20180818 Bibliography

DUTERTENOMICS: Growth, Wealth and Inequality under President Rodrigo Duterte

INTRODUCTION

EDSA People Power Revolution summary:“EDSA People Power Revolution.” PhilippineHistory.org. Accessed March 24, 2018.http://www.philippine-history.org/edsa-people-power-revolution.htm 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines“The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.” Official Gazette GovPH. Accessed March 24, 2018.http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/

Hays, Jeffrey. “Corazon Aquino And The Years After Marcos.” FACTS AND DETAILS.COM. Ac-cessed March 24, 2018.http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6b/entry-3851.html

Richburg, Keith B. “People Power' Euphoria Begins To Wear Off For Aquino”, Washington Post, Oct. 23, 1989:https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/10/27/people-power-euphoria-begins-to-wear-off-for-aquino/6c67e5c9-93ea-4477-9b0f-3ed3481dabdc/?utm_term=.1fdf7cf2492d

“Rodrigo Duterte presidential campaign, 2016.” Wikipedia.org. Accessed March 24, 2018.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte_presidential_campaign,_2016

2017 Presidential Communications Office quote:“Duterte avows comfortable life for all.” Presidential Communications Operations Office. June 30, 2017.https://pcoo.gov.ph/uncategorized/duterte-avows-comfortable-life-for-all/

PART I: DUTERTENOMICS

PRESIDENT RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE

Wikipedia biography:“Rodrigo Duterte.” Wikipedia.com. Accessed March 25, 2018.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte

“PROFILE: Who is President Rodrigo Duterte?” inquirer.net. June 29, 2016.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/793138/profile-rodrigo-duterte

Campaign promises, made at 2015 Asia CEO forum.“Rodrigo Duterte Q&A - Asia CEO Forum.” Asia CEO. July 12, 2015.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_Fg8CgiCCg

Ako, sosyalista“Speech of President Rodrigo Roa Duterte during the State of Mindanao Environmental Summit.” Offi-cial Gazette. Aug 4, 2016.http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/08/04/speech-president-rodrigo-roa-duterte-during-the-state-of-mindanao-environmental-summit/

V, Marcus. “Duterte clarifies: I’m a socialist, not a communist.” Kickerdaily.com. Dec. 11, 2015.http://kickerdaily.com/posts/2015/12/duterte-im-a-socialist-not-a-communist/

OVERVIEWECONOMIC SECTORSGDP composition by sector:“Philippine economy posts 6.9 percent growth.” Philippine Statistics Authority. May 4, 2017.http://web0.psa.gov.ph/regional-accounts/grdp/highlights

Services Sector“Gross Domestic Product of the Philippines Highlights for 2017.” Philippine Statistics Authority. April 26, 2018.http://web0.psa.gov.ph/regional-accounts/grdp/highlights

Industry Sector“Gross Domestic Product of the Philippines Highlights for 2017.” Philippine Statistics Authority. April 26, 2018.http://web0.psa.gov.ph/regional-accounts/grdp/highlights

Electronics exports:Cigaral, Ian Nicolas. “Philippine electronics exports growth in 2017 is highest in history.” Philippine Star. Feb. 13, 2018.https://www.philstar.com/business/2018/02/13/1787701/philippine-electronics-exports-growth-2017-highest-history#2AyBh1DIGhEz89jv.99

Agriculture“Gross Domestic Product of the Philippines Highlights for 2017.” Philippine Statistics Authority. April 26, 2018.http://web0.psa.gov.ph/regional-accounts/grdp/highlights

Cigaral, Ian Nicolas. “Philippine farm output rises in 2017.” Philippine Star. Jan. 19, 2018.https://www.philstar.com/business/2018/01/19/1779345/philippine-farm-output-rises-2017

SIZEThe World Factbook: Philippines. Central Intelligence Agency (U.S. Government). Accessed May 8, 2018.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html

GROWTHSchnabel, Chris, and Chrisee Dela Paz. “Philippine GDP grows by 6.7% in 2017.” Rappler.com. Jan. 29, 2018.

https://www.rappler.com/business/194294-gross-domestic-product-philippines-q4-2017-economic-growth

DYNAMICOFW remittances 2017Cuaresma, Bianca. “OFW remittances hit $28.1 billion in 2017.” Business Mirror. Feb. 15, 2018.https://businessmirror.com.ph/ofw-remittances-hit-28-1-billion-in-2017/

BPO industry revenue generation 2017Oxford Business Group. “Philippines: Year in review 2017.” Business World. Jan. 5, 2018.http://bworldonline.com/philippines-year-review-2017/

CONSUMER ECONOMYConsumer economy drives 73% of GDP:“The World Factbook: Philippines.” Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed March 25, 2018.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html

DEBTPublic Debt“Philippines National Debt.” CountryEconomy.com. Accessed March 25, 2018.https://countryeconomy.com/national-debt/philippines

External Debt“PH external debt drops by 1.8% to $72.5 billion in Q2 2017.” Rappler.com. Sept. 17, 2017.https://www.rappler.com/business/182456-philippines-external-debt-june-2017

Debt-to-GDP ratiode Vera, Ben O. “DOF: Despite record-high 2017 debt, its share to economy lowest since 1980.” In-quirer.net. Jan. 30, 2018.http://business.inquirer.net/245020/dof-despite-record-high-2017-debt-share-economy-lowest-since-1980#ixzz5EtN3EwDm

INFLATIONde Vera, Ben O. “Inflation hits more than 5-year high.” Inquirer.net. May 5, 2018.http://business.inquirer.net/250258/inflation-hits-5-year-high

Rivas, Ralf. “Philippine inflation spikes at 4.6% in May 2018.” Rappler. June 5, 2018.https://www.rappler.com/business/204113-inflation-rate-philippines-may-2018

TRADE“Merchandise Export Performance: Latest Export Report.” Philippine Statistics Authority. March 9, 2018.https://psa.gov.ph/business/foreign-trade

December 2017 trade statistics:“Highlights of the Philippine Export and Import Statistics.” Philippine Statistics Authority. Feb. 9, 2018.https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-export-and-import-statistics-december-2017

Exports, Imports, Current account balance“The World Factbook: Philippines.” Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed May 8, 2018.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html

Current account balanceCigaral, Ian Nicolas. “Philippine current account deficit swells to $2.52-B in 2017.” Philstar com. March 16, 2018.https://www.philstar.com/business/2018/03/16/1797396/philippine-current-account-deficit-swells-252-b-2017

FDIDela Paz, Chrisee. “Record high again for foreign investments in Philippines.” Rappler.com. March 12,2018.https://www.rappler.com/business/197962-philippines-foreign-direct-investments-2017

EMPLOYMENTLabor Pool“Current Labor Statistics.” Philippine Statistics Authority. April 13, 2018. https://psa.gov.ph/current-labor-statistics

Number of Filipinos entering the labor force every year:Habito, Cielito. “Bad news, good news on jobs.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. Oct. 27, 2017.http://opinion.inquirer.net/108221/bad-news-good-news-jobs#ixzz5EthxRkLA

Number of jobs available in the formal sector, andNumber of jobs available in the informal sectorvan den Brink, Rogier. “Philippines: Creating More and Better Jobs: We Can Work It Out.” World Bank. Feb. 26, 2014.http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/speech/2014/02/26/philippines-creating-more-and-better-jobs-we-can-work-it-out

UnemploymentEmployment Rate in January 2018 is Estimated at 94.7 Percent.” Philippine Statistics Authority. March7, 2018. https://psa.gov.ph/content/employment-rate-january-2018-estimated-947-percent

Underemployment:Africa, Sonny. “The economics of the Duterte administration.” Third World Network. May 2016.https://www.twn.my/title2/resurgence/2016/309/world2.htm.

Employment “Current Labor Statistics.” Philippine Statistics Authority. Accessed March 25, 2018. https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/survey/labor-force

Labor Force“The World Factbook: Philippines.” Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed March 25, 2018.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html

Unemployment rate

“Current Labor Statistics.” Philippine Statistics Authority. March 17, 2018. https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/survey/labor-force

Underemployment rate“Current Labor Statistics.” Philippine Statistics Authority. March 17, 2018. https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/survey/labor-force

Joblessness rateBajo, Anna Felicia. “Number of jobless Pinoys rise to 10.9M in 1st quarter of 2018.” GMA News. May1, 2018.http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/651851/number-of-jobless-pinoys-rise-to-10-9m-in-1st-quarter-of-2018-sws/story/

AVERAGE WAGEAgbayani, Apa M. “2012 PH at bottom 3 of 'world's wages'.” Rappler.com. May 1, 2012.https://www.rappler.com/nation/4612-philippines-at-bottom-3-of-world-s-wages

WEALTH CONCENTRATIONDela Paz, Chrisee and Chris Schnabel. “Wealth of 50 Filipinos account for 24% of PH's 2016 GDP.” Rappler.com. Aug. 24, 2017.https://www.rappler.com/business/179857-henry-sy-forbes-richest-philippines-2017

GINI INDEXGINI index (World Bank estimate). Accessed May 8, 2018.https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2015&start=1979

POVERTY PSA (Philippine Statistics Authority):“Poverty incidence among Filipinos registered at 21.6% in 2015 – PSA.” Philippine Statistics Author-ity. October 27, 2016.https://psa.gov.ph/content/poverty-incidence-among-filipinos-registered-216-2015-psa

Social Weather Stations“First Quarter 2018 Social Weather Survey: Families Self-Rated as Poor decrease to record-low 42%; Food-Poor families decrease to a new record-low 29%.” Social Weather Stations.com. April 25, 2017.https://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-20180425175540

DUTERTE’S ECONOMIC TEAM

Cabuenas, John Viktor D. “Business sector optimistic about Duterte's econ team.” GMA News Online. June 1, 2016.http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/568382/business-sector-optimistic-about-duterte-s-econ-team/story/

Vilar. Manny B.“Duterte’s economic team: The right mix.” Business Mirror. Nov. 13, 2017.https://businessmirror.com.ph/dutertes-economic-team-the-right-mix/

Masigan, Andrew James. “Insights from Duterte’s economic team.” Manila Bulletin. July 31, 2016.

http://2016.mb.com.ph/2016/07/31/insights-from-dutertes-economic-team/

Biographies (all from Wikipedia):

Carlos Dominguez IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Dominguez_IIIQuote: “growth being experienced by the Philippines...”de Vera, Ben O. “Dominguez: Previous PH admins paved way for ‘golden age’ growth.” Inquirer.net. April 13, 2018.http://business.inquirer.net/249126/dominguez-previous-ph-admins-paved-way-golden-age-growth

Benjamin Dioknohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Diokno

Ernesto Pernia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Pernia

Nestor Espenilla Jr. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Espenilla_Jr.

Ramon Lopez https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Lopez_(businessman)

PLANS

10-Point Economic AgendaMacas, Trisha. “Duterte’s economic team reveals 10-point socioeconomic agenda.” GMA News. June 20, 2016.http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/570703/duterte-s-economic-team-reveals-10-point-socioeconomic-agenda/story/

Ambisyon Natin 2040“Ambisyon Natin 2040 NEDA Portal.” National Economic and Development Authority. Accessed March 26, 2018.http://2040.neda.gov.ph/

“Duterte's Ambisyon Natin 2040 Middle-class society for PH.” Rappler.com. Oct. 10, 2016.https://www.rappler.com/nation/149252-duterte-ambisyon-natin-2040-ph-development-plan

Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022“NEDA LAUNCHES THE PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN.” National Economic and Develop-ment Authority. June 2, 2017.http://www.neda.gov.ph/2017/06/02/%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bneda-launches-the-philippine-development-plan%E2%80%8B/

Philippine Development Plan (PDP) download (PDF). National Economic and Development Authority. Accessed March 26, 2018.http://www.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Abridged-PDP-2017-2022_Final.pdf

DUTERTENOMICS

“DuterteNomics.” Wikipedia. Accessed March 26, 2018.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuterteNomics

“DuterteNomics unveiled.” Presidential Communications Operations Office. April 18, 2017.https://pcoo.gov.ph/uncategorized/dutertenomics-unveiled/

De Vera, Ben O., Jovic Yee, Miguel R. Camus. “Dutertenomics: ‘Golden age of infrastructure’” Inquir-er.net. April 19, 2017.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/890225/dutertenomics-golden-age-of-infrastructure

Gita, Ruth Abbey. “DuterteNomics Economic, dev't blueprint for PH unveiled.” SunStar Manila. April 18, 2017.http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/04/18/dutertenomics-economic-devt-blueprint-ph-unveiled-537066

“How big businesses are betting big on Dutertenomics.” ABS-CBN.com. Dec. 12, 2017.http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/10/12/17/how-big-businesses-are-betting-big-on-dutertenomics

BUILD!BUILD!BUILD!

Philippine government’s Build!Build!Build! Portal. (“The portal will be administered and managed by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), the Department of Transportation (DOTr), the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and the Bases Conversion and De-velopment Authority.”) Accessed March 26, 2018.http://www.build.gov.ph/

“Build Build Build P3 6-T Rody infrastructure program unveiled.” Birkatzu Rebus Properties Inc. Nov.09, 2017.https://www.brpi.ph/realestate/news/5

Velasquez, Caleb. “LIST: 75 Priority projects of Duterte administration.” Update Philippines. July 10, 2017.https://www.update.ph/2017/07/list-75-priority-projects-of-duterte-administration/18846

Aquino administration completed three PPP infra projects:Remitio, Rex. “Two more PPP projects expected to be finished before Aquino's term ends.” CNN Philippines. Feb. 11, 2016. http://cnnphilippines.com/business/2016/02/11/Aquino-PPP-projects.html

Oligarchs who won previous infra project contracts:“Pipeline of Projects.” (online database of all past & present PPP projects)(successful bidders are listed as “Private Proponent”). Republic of the Philippines / Public-Private Partnership Center. Accessed March 26, 2018.https://ppp.gov.ph/?page_id=26075

PAYING FOR THE GOLDEN AGE OF INFRASTRUCTURE

Finance Schemes

Public-Private Partnership“Public-Private Partnership.” Wikipedia. Accessed June 6, 2018.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership

Official website of the Public-Private Partnership Center of the Philippines:http://ppp.gov.ph/

PPP in the Philippines“PPPs @ PH Investment Opportunity.” Public-Private Partnership Center of the Philippines. 2014http://ppp.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/PPP-Brochure-February-2014-R2.pdf

PPP CritiqueSanger, Toby and Corna Crawley, “The Problem with Public-Private Partnerships: Economic crisis ex-poses the high costs and risks of P3s.” Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. April 1, 2009.https://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/monitor/problem-public-private-partnerships

Direct Government Appropriation:Hermosos, Tito F. “What’s up with ‘Build Build Build’?” The Manila Times. Dec. 11, 2017.http://www.manilatimes.net/whats-build-build-build/367992/

Hybrid PPP:Padin, Mary Grace. “Hybrid PPP scheme to speed up infra projects.” Philippine Star. May 31, 2017.https://www.philstar.com/business/2017/05/31/1705440/hybrid-ppp-scheme-speed-infra-projects-dof

Camus, Miguel R. “Going the hybrid PPP route.” Inquirer Business. July 21, 2017.http://business.inquirer.net/233545/going-hybrid-ppp-route

Duterte’s decision to switch from PPP to ODA:Oplas, Jr., Bienvenido . “PPP vs ODA (User pays vs all taxpayers pay)”. BusinessWorld Online. June 2,2017.https://ppp.gov.ph/?in_the_news=ppp-vs-oda-user-pays-vs-all-taxpayers-pay

Finance Sources

Secretary Diokno’s three-part financing strategy:Diokno, Bejamin. “Financing the Philippine Golden Age of Infrastructure”. Department of Budget and Management. June 2017.https://www.dbm.gov.ph/index.php/secretary-s-corner/press-releases/list-of-press-releases/204-financing-the-philippine-golden-age-of-infrastructure

“DBM Secretary Benjamin E Diokno: ‘Build, Build, Build’ will ease the lives of Filipinos.” Depart-ment of Budget and Management. July 3, 2017.https://www.dbm.gov.ph/index.php/secretary-s-corner/press-releases/list-of-press-releases/216-bm-secretary-benjamin-diokno-build-build-build-will-ease-the-lives-of-filipinos

Cruz, Cherryl Anne. “President Duterte’s ‘Build, Build, Build Plan’ Who Really Stands to Gain (or lose) from it?” Carmudi.com. Aug. 20, 2017.https://www.carmudi.com.ph/journal/president-dutertes-build-build-build-plan-who-really-stands-to-gain-or-lose-from-it/

LENDERS FOR BBB

ChinaLucas, Daxim L. & Doris Dumlao-Abadilla. “16 deals sweeten PH-China pot.” Inquirer.net. Oct. 20. 2016.http://globalnation.inquirer.net/147158/16-deals-sweeten-ph-china-pot

Caraballo , Mayvelin U. “Duterte brings home $24B from China”, The Manila Times Online, Oct. 22, 2016.http://www.manilatimes.net/duterte-brings-home-24b-china/292504/

JapanRemo, Amy R. & Leila B. Salaverria. “$19B in financial deals from Japan.” Inquirer.net. Oct. 28, 2016.http://globalnation.inquirer.net/148219/19b-in-financial-deals-from-japan

South KoreaDela Paz, Chrisee. “South Korea offers to fund Philippine infrastructure projects.” Rappler. June 7, 2017.https://www.rappler.com/business/172238-south-korea-kexim-fund-philippines-infrastructure-projects

Avendaño, Christine. “PH, South Korea sign 4 agreements to boost relations.” Inquirer.net. June 5, 2018.http://globalnation.inquirer.net/167509/ph-south-korea-sign-4-agreements-boost-relations

World Bank

“Philippines: First Metro Manila Bus Rapid Transit Line to Benefit Thousands of Commuters Daily.” World Bank. March 16, 2017http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/03/16/philippines-first-metro-manila-bus-rapid-transit-line-to-benefit-thousands-of-commuters-daily

“Disclosable-Version-of-the-ISR-Metro-Manila-BRT-Line-1-Project.” World Bank. Jan. 1, 2018.http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/371191515618889735/Disclosable-Version-of-the-ISR-Metro-Manila-BRT-Line-1-Project-P132401-Sequence-No-02

TAX REFORM

“What is TRAIN?” Department of Finance. Jan. 16, 2018.http://www.dof.gov.ph/taxreform/

“Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN).” Bureau of Internal Revenue. Accessed March 26, 2018.https://www.bir.gov.ph/index.php/train.html

“What’s in the approved TRAIN Tax Reform of 2018?” Pinoy Money Talk. Accessed March 26, 2018.https://www.pinoymoneytalk.com/philippine-tax-reform-list-of-new-taxes/

American influence:“No thanks: US behind Duterte’s anti-poor tax reform.” IBON Foundation. Nov. 13, 2017.http://ibon.org/2017/11/no-thanks-us-behind-dutertes-anti-poor-tax-reform/

TRAIN Who Benefits?Most of the author’s critique of the TRAIN bill is based upon extensive analysis done by IBON Foun-dation:

TRAIN index of articles. IBON Fondation. Accessed March 26, 2018.http://ibon.org/tag/train/

TRAIN law infographic. IBON Foundation. Accessed March 26, 2018.http://ibon.org/section/infographics/

Department of Finance claim about shifting the tax burden from the lower 99 percent:De Vera, Ben O. “Tax reform to shift tax burden to ‘ultra-rich’, claims DOF. Inquirer.net. July 5, 2017.http://business.inquirer.net/232574/tax-reform-shift-tax-burden-ultra-rich-claims-dof

Carlos Dominguez III quote “help the Duterte administration realize its vision of reducing the poverty level to just 14%, and free six million Filipinos from the shackles of poverty over the next six years.”“Tax reform plan to help free 6-M Filipinos from poverty.” Department of Finance. Nov. 22, 2016.https://www.dof.gov.ph/index.php/tax-reform-plan-to-help-free-6-m-filipinos-from-poverty/

DEBT

Public Debt:“National Government Debt Recorded at P6,879 Billion as of end-Q1 2018.” Bureau of the Treasury. April 30, 2018.http://www.treasury.gov.ph/?p=18984

Internal Debt:“National Government Debt Recorded at P6,879 Billion as of end-Q1 2018.” Bureau of the Treasury. April 30, 2018.http://www.treasury.gov.ph/?p=18984

External debt:“Outstanding External Debt Declines Further in Q1 2017.” Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. June 16, 2017.http://www.bsp.gov.ph/publications/media.asp?id=4386&yr=2017

Debt-to-GDP ratiode Vera, Ben O. “DOF: Despite record-high 2017 debt, its share to economy lowest since 1980.” In-quirer.net. Jan. 30, 2018.http://business.inquirer.net/245020/dof-despite-record-high-2017-debt-share-economy-lowest-since-1980#ixzz5EtN3EwDm

FUTURE DEBT OUTLOOK

Department of Finance plan to expand the fiscal deficit:“Tax reform to fund infra buildup and spur growth above 6 percent.” Department of Finance. Jan. 16, 2017.https://www.dof.gov.ph/taxreform/index.php/2017/01/16/tax-reform-to-fund-infra-buildup-and-spur-growth-above-6-percent/

Budget Secretary Jose Diokno’s claim that growth will outpace indebtedness:Ver, Marcelo. “₱9-trillion infrastructure program will not drive PH into debt: Budget Department.”CNN Philippines. July 14, 2017.http://cnnphilippines.com/business/2017/07/14/budget-build-build-build-no-debt.html

Corr, Anders. “New Philippine Debt of $167 Billion Could Balloon To $452 Billion: China Will Bene-fit.” Forbes.com. May 13, 2017.https://www.forbes.com/sites/anderscorr/2017/05/13/new-philippine-debt-of-167-billion-could-balloon-to-452-billion-china-will-benefit/#39d36b742fb6

FEDERALISM

Rodrigo Duterte’s long-held desire to switch to federalism:“Duterte says gov’t system antiquated, opens federalism summit.” The Pinoy Weekly. Dec. 1, 2014.http://thepinoyweekly.com/?p=45838

Romero, Alexis. “Duterte renews call for shift to federalism.” Philippine Star. August 10, 2017.https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/08/10/1727551/duterte-renews-call-shift-federalism

Colcolm Erwin. “House adopts resolution seeking con-ass to amend Charter.” GMA Network. Jan. 16, 2018. http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/639924/house-adopts-resolution-seeking-con-ass-to-amend-charter/story/

1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Oficial Gazette. Accessed March 26, 2018.http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/

Ranada, Pia & Nico Villarete. “Will federalism address PH woes? Pros and cons of making the shift.” Rappler.com. Jan. 31, 2016.https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/120166-federalism-pros-cons-explainer

CHA-CHA: A HIGH-STAKES DANCE

“Constitutional reform in the Philippines.” Wikipedia. Accessed March 26, 2018.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines

Gavilan, Jodesz. “What you need to know about Charter Change.” Rappler.com. Jan. 16, 2018.https://www.rappler.com/.../193718-charter-change-explainer-philippine-constitution

Shift to a neoliberal constitution:Africa, Sonny. “Yearend BirdTalk.” IBON foundation. Jan. 29, 2018.http://ibon.org/2018/01/2017-yearend-birdtalk-dutertenomics-and-dictatorship-thwarting-democracy/

Government plans to open nearly every business sector except land to foreign equity and ownership:de Vera, Ben O. “Foreign investment curbs seen lifted by 2019.” Inquirer Business. Oct. 5, 2017.http://business.inquirer.net/238001/foreign-investment-curbs-seen-lifted-2019

Race to the bottom:Caraballo, Mayvelin U. “Roadmap needed for federalism shift.” Manila Times. Sept. 22, 2017.http://www.manilatimes.net/roadmap-needed-federalism-shift/352108/

Espina-Varona, Inday. “Duterte vision of federalism thinly disguised dictatorship.” ABS-CBN. Jan. 17, 2018.http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/01/17/18/duterte-vision-of-federalism-thinly-disguised-dictatorship

PROMISES KEPT?

Philippine Daily Inquirer list:“DU30’s PROMISES.” Inquirer.net. Accessed March 26, 2018. http://www.inquirer.net/duterte/promises

ABS-CBN list:“The Duterte Promises.” ABS-CBN. July 24, 2016. http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/v2/07/24/16/the-duterte-promises

AGRICULTURE“Duterte promises free irrigation to farmers if elected president.” CNN Philippines. February 8, 2016.http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/02/08/Duterte-promises-free-irrigation-to-farmers-if-elected-president.html

Duterte support for agricultural modernization:Ordoñez, Ernesto M. “Duterte loves agriculture.” Business.inquirer.net. May 18, 2016.http://business.inquirer.net/210388/duterte-loves-agriculture

Placido, Dharel. “Duterte signs free irrigation law.” ABS-CBN News. Feb. 9, 2018.http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/09/18/duterte-signs-free-irrigation-law

“Agriculture department to implement mechanization program.” SunStar Pampanga. Oct. 16, 2017.http://www.sunstar.com.ph/pampanga/local-news/2017/10/16/agriculture-department-implement-mechanization-program-569583

CLIMATE CHANGERamos, Marlon. “Duterte says ‘No’ to historic climate change pact.” Inquirer.net. July 18, 2016.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/796858/duterte-says-no-to-climate-pact-compliance

Cigaral, Ian Nicolas P. “Duterte signs Paris agreement on climate change.” Business World. March 2, 2017.

http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?id=141559

Although President Duterte signed the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, his administration has done little to address the issue. For example NEDA’s June 2017, 297-page Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022. mentions the phrase “climate change” but offers no concrete discussion of any gov-ernment plans or initiatives on the subject.http://www.neda.gov.ph/2017/07/26/philippine-development-plan-2017-2022/

COCO LEVY FUNDSRanada, Pia. “Duterte, Cayetano vow 'return' of coco levy fund in 1st 100 days.” Rappler.com. March 31, 2016.https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/127671-duterte-cayetano-return-coco-levy-fund-100-days

“Legal battles further delay turnover of coco levy funds to farmers.” Rappler.com. January 14, 2018.https://www.rappler.com/nation/193628-sandiganbayan-december-2017-coco-levy-funds-ucpb

CONTRACTUALIZATIONCandidate Duterte promised that once he became president, contractualization would stop:Corrales, Nestor. “Duterte vows to stop contractualization.” Inquirer.net. April 24, 2016.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/781289/duterte-vows-to-stop-contractualization

“Duterte signs executive order on ‘endo’” Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 2, 2018.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/986964/duterte-signs-executive-order-on-endo

CORRUPTION“If I will become President, corruption has to stop.” Nawal, Alana. “Duterte vows to fight corruption, criminality if elected president.” Inquirer.net. Novem-ber 28, 2015.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/743211/duterte-vows-to-fight-corruption-criminality-if-elected-president

Transparency International:Bueza, Michael. “PH slips in 2017 global corruption index.” Rappler.com. Feb. 22, 2018.https://www.rappler.com/nation/196563-philippines-corruption-perceptions-index-2017-ranking

Pres. Duterte investigated by the Ombudsman for alleged unexplained wealth:Santos, Elmor P. “Ombudsman: Probe on Duterte wealth closed after AMLC refusal to cooperate.” CNN Philippines. Feb. 16, 2018.http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/02/15/Ombudsman-probe-on-Duterte-wealth-closed-after-AMLC-refusal-to-cooperate.html

ECONOMIC POLICIESCommitment to “Continue and maintain current macroeconomic policies”:Macas, Trisha. “Duterte’s economic team reveals 10-point socioeconomic agenda.” GMA Network. June 29, 2016.http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/570703/duterte-s-economic-team-reveals-10-point-socioeconomic-agenda/story/

EDUCATION“Free tuition was a major promise made during Duterte’s campaign for the presidency.”: Hopkins, Amelia. “Have tuition fees have been abolished in the Philippines?” QS Digital Marketing. January 10, 2018.http://www.qs.com/tuition-fees-abolished-philippines/

Bacungan, VJ. “Duterte signs free tuition bill into law.” CNN Philippines. August 5, 2017.http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/04/president-rodrigo-duterte-free-tuition-bill-law.html

P40 billion has been been allotted for free tuition:Cepeda, Mara. “8 things you need to know about the free tuition law.” Rappler.com. March 17, 2018. https://www.rappler.com/nation/198314-things-to-know-free-tuition-law-irr

FEDERALISM“Duterte says gov’t system antiquated, opens federalism summit.” Pinoy Weekly. December 1, 2014.http://thepinoyweekly.com/?p=45838

Salaverria, Leila B. “Fast-track federalism, Duterte urges Congress.” Inquirer.net. December 2, 2016.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/849971/fast-track-federalism-duterte-urges-congress

FOREIGN INVESTMENTFernandez, Butch. “Duterte OK with full foreign ownership of firms, not lands.” BusinessMirror. July 4, 2016.https://businessmirror.com.ph/duterte-ok-with-full-foreign-ownership-of-firms-not-lands/

Ranada, Pia. “Duterte appoints 19 members of Charter Change consultative committee.” Rappler.com. Jan. 25, 2018.https://www.rappler.com/nation/194518-duterte-appoints-members-consultative-committee

Corrales, Nestor. “Duterte orders Neda to ease restrictions on foreign investments.” November 23, 2017.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947203/duterte-neda-national-economic-and-development-authority-foreign-investments-restrictions-eight-investment-areas-foreign-participation

INDUSTRYSteel industry:Quiros, Judy. “Duterte says he’ll bring steel industry back to life.” Inquirer.net. Jan 10, 2016.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/754134/duterte-says-hell-bring-steel-industry-back-to-life

Revitalize basic industry like steel:“Agenda of the next president: Economy and jobs.” Inquirer.net. Feb. 10, 2016.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/762955/elections-2016-agenda-of-the-next-president-economy-jobs-voteph2016

INFRASTRUCTUREsee Build!Build!Build! page (above) for article links.

LAND REFORM

Ranada, Pia. “Duterte to push for land reform, free irrigation for farmers.” Rappler.com. Feb. 3, 2016https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/121260-duterte-platform-farmers-irrigation

Hegina, Aries Joseph. “KMP backs Mariano as peasants rep in Duterte Cabinet.” Inquirer.net. May 27, 2016.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/787846/farmers-group-mariano-will-be-filipino-peasants-rep-in-duterte-cabinet#ixzz5BnsfL6Hn

De Jesus, Julliane Love. “CA rejects Mariano’s appointment at DAR.” Inquirer.net. Sept. 6, 2017.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/926664/ca-rejects-marianos-appointment-at-dar

Even after Marian’s rejection by the CA, President Duterte has voiced support for the land reform process:Placido, Daryl. “Duterte: Land reform to continue despite collapse of peace talks.” ABS-CBN News. April 2, 2018.http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/02/18/duterte-land-reform-to-continue-despite-collapse-of-peace-talks

Kabiling, Genilyn. “Duterte vows to implement genuine land reform, continue to provide support ser-vices to farmers.” Manila Bulletin. April 3, 2018.https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/04/02/duterte-vows-to-implement-genuine-land-reform-continue-to-provide-support-services-to-farmers/

MSMEsPromise to promote small- and medium-scale enterprises:“DU30’s PROMISES.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. Feb. 23, 2016.http://www.inquirer.net/duterte/promises1 20160223 DU30 Promises.”.

Ranada, Pia. “Duterte to pour 'billions of pesos' into funding for MSMEs.” Rappler.com. Nov. 12, 2017.https://www.rappler.com/business/188207-duterte-billions-pesos-funding-msmes-philippines-asean-summit-2017

OFWs“OFW one-stop shops now in 11 regions.” SunStar Dec. 09, 2016.http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2016/12/09/ofw-one-stop-shops-now-11-regions-514192

Andolong, Ina. “Duterte makes good on promise to open bank for OFWs.” CNN Philippines. Jan. 19, 2018.http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/01/18/duterte-launching-overseas-filipino-bank.html

Valente, Catherine S. “Duterte opens OFW bank.” The Manila Times Online. January 14, 2018.http://www.manilatimes.net/duterte-opens-ofw-bank/375119/

POVERTYIn February 2017, President Duterte said his aim was “to reduce poverty by 25 percent in three years”:Gamil, Jamee T. “Duterte wants poverty reduced by 25% in 3 years—NAPC.” Inquirer.net. Feb. 3, 2017.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/867880/duterte-wants-poverty-reduced-by-25-in-3-years-napc

See the Tax Reform section of this bibliography (above) for analysis of the 2017 tax reform law and poverty.

“First Quarter 2018 Social Weather Survey: Families Self-Rated as Poor decrease to record-low 42%; Food-Poor families decrease to a new record-low 29%.” Social Weather Stations.com. April 25, 2017.https://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-20180425175540

TAX REFORMPresident Duterte promised to create a more equitable and efficient tax system:“2016 State of the Nation Address.” Official Gazette. July 25, 2016.http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/sona-2016/

See the Tax Reform section of this bibliography (above) for analysis of the 2017 tax reform law and poverty.

DUTERTENOMICS WINNERS AND LOSERS

The information presented on this page summarizes data and assertions made in previous sections of the book.

Inflation:de Vera, Ben O. “Inflation hits more than 5-year high.” Inquirer.net. May 5, 2018.http://business.inquirer.net/250258/inflation-hits-5-year-high

CONCLUSION

This analysis is based on information presented in the previous pages of this book.

APPENDIX I: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY1946-1949: POSTWAR ERA

Philippine independence:Berlow, Alan. “The Independence Day That Wasn't.” Los Angeles Times. July 4, 1996.http://articles.latimes.com/1996-07-04/local/me-20978_1_independence-day

Neocolonialism definition:Shalom, Stephen. The United States and the Philippines: A Study in Neocolonialism. Philadelphia: In-stitute for the Study of Human Issues, 1981. xiii

Role of Filipino elite in safeguarding American interests:Shalom, Stephen. The United States and the Philippines: A Study in Neocolonialism. Philadelphia: In-stitute for the Study of Human Issues, 1981. 183-187.

Parity Clause of the Philippine Trade Act of 1946Constantino, Renato and Letizia R. Constantino. Vol. 2 The Philippines: The Continuing Past 1941 to 1965. Quezon City: The Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1982. 198-199.

Dolan, Ronald E. “Economic Relations with the United States.” in Philippines: A Country Study, US Library of Congress, 1991.http://countrystudies.us/philippines/23.htm.

Filipino elites as beneficiaries of Trade Act:Pomeroy, William J. The Philippines: Colonialism, Collaboration, and Resistance. New York: Interna-tional Publishers, 1992. 150.

Shalom, Stephen. The United States and the Philippines: A Study in Neocolonialism. Philadelphia: In-stitute for the Study of Human Issues, 1981. 37, 43-50.

Shalom, Stephen Rosskamm. Philippine Acceptance of the Bell Trade Act of 1946: A Study of Manipulatory Democracy. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Historical Review 49, 1980. 499-517.

Foreign domination:Agoncillo, Teodoro A. The History of the Filipino People. Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, 1990. 528-529.

Rent-seeking:Mendoza, Bong. “Rent-seeking & economic change in the Philippines.” Bong Mendoza’s Blog. March 19, 2010.https://bongmendoza.wordpress.com/2010/03/19/rent-seeking-economic-change-in-the-philippines/

1949-1960: CONTROL ERA

Import Controls:Jenkins, Shirley. American Economic Policy Toward the Philippines. Palo Alto, CA: StanfordUniversity Press, 1954. 134.

Import substitution industrialization (ISI) Dolan, Ronald E. Political Economy of Development - Economic Development Until 1970. Washing-ton: GPO for the Library of Congress. 1991.http://countrystudies.us/philippines/56.htm

Pilipino Muna (Philippines First) program:Constantino, Letizia R. “President Garcia's Filipino First Policy” in Issues Without Tears, Volume 1, ALayman's Manual of Current Issues. Quezon City: Karrel, Inc., 1984.

Iligan Integrated Steel MillPomeroy, William J. The Philippines: Colonialism, Collaboration, and Resistance. New York:International Publishers, 1992. 226.

World Bank and International Monetary FundAbout the World Bank:World Bank. “What We Do.” Accessed March 28, 2018.http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/what-we-do

About the IMF:International Monetary Fund. “About the IMF.” Accessed March 28, 2018.

https://www.imf.org/external/about.htm

Toussaint, Eric. “The World Bank and the Philippines.” Committee for the Abolition of Third World Debt, 2006.http://cadtm.org/The-World-Bank-and-the-Philippines

Landmark early study of the World Bank and IMF in the Philippines:Bello, Walden, David Kinley, and Elaine Elinson. Development Debacle The World Bank in the Philip-pines. Oakland, CA: Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1982.

Detailed analysis of the World Bank and IMF in the Philippines:Broad, Robin. Unequal Alliance: The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and thePhilippines. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

1962-1968: DECONTROL ERA

Pelorina, Renato N. “Decontrol and its effects on Philippine economy 1962-1966.” Researchers World - Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce. January 2013.http://www.researchersworld.com/vol4/vol4_issue1_2/Paper_04.pdf

Excellent explanation of the context of the De-control Era:Lichauco, Alejandro. Hunger, Corruption, and Betrayal. Quezon City: Popular Bookstore, 2005. 92-93.

1965-1986: MARCOS ERA

Early MarcosRama, Napoleon G. “Ferdinand E. Marcos, Man of the Year, 1965.” The Philippines Free Press. Jan. 1, 1966.https://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/1966/01/11/ferdinand-e-marcos-man-of-the-year-1965/

Martial Law and Crony CapitalismAquino, Belinda. Politics of Plunder: The Philippines under Marcos. Quezon City: University of thePhilippines, National College of Public Administration and Governance. 2nd edition, 1999.

Manapat, Ricardo. Some Are Smarter Than Others: The History Of Marcos’ Crony Capitalism. NewYork: Aletheia Publications, 1991.

Late Marcos1983 Financial CrisisExcellent analysius:De Dios, Emmanuel S. “An Analysis of the Philippine Economic Crisis 1984.” University of the Philip-pines Press, 1984.http://www.econ.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/An_Analysis_of_the_Philippine_Economic_Crisis_1984.pdf

Global background:Ferraro, Vincent, and Melinda Rosser. “Global Debt and Third World Development” inWorld Security: Challenges for a New Century. edited by Michael Klare and Daniel Thomas. New

York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. 332-355.https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/globdebt.htm

Excellent summary of global debt crisis of the 1980s:Oono, Hiroyuki. “Debt Crisis of the 1980s.” National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS). Tokyo. http://www.grips.ac.jp/teacher/oono/hp/lecture_F/lec10.htm

Structural Adjustment1980 Structural Adjustment Comes to the PhilippinesDetailed analysis of the World Bank's Structural Adjustment Program in the Philippines 1980s:Broad, Robin. Unequal Alliance: The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the Philip-pines. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. see esp. chapters 4 & 5.Book is available online:https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Unequal_Alliance.html?id=O-asW3bREu4C&hl=en

1986-2016: POST-MARCOS ERA

Corazon Aquino Era:Hays, Jeffrey. “Corazon Aquino And The Years After Marcos.” Facts and Details. 2008.http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6b/entry-3851.html

Fidel Ramos Era:Good introduction to Ramos economic policies:Abinales, Patricio N., and Donna J. Amoroso. State and Society in the Philippines. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing / U.S.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. 244-245.

Joseph Estrada Era:Pinoy, Araling. “Estrada Domestic Policies.” Mellec Computer Institute. April 26, 2009.http://aralingpinoy.blogspot.com/2009/04/joseph-ejercito-estrada.html

Gloria Macapagal Era:Africa, Sonny. “Dark Legacies: The Economy under Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.” IBON Foundation. June 11, 2010.http://www.ibon.org/ibon_features.php?id=86

Benigno Aquino, Jr., Era:Africa, Sonny. “Elitist politics and economics: the real Aquino legacy.” IBON Foundation. July 1, 2016.http://ibon.org/2016/07/elitist-politics-and-economics-the-real-aquino-legacy/

Lim, Joseph Anthony. “An Assessment of the Economic Performance of the Administration of BenignoS. Aquino III.” Action for Economic Reforms, Industrial Policy Team. March 2016.http://aer.ph/industrialpolicy/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Assessment-of-Econonomic-Performance-of-Aquino-2016.pdf

Who benefited:Habito, Cielito. “Economic Growth for All.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. June 25, 2012.http://opinion.inquirer.net/31439/economic-growth-for-all

GRAPHS: DECADES OF ELITE, CRONY & NEOLIBERAL ECONOMICS

Economic Growth 1946-2016"Philippines GDP.” Trading Economics. Accessed May 5, 2018.https://tradingeconomics.com/philippines/gdp

GDP per capita 1960-2016Graph is here:Punongbayan, JC, and Kevin Mandrilla. “Marcos years marked 'golden age' of PH economy? Look at the data.” Rappler.com. March 5, 2016.https://www.rappler.com/views/imho/124682-marcos-economy-golden-age-philippines

Gini Index 1984-2016“Philippines - GINI index (World Bank estimate).” Index Mundi. 2015.https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/philippines/indicator/SI.POV.GINI

Poverty “First Quarter 2018 Social Weather Survey: Families Self-Rated as Poor decrease to record-low 42%; Food-Poor families decrease to a new record-low 29%.” Social Weather Stations.com. April 25, 2017.https://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-20180425175540

Wealth Accumulation2009-2012 data: Padilla, Arnold. “Prices, profits and poverty: Three years of the Aquino presidency.” July 18, 2017.https://arnoldpadilla.com/2013/07/18/prices-profits-and-poverty-three-years-of-the-aquino-presidency/

2013Garcia, Cathy Rose A. “Ang, Araneta make it to PH rich list; 9 tycoons 'poorer'.” ABS-CBN News. Aug 1, 2013.http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/08/01/13/ang-araneta-make-it-ph-rich-list-9-tycoons-poorer

2014“RICH LIST: The 50 richest in the Philippines.” ABS-CBN. Aug. 28, 2014.http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/08/28/14/rich-list-50-richest-philippines

2016 & 2017:Dela Paz, Chrise and Schabel, Chris. “Wealth of 50 Filipinos account for 24% of PH's 2016 GDP.” Rappler.com. Aug. 24, 2017.https://www.rappler.com/business/179857-henry-sy-forbes-richest-philippines-2017

APPENDIX II: ECONOMIC PLAYERS

ECONOMIC ELITESPhilippines 50 Richest List 2017“Philippines' 50 Richest.” Forbes.com. Aug. 23, 2017.https://www.forbes.com/philippines-billionaires/list/#tab:overall

Modern evolution of Philippine oligarchy:

Cardenas, Kenneth. “Cash-crop condominiums.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 13, 2014.http://opinion.inquirer.net/72643/cash-crop-condominiums

HistorySimbulan, Dante. The Modern Principalia: The Historical Evolution of the Philippine Ruling Oli-garchy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2006.

POLITICIANSCNN Philippines Staff. "More LP lawmakers, local officials jump ship to admin party." CNN Philip-pines. May 11, 2017.http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/05/11/10-congressmen-jump-ship-to-PDP-Laban.html

Cabacungan, Gil C. “From 3 to 300, PDP-Laban forms 'supermajority' in House.” Inquirer.net. May 26,2016.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/787547/from-3-to-300-pdp-laban-forms-supermajority-in-house

WORKING CLASSIBON foundation estimates that “(63%) or 24.4 million Filipinos non-regular, agency-hired, informal sector, or unpaid family workers.”“2015 poverty results no reason for complacency–IBON.” IBON.org. Oct. 27, 2016.http://ibon.org/2016/10/2015-poverty-results-no-reason-for-complacency-ibon/

Contractual workers:According to the 2012 Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics Integrated Survey (BITS), 30.5 per-cent of total employment constitutes nonregular workers, which account for apprentices, probationary, seasonal, casual and project-based workers.Bernabe, Krstin, and Penelope P. Endozo, Sara Isabelle Pacia. “Worker hired, fired every 5 months.” Inquirer.net. May 1, 2014.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/598582/worker-hired-fired-every-5-months

Informal Sector:According to the DOLE 2016 labor Force Survey, workers in the informal sector comprise around 38%of the Philippines' labor force:Pasion, Patty. “FAST FACTS: What you need to know about PH's informal sector workers.” Rap-pler.com. May 9, 2017.https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/169006-fast-facts-philippines-informal-sector-workers

THE POORPSA 2015 poverty survey: 26.3% of Filipinos are poor.“Poverty incidence among Filipinos registered at 26.3%, as of first semester of 2015 – PSA.” Philip-pine Statistics Authority. March 18, 2016.https://psa.gov.ph/content/poverty-incidence-among-filipinos-registered-263-first-semester-2015-psa

IBON Foundation estimates that if the poverty threshold were set at a higher, more realistic level of P100 per person per day, then 55 to 66 million Filipinos would be considered poor.Arajam Rio N. “Rise in poverty belies administration claims.” Manilastandard.net. July 27, 2015.http://manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/183142/rise-in-poverty-belies-administration-claims.html

Malnutrition and stunting:Domingo, Katrina. “Almost half of Filipino kids suffer from malnutrition, abuse: UNICEF.” ABS-CBNNews. Nov. 23, 2017.http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/23/17/almost-half-of-filipino-kids-suffer-from-malnutrition-abuse-unicef

TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONSGood introduction:“Multinational Corporation.” Wikipedia. Accessed March 30, 2018.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation

“Transnational corporations in the Philippines.” in Regional development dialogue. January 1991.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322805178_Transnational_corporations_in_the_Philippines

Memorandum Order No 16:Corrales, Nestor. “Duterte orders Neda to ease restrictions on foreign investments.” Inquirer.net. Nov. 23, 2017.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947203/duterte-neda-national-economic-and-development-authority-foreign-investments-restrictions-eight-investment-areas-foreign-participation

House Bill No. 5828:Yap, DJ. “Bill to allow foreigners to own public utilities.” Inquirer.net. Sept. 9, 2017.http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/929077/philippine-news-updates-public-utilities-foreign-ownership-constitution

NEOLIBERALISMExcellent introduction:“Neoliberalism.” Wikipedia. Accessed March 30, 2018.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism

Highly recommended:Harvey, David. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Excellent history of neoliberalism in the PhilippinesScipes, Kim. “Global Economic Crisis, Neoliberal Solutions, and the Philippines.” Monthly Review. December 1999.http://monthlyreview.org/1999/12/01/global-economic-crisis-neoliberal-solutions-and-the-philippines

UNITED STATESPostwar importance of Philippine-US trade:“Philippines International Trade.” Photius.com. June 1991.https://photius.com/countries/philippines/geography/philippines_geography_international_trade.html

Third largest trade partner “Highlights of Foreign Trade Statistics of the Philippines : First Semester 2017.” Philippine Statistics Authority. Oct. 10, 2017.https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-foreign-trade-statistics-philippines-first-semester-2017

Third largest investor

“Philippines (the): Foreign investment.” Santandertrade.com. Last Updates: March 2018.https://en.portal.santandertrade.com/establish-overseas/philippines/foreign-investment

JAPANGood history of Japanese involvement in the Philippine economy:Samonte, Elena L. “Philippine-Japan national perceptions from the 1900s to the present. Semanticsco-lar.org. June 9, 1990.https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4a6a/982856269de4671f7b5c0ce4335d9d495843.pdf

Second largest trade partner “Highlights of Foreign Trade Statistics of the Philippines : First Semester 2017.” Philippine Statistics Authority. Oct. 10, 2017.https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-foreign-trade-statistics-philippines-first-semester-2017

Japanese FDI“Philippines (the): Foreign investment.” Santandertrade.com. Last Updates: March 2018.https://en.portal.santandertrade.com/establish-overseas/philippines/foreign-investment

Japanese ODAde Vera, Ben O. “Japan still top source of ODA loans.” Business.inquirer.net. Sept. 21, 2017.http://business.inquirer.net/237258/japan-still-top-source-oda-loans

CHINALargest trade partner “Highlights of Foreign Trade Statistics of the Philippines : First Semester 2017.” Philippine Statistics Authority. Oct. 10, 2017.https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-foreign-trade-statistics-philippines-first-semester-2017

US$24b investments & soft loans:Caraballo, Mayvelin U. “Duterte brings home $24B from China.” The Manila Times Online. Oct. 22, 2016.http://www.manilatimes.net/duterte-brings-home-24b-china/292504/

Stern, Dr. Tom K. “Chinese Investments in the Philippines.” Journal of Political Risk. June 1, 2016.http://www.jpolrisk.com/chinese-investments-in-the-philippines/

Rodis, Rodel. “China’s mining occupation of the Philippines.” Inquirer.net. Dec. 12, 2012.

Excellent early, critical look at Duterte’s China deals:Cardenas, Kenneth. “Duterte’s China Deals, Dissected.” ABS-CBN News. May 8, 2017.http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/05/08/17/dutertes-china-deals-dissected

Offshore gambling casinosFrancia, Arra B. “Offshore gaming operators push demand for Manila office space.” Business World. Oct. 2, 2017.

200,000 Chinese workers:“100,000 Chinese move to Manila and trigger property price surge.” Manila Bulletin via Bloomberg. May 4, 2018.

https://business.mb.com.ph/2018/05/04/100000-chinese-move-to-manila-and-trigger-property-price-surge/