Hkklk VdlkGh fMaxG gSA xzaFk esa dSbZ BkSM+ dkO;&peRdkj bZ futj vkoSA b.kxzaFk esa fn;ksM+k xhr&Nanka jS vykok bZ dSbZ Lora= xhr jpukoka bZ dfo djh gSA

fMaxG dksl%& egkdfo lw;ZeYy ehl.k jk [kksGk;r csVk eqjkjhnku uSa v/kwjk ^oal HkkLdj* uSa iwjkSdj.k jkS tl rks tkoS bZ gS] b.kjS lkFkS vki oal leqPp; vj fMaxG dksl jh jpuk djhA fiaxG vj fMaxGjk ikj[kh b.k dfo jkS ^fMaxG dksl* bZ vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh NanlkL= ijaijk esa uwokS iz;ksx gSA fMaxG dkslewG :i lwa rks fMaxG jS i;kZ;okph lcnka uSa i|c) laxzS gS] b.kesa fMaxG jk 7000 lcnka jS yxSVxS lcn feGSAi;kZ;okph lcnka uSa i|e; dj.k jS lkFkS dha xhrka jk iz;ksx bZ jk Nan lkfL=;ka esa eqjkjhnku bZ vSM+k fo}kugS ftdk Nanka jS mnkgj.k esa lcndksl uSa bZ lkfey djSA b.k xzaFk esa dha xhrka jk mnkgj.k bZ feGS] i.k fMaxGNanlk= jh ijaijk esa okajkS vks vsd uwaokS iz;kl gkso.k jS dkj.k xzaFk egrkÅ gSA

vk/kqfud NanlkL= jh ijaijk esa fMaxG dksl jS iNS jktdksV jk nhoka.k j.kNksM+th jkS NanlkL= ^j.kfiaxy*] egkjktk ekufla?kth jS cxr jk dfo mnSpUn HkaMkjh jkS fy[;ksM+kS vsd NanlkL= jkS xzaFk feGSAtks/kiqj jSoklh gjnku fla<k;p Nan fnokdj* jh jpuk djhA eksxM+k xkao jk bZ nqyth fla<k;p Nanka ekFkS xzaFkjpuk djh vj xhrka jk y{k.k mtkxj djÓkA t;iqj jSoklh fgaxGktnku dfo;k bZ Nanka jks eksVkS xzaFk jfp;kSA

b.k Hkkar jktLFkkuh NanlkL= jh ijaijk bZ m.kjh lkfgR; ijaijk jS T;wa bZ laiUu vj le) jS;h gSANanlkL=ka uSa i<.k lwa twuh vj ijaijkxr jktLFkkuh dfork uSa ljyrk lwa le> ldkaA

13-8 fMaxG jk xhr&Nan vj m.kkajh NanlL=h; folslrkoka

izkphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa fMaxG xhr&lkfgR; jh vkijh vuwBh BkSM+ gSA fMaxG xhr vsd [kkl rjSjks Nan gSA vusd vSfrgkfld ?kVukoka uS vk/kkj c.kk;^j pkj.k dfo;ka fMaxG xhr&Nanka jkS fljt.k djÓkSgSA jktLFkkuh lfgR; esa fMaxG xhrka uSa VkG nsoka rks L;kr b.k lkfgR; jkS eksy vk/kkS bZ uha vkadhtSykA fMaxGxhrka esa lkfgfR;d fofo/krk jk njl.k gksoSA vS xhr bfrgkl jh lkaph lk[k HkjSA MkW- ukjk;.kflag HkkVh jkfopkjka esa vka fMaxG xhrka jkS Qxr dykRed vj lkfgfR;d egŸo bZ dksuh] vS lkekftd tho.k esa vsd rjSjh vy[k txko.k jh f[kerk bZ jk[kSA vka fMaxG xhrka lwa jk"Vªh; Hkko mtkxj gksoS ft.kesa tqx&/kje jkS gsykSlkaijrsd futj vkoSA xhr Nan jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa vkijh U;kjh vksG[k jk[kSA vSM+h ?k.k egrkÅ lkfgfR;dfo/kk jk Lo:i uSa le>.k lk:a b.kjh dSbZ folslrkoka uSa tk.k.kkS t:jh gSA

13-9 xhr lcn jkS vjFk vj fMaxG xhr

laLÑr jk ^xS* /kkrq jS ^ä* izR;; yxko.k lwa ^xhr* jh O;qRifŸk gksoSA vks /kkrq xko.k ;k xs;rk jS vjFkesa bZ uha vk;kS gS] b.kjkS nwtkS vjFk dSo.kkS] oj.ku dj.kkS] vuqokpu dj.kkS vkn jS vjFk esa bZ xS* /kkrq jkS iz;ksxdjhT;kS gSA fMaxG xhrka esa xs;rk jkS xq.k uh gksoS] yksdok|ka jh enr lwa bZ vS xhr uha xbZtSA vsd [kkl y;jS lkFkS vka fMaxG xhrka jkS ikB djhtSA Nanksc) jpuk gkso.k jS dkj.k ^y;* jkS gkso.kkS rks LokHkkfod gSA

176

y;kRed i)fr lwa tq)&oj.ku xq.kdFku ;k fo#nkoGh] tlxku jS O;qRifŸkyH; vjFk esa fMaxG xhrka uSa xhrdSo.kkS lkjFkd ykxSA vka xhrka jS okLrS ^:ix* lcn jkS iz;ksx bZ feGSA

dfojktk ckadhnkl1] mEesnjke2] eaNkjke3] vj fdlku vk<k4 tSM+k fo}kuka :id uSa xhr jkS i;kZ;ekU;kS gSA :id jkS vjFk jktLFkku esa izlalk ;k lksHkk dj.kh gksoSA vBS ?k.kdjk fMaxG xhr ohj] tk/kkjka]twa>kjka] nkrkjka vj egkekuoh;ka jk tlxku esa fy[khT;kA gka] nwtk vusd fol; bZ vka xhrka jk jS;k gS] i.kewG lqj fo#nkoGh vj dhjr jkS jS;kS gSA O;qRifŸk vj izofŸk nksuwa bZ nhB lwa xhr lcn jh vBS lkjFkdrk bZgS&

1- jpFkkjk ?kjdka jk :ix] :ix Egkjk dk; jpSA

2- leLr :id ;/kd] jpkS lhl forjsdA

3- /kqj :id T;kagh /kjS] fo[kek oj.k fols[kA

4- vxh;kj nks[k dfo vkf[k;k] , fuokj :ix ÅpkjA

fMaxG xhrka jkS ukedj.k &

fMaxG dkO; esa T;wa&T;wa fMaxG xhrka jkS iz;ksx c/k.k ykxkS] m.kjk dSbZ Hksn vj U;kjk&U;kjk uke iM+ÓkAgjSd xhr jk uke jS ykjS dha u dha dkj.k fNI;ksM+kS gSA pkSikbZ] "kV~inh] v"Vinh tSM+k Nanka jS uke lwa bZ okajSxq.kka jkS irkS pky tkoSA vkika vka dj.kka lwa xhr jh :ixr folslrkoka uSa tk.k ldkaA

xhr jh y; ;k /ofu jS vk/kkj ekFkS

xhr e`x>ai %& b.k xhr esa 14&14 ek=koka jk pj.kka jS iNS vsd.k lkFkS 24 ek=koka jh vkGh vkoSAb.kh^t Øe lwa xhr jh jpuk gksoSA fgj.k mNkGk ekjS tSM+h Nan jh xfr gkso.k lwa b.kjkS uke ex>ai jk[;kS&

fut vkB tksx vH;kl vgful]l/kS lqj /kj tqxe jfo ll]djS jkspd iwjd dqaHkd] ogS ne flj BkaeA

xhr ta?k[kksM+ks %& b.k xhr jh pkSFkh vksGh esa vuqizkl jh vSM+h tqxr cSBÓksM+h gksoS dS xhr jh xfrvj mPpj.k esa yM+[kM+kork vkneh jh xr nh[kS&

?k.kk ng gsM+o.k tse jktk l?k.k] oal [kVrhl tl ikfGok [kV oj.kAjs.koka fuokt.kk lnk gsd.k jg.k] rkS gjh;.k] gjh;.k] gjh;.k] gjh;.kAAb.kht Hkkar xhr fprbyksG] xhr xtxfr vkn jk bZ uke jk[khT;k gksoSykA

vksGÓka vj }kGka jS vk/kkj ekFkS

xhr nks<ks %& b.k xhr esa lkekU; :i lwa pkj }kGk gksoSA ft.k xhr esa Ng }kGk gksoS rks oks ^xhrnks<ks* cktSA ikap }kGka jk xhr uSa ^lok;kS* vj vkB }kGk jk xhr uSa ^xhr nw.kkS* dSoSA

xhr lr[k.kks%& lkr&lkr ek=koka ekFkS ;fr gkso.k lwa vksGÓka esa lkr [kkuk ¼[k.k½ c.k.k lwa xhr jkSvks uke iM+ÓkS gSA

xhr f=ia[kM+ks %& xhr jkS gjSd }kGks rhu vksGÓka jkS gkso.k lwa b.kuSa f=ia[kM+ks xhr dSoSA

xhr >M+mFkG %& b.k xhr jh nwth vksGh FksM+k&?k.kk cnGko jS lkFkS rhth vksGh jh BkSM+ ekFkSjk[khtSA iqujkofŸk jS dkj.k b.kuSa >M+mFkG xhr dSoSA

177

DG PANZDGK RAG >M+ DHTSAJL XHR /KM+FKG DQ.K JH>SAAjl xhr /kM+FkG lq.k jh>SAdG panzdGk xq.k >M+ dhtSAA

b.kh^t Hkkar tFkk ;k vyadkjka jS vk/kkj ekFkS xhr fo/kkuhd] xhr pkSlj] xhr ?k.kdaB] xhr pkfV;ks ;kpksVhca/k] >M+eqxV vj flagpykS uke jk[khT;kA

rqd ;k eksgjk&esG

rqd ;k eksgjk&esG jS vk/kkj ekFkS Nanka jh cq.kxV djhtS] ft.kesa eksgjk&esG jkS folsl egŸo gSA

xhr nqesGks%& b.k xhr jh gjSd iafDr jk vk[kjh nks; oj.kka jh rqd nwth iafDr lwa feGSA vesGkS xhr]NBrkGkS] vfgca/k] >M+yqir] xhr ;d[kjks vkn jk uke bZ b.kh^t vk/kkj ekFkS jk[khT;k gSA

Nanka jS esG jkS vk/kkj bZ b.kkjS ukedj.k jkS lk[kh/kj gSA Nan nks ;k nks; lwa cslh Nanka jS esG lwa c.kSm.kesa oka Nanka jk xq.k futj vkoSA xhr xkg.kh] xkgk xkg.kh] clar je.kh] t;oar] eq.kky lko>M+ks] ikyo.khvj f=esG xhr b.k rjS jk mnkgj.k gSA b.k Hkkar xhrka jk uke jk[k.k jS ykjS dha u dha dkj.k vol jS;kSgksoSykA

13-10 fMaxG xhrka jkS ikB

fMaxG xhr xkbZtS dksuhA vkijh [kkl dGk vj gBksVh isVS vkajkS ÅapS vj vkstLoh lqj esa ikB djÓkStkoSA dk;jka mj lky.k okGk vj ohjka jk ohjRo uSa c<ko.k okGk vka xhrka jkS pkj.k dfo;ka tq) jk eSnkuesa ikB djÓkS rks ekjx HkwY;ksM+ka uSa drZO; jkS ikB bZ i<k;kSA vs xhr ohjka uSa tho.k jkS eksg NksM^j ek;M+HkkseokLrS izk.k fuNkoj dj.k jh lh[k nso.k okGk gSA vkijka Åapk] vkst HkjÓk tkslhyk cksyka esa dkO;ikB jkS [kkl:i gS] y; gSA lcnka uSa ok.kh jkS lacG feyrka bZ xhr vkijk ewG Hkko jS lkFkS lq.k.k okGk ekFkS nqx.kkS vljdjSA xhr jS lcnka esa ftdh yydkj] lh[k] rkuks] eS.kh dS iNS vksGeS jk Hkko gS oS dfo jS ewaMS tn vljnkj<kGS lwa izxVhtS rks lq.k.k okGk dkabZ P;k:aesj jkS okrkoj.k m.k Hkko gS oS dfo jS ewaMS tn vljnkj <GS lwaizxVhtS rks lq.k.k okGk dkabZ P;k:aesj jkS okrkoj.k m.k Hkko lwa ljkcksj gks; tkoSA dksbZ fojykS bZ m.klwa mcjldSA b.k dkj.k fMaxG xhrka jS ikB jh dyk jkS vkijkS [kkl egŸo jS;kS gksoSyk D;wadS xhr jh vlydkO;dyk uSa mtkxj dj.kkS gksoS rks m.kjkS ikB dj.k jkS <c vko.kkS ?k.kkS t:jh ekuhtSA [kkl mPpkj.kjS fcuk xhr jkS Hkko nc^j jS; tkoSA dkO;ikB jh [kwch esa dght.k okGkS vks nwgks i<.ktksx gS&

1- dfo ds vD[kj cl lD[kj] dNq dfgcs ds oS.kAoks gh dktG Bhdjh] oks gh dktG uS.kAA

2- oks gh panks nhg] jks oks gh panks jS.kAA

fMaxG xhrka jS ikB dj.k jh nks; lSfy;ka gS&

1- ,dknksbZ lSyh%& b.k lSyh esa xhr jh iSyh vksGh vsd lkal esa vsd.k lepS i<h tkoSA iNS xhrjh nks;&nks; vksGÓka uS vsd lkFkS vsd lkal esa i<.kkS iM+SA xhr jk var esa xhr jh iSyM+h vksGh vk[kjh vksGhjS lkFkS i<h tkoSA

2- iapknksbZ lSyh%& b.kjkS ikB jd.kkS ?k.kkS vc[kkS dke gSA b.k eqtc rks xhr jh iSyM+h ikap vksGÓkavsd.k lkxS vsd lkal esa fcuk <fc;ka cksy.kh iM+SA b.kjS iNS nks;&nks; vksGÓka vsd.k lkFkS i<htSA xhr jkvar esa m.kjh vk[kjh vksGh jS lkFkS iSyM+h pkj vksGÓka ikNh m.kh^t <kGS i<.kh gksoSA vka nksuwa lSfy;ka esa [kkl

178

dj lka.kksj xhr vj m.kjk Hksnka jkS ikB djÓkS tkoSA b.kjS lkFkS bZ lqia[kjks] ia[kkGks] galkoGks] xks[k vkn xhrbZ b.k jhr lwa i<htSA dSbZ xhr vSM+k bZ gS ftdk Hkkar&Hkkar lwa i<Ók tk; ldSA fta;ka ^<ksy xhr*A vkB rjSlwa <ksy ctk;ks tkoS vj vkB bZ rjS lwa xhr ^<ksy* jkS ikB gksoSA dSbZ xhrka jkS ikB m.kkajS y{k.kka eqtc djÓkStkoSA xhrka esa oS.klxkbZ vj tFkkoka ekFkS cG fnjhT;kS gSA b.kjkS dkj.k bZ fMaxG xhrka uSa ?k.k izHkkoh c.kko.kkSjS;kS gSA

3- xhr uk;d laca/kh fiNk.k%& vSfrgkfld ik=ka uSa ys;^j djhth Nan jpukoka esa m.kjk oal] firk]cMsjk] tkfr] BkSM+ jkS gokykS fn;k fcuk xhr jkS dksbZ vjFk uha fudGS D;wadS vsd uke jk dSbZ lkld vBS gks;kgSA xhr uk;dka jkS iwjkS ifjpS xhr esa gkso.kkS pkfgtSA b.kjS fcuk xhr esa gh.k nksl vk; tkoSA uk;d jkS ukedSbZ okj NksVS :i esa gksoS& vthrks] thrks] irks] ikry] izhFkh vknA dSbZ okj uk;d jS uke jk i;kZ;okph lcnkajkS iz;ksx bZ dfo djS :De uS lksukukaeh egslnkl uSa Hkwrslukaeh fy[k nSoSA firk ;k iwoZt jk uke vkxS&r.km]r.kks] lqr] okGks] gjks tSM+k lcnka jkS iz;ksx dj uk;d jkS oj.ku djS& olqnsomr*] olqnso r.kk* rks vBS Ñ".kbZ uk;d gSA uk;d jh tkr] oal] BkSM+ folsl lwa bZ m.kjkS oj.ku djhtSA T;wadS esokM+ks] dwje] vkesjir]lkaHkfj;ks tSM+k lcnka jh lkarjh fiNk.k gks;ka iNS bZ ikBd xhr jk vSfrgkfld eje uSa le> uSa le> ldSAuk;d jS fol; esa iwjh tk.kdkjh jk[k.k okLrS ikBdka uSa vka lxGh ckrka jkS ewG tk.k.kkS ?k.kkS t:jh gSA

1+3-11 fMaxG xhrka jk Nan lkL=h; lk/ku

fMaxG xhrka jkS NanlkL=h; l:i vsd U;kjh bdkbZ jkS fol; gks; ldSA vBS Qxr dha NanlkL=h;lk/kuka jh ckr djhtSyk] ftdkS xhrka jh jpuk esa ykxw gkso.k okGk fu;eka uSa le>.k esa ennxkj c.k ldSA

fMaxG xhrka esa tFkkoka jkS iz;ksx%& dáksM+h ckr uSa uwaoS <kGS lwa ikNh dSo.k jh [kkl dyk uSa tFkk* dSoSAb.kjh vj folslrk gksoS dS Nan jS iSyS }kGS esa dáksM+h ckr uSa [kkl dyk jS lkFkS ikNh dSo.kh ft.kesa iqu#fDrgksorka Fkdka bZ iqu#fDr nksl uha ykxSA dfork esa oj.ku dj.k okLrS ft.k jhr jkS iz;ksx gks;kS] m.kjS ØeokjfuHkko uSa ^tFkk* dSoSA j?kqukFk :iddkj jk lcnka esa&

:id ekags jh tks] oj.ku djs fopkjAlks Øe fucgS lks tFkk] roS eaN folrkjAA

vka tFkkoka jS fuHkko esa vyadkjka jkS bZ iwjkS lS;ksx jSoSA eaN dfo vkijks xzaFk esa bX;kjk tFkkoka jkS ukefx.kkorka m.kkajkS lkarjkS oj.kko djÓkS gSA :iddkj jS lcnka esa bX;kjk tFkkoka jk uke b.k Hkkar gS&

fo|kuhd] lj] flj] oj.k] vfgxr] vkn vrka.kAlq)] b/kd] le] uwu] lks] tFkk X;kjg tka.kAA

dfo fdluk vk<k ^j?kqoj tl izdkl* esa bX;kjk tFkkoka jh ckr djS i.k mn;jke ^dfo dqGcks/k* esatFkkoka jk bDdhl Hksn crk;k gSA fMaxG ^xhrka jS fljt.k esa vka tFkkoka jkS ?k.kkS egŸo gSA mnkgj.k :i esavBS vfgxr tFkk jkS iz;ksx b.k xhr esa i<.ktksx gS&

rjoj ufn;k.k lqjljh lqjrj] ljika xt ,jkor lslAljka u[kr jtuhl ekulj] vouhlka vksie vo/kslAA

ft.k dfork esa dfo eu lji jh pky eqtc oj.ku djS m.kuSa vfgxr tFkk dSoSA b.k tFkk esa Hkxokujke jkS xq.kxku djrka dfo dSoS dS :a[kka esa dYio{k] ufn;ka esa xaxk] ljika esa lslukx] gkfFk;ka esa ,jkor]rGkcka esa ekuljksoj vj u[krjka esa pUnzek gS m.kh^t Hkkar jktkoka esa lkdsrkf/kifr Hkxoku jke jh ?k.kh HkjhlksHkk gSA

fMaxG xhrka esa oS.klxkbZ jkS iz;ksx %& oS.klxkbZ fMaxG dkO; jkS pkokS lcnkyadkj gS] ft.kesa

179

dkO;&jpuk jS iSykS oj.k m.kh^t pj.k jS vafre lcn jS iSyh vkoS vj vafre lcn jS vkfn esa uha rks e/;;k var esa bZ vkokS] i.k m.kjkS b.k Hkkar iz;ksx bZ oS.klxkbZ vyadkj gSA Nan jS gjSd pj.k esa vka oj.kka jSlaca/k jkS fu;e eqtc fuHkko dj.kkS bZ ôS.klxkbZ* gSA fMaxG dfo;ka jkS eku.kkS gS dS lcnka vj oj.kka jS b.klaca/k jkS iky.k djS rks dfork esa fd.kh Hkkar jkS dksbZ nksl bZ uha jSoSA dkO; esa jl iks[khtS lks U;kjkSA lw;ZeYyehl.k jS er eqtc&

o;.k lxkbZ okfG;ka] iS[khtS jl ikslAohj gqrkl.k cksy esa] nhlS gsd u nkslAA

ohjjl jk dfo b.kjS iz;ksx [kkrj lkopsr jS;k gSA vks vuqizkl jkS bZ vsd :i gSA b.kjS iz;ksx lwa dforkjh lcn ;kstuk esa vsd peRdkj futj vko.k ykxSA ôS.klxkbZ* esa oj.kka ¼vk[kjka½ jkS vkilh laca/k b.k HkkarcSBk;kS tkoS dS ft.klwa dfork esa uknlkSan;Z izxV gksoSA oj.kka jh /ofu lkE;rk jS dkj.k oS.klxkbZ* lwa ljkcksjjpuk uSa daBLFk dj.kkS bZ lksjks ykxSA b.kjk iz;ksx lwa nX/kk[kj vj vlqHk x.kka jkS nksl uSM+kS bZ uha jSoS&

vkoS b.k Hkklk vol] oS.klxkbZ oslAAnX/k v[kj cn nqx.k jks] ykxS ug yoyslAA

dkO; nksl bZ ôS.klxkbZ* jk iz;ksx lwa feV tkoSA b.k ckcr j?kqukFk :iddkj fy[kS&

[kwu fd;ka tk.kS [kyd] gkM cSj tks gks;AoS.k lxkbZ o;.k rks] dyir jgs u dks;AA

e/;dkyhu fMaxG dfo;ka b.k vyadkj jkS Hkjiwj iz;ksx djÓkS gSA ^j?kqoj tl izdkl* esa b.kjS nlHksnksiHksn jh O;k[;k djhth gS] i.k vkfn] e/; vj varesG oS.klxkbZ jk rhu [kkl Hksn crkbT;k gSA

fMaxG xhrka esa mfä iz;ksx%& fMaxG xhrka esa ^mdr* ;k ^mfä* jh vkijh vkijh BkSM+ gSA xhr esadq.k] fd.klwa vj fd.kjS okLrS fd.k Hkkar jk opu dSoSA mfä jk dSbZ Hksn gSA mfä jkS lokG iz;ksx uha dj.klwa dkO; esa va/k nksl ykxSA ^j?kqukFk :id* vj ^j?kqoj tl izdkl* esa uo rjS jh mfä;ka jkS iz;ksx gks;ks gSAdfo mn;jke ^dfo dqGcks/k* esa dha mfä;ka jk uke b.k Hkkar fx.kk;k gS&

1- lUeq[k mfä] 2- ijeq[k mfä] 3- ijkeq[k mfä] 4- Jheq[k mfä] 5- fefJr mfäA b.kka jh bZU;kjh&U;kjh lq)1 vj xjfHkr2 :i esa O;k[;k djhth gSA j?kqukFk :iddkj mfä jS fol; esa dSoS dSL;k.k&le>.kk feu[kka jS ewaMS lwa fudG.k okGk lq) l[kjk cksy bZ mfä gS&

Hkk[kS /kkj.k cq/k Hkyk] l[kjk opu lqtka.kAdgS eaN dfo ftd.k uwa mDr lnkfgt vka.kAAijeq[k lueq[k ijkeq[k] Jheq[k oGS lqtka.kAdgS eaN dfo tqDrdj] pkj mdr ifgpk.kAA

oj.kuh; jkS dksbZ nwtkS feu[k oj.ku djS rks ijeq[k mfä gSA oj.kuh; jkS tl m.kjS lkaeh bZ djhtSrks lueq[k mfä gS vj ijkeq[k mfä izkS<ksfä gSA fd.kh vksj tqxr lwa oj.kuh; jkS tl dj.kkS ;k oj.kudj.kkS ijkeq[k mfä gSA vkijk eq[k lwa bZ feu[k [kqn jh ckr djS ok Jheq[k mfä gSA b.kesa dyir vjlk[;kr nks Hksn dghtSA

fMaxG xhrka esa vka mfä;ka jkS folsl egŸo jS;kS gSA j?kqukFk :id esa mfä;ka jS iz;ksx jkS lkarjkS [kqyklkSdfo djÓkS gSA mnkgj.k lfgr mfä;ka uSa le>.k lk:a b.k xzaFk jh vkijh egrkÅ Hkwfedk gSA

fMaxG xhrka esa dkO;&nksl %& dksbZ Hkh dfork tn rS; djÓksM+k lkL=h; fu;eka uSa rkaM+rh Fkdh

180

jphtS] lcnka jh rksM+&ejksM+ vj vjFk&vujFk jkS Hkkau tBS uha jSoS mBS dkO;&nksl jh xqatkbl c.kSA j?kqukFk:id esa dfo eaNkjke bZ dkO; nkslka ckcr vS bt ckrka crkbZ gSA vjFk jkS vujFk] lcnka jkS tFkktksx iz;ksxuha dj.kkS] ek=koka jh ?kVr&c<r ckn dkO;&nksl jk dkj.k gSA :iddkj nl dkO; nkslka jkS oj.ku vkijkaxzaFk esa djS vj *j?kqoj tl izdkl* esa fdluk vk<k bX;kjk dkO; nkslka jh ckr djSA vka dkO; nkslka jk ukefeu[kknsg vj feu[k jS tkfrxr nkslka vj [kkfe;ka jS vk/kkj ekFkS jk[khT;k gSA vsd U;kjk v/;k; esa dkO;nkslka jh O;k[;k djhth gSA vBS Qxr ukeka jkS mYys[k dj.kkS bZ oktch le>wa&

mä nksl gksoS mBS va/k nksl ekuhtSA Hkklk fofo/krk uSa NcdkG nksl dSoSA oj.kuh; jS firk] cMsjk ;ktkr jkS [kqyklkS uha gksoS rks gh.k nksl ekuhtSA ek=k ;k oj.kka jh ?kVr&c<r uSa ikaxGks nksl dSoSA vsd ghNan esa jpuk uha gkso.k lwa tkrfojks/k nksl gksoSA vjFk jkS [kqyklkS uha gksoS mBS vil nksl vuqizklgh.k jpukgksoS mBS i[krwV nksl ykxSA iSyh ckr iNS vj iNS jh ckr iSyh dSo.k lwa ØeHkax gksoS rks fuuax nksl c.kSAvsd gh BkSM+ ;k pj.k esa nks; vjFk fudGS mBS cgjkS nksl gksoSA pj.k esa veaxGdkjh lcn c.kS rks mBS veaxGnksl c.kSA

NanlkL=dkjka dkO; fljt.k dj.k okGka uSa lkopsr dj dSoS dS vka dkO; nkslka lwa dkO; uSa iwjh rjSeqDr jk[k.kkS gSA dkO;&nksl dfork jh eksVh [kkeh gS] cSekjh gSA lkarjh] ltksjh gSA ltksjh dfork esadkO;&nksl uha yk/kSA :iddkj dkO; uSa dkO; nkslka lwa mckj.k jkS vknsl fn;kS gSA Åijyk oj.ku lwa fMaxGxhrka jS NanlkL=h; midj.kka jkS X;ku gksoSA NanlkL=h; fu;eka jkS fuHkko bZ dkO; jkS lkapkS ckaukS gSA

13-12 bdkbZ jkS lkj

jktLFkkuh NanlkL= jh lkekU; tk.kdkjh jS lkFkS NanlkL= jh fodkl ijaijk vj vkt rkabZ jkNanlkL=h; xzaFkka jkS gokykS ns;^j vk ckr iq[rk djhth gS dS jktLFkkuh NanlkL= jh vkijh xqesttksx ijaijkjS;h gSA fMaxG xhrka jS ek/;e lwa NanlkL=h; ijaijk uSa vkxS c/kkorka] Nanka jk egrkÅi.k] Nan jS l:i vjHksn] dkO;lkL= vj NanlkL= jk laca/k] fMaxG jk ?k.k egrkÅ NanlkL=h; xzaFkka jkS oj.ku] Nanka jk uke vjtkr] Nanka jh c.kxV] fMaxG xhrka jh NanlkL=h; folslrkoka jkS oj.ku b.k bdkbZ esa djhT;kS gSA

fMaxG xhrka jS ukedj.k jh vkijh jhr gSA xhr jh y;] /ofu vj xfr jh idM+ lwa m.kjk U;kjk&U;kjkuke fnjhT;k gSA fMaxG xhrka jS okpu jh Hkh vkijh U;kjh dyk jS;h gSA okpu jh ,dknksbZ vj iapknksbZ lSyhjkS mYys[k djrka fMaxG xhrka jS ckjyk l:i jkS [kqyklkS gks;kS gSA vka xhr Nanka jh iwjh tk.kdkjh okLrS m.kjSlkL=h; lk/kuka jh vksG[kk.k jk[k.kh ?k.kh t:jh gSA dkO; jk NanlkL=h; l:i uSa tk.k.k okLrS vks v/;k;vol bZ ikBdka jh enn djSykA vSfrgkfld tk.kdkjh] lcnka jkS X;ku] lcn i;kZ;] vusdkFkhZ lcnka jkS X;kuvkn lwa ikBd fMaxG xhrka jS vly eje vj vjFk uSa idM+.k jh f[kerk jk[kSA jktLFkkuh jk pkok NanlkL=h;xzaFkka y[kir fiaxG] xq.k fiaxG izdkl] dfo dqGcks/k] j?kqukFk :id] j?kqoj tl izdkl vj fMaxG dksl vknjS ek/;e lwa vka xhr Nanka jh vkoxh vksG[kka.k djh tk; ldSA vkauSa i<.k jh vkijh gBksVh i.k ikBd vi.kk;ldSA vka NanlkL=h; xzaFkka lwa jktLFkkuh NanlkL= lcG vj leO gks;kS gSA vS jhfr xzaFk jktLFkkuh lkfgR;jk dhjr FkaHk bZ uha] vk/kkj nso.k okGk ^VksMk* gSA twuh dSor jS eqtc ^VkVh VwV iM+S vj Hkharka Hkkj >syS*jktLFkkuh jk le) dkO; lkfgR; jkS lkxGkS Hkkj vka NanlkL=h; xzaFkka ekFkS gSA b.kjkS fuHkko vko.k okGklkfgR; fljtdka uSa bZ dj.kkS gSA

13-13 vH;kl lk:a loky

1- pkSikbZ vj v"Veh esa dkabZ Hksn gS \

2- gehjnku jruw jh dksbZ nks; jpukoka jk uke fy[kkSA

181

3- dfojktk eqjkjhnku Ñr NanlkL=h; jpuk jkS uke fy[kkSA

4- ^xq.k fiaxG izdkl* dfo jh jpuk gS\

5- jktLFkkuh jk nks; NanlkL=dkj jS :i esa fd.kh nks; jk uke fy[kkSA

6- pkok NanlL=dkj js :i esa fd.kh nks; jk uke fy[kkSA

7- NanlkL=ka esa ewG :i lwa fd.kjkS oj.ku gks;kS gSA

8- xhrka esa dfo;ka fd.kjk c[kk.k djÓk gS\

9- Nan jh c.kxV esa fd.k ckrka jkS /;ku jk[k.kkS iM+S\

10- Nan jpuk esa fd.k&fd.k ekFkS fopkj djhtS\

11- Nan jkS l:iksr jkS iSyM+kS :i fd.kesa feGS\

12- Nan jks lkfCnd vjFk dkabZ gS\

13- y?kq&xq# jk ladsr dkabZ le>kS\

14- xhr ex>ai lwa vki dkabZ le>kS\

15- x.k c.kko.k okGkS lw= fy[kkSA

16- Nanka jk fdŸkk Hksn ekuhtS\

17- Nanka jS HksnksiHksn uSa le>kokSA

18- dkO;lkL= vj NanlkL= dkabZ laca/k gS\

19- jktLFkkuh NanlkL= jh fodkl ijaijk uSa le>kokS\

20- ^y[kir fiaxG* xzaFk jh vksG[kk.k djkokSA

21- ^dfo dqGcks/k* fd.k dfo jh jpuk gSA b.kesa ojf.kr xhr Nanka jkS mYys[k djkSA

22- fMaxG xhrka jh vkijh U;kjh lSyh gSA [kqyklkS djkokSA

13-14lanHkZ xzaFk

1- eksrhyky esukfj;&jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A



4- vxj pan ukgVk&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh xkSjoiw.kZ ijajkA

5- lkSHkkX; flag 'ks[kkor&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lainkA

182

bdkbZ & 14

e/;dky jks izeq[k jktLFkkuh i|bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

14-0 mísL;

14-1 izLrkouk

14-2 e/;dky lw¡ vjFk

14-3 e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork dk [kkl fol;

14-4 e/;dky dk [kkl dfo

14-4-1 pkj.k dfo

14-4-2 lar dfo

14-4-3 tSu dfo

14-3-4 dfo;f=;k¡]

14-4-5 nwtk [kkl dfo

14-5 vH;kl jk loky

14-6 lanHkZ xzaFk

14-0 mísL;

e/;dky dk [kkl jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ ckcr ck¡pck lw¡ Å¡ tqx dk dk.k&dk;n] lkekftd&jktuhfrdvj lkaLdfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ tk.kck esa enn feySxhA ;ks ekU;ks tkoS NS dS pks[kks vj bZekunkj fljt.k ?k.kksanksjks dke NSA Å¡ tqx dk jpukdkjk¡ dh ftuxk.kh ckcr mYys[ktksx ckrk¡ tk.kck lw¡ dbZa ckr uS ij[kkcdks Hkh ekSdks feykSxksA dfo dL;k¡ vi.kk cxr dk fetkt ds rk¡bZa [kqn lqj fn;S NS vj dL;k¡ dye dks/k.kha gksck dh ugrkÅ ftEesnkjh fuHkk ldS NS] ;k ckr Hkh le>ck dks ,d ekSdks ikBdka uS feySxksA

14-1 izLrkouk

e/;dky dks lkekftd vj jktuhfrd thou ?k.kh mFky&iqFky lw¡ Hkj~;ks NksA dsUnzh; lRrk dks iSyhrkxroj gkscks vj QSj fc[kjcks] lkeark¡ dh rwrh cksycks] ukGk ukGk lekt vj laLdfr;k¡ dk esy lw¡ uqbZHkklk&uqbZ jhrk¡ vj uqvk thou ewY; fodlcks bZa dky[k.M vi.kha vk¡[;k¡ lw¡ ns[;k NSA dfo bZa gh tqx esavdcj dks njckjh gksrk Fkdka Hkh Å¡ dk cSjh jk.kk izrki dk xq.k xk;k vj bZa tqx esa gh egyka dh jk.kh iszeesa nhok.kha dh ukabZ lqyxrh lh xfG;k¡ xfG;k¡ ^,s jh eSa rks izse nhokuh esjks njn u tk.ks dks;* xkrh fQjhAdfo;k¡ dk fljt.k dk val crk;k tkck okGk bZljnkl tL;k dfo dh lk/kuk dh lk[k HkjhA dfo;k¡ dkfljt.k dk truk :i NS] ok¡ dh ftuxk.kh dk Hkh oruk gh jax gSA : bZa bdkbZ esa Å¡ jax dks ,d val ikBdck¡p ldSaxkA

14-2 e/;dky lw¡ vjFk

lkfgR; esa dkG foHkktu dks dke ?k.kksa vc[kkS NSA dksbZa izofRr;ka dk fodkl lw¡ ds dksbZ egrkÅ ?kVuk

183

lw¡ [;kr esa dkG foHkktu dj~;ks tkoS NSA : jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa e/;dky lw¡ vkl; vL;k tqx lw¡ NS tnek:xqtZj lw¡ ukGh gks j jktLFkkuh vj xqtjkrh ,d Hkklk dk :i esa vi.kha fujokGh vksG[kk.k FkjihA bZa nhBlw¡ ekuh tk ldS NSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh [;kr ek¡Mck okGk Hkh bZa ds yxS VxS lw¡ gh jktLFkkuh Hkklk dke/;dky dh l:okr ekuh NSA jktuhfrd nhB lw¡ bZ ds vkxs dk dks; lk<+s pkj lkS cjl ?k.kh mFky iqFkyokGk j~;kA NSdM+yk cxr esa ijnslh i<+kbZ vj lapkj dk cnyrk rjhdk¡ lw¡ ,d uqvk lksp dks fodlko gks;ksvj Hkkjr ijnslh lklu ds f[kykQ ,d uqbZ psruk dk njlko dj~;kA bZa cxr esa gh vjch] Qkjlh] rqdhZ]iqrZxkyh] vaxzsth tlh Hkklku~ dk lcn Hkh vke cksypky dh Hkklk esa je x;k vj dfo;k¡ Hkh ok¡ uS ckjicklw¡ xqjst Ug¡ dj~;ksA bZa nhB lw¡ lu~ 1400 lw¡ 1850 rk¡bZa dks cxr jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dks e/;dky d;ks tkldS NSA

lk<+s pkj lbZdk dk cjl lekt dk <jkZ cnyck csbZ de Ug¡ gksosA jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkfgR; dk e/;dky dh tn Fkjiuk gksbZ] Å¡ cxr jktuhfrd nhB lw¡ lxGks nsl ,d dsUnzh; lRrk dk izHkko esa Nksgkyk¡fd NksVk jkt?kjk.kk dks egRr vi.kha Bke is NksA vdcj lw¡ vkSjaxtsc rk¡bZ rks dsUnzh; lRrk dk tknwdh NM+h tL;k¡ gj vkM+h ?kwehA Å¡ cxr gh eqxy laLdfr dk vlj lw¡ uqvk fjokt Hkh iuI;k vj Hkklk esaHkh uqvk lcn tqM~;kA Qsj vL;ks cxr Hkh vk;ks tn eqxy lYrur dks tknw dk¡p dk fxykl dh ukabZ VwV^jfleV vk;ksA ckSikjh c.k^j vk;k fQjafx;ku~ cxr dk fetkt ck¡P;ks vj nslh jkt ?jk.kk dh vkilh QwV dksykHk ys ^j ijnslh ckSikjh [kqn *ykWV lkgc* c.k cSB~;kA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk e/;dky dks NsdM+yks cxrvkrk¡ vkrk¡ jS;r esa ijnsfl;k¡ dk tqyqe lw¡ eqxfr dks psr v¡xM+kbZ ysck ykX;ks NksA bZa nhB lw¡ e/;dky dkyxS vxS lk<+s pkj lkS cjl [kklh mFky iqFky dk cjl j~;k vj bZa dks vlj Å¡ cxr dk lkfgR; esa Hkh ns[;kStk ldS NSA

14-3 e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork dk [kkl fol;

e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork fol; dh nhB lw¡ ?k.khaA dfo;k¡ jkt dk laj{k.k esa Hkh dforkok¡ ek¡Mhvj Hkxrh esa exu gks j Hkh lkfgR; fljT;ksA e/;dky dh jktLFkkuh dfork dks lSa lw¡ lkarjks i[k ;ks gh NSdSbZ eu[k tw.k dk lxGk fprjke vi.kS Hkhrj vaxsT;kA pkj.k dfo;k¡ ekVh dk eku is ej&iqjk.kka dk izfl)vk[;kuk¡ is jpukdkjk¡ dye pykbZ vj uhfr dh xSy is pkyck dh ckrk¡ djhA Å¡ tqx dk ujk dfo rksvi.kka vklz;nkrk¡ ds lkxS tq/k dk eSnkuk¡ esa Hkh x;k vj ok¡ tq/k dk vk¡[;ka ns[;k fprjke ek¡M~;kA Hkklkvj Nan lkL= Hkh Å¡ tqx dk dfo;k¡ dh jpukok¡ dk fol; c.;kA

14-4 e/;dky dk [kkl jpukdkj

e/;dky dk yxS VxS lk<+s pkj lkS cjlk¡ esa ujh izofr;ka dks fodlko gks;ks vj v.kfx.kr dfo;k¡vi.kha lcn lk/kuk lw¡ lkfgR; uS uqbZ flej/kh nhA ;k¡ dfo;k¡ ekuoh tw.k dk lxGk jax dfork esa njlk;kvj lkfgR; lk/kuk uS vlh xfjek vj vksG[kk.k cxlh dS cxr vkt Hkh ok¡ dh dye dh lk[k HkjS NSAoxZ Hksn dh nhB lw¡ e/;dky dk [kkl jpukdkjk¡ ik¡p /kkjkok¡ esa ck¡V~;ks tk ldS N%&

1- pkj.k dfo

2- lar dfo

3- tSu dfo

4- dfo;f=;k¡

5- nwtk [kkl dfo

bZa oxhZdj.k ds vksGos e/;dky dk pkok Bkok jktLFkkuh jpukdkjk¡ ckcr tk.kSaxk¡A

184

14-4-1 pkj.k dfo &

e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS pkj.k tkfr dk dfo;k¡ ,d fujokGh vksG[kk.k nhA pkj.k [kkljktk ds vkflzr gksrk Fkdka Hkh lk¡ph ckr vj vku&cku lw¡ le>kSrks Ug¡ djck csbZ tk.;k tkoS NSA pkj.kdfo;k¡ dk fljt.k dh ,d egrkÅ ckr ;k Hkh NS dS lcn lxfr vj Nan ij ok¡ dh yw¡Bh idM+ NhAe/;dky esa ?k.kdjk pkj.k dfo;k¡ vi.kk fljt.k lw¡ jktLFkkuh lkfgR; bZa flej/k dj~;kA bZa bZdkbZ esa ok¡esa lw¡ dqN [kkl dfo;k¡ dh ckr djh tkosxhA

14-4-1-1 xM.k ilkbr &

e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh dkO; dks lSa lw¡ lkarjks i[k NS lkarjks i[k NS pkj.k lkfgR; vj bZa tqx dkpkj.k dkO; dh l:okr xkM.k ilkbr lw¡ ekuh tkoS NSA xkM.k ilkbr dks cxr lu~ 1400@1488 ds yxSVxS ekU;ks tkoS NSA xkM.k ilkbr] f[kfM+;k pku.k vj fla<k;p pkSHkqtk vi.kka cxr dk lSa lw¡ yw¡Bk dfoekU;k tkoS NSA ;s rhuw¡ ledkyhu Nk vj rhuw¡ lu~ 1438 esa jk.kk fj.key dh fejR;q is dforkok¡ fljth NhAxkM.k ilkbr ckcr cRrh tk.kdkjh miyC/k dks; Ug¡A ;k¡ dh ^jko fj.key jks :id* vj xq.k tks/k;.k* uk¡odh jpukok¡ feyS NSA nksU;w¡ iksF;k¡ ds lkxS nwth QqVdj jpukok¡ Hkh ok¡ fljth NSA vi.kka cxr esa ilkbr?k.kka pkok Bkok dfo gks;kA eq¡grk uS.klh Hkh vi.kha [;kr esa lk[k ds crkSj iSilkbr dfo dks uk¡o ek¡M~;ksNSA

14-4-1-2 f[kfM+;k pku.k&

f[kfM+;k pku.k dks ukao [;krka esa bZa ys[ks Hkh egrkÅ NS ds Å¡ gh jk.kkey dk Mhy is ykiks fn;ks NksAf[kfM+;k pku.k ekjokM+ dk ik?kM+h xk¡o dks jgck okyks Nks vj jk.kk eksdG vj jko tks/kk dks cxr esa bZa dks?k.kksa uk¡o NksA ^nwgk jko j.key jk] nwgk jko j.k/khj jk] vj&fMaxy xhr* f[kfM+;k pku.k dh jpukok¡ NSA

14-4-1-3 Hkk.Mm O;kl %&

Hkk.Mm O;kl lu~ 1481 esa ^gEehjk;.k* uk¡o dks xzaFk fljT;ksA ;k gEehj ls l:okrh jpuk NSA 327Nank¡ dh bZa iksFkh esa vykmn~nhu f[kyth vj gEehj chpS tq/k dks C;kjks NSA {k=kf.k;ka gEehj dk vi.kka gkFkk¡lw¡ eq.M dkV ysck dh ?kVukok¡ dks c[kk.k dfo ?k.kk¡ vljnkj rjhdk lw¡ dj~;ks NSA

14-4-1-4 lwtkth chBw %&

lwtkth chBw dks uk¡o lkfgR; lkxS [;krka esa Hkh ^jko tSrlh jks Nan* ds csbZ egrkÅ NSA bZa iksFkh esaeqxy ckcj dk csVk dkejku vj jko tSrlh chpS gks;k tq/k dks fooj.k NSA bZ tq/k esa jko tSrlh dkejkudh lsuk ds rkabZ gjk fn;ks NksA eqfLye [;krdkjk¡ bZa tq/k ckcr ewu /kkj yh] bZa nhB lw¡ lwtkth dh ;k iksFkh?k.kh egrkÅ NSA bZa iksFkh esa 401 Nan NSA

14-4-1-5 ckjgB vklksth%&

MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh ckjgB vklkth dks cxr laor~ 1550 lw¡ 1650 ds yxS VxS ekU;ks NSA ^*jkoGekyk jks xq.k] xksxkth jh isM+h] jkm panzls.k jk :id] mekns HkfV;k.kh jk dfoRr] ck?kth jk nwgk] jkoG tkejk nwgk] xq.k fujatu iqjk.k] fMaxG xhr**&ok¡ dh izeq[k jpukok¡ NSA vklksth vi.kha dye lw¡ ohj jl vjHkxfr jl nksU;w¡ esa dkO; jpuk dj jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS flej/k dj~;ksA tks/kiqj dk jko ekynso dks ok¡ is[kkl gsr NksA jko ekynso dh jk.kh mek ns HkfV;k.kh jko ekynso uS vi.kha uS nklh is jh>rks ns[k^j :lxhNhA jko ekynso jk.kh uS eukck csbZ vlkuanth uS [k¡nk;ksA vklksth dk le>kck is jk.kh tks/kiqj ds dySdkslk.kk xk¡o rkabZ vk iwxh dkslk.kk esa jk.kh vklkth lw¡ fy;ks dS ^^jkoth EgkjS lkxS dl;ks cjrko djSxk\**bZa loky dks tdks vklkth fn;ks] cks jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh gsek.kh c.kX;ks&

185

^^eka.k j[kS rks iho rt] iho j[kS rks eka.kAnks&nks x;an u ca/kgh] gsd.k [kaHkw Bk.kAA**

d;ks tkoS NS] ds ;ks nksgks lq.krk¡ gh jk.kh QS:¡ vkxs Ug¡ cnhA vklkth Å¡ lw¡ dksG dj~;ks ds ts os vi.kka ekuis dk;e jgh rks cs m.kuS [;krka esa vEej dj nsosxkA laor~ 1619&20 esa jk.kh mekns jk dfoRr* ek¡M~ j ckjgBvklkuanth vi.kks dksy fuHkk;ksa

;k¡ ds flok; ckjgB vklksth jko panzls.k jk :id*] d¡oj FkdSuw¡] ^vklS ckjV jk dg~;k**] jkoG ekykjks xq.k* tlh iksF;k¡ vj ?k.djk QqVdjk NaN Hkh fljT;kA

14-4-1-6 ckjgB bZljnkl

yksd esa bZljnkl dk Kku] lk/kuk vj ri dh ?k.kha ekurk NS vj ^bZljk] lks ijesljk* tLlh [kS.kkorHkh pyu esa NSA ckjgB vklksth gh bZljnkl uS ikdc&iks[;ka vj ok¡ uS dfork dh HkksGko.k nhA bZljnkllwtk dk iwr Nk vj ckjgB vklksth dk HkrhtkA ghjk yky ekgs'ojh ds eqtc bZljnkl dks tye Hkknzslxk¡o esa pSr lqfn uoeh] laor~ 1595 esa gks;ks NksA

bZljnkl vi.kka l:okrh 21&22 cjl Hkknszl esa vi.kka dkdk vklksth dUuS gh fcrk;kA iSyh tksM+k;rnsoG ckbZ lw¡ ok¡ ds nks csVk gks;k] iW.k dky nsoGckbZ dk lkFk dks lq[k ok¡ lw¡ Nhu fy;ksA bZa lw¡ bZljnkldk eu esa cSjkx tkxck ykX;ksA rn vklksth okauS tkrjk is ysX;k tha lw¡ bZljnkl dks fpr tx esa jesAckoM+rh cxr tkeuxj dk jkoG dk njckj esa bZljnkl vi.kksa ,d fMaxG xhr lq.kk;ksA jktiafMr ihrkacjok¡ ijeslj dh Hkxfr esa dfork ek¡Mck dh lh[k nhA laor~ 1617 esa jkoG tke bZljnkl dks nwljks C;ko djkfn;ksA yxS VxS 65 cjl dh mej rk¡bZ xqtjkr esa j~gaokl dj~;k¡ ikNS bZljnkl Hkknzsl ikNk vk;k vj vBSgh 80 cjl dh mej esa jkelj.k gks;kA

bZljnkl dh ftuxk.kh lw¡ peRdkj dh ujh ?kVukok¡ tqM+h gksbZ NSA dfooj lw;ZeYy ehl.k Hkh ^oa'kHkkLdj esa bZljnkl dk peRdkjk¡ lw¡ tqM+h ckrk¡ ek¡Mh NSA ^^gfjjl] gkGka gkGka jk dq.MfG;k] xq.k jkl dhyk]xqjM+ izkaf.k] nsfo;ka.k] xq.k vki.k] xq.k vkxe] cky yhyk] Hkxoar gal] xq.k oSjkV] fuank Lrqfr&vkn ok¡ dhizeq[k jpukok¡ NSA ^gfjjl] cky yhyk] fuank Lrqfr] xq.k vkxe] nsfo;ka.k* tlh jpukok¡ Hkxfrijd jpukok¡NS] iW.k ^gkyk¡&>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k* ohj jl dks vn~Hkqr dkO; NSA bZa esa dfo gGon dk >kyk jk;flag vj/kzksG dk /k.kha gkyk >kM+spk chpS ckr gh ckr esa fNM~;k tq/k dks c[kk.k dj~;ks NSA

14-4-1-7 nqjlk vk<+k

nqjlk vk<+k eqxy irlkg vdcj dk njckj esa ,d ekuhrk dfo NkA ^vk<+k* pkj.kka dh ,d [kki NS]tha dks ukao tks/kiqj jkt dk ekyk.kh ijxuk dk ,d xk¡o vk<+k* is ifM~;ksA nqjlk dks iwjks uk¡o nqjlkuan NksAok¡ dks tye laor~ 1592 esa ^/kqnyk* xk¡o esa gks;ks NksA ekurk NS dS nqjlk dk firk esgksth lw¡ ijslku gks jlU;kl ys fy;ks vj nqjlk ds rk¡bZ ek¡ ^/kUuh ckbZ* gh gkM+ rksM+ esur dj ^j ikD;ksA ckyiW.kk esa nqjlk th,d djlk.k ds ?kjk¡ pkdjh Hkh djhA djlk.k dks ckGd nqjlk lw¡ cqjks ckrkZo ns[k j cxM+h fBdkuk dk Bkdqjnwjlk uS vi.kS lkFk ysX;k vj ok¡ dh i<+ck&xq.kck dks vartke dj~;ksA ikNS jko ekynso nqjlk lw¡ izHkkforgks j /kwanyk xk¡o dks iV~Vks ok¡ ds uk¡o ek¡ fn;ksA nqjlk vk<+k dks NsdM+yks cxr ?kjsyw dsl ds pkyrk¡eu dhvc[kk;k¡a gh chR;ksA

vi.kka tho.k esa nqjlk dSbZ tq/k Hkh yM~;kA ok¡ fnYyh dk irlkg vdcj] fljksgh dk jko lqjrk.k]chdkusj dk egkjktk jk;flag tkeuxj dk tke lRrk th lw¡ ?k.kka bZuke ik;kA /kwanyk] ikapsfV;k] ukrydqM+h]ghaxksyk] islqvk] >kdj] Å.M] lky] ywafx;k] nkxyk] jk;iqfj;k] nqBkfM+;k vj dkxM+h tL;k xk¡oka dh tkxhjHkh ;kuS ukGk ukGk cxr is bZuke vj cxlhl esa feyhA ijksidkj dk dkjt Hkh ok¡ ?k.kka rkGkc] eafnj] ckoM+hvj dq¡vk c.kok;kA

186

^fo:n fNgRrjh*] jko lqjrk.k jk >wy.kk] >wy.kk jko vejflag xtfl?kkSr jk] jko lqjrk.k jk dfoRr]>wy.kk jkor es?k jk] dqekj vTtkth dh Hkwpj] eksjh dh xtxr] jktk ekuflag jk >qy.kk] nwgk lksyadh chjenso jk] fdjrkj ckouh] ekrkth jk Nan] ok¡ dh [kkl jpukok¡ NSA

14-4-1-8 dslksnkl xkM.k

dslksnkl xkM.k l=gok¡ lbZdk dk ,d ekuhrk dfo NkA dslksnkl lu~ 1583 lw¡ 1644 ds chpS ?k.khajpukok¡ fljthA vs lkstr ds lkS<+s ^fpfM+;k* uk¡o dk xk¡o dk jsoklh NkA iFoh jkt jkBkSM+ dslksnkl xkM.kcsbZ ,d ckj ek¡M~;ks Nks&

^^dslks xksj"kukFk dfo@psyks fd;ks pdkjA

fl/k:ih j~grk [email protected] xq.k Hk.MkjAA**

dslksnkl fxjLFk Nk] iW.k xS:oka diM+k igjs NkA ok¡ [kqn dh jpukok¡ fMaxy lSyh esa ek¡MhA xq.k:id]jko vejflag jk nwgk] food okrkZ vj vtxq.k izdkl* ;k¡ dh [kkl jpukok¡ NSA ^xq.k:id* lSa ukeh iksFkhNSA bZa esa tks/kiqj dk egkjktk xtfla?k dk rhjFk tkrjkok¡vj tq}ku~ dks c[kk.k NSA ,d gtkj Nank¡ dk bZaxzaFk esa nwgk] dfoRr] xkgk] vfM+Yy tL;k Nan NSA ^jko vejfla?k jk nwgk* esa ukxkSj dk jko vejflag dhohjrk dks c[kk.k NSA

14-4-1-9 f[kfM+;k tXxk

f[kfM+;k tXxk vi.kka cxr dk lkeFkZoku jpukdkj NkA ok¡ dh iksFkh ôpfudk jkBkSM+ jruflag egslnklkSr jh* jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh lSa lw¡ egrkÅ iksF;k¡ esa ,d NSA bZa iksFkh uS lu~ 1658 ds yxS VxS ek¡M~;ksx;ksA bZa esa vkSjaxtsc dk fonzksgh iwr eqjkn vj tks/kiqj dk egkjktk tloar flag dh lsukok¡ chpS /kje esa gks;ktq/k dks C;ksjks NSA f[kfM+;k tXxk jryke dk jkBkSM+ jruflag dk vkflzr NkA /kjer dk tq/k esa jru flag[ksr j;kA ohj jl dks ;ks dkO; fMaxG dkO; lSyh esa NSa ^vpdnkl [khaph jh opfudk& dh egRrl [;krdh nhB lw¡ NS&rks ôpfudk jkBkSM+ jruflag egsl nklkSr jh* dh egRrk bZa dh lSyh vj flYi dh nhB lw¡NSA f[kfM+;k tXxk x| ek¡M~rk Fkdka Hkh miekok¡ vj fcEck¡uS lkarjk <c lw¡ ckij~;ks NSA ,d mnkgj.k ns[khtS&

^^bf.k Hkkafr lw¡ P;kfj jk.kh f=.gh [kokfl nzO; ukGsj mNkfy pkyhA paoGk pf<+ egkljoj jh ikfG vkbmHkh jghA fdlM+k gsd nhlSA ftlM+ks fdjfr;k¡ jks >w¡cdksA dS eksfr;k¡ jh yM+h u ioxka lw ÅrjhA egkiohrBksM+ bZlj&xkSjT;k iwthA djtksM+h dg.k ykxhA tqxh tqxh vkS ght /k.kha nhT;kA u ekaxka ckr nwthA iNSteha] vkdkl] iou] ik.kha pk¡n lwjt uw¡ iz.kke djh----A*

14-4-1-10 dj.khnku dfo;k

dj.khnku dfo;k ckcr ';keynkl dk ôhjfouksn* uk¡o dk xzaFk esa tk.kdkjh feyS NSA duZy tsElvkWM ^dUukSt* uS ok¡dh tye Hkkse crk;ks NS] iW.k pkj lekt okadks t;iqj ds lks<+s Mksxjh xk¡o esa tue ekuSNSA ok¡dk firk fot;jke Hkh ekuhrk dfo NkA 'kkgiqjk] Mw¡xjiqj] esokM+ t fj;klrk¡ lw¡ gksrk¡ gks;k dj.khnkuNsdM+ tks/kiqj esa cl x;kA tn tks/kiqj dks jkt c[krflag uS feY;ks rks dfo;k fd'kux<+ iwxZX;k vj oBSgh laor~ 1645 ds yxS VxS jkelj.k gks;kA yksd esa dj.khnku ckcr ?k.kka fdLlk izfl) NSA pkj.k ekurkok¡ds eqtc ,d ok dk egkjk.kk laxzke flag ¼nwljk½ ok¡dh dforkok¡ lq.kha rks Qjek;ks&** dfojkt] ;s xhr dks;Ug¡] ea= NSA vkio Lohdkj Y;ks rks Egw¡ ;k¡ ds csbZ vki uS yk[k ilko nscks pkgw¡ Nw¡ vj ts vki dg nks rksEgw¡ vkauS bZa ek¡Mok ^j ;k¡ dh iwtk d:¡A** ;k ckr lq.k^j dj.khnku th cksY;k& **gqdqe! yk[k ilko rks ikNSHkh feY;k vj vkxs Hkh nsck okGk ekStwn NSA vki ts ;k¡ xhrk¡ bZa iwtks rks EgkjS csbZ vkrelarkl dh ckr bZalw¡ c<+ j nwljh Ug¡ gks ldSA^^ ekurk NS dS bZa ds ikNS laxzke flag ¼nwljk½ ;k¡ xhrk¡ uS ^Qe* esa tM+ok fy;kvj ok¡ bZa iwtck ykX;kA vL;ks Nks dj.kh nku dfo;k dh lcn lk/kuk dks vljA

187

os laLdr] izkdr] viHkazl] ekx/kh] 'kkSjlSuh] ct] iatkch] lksjBh] n[kuh] fla/kh tlh Hkklkok¡ dk KkrkNkA NaN lkL=] T;ksfr[k] laxhr] osnkUr] ;ksx] vL= fo|k] lkfgR; lkL= vj bfrgkl is ok¡ dh tcjh idM+NhA lwjt izdkl] fojn fl.kxkj] trhjkl] vH;Hkw"k.k* bR;kn ok¡ dh iksF;k¡ NSA ;k¡ ds lkxS ok¡ lSdMw¡ QqVdjNan vj xhr Hkh jP;kA dfork esa ohjjl dks izHkko fljtck esa ok¡ uS yw¡Bh egkjr gkfly NhA

14-4-1-11 dfojktk ck¡dhnkl

dfojktk ck¡dhnkl dks tue laor~ 1828 esa ekjokM+ dk HkkafM;kokl xk¡o esa gks;ks NksA os vkfl;k pkj.kNkA vkfl;k pkj.k ek: pkj.kka dk frjsiu xksrjk¡ esa fu.;k tkoS NSA ck¡dhnkl vi.kka firk Qrgnku lw¡l:okrh fl{kk&nh{kk yh vj 16 cjl dh mej esa vi.kha dkO;&izfrHkk dks bfErgku nsck csbZ firk dh ykjSjk;iqj dk Bkdqj vtZquflag ds lkFk i/kkj~;kA Å¡ cxr ck¡dhnkl ,d nwgks jP;ks& ^^jfo jFk pØ] x.ks'k jnukd vyadr rkj@;w¡ gh bd bG ij vtk] nhiS lwj nrkjA ^^¼gs vjtu flag] tL;k lwjt dk jFk ds ,dgh ifg;ks NS] xtkuu ds ,d gh nk¡r NS vj lrh ck;j dh ukd is ,d gh xsg.kks uFk ¼ukFk@/k.kha@ ifr½gksoS NS] oL;k¡ gh /kj.kh is rwa ,dyks nkrkj NSA½ Bkdj vjtu flag ckr dgck dk dfo dk bZa vankt jkthgks;k ds ok¡ ck¡dhnkl uS vkxS dh i<+kbZ lk: vi.kh gosyh esa Hkst fn;ksA cBs gh ck¡dhnkl vkxS dh i<+kbZdjhA

ck¡dhnkl dh iksF;k¡ esa ^^lwj cRrhlh] lhag NRrhlh] ohj fouksn] nkrkj ckouh] pqxyeq[k pisfVdk]dqdfo cRrhlh] ck¡dhnkl jh [;kr] dhfrZ eatjh] eksg enZu] xaxkygjh] opufoosd] gejksV NRrhlh** vkn[kkl NSA ck¡dhnkl dh jpukoka dk fol; NSA ok¡ Hkxfr lw¡ ys ^j fl.kxkj jl dh jpukok¡ rk¡bZ dks fljt.kdj~;ks NSA vi.kka cxr dh vc[kk;k¡ lw¡ tw>ck csbZ lh[k nscks vj vuhr dks Hkjld fojks/k djcks ok¡ dks lqHkkoNksA ^,d iSne.k okLrS lha?kG x;ks jru@ÅejdksV uk vkfo;kS] erkS fd;ks dh eUu@ vk¡[kfM+;k vf.k;kfG;k¡]dktG js[k fd;kag@chHkfG;k¡ Hkkoafn;k¡] ykt lusg ljkag^^ tlh vksfG;k¡ ek¡Mck okGk bZa dfo fQjafx;k¡ dkstqye ns[k^j **vk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åij] vkgl yh/kk [kSafp mjk@ /kf.k;ka ejS u nh/kh /kjrh] /kf.k;ka mHkkaxbzZa /kjk** tL;ks xhr Hkh ek¡Mck dfo dh vkpsruk gh eqyd esa vktkn djkck dks psr txk;ks NksA

14-4-1-12 fdjik jke f[kfM+;k

jktLFkku esa lk;n gh vL;ks dks; feu[k gksoS ^jkft;k jk nwgk^ Ug¡ lq.;k gksoSA ^jkft;k jk nwgk ^dhjpuk fdjikjke f[kfM+;k djhA fdjikjke f[kfM+;k pkj.k Nk vj ls[kkokVh dk lhdj dk jkojktk nsohflag¼laor~ 1852&1890½ dk njckjh NkA jkft;k fdjikjke dks pkdj NksA yksdizfl) NS dS fdjikjke f[kfM+;k,d ckj ?k.kka csekj iMX;kA Å¡ cxr jkft;ks ok¡ dh vruh lsok djh ds fdjikjke f[kfM+;k jkft;k uS vejdj nsck dks opu fn;ksA QSj dfo uhfr dk lksjfB;k nwgka dh jpuk djhA ;k¡ lksjBk¡ dh la[;k ds ckcrfo}kuka EkSA ,derkS dks; Ug¡] iW.k ;s lxGk nwgk jkft;k dS uke lw¡ d~;k x;k NS vj lxGk¡ nwgka jkft;k dksukao vkoS NS&

^^ckNkaM+ f<x tk;] vkNksM+ HksGk gqoSA

T;w¡ lkxj esa tk;] jGS unh&tG jkft;kAA

vkNks eku veko er&gh.kka dsbZ feu[kA

iqfV;k dh T;ksa ik¡o jk[kS Åij] jkft;kAA

3-4-1-13 ckjgB ujgfjnkl %&

ujgfjnkl dks tye lu~ 1591 esa ukxkSj ftyk dk Vgyk xk¡o esa gks;ks NksA ;k¡ dk ckdiW.kka dhtk.kdkjh vk¡ dk ^leSlj xks;an lkaoyksr* dk dqN dfoRr Hkh ns NSA ujgfjnkl uS ;k¡ dk firk i<+ck vjX;ku ysck csbZ eFkqjk f[kank fn;ksA cBS gh dfo laLdr] ct] fiaxG vj fMaxG dh Å.Mh i<+kbZ djhA os vjch

188

vj Qkjlh Hkh tk.kS NSA ok¡ dh jpukok¡ esa ok¡ dks cgqHkklk Kku ew.MS cksyS NSA ^vorkj pfjr* ok¡ dh lSa lw¡egrkÅ iksFkh NSA ^vorkj pfj=* dh jpuk dL;k¡ gksbZ] bZa ckcr yksd esa ,d ekurk NSA bZa ds eqtc dfoujgfjnkl vj ok¡ dk HkkbZ fxj/kjnkl dks edku tqM+;kSM+ks NksA fxj/kjnkl dks edku uhpks vj ujgfjnkldks edku Å¡pks NksA ujgfjnkl dh ?kjokGh dh dw¡[k jhrh NhA ,d ckj ujgfjnkl dh Nr is cj[kk :resa ,dBks gksck gkGks ik.kh fxj/kjnkl dh Nr is fxj~;ksA ;k ckr fxj/kjnkl dh tksM+k;r pks[kh Ug¡ ykxh vjÅ¡ ujgfjnkl dh tksM+;r lw¡ dgh dS**&fuiwrku~ dh Nr dks ik.kh Egka dh Nr is Ug¡ vk.kks pkfgtSA dqlxqugksos NSA^^ ;k ckr ujgfjnkl dh ?kjokGh dks dkG tks phjxhA Å¡ ujgfjnklth lw¡ dks; nwth Bke clckdh vjt djh D;w¡dS ok ckr ckr is jkM+ Ug¡ pkoS NhA ekurk NS dS fuiwrku~* okGks rkuks lq.k^j gh ujgfjnkliz.k ys Y;ks dS Eg¡ ,d vL;k xzaFk dh jpuk d:¡xk] tha lxGk feu[k vi.kha xksn esa rj[k lw¡ ^vorkj pfjr*vej dgkdkO; dh jpuk djhA bZa iksFkh doslj ujgfjnkl dh dhjr esa pkj pk¡n yxk fn;kA e/;dky esalaLdkj okGk dquck¡ esa csfV;k¡ dh xksn Qds vj os lkljk esa lq[k lw¡ jSoS eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr vi.kha iksFkh^Hkkjr&Hkkjrh* esa ujgfjnkl dh dhjr dks mYys[k dj~;ks NSA ^vfgY;k m}kj* ^egknso Lrqfr* vkfn ok¡ dhnwth egrkÅ jpukok¡ NSA

14-4-1-14 ekyk lkanw %&

;k¡ dks Hkh ckGiW.k vc[kk;k¡ esa chR;ks iW.k izfrHkk rks xsyks gsj gh Y;S NSA ekyk lkanw lw¡ irlkg vdcj?k.kksa izHkkfor NksA ekyk lkanw ds rkabZ osn] iqjk.k] Lefr] O;kdj.k] ^Nan'kkL=] T;ksfrl tlh fo|kok¡ dks xgjksKku NksA vckj rkabZ ok¡ dk 108 xhr lkeh vk;k NSA ^^jktk jk;flag th jh csy] >wy.kk izrkiflag th jk>wy.kk jk;flag th jk] >wy.kka jhok.k izrkiflag th jk] dfoRr egkjktk jk;flag th jk** bR;kn ok¡ dhmYys[ktksx jpukok¡ NSA chdkusj dk jktk jk;flag th uS tn irlkg vdcj ukxkSj tkxhj dh ftEesnkjhlw¡ih rks jktflag ukxkSj ijxuk dks xk¡o HknkSjk ekyk lkanw HksaV dj fn;ks NksA ekyk lkanw egkek;k eafnj]f'koeafnj bZljnkl dh Nrjh c.kokbZA

14-4-1-15 ohjHkk.k jruw %&

doslj ohjHkk.k jruwa uS ok¡ dh dkGt;h iksFkh ^jkt:id* csbZ jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa egrkÅ Bkegkfly NSA dj.khnku dfo;k dh iksFkh lwjt izdkl* dh ukabZ gh bZa iksFkh dks Hkh fol; vHk;flag vj xqtjkrdk lwcsnkj 'ksj fcyan [kk¡ chpS gks;k tq/k NSA dfo ohjHkk.k jruw egkjktk vHk;flag dk njckj esa Nk vjtq/k dk eSnku esa Hkh egkjktk ds gh lkFk NkA bZa ys[ks tq/k dks ckj.kko dfo dks vk¡[;ka ns{;ks M+ksNSA bZa iksFkhdh ,d [kkl ckr ;k Hkh NS dSbZ esa ?k.kka tq>kjka dk ukao NSA

14-4-1-16 fdluk th vk<+k&

vs nqjlk th vk<+k dk oalt Nk vj esokM+ dk egkjk.kk Hkheflag dk vkflzr NkA egkjk.kk dk gqdqelw¡ gh vki lu~ 1822 esa ^Hkhefoykl* egkdkO; dh jpuk djhA bZa esa egkjk.kk Hkheflag dh ftuxk.kh lw¡ tqM+hujh ?kVukok¡ dks e¡Mk.k NSA ^Hkhefoykl* dfo esa 175 Nan NS vj Bke Bke is x| Hkh NSA

14-4-1-17 vkikth vk<+k%&

vksik th vi.kha dfork dk fol; vke tho.k lw¡ pq.;kA ;k¡ dk firkth dks ukao pkj.k c[rkth NksAvs fljksgh dk islok xk¡o esa tyE; NkA vksikth dks; iksFkh Ug¡ jph iW.k fMaxG Nank a lw¡ e/;dky dk pkj.kdfo;k¡ chpS vi.kh vyx vksG[kk.k FkjihA vksik th e/;dky esa ikSjkf.kd vj /kfeZd pkj.k dkO; ijaijk dksvk[kjh dfo ekU;ks tkoS NSA

14-4-1-18 nwtk pkj.k dfo %&

vkfl;k djelh nwnwks uk¡o dk dfo ^lwtk ckysNk dfoRr* dh jpuk djhA bZa esa gjekM+k tq/k dhtk.kdkjh NS tks lu 1556 esa yM~;ks x;ks NksA b.k dfo ejfl;k jko fljksgh jk] vj jkBkSM+ jruflag jh osfy*

189

dh Hkh jpuk djhA ^jkt&izdkl* uk¡o dh iksFkh dk fljt.kBkj fdlksjnkl tkfr lw¡ HkkV NkA bZa dkO; iksFkhjklkS viukbZ NSA ekuflag vkfl;k êk/ko ;'k izdk'k* esa esokM+ dk jkor ek/koflag vj 'kkgh lsuk dklsukifr j.kckt [kk¡ chpS gks;k tq/k dks c[kk.k dj~;ks NSA dfo jkenku ykyl ^Hkhe izdkl* ^dj.kh :id*vj [khafp;k jks bfrgkl* uk¡o dk xazFk fljT;kA ^Hkhe izdkl * esa esokM+ dk egkjk.kk Hkheflag dk jktegyvj njckj dks lkso.kks oj.ku NSA fMaxG dkO; lSyh dk bZa xzaFk dk l:okrh 70 Nank¡ esa esokM+ dh [kkr NSAdfo tks/kjkt ^gehj jklkS* dh jpuk djhA 1000 Nank¡ dks ;ks xzaFk gh gEehj nso lw¡ tqM+h nardFkkok¡ dks vk/kkj NSA gkyk¡fd dfo dh dfork dks lkarjks i[k bZa iksFkh esa lkeh vk;ks NS iW.k bZa xzaFk dh deh ;k ekuh tkoSNS dS uk;d dks tL;ks c[kk.k gks.kks pkfgtS Nks] oL;ks lkarjk <c lw¡ Ug¡ gks ld;ksA pk.Msyk dk jktkdsljhflag dk vkflzr gfjuke 'kkf.MY; dsljh flag lej* uk¡o dh iksFkh fljthA bZa esa jko 'ks[kth l¡w ys;^jdsljhflag rk¡bZ 'ks[kkork¡ dh [;kr NSA n;kjke jko ^jk.kk jklkS* esa esokM+ dh [;kr eksMhA ;k ikFkh fiaxGesa NSSA doslj uanjke ^txfoykl*] vj ^f'kdkj Hkko* dh jpuk djhA [ksrlh lkanw rsjg gtkj Nank dk xzaFk^Hkklk HkkjFk* lw¡ vi.kh lcn lk/kuk lkfcr djhA dfooj pw.Mks th n/kokfM+;k ^xq.k Hkk[kM+h* jkeyhyk* vj^xq.k pkyd osfy* uk¡o dh jpukok¡ fljthA dfo ukHkknkl vi.kh iksFkh ^HkDeky* esa T;k¡ 14 pkj.k dfo;k¡dk uk¡o ek¡M;k NS] ok¡ esa pw.Mks th Hkh ,d NSA vYyw th dfo;k dk Hkxoku jke vj fdlu lk: ek¡M~;kNan ?k.kka yksxk¡ uS nk; vkcks djS NkA rstks th pj.k vj dkUgksth ckjgB Hkh Hkxfr dks lkfgR; ek¡M~;ks rksdfo t;flag ^gfjjklkS8 dh jpuk djhA djelh lk¡[kyk ^fØlu th jh osfy* esa :de.kh th dk :i dks?k.kksa gh QwVjks c[kk.k dj~;ks NSA ek/knkl n/kokfM+;k ^jke jklkS* uk¡o dks egkdkO; ek¡M~;ksA egslnkl jko^j?kqukFk pfjr*] vkbZnku xkM.k Jh Hkokuh ladj jks xq.k f'ko iqjk.k* dsljh flag tSrkor i[kh iqjk.k*] ihjnkuykyl ûkjk;.k usg] îjesLoj iqjk.k ^vj* ^fgaxGkt jklkS* tL;k xzaFk jP;kA îa[kh iqjk.k* esa dsljhflagtSrkor <kaVk vj iaf[k;ka ds vksGkos lalkj dks Kku djk;ks NSA

14-4-2 lar dfo

e/dky dk jktLFkkuh dfo;k¡ dh izfrHkk uS dks; [kkl oxhZdj.k esa ck¡/k^j le>cks ?k.kks vc[kks NSApkj.k dqy esa tuE;k Fkdka Hkh bZljnkl vj ujgfjnkl tL;k dfo gks;k NS] tdk Hkxfr dks lkfgR; fljT;ksvj yksd ds chp esa Hkxfr lkfgR; lw¡ gh [kkl gksG[kk.k c.kkbZ iW.k lcn lk/kuk vj dkO; dh nhB lw¡ ghdfo;k¡ dks oxhZdj.k djcks fo|kFkhZ dh etcwjh gkscks djS NSA e/;dky esa jktLFkku esa ?k.kdjk iaFk QSY;kvj ok¡ uS ekuck okGk vi.kh vi.kh lkeFkZ eqtc dfork lw¡ Hkh lkfgR; dks Hk.Mkj Hkj~;ksA vkS lar jpukdkjk¡dqN jpukdkjk¡ ckcr bZa [k.M esa fy[;ks tkosxksA

14-4-2-1 lar nknwn;ky

vk¡ dks tye lu~ 1543 esa vgenkckn esa gks;ks Nks] iW.k tks/kiqj dk djM+kyk xk¡o vj lkaxj vs lk/kuk vj Hkxfr djhA lu~ 1603 esa ujS.kka esa nknw n;ky jkelj.k gks;A jTtc th] txUukFknkl] larnkl dkopuk¡ uS vaxst^j dkO; :i fn;kA nknwn;ky eqxy irlkg vdcj dk leS esa gq;kA lar dfo dfork esafeu[kiW.k bZa vaaxstck dh ckr djS NSA

^^nknw , lc fdlds iaFk] /kjrh vj vlekuAik¡f.k] iou] fnu] jkafr dk] pan] lwj] jfgekuAA**

lar nknwn;ky feu[k esa ;ks psr txkcks pkoS Nk dS feu[ktw.k eqfLdy lwa gh feyh NS vj bZ tw.k esats vkre dY;k.k Ug¡ lk/kksxk rks tw.k vdkjFk x¡okvksx&

^^ckj ckj ;g ruq ugha uj ukjkb.k uj ukjkb.k nsgANk cgqfj i ikbZ;s] tue veksyd ,sgAA**

14-4-2-2 larc[kuk th

c[kuk th nknwn;ky dk [kkl psyk NkA vs ujS.kk dk j~gSck okGk NkA ;k¡ dh ôk.kh* esa 167 Nan NSA

190

;k¡ dh vkokt+ ?k.kha ljl Nh vj lqj ?k.kksa ehBks NksA ;k¡ dh Hkklk vke feu[k dh Hkklk Nh&ckuxh ns[khtS&c[kuk gfj tu cjf[k;k] tG&FkG Hkjs vusd@ dje dBksjka ek.klka] jkse u Hkhxks ,dA**

14-4-2-3 lar jTtc th

vs Hkh nknwn;ky dk psyk NkA vs tkfr lw¡ iBku Nk vj t;iqj lkaxkusj dk j~gSck okyk NkA ekurkNS dS ;s vi.kks C;ko jpkck csbZ vkesj x;k rks xSyk esa nknwn;ky lw¡ feY;k vj C;ko dks fcpkj rt^j nknwdk psyk gksX;kA jTtc th de i<~;k xq.;k Nk] iW.k ;k¡ dh dforkok¡ esa Å.M fparu dk njlko gksoS NSA^ok.kh* vj ^lokZaxh* vkS dh iksF;k¡ dk ukao NSA vkaa dh dfork esa HkksGo.k lkxS folaxfr;k¡ is ekj Hkh nh[kS NS &

Hkyh dgr ekur cqjh] ;gS izdfr uhpAjTtc dksBh xkj dh T;ksa /kksoS T;ksa dhpAA

14-4-2-4 lar lqjnkl

lar lqnjnkl Hkh nknwn;ky dk gh psyk NkA vka dks tue lu~ 1595 esa nkSlk esa gks;ks NksA NksVh mejesa gh vi.kk¡ xq: dk psyk gksX;k NkA iSyh rks ;s ekrk firk lkxS gh j~;k iW.k QSj i<ck&xq.kck dh nhB lw¡dklh i/kkj x;kA cBS gh vkaoS nknw dk ,d psyk iz;kxnkl dks lkFk feY;ks vj NsdM+] vs Qrsgiqj vk^j j~gckykX;kA lqanjnkl fla.kxkj jl dh dfork uS pks[kks Ug¡ ekusS Nk vj bZa ys[ks gh dfo ds'konkl dh iksFkh^jfldfiz;k* ok¡ uS t+gj tlh ykxS NhA lqanj th ?k.kksa nslkVu dj~;ksA vk[kjh cxr os lkaxkusj esa fj~;k vj1689 esa cBS gh nsg NksMhA lqanjnkl dks egRr bZa ys[ks Hkh NS dS cs cha tqx esa tn ?k.kk dfo fMaxG esa dforkek¡M j~;k Nk] lqanjnkl fiaxG esa lar dkO; dh fljt.kk djh fljthA

14-4-2-5 lar ihik th

ihikth xkxjkSu dk vpdnkl [khaph dk olat ekU;k tkoS NA f[kyphiqj jh [;kr esa bZa ckr dksmYys[k NSA ihik jkt ifjokj esa tUE;k Fkdk NkA ok¡ dk jPpk ujk] QqVdj Nan feyS NA xzaFku lkgc esa Hkh;k¡ dk i| NSA lar ihik dk Nanka dh ,d [kkl ckr ;k NS dS ;s jkx&jkfxfu;k¡ esa c¡/;k NSA ihik th uSjkekuan dk 12 [kkl psyku~ esa fx;ks tkoS NSA fgUnh lkfgR; dk lwjt crk;k tkck okGk dchj Hkh jkekuandk gh psyk NkA

14-4-2-6 lar nhu th

lar nhuth dks tue lu~ 1753 ds yxS VxS mn;iqj jkt dk xqM+kyh xk¡o esa gks;ks NksA vs thorka nhuth esokM+ esa gh j~;k] iW.k ok¡ dk jkelj.k gks;k¡ ikNS dksVk i/kkj~x;kA dksVk esa gh unh rhjs fluku cxr ospkeG unh esa Mwcx;kA nhu th tkfr lw¡ yqgkj Nk vj tksx fl) iq:"k NkA ^nhu izdk'k] ijekFkZ izlax]fprko.k lkj] bZlj Lrqfr] jkt psrko.kh] dDdk cRrhlh* vk¡ dh QqVdj jpukok¡ dk uk¡o NSA nhu th dhdfork esa tkafr ikafr Hksn is ekj] eu[kiW.kksa vaxstck dks psr vj ijeslj [krj lejiW.k ns[kck esa feyS NSA

14-4-2-7 ine Hkxr

ine Hkxr dh ,d gh iksFkh ^fdlu th jks C;kgyks* vk¡ dks uk¡o vej dj fn;ks bZa iksFkh uS vkFkw.kk vjmxw.kk jktLFkku dh Hkkxor Hkh d;ks tkoS NSA bZa esa ?k.kka jkx&jkfxfu;k¡ esa iW.k dFkkud eqtc bZa esa ohj jldk laLdkj Hkh ns[;k tk ldS NSA

14-4-2-8 esgksth

egksth lu~ 1518 ds yxS VxS jkek;.k egkdkO; dh jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa jpuk djh vj vi.kka cxrdk egrkÅ jpukdkjka dh iaxr esa vi.kka uk¡o e¡Mk fy;ksA bZa iksFkh esa jkek;.k dh dFkk is yksd dks jax Hkhns[;ks tk ldS NSa in fljt.k esa dfo jkx&jkfxfu;k¡dh ejtkn Hkh fuHkkbZ NSA ls[kkokVh vapy esa ;k iksFkh[kkl :i lw¡ pkoh Bkoh NSA

191

14-4-2-9 dkth egewn

dkth egewn Hkh jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa egrkÅ jpukok¡ ek¡<hA os l:okrh lar dfo;k¡ esa ,d mYys[ktksxukao NSA dkth egewn dk ek¡M~;k in vi.kka cxr esa ?k.kka txpkok gks;k ekU;k tkoS NSA

14-4-2-10 dslksnkl xksnkj

dslksnkl xksnkj lar dfo dks; Ug¡ Nk] iW.k /kkjfed ekurk vj vk[;kuk¡ is jP;k dkO; lw¡ ok¡ dks uk¡oHkh bZa yM+h esa fijk fn;ksA ^dFkk Hkhao nqlkl.kh] dFkk lqjxkjksfg.kh] izgykn pfjr] vj dFkk cglksok.kh* ok¡ dkek¡M~;k vk[;ku dkO; NSA yksxk¡ dk xkck csbZ ek¡M~;k x;k vk¡ dkO; esa lkL=h; jkx jkfxfu;k¡ dks Hkh /;kujk[;ks x;ks NSA Nan dh nhB lw¡ ;s iksfFk;k¡ nksgk vj NIi; Nan esa NSA

14-4-2-11 lqjtunkl iwfu;k

lqjtunkl iwfu;k ikSjkf.kd ik= ^m"kk* vj vfu:) dk C;ko dk izlax is ^dFkk* m"kk iqjk.k* uk¡ dksxzaFk fljT;ksA bZa esa f'koth vj dal chpS gks;k tq/k dk ikSjkf.kd izlax is Hkh Nan NSA

14-4-2-12 nwtk lar dfo vj vk[;ku dfo

e/;dky esa jktLFkku esa okGk ukGk iaFk izxV~;k vj D;kA vk¡ iFkk¡ ekuck okGk ujk eu[kka vi.kkavi.kka <c lw¡ dfork djh vj vi.kkaer uS QSyk;ksA ukFk iaFk dk iFohukFk dh iksF;k¡ dh Hkklk l>qdM+h cksyhN] iW.k Å¡ esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk lcn cRrh rknkn esa ckij~;k x;k NSA tks/kiqj dk egkjktk ekuflag HkhukFkiaFk uS gh ekuS NSA ok¡ l:i.k jk nksgk* vj ^jruk gehj jh okjrk* tL;k xzaFk jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ek¡M~;kAcUukukFk] uoyukFk] mRreukFk] foosdkukFk tL;k ukFk iafFk;k¡ Hkh egrkÅ lkfgR; fljT;ksA

jSoklk ¼lhdj½ esa jfld laiznk; dh xknh NSA bZa laiznk; dk vuarkuan dk psyk d".knkl xyrk thesa Hkh jkekuan laiznk; dh xn~nh FkjihA bZa laiznk; lw¡ tqM~;k lar jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa Hkh jpukoka ek.MhAtkaHkksth dk FkjI;k fo'uksbZ laiznk; lw¡ tqM~;k larh rkS jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa ?k.kksa lkfgR; fljT;ksA tkaHkksthdh lcnok.kh lkxS rstksth pkj.k] lelqnhu] flonkl] fcgksth] dslksnkl xksnkjk] lqjtunkl iwfu;k tL;kdfo;k¡ dh jpukok¡ bZa yM+h esa mYys[ktksx NSA tlukFkh laiznk; dk tlukFk th] djenkl] nsoksth]ykyukFkth] pks[kuk th gkjksth] lkaHkksth vkn egrkÅ dfo NSA fjatuh laiznk; uS Fkjick okGk gfjnkl dhdforkok¡ esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks felz.k :i ns[kck feyS NSA txthounkl] /;kunkl] ukxjhnkl] lsoknkl]Hkxokunkl fujatuh] euksgjnkl] bZa iaFk dk nwtk egrkÅ jpukdkj gks;k NSA ijlqjke th fuEckdZ laiznk;FkjI;ks vj egrkÅ jpukok¡ ek¡MhA bZa gh ijaijk dk fVdenkl th dh iksFkh ^rRoosRrk jh ok.kh* ,dmYys[ktksx jpuk NSA ;k¡ ds lkxS ykynklh] pj.knklh] vyf[k;k] jkelusgh laiznk; vj xwnM+ iaFk]pj.knklh] vyf[k;k] jkelusgh laiznk; vj xwnM+ iaFk vkbZ iaFk lw¡ tqM~;k vys[kw¡ HkDr dfo;k¡ Hkh jktLFkkuhHkklk esa egrkÅ lar lkfgR; fljT;ksA ukenso] Jhd".knkl vkfn Hkh Å¡ lar dk egrkÅ dfo gks;kA

ij'kqjke th 13 yhyk dforkok¡ ek¡MhA ^vejcks/k* vj ûkefuf/k* tlh dforkok¡ ?k.kha izfl) gksbZAtlukFkh ijaijk dk xksj/ku th ^xksj C;kgyks* uk¡o dks egrkÅ xzaFk fljT;ksA mnksth ^gfjpan iqjk.k* vjîzgykn* dh jpuk djhA :Lre th dks ^fdlu C;koyks* Hkh ,d egrkÅ xzaFk NSA l[kuh ^lhe iqjk.k* vj^gjdhjr iqjk.k* ek¡M~;kSA lk;kath >wyk fdludk Hkxr Nk vj ok¡ ^:de.kh gj.k* ûkx ne.k* uk¡o dh iksF;k¡jphA vk¡ iksF;k¡ dk ukao lw¡ gh lkQ gks tkoS NS dS ;k¡ dks fol; fdlu yhuk dks c[kk.k NSA eqjkjhnku ^xq.kfot; C;ko* esa fdlu&:def.k dk C;ko dks izlax ek¡M~;ks NSA gfjnku dk xq.k {kekiznk* dks vk/kkj egkHkkjrdks lHkk ioZ NSA

14-4-3 tSu dfo

Fkjiuk dky dh ukabZ gh e/;dky esa Hkh tSu jpukdkjk¡ us jktLFkkuh lkfgr~ ds rk¡bZ flej/k djckesa yksBks tksxnku dj~;ksA tSu dfo;k¡ us ftuxk.kh dk lxGk gh jax vki.kh jpukok¡ esa vaxsT;kA /kje dk

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izpkj lw¡ Hkh cRrks edln ;k¡ jpukok¡ esa lxGk lekt dk dY;k.k dk nh[kS NSA Egk¡ bZa bZdkbZ esa e/;dkydk ekuhrk tSu jpukdkjk¡ ckcr i<Sa+xk%&

14-4-1 Nhgy

Nhgy dfo lksygok¡ lbZdk gks;kA vi.kka ik=ka lw¡ vj ifjos[k lw¡ dfork lk¡rjk fol; pq.kcks ok¡ dh[kkfl;r NhA îap lgsyh jk nwgk* ok¡ dh izfl) jpuk NSA bZa iksFkh esa dfo eky.k] racksy.k] Nhi.k] dyky.kvj lqukj.k dk ew.Mk lw¡ vi.kh ckr dgykbZ NhA bZa iksFkh dks fljt.k lu~ 1518 esa gks;ksA

^îSyh cksyh ekfy.kh] eksjks nqD[k vuarcyk tkscu NksfM dfj] x, nslkmfj dar]lwd.k ykxh csyM+h] lhap.k gkGk nwjAA**

bZa iksFkh ds flok Nhgy dk jP;k uke ckouh] iaFkh xhr] mnj xhr tL;k xazFk Hkh feY;k NSA

14-4-2 dq'kyykHk

doslj dq'kyykHk dks ukao e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh Hkklk dk tSu dfo;k¡ esa lSa lw¡ ukeh uk¡o ekU;ks tkoSNSA ok¡ dks tye laor 1575 ds yxS VxS vj nsoyksdl laor~ 1650 ds yxS VxS ekU;ks tkoS NSA ok¡ ek/kokuandkedandyk pkSibZ] <ksyk ek: pkSibZ] rst lkj jkl] fiaxG f'jksef.k] xq.k lanjh pkSibZ] uodkj Nan LFkwyhHknzNRrhlh Jh iwt;okg.k xhr*] lesr ?k.kha iksfFk;ka jpuk djhA ^xq.k lqanj pkSibZ* ok¡ dh vk[kjh jpuk Nh] thdks fljt.k dfo laor~ 1648 esa dj~;ksA

êk/kokuy dkedanyk dq'kyykHk dh lSa lw¡ pkoh jpuk NSA ;k ,d ikSjkf.kd vk[;ku is fVdh NSAlkfgfR;d nhB lw¡ dq'kyykHk dk lxGk dkO; esa îzlkn xq.k* izeq[k NSA vi.kka tqx dh egrkÅ ckrk¡ uSlk¡rjk <c lw¡ euqt uS le>kcks gh ok¡ dks y{; NksA bZa ys[ks ok¡ Hkklk vj flYi is dks; iaMrkbZ Ug¡ njlkbZAêk/kokuy dkedanyk* vj ^LFkwyhHknz NRrhlh* tlh jpukok¡ esa ok¡ vk gh HkksGko.k nsck dks tru dj~;ks dSeu[kka dk vkilh gsr esa ifoRrjrk gks.kh pkfgtSA ts eu esa iki Ug¡ gksos rks gsr dk e¡Mk.k uS nsork dk vklhlfeyS NSA ok¡ vi.kh ckr esa cRrks vlj txkck csbZ ^laokn lSyh* [kkl rkSj lw¡ cijkbZ NSA vj vyadkj dh nhBlw¡ ok¡ dks jpuk lalkj fojkV NSA

dq'kyykHk dk cxr rkabZ jktuhfrd nhB lw¡ Hkkjr [k.M [k.M NksA /kje dk ukao is vke feu[k uStknw&Vksuk vj rarj&earj dk ukao is ywVcks vke ckr gksxh NhA bZa dks vlj dq'kyykHk dk lkfgR; is Hkhnh[kS NSA os HkkX;okn vj prEdkj tlh lksp uS iks[krk lk nh[kS NS iW.k lUrksl dh ckr ;k NS dS vk lkjh[ksapG feu[k esa ln~ dk laLdkj iks[kck vj vaxstck csbZ NhA

14-4-3 le;lqanj %&

dfo le;lqanj ujh iksF;k¡ fljthA ok¡ dks cxr lu~ 1646 chpS ekU;ks tkoS NSA ^jkl* vj ^NIi;*ek¡Mck esa vkauS egkjr gkafly NhA ?k.kha jpukok¡ rks lkL=h; jkx&jkfxfu;k¡ esa xkbZ tkck lk: gh ek¡MhxhNhA bZa lw¡ ykxS NS dS le;lqanj dks laxhr esa Hkh [kklks n[ky NksA dfo vi.kh jpukok¡ esa cxr dh folaxfr;k¡dk fprjke Hkh mdsj~;k NSA lu~ 1630 esa xqtjkr esa iM~;k dkG dks C;ksjks Hkh vk¡ dh jpukok¡ esa NSA

14-4-4 nkSyr fot;

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa ^nkSyr fot;* dks ukao ^[kqeka.k jklkS* tL;k ds ys[ks geslk egrkÅ jSoSxks dfonkSyr fot; vk iksFkh lu~ 1712 esa fljtcks l: djh NhA bZa esa cIik jkoy lw¡ ys;^j egkjk.kk jruflag rkabZesokM+ dk /kf.k;k¡ dks c[kk.k NSA bZa iksFkh dh ,d [kkl ckr ;k Hkh NS dS bZa esa jktLFkku dk yksd jax dkfprjke Hkh dfo lkarjk <c lw¡ mkdsj~;k NSA ^[kqek.k jklks* ,d bfrgkl xzaFk gksck lkxS [kqek.k&inekorh vjfryksRrek dk fryksRrek dk frjdks.kh; izse izlax dk c[kk.k [kkrj Hkh egrkÅ NSA

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14-4-5 fou; pUnz

fou; panz 1648 lw¡ 1712 ds chpS pkSchlh vj chlh tlh jpukok¡ ek.MhA mRre dqekj pfjr pkSikbZok¡ dks ,d egrkÅ xzaFk NSA

14-4-6 t;eky

vkfErd NRrhlh] minsl rhlh] minsl cRrhlh] tho psrkouh] pkSjklh Lrou] pkj eaxy] pkSlBtkfr;ksa dh lTtk;] 'kkafrftu Lrou vkn iksF;k¡ dk fljt.kgkj t;eky Hkh e/;dky dk ,d egrkÅ tSujpukdkj NSA ok¡ tSu vk[;ku lw¡ tqM~;k ?k.kka ikSjkf.kd vj ,sfrgkfld dFkk uk;dk¡ is Hkh jpukok¡ ek¡MhA

14-4-7 Hkh[k.k th

Hkh[k.k th rsjkiaFkh tSu laiznk; dh Fkjiuk djh NhA ok¡ dks tye lu~ 1726 esa vj xkSyksdokl 1803esa gks;ksA vk¡ dh dforkok¡ /kje dk eje uS rks mtkxj djS gh NS] ekurkok¡ vj /kkj.kkok¡ dh Hkh n~;s NSA^xkslky jh pkSibZ*] mnbZ jktk jks c[kk.k] Jkod ojkg ojkr* vk¡ dh egrkÅ jpukokÅ NSA

14-4-8 Kkulkj

^pUn pkSibZ lekykspuk] ekyk fiaxy] iqjcnsl o.kZu* bR;kn vk¡ dh egrkÅ jpukok¡ NSA Nan lkL=is ;k¡ dh Å.Mh idM+ NhA

14-4-9 nwtk tSu dfo

;k¡ ds flok /kjelh] tl;jkt] ftujkt lwfj vkn tSu dfo;k¡ Hkh e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uSflej/k dfj~;ksA trh r;pan 1719 esa ^ekrkth jh opfudk* uk¡o dks xzaFk ek¡M~;ksA bZa ^nsoh nqxkZ* dh dFkk dksc[kk.k NSA

14-4-4 dfo;f=;k¡

vkerkSj is ekU;ks tkoS NS ds jktLFkkuh lekt esa e/;dky dh ck;jk¡ dh fLFkfr pks[kh dks; Ug¡ NhAiW.k [;kr bZa ekurk dks [kaMu djS NSA Å¡ cxr dh ekurkok¡ esa ls ujh lkjh cxr dk cnyrk ck;jk dh ys;^jvjFkoku Hkys gh Ug¡ j~gh gks] iW.k e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh lekt esa efgykok¡ us Hkh egrkÅ HkweD;k fuHkkbZAok¡ dks fljT;ks lkfgR; bZa dh lk[k Hkjs NSA

14-4-4-1 ehjk¡ ckbZ

jktLFkku esa vL;ks dq.k gS tdks ehjkW ckbZ dk Hktu Ug¡ lq.;k gS\ dkUgk dk izse esa ckoGh gks ^j ehjkaegyka dk lq[k rt^j lk/kq lark lax ?kweh vj iszse esa lejiW.k dks i;kZ; gh c.kxhA ehjk¡ dk Hktu jktLFkkuesa gh ugh xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] e/;izns'k] mRrj iznsl vj gfj;k.kk esa Hkh xk;k tkoS NSA ehjk¡ esM+rk dk jkojrulh dh csVh NhA ok¡ dks tue lu~ 1498 esa Msxkuk dk cktksyh xk¡o dks ekU;ks tkoS NSA ehjk¡ dks C;koegkjk.kk lkaxk dk jktdaoj Hkkstjkt lw¡ gks;ks iW.k ehjka rks dkUgk dk gsr dk jax esa jph&ixh NhA lu~ 1522ds yxS VxS Hkkstjkt jkelj.k gksX;kA FkksM+k cjl ikNS ehjka iSyh esM+r vkxh vj QSj frjFk tkrjk isfudGxhA NsdM+yks cxr ehjka us }kjdk esa fcrk;ksA

^xhr xksfoUn dh Vhdk] ujlh th jks ek;jks] lR;Hkkek uw¡ :l.kks] jkx lksjB] vj jkx xksfoUn tlhiksF;k¡ dqN fo}ku ehjk¡ dh jph ekus NS] tn dS dqN fo}ku bZa ckr uS ugh ekuSA ehjk¡ dk jP;k ujk in tutu dh tqcku is NSA ehjka ckbZ dh Hkklk cksypky dh jktLFkkuh Hkklk Nh th ij vkxS tkj cksfy;k¡ vj {ks=h;Hkklkok¡ dks vlj Hkh gq;kSA ehjk¡ dks dkUgk lw¡ gSr ek/kq;Z Hkko dks Nks vj os fxj/kj ukxj vk/;kfRed ifr:i esa iwtS Nh] bZa ys[ks ok¡ dk ink¡ esa ekuoh gsr dk lxGk jax nh[kS NSA

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14-4-4-2 xojh ckbZ

xojhckbZ dks tye Mw¡xjiqj dk ,d cke.k ifjokj esa gks;ks NksA ckGiW.kk esa gh vk¡ dks C;ko gks;ks vjC;ko dk FkksM+k fnuka ikNS gh ;k¡ dk ifr jkelj.k gksX;kA lk¡P;k bZa Å¡ cxr fc/kok dks tho.k thcks ?k.kksavc[kks NksA bZa vc[kkbZ lw¡ mcjck csbZ xojh ckbZ i<+.kks fy[k.kksa l: dj~;ksA QSj xojhckbZ Hkxon~xhrk dkvlj lw¡ Hkxoku dk Hktu esa jexhvj P;k: esj ;k¡ dks tl QSyck ykx;ksA Mw¡xjiqj dk egkjkoy f'koflagvk [kkrj ,d c.kok;ksA ikNS xojh ckbZ dk'kh i/kkj X;k vj cBh gh okajks lqjxokl gq;kSA

14-4-4-3 nwth egrkÅ dfof=;k¡

pj.knklh laiznk; dh Fkji.kk djck okGk pj.knkl th dh n;kckbZ vj lgtksckbZ jfld laiznk; dhNsdM+yh dfo;=h :insoh] ykykans vj mekans Hkh vi.kka esa egrkÅ in fljT;kA N= daofjckbZ] cztnklh]pUnzlf[k] izrkicky vkfn dfo;kf=;k¡ Hkh bZa dky esa gh gksbZA

14-4-5 nwtk dfo

14-4-5-1 i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+

iFohjkt jkBkSM+ tL;k fljeksj dfo;k¡ uS pkj.k dfo ds] lar dfo esa fx.kcks Bhd dksuh os rks [kqn larchdkusj dk jkt ifjokj dqN yksx rks ;s Hkh ekus NS ds os vdcj dk ukSjru eka; ;wa ,d NkA iFohjkt jkBkSM+dk tho.k lw¡ izfl} izlax cks Nks tha esa ;ks ekU;ks tkoS NS ds taxG esa thck dh vc[kk;k lw¡ rax vkn*j tnegkjk.kk izrki vdcj uS le>kSrk dks dkxn ek¡M~;ks rks vdcj dk njckj esa gksrk Fkdka Hkh doslj iFohjktjkBkSM+ egkjk.kk izrki uS ,d dfork ek¡Mh &** EgSa vkt lqf.k;ks gS ukgfj;ks L;kGk js lkxS lksosyks@ EgS vktlw.kh gS lwjtM+ks cknG jh vksVk¡ [kksosyks----------A** yksd ekurk NS dS bZa ds ikNS egkjk.kk izrki QS:¡ dkGT;kesa /khj /kkj~;ks vj lqrajrk dks psr dk;e j[kk.;ksA ^vdcj ukek* vj ê¡qgrk uS.klh jh [;kr* lw¡ iMS+ NS dSiFohjkt jkBkSM+ vdcj dh rjQ lw¡ xkx:.k vj dkcqy dks tw/k Hkh yM|;ks NksA

iFohjkt jkBkSM+ dh dkGt;h iksFkh NS& ^ôsfy fØlu :De.kh jhA ok¡ us ôlnsomr jk nwgk*nljFknsomr jk nwgk] nljFknsomr jk nwgk] HkkxhjFkh jk nwgk] oYyHknsomr jk nwgk] nsoh Lrqfr]** tlh iksF;k¡Hkh fljth vs iksF;k¡ dfo dk Å.Mk fparu dh lk[k HkjS NSA iFohjkt jkBksM+ jktLFkkuh lkxS laLdr] izkdrvj ct Hkklk dk Hkh izdk.M iafMr NkA

14-4-5-2 eaNkjke

eaNkjke lsox cke.k dqG esa tuE;k ^j?kqukFk :id xhrkajks dh jpuk djh NhA bZa esa ukS foykl NS vjjke dFkk ds vksGkos O;kdj.k le>k;ks x;ks NSA cYyHk th doslj ^cYyHk foykl * dh jpuk djhA ok¡ dkfirk oUn Hkh pkok Bkok dfo Nk vj esM+rk fuoklh NkA djkSyh jkt?kjkuk esa tuE;k lqtkuflag Hkh ,dlkeFkZu dfo NkA ok¡ dks xzaFk lqtku foykl* bZa dh lk[k HkjS NSA c.khB.kh dk ukao lw¡ fd'kux<+ dk jktkukxjhnkl eksddks Hkxrh dkO; jP;ks vj oS".ko Hkxr dS :i esa txtkok gq;kA egkjk.kk vthr flag ¼tks/kiqj½ Hkh ukeh dfo NkA ok¡ ^xq.klkj* vj ^xtm}kj* tL;k xzaFk fljT;kA eq¡grk j?kqukFk ^:?kjklkS* ek¡M^jjktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS flej/k dj~;ksA

bdkbZ lkj e/dky esa lxGh tkfr;k¡ dk dfo vi.kha vi.kh nhB lw¡ jktLFkkuh lkfgR; flej/k dj~;ksNSA gkyk¡fd tq>kjk¡ esa ohjrk dks Hkko iuikck lk: pkj.k dfo ohjk¡ dks xq.kxku dj j~;k Nk vj tq/kk¡ dkfprjke [ksap j~;k Nk] iW.k HkDr dfo izse dks lanslks ns fj~;k Nk rks nwtk dfo ftxk.kh dk nwtk jaxk¡ uS vi.khadfork esa <kG j~;k NkA ck¡dhnkl tL;k pkj.k dfo dh dfork esa rks tqx dh psruk djoj ysrks nh[kS NSAck¡dhnkl vi.kha iksFkh fdjrkj ckouh* esa dsoy vke feu[k dh ihM+k uS gh lqj ugha fn;ks cfYd vk;ks baxjsteqyd js Åij* tL;ks xhr ek¡M^j fQjaxh jkt dk nqjx.k Hkh crk;k vj liwrk¡ esa lqrajrk dks psr txkck dksywaBks tru Hkh dj~;ksA vk jktLFkkuh dfork dk vkHkS is ,d uqvk lwjt dh vkgV NhA

14-5 vH;kl jk loky

1- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk e/;dky lw¡ dk¡bZ vjFk NS\

2- e/;dky dk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh [kkl [kkl izofRr;ka vkidh nhB esa dk¡bZ NS\

3- nqjlk vk<+k dq.k Nk\ ok¡ dk tho.k& laxzke ckcr vki dkabZ tk.kks Nks\ dL;k bZa dfo dhjr dk u;kvk;ke c.kk;k\

4- ^^dfojkt] ;s xhr dks; Ug¡] ea= NSA** vk ckr dq.k lw¡ Nh\ vki bZa izlax vj dfo ckcr dkabZ tk.kksNks\

5- ysd ekurk eqtc ckjgB ujgfjnkl d'kh esa ?kVh ds ?kVuk lw¡ nq[kh gks j ^vorkj pfjr* tL;ks xzaFkek¡M~;ks\ cha izlax uS le>koksA

6- fdjikjke f[kfM+;k vi.kka pkdj jkft;k lw¡ j~gh Nh dS os Å¡ uS [;kr esa vej dj nSxkA ok¡ dk¡bZ vki.kksdkSG fuHkk;kS\ dL;k¡\ bZa iksFkh dks fol; dkabZ NS\

7- e/;dky esa lar dfo;k¡ jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS ?k.kks flej/k dj~;ksA dk¡bZ vki ;k ckr ekuks Nks\

8- tSu dfo;k¡ dh nhB ?k.kh O;kid Nh vj ok¡ lekt uS fnlk nsck esa egrkÅ Hkwfedk fuHkkck [kkrjdfork uS lk/ku c.kk;ksA* le>koksA

9- ck¡dhnkl dh dfork uqvk tqx dk lwjt dh vkgV lq.kkoS NSA dk¡bZ ;k lk¡ph NS\ mnkgj.kk lw¡le>koksA

14-6 lanHkZ xzaFk

1- eksrhyky esukfj;&jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A




5- MkW ujsUnz Hkkukor&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dqN izofRr;k¡A

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