Unit 3: The Enlightenment and Revolutions

During this unit, you will:Know the key ideas Enlightenment thinkers,

Revolutions in Europe and the Americas, and the concept of Nationalism in Europe.

Understand how the ideas of Locke and Hobbes created the enlightenment, and in turn how the enlightenment caused the Revolutions of the 18th and 19th Centuries in Europe.

Illustrate the connections between Enlightenment thinkers, the 19th Century Revolutions and Nationalist movements in European nations.

Enlightenment and the American Revolution

Essential Questions: What were the ideas of John Locke and Thomas

Hobbes?How did the enlightenment ideas challenge the

traditions of European Absolutism?

What is Enlightenment?“A freedom to use one’s own intelligence” –

KantA Philosophical movement to discover the

role of societyCultural implications:

CoffeehousesSalonsMusic- Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, ChopinArt- Rococo and Baroque

VoltaireA philosophe (lover

of wisdom)Wrote Candide, a

political satire on European Civilization

VoltaireDefended freedom of speech

“my trade is to say what I think.”Many of his works were censored as egregious

Formed the foundation for “Enlightened Absolutism”Scared of Democracy: said it would propagate

the idiocy of the massesInstead, Absolute kings with enlightenment

ideas like freedom of speech, press and religion should rule

Will bring about the French Revolution

Thomas HobbesState of Nature:

People are naturally greedy and selfish.Is a state of constant warfare without laws or

punishment

Social Contract TheoryPeople will submit themselves to an

authoritative figure in order to protect themselves from others.

Only government will secure social order.

John LockeTwo Treatises of Government

People are naturally goodLaw of Nature- there are certain rights that

every person is entitled to. (Life, Liberty, Property) Property is a mix of labor and natural materials

People form government to protect their rights.But, government should be limited as much as

possible.If a government fails, it is the right for people

to rebel against that government.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau“Man was born free, and he is everywhere in

chains”Like Locke, people started in a state of

nature(perfect and innocent)

As population grew, people formed villages and worked together(frees people to divide labor)

Invention of Private Property was the root of evil(with property comes greed and selfishness)

RousseauTherefore,

government was created by contract to protect all people, while still helping the richest and most powerful to stay in power!

Rousseau“The Social Contract”

Felt society placed too many limitations on human behavior.

Government should control the people as little as possible.

Put his faith in the best conscious of the people… or the “General will”(AKA…. DEMOCRACY!!!)

Economics: CapitalismReview:

Capitalism is a personal investment in money or goods in order to make a profitLess government is best!“Invisible Hand”- everyone will benefit from

capitalism

Economic ThoughtsLaissez-Faire

Keep government entirely out of economics“Leave it alone”

Adam Smith-Wrote “Wealth of Nations”

Invisible hand (Butcher, Baker, and the Brewer) Most important thinker on Capitalism (our economy

stems from his thoughts)

Basic Capitalist Principles:1. Goods and services are produced for

profitable exchange.

2. Human labor power is a commodity for sale LABOR IS THE SOURCE OF VALUE.

Businesses Households

Goods & Service

Labor & Investments

Consumer Spending

Wages

Basic Capitalist Principles3. Individuals want

success and are driven by self-interest

4. Law of Supply and DemandIndividuals will produce goods and services that others want, at prices others will be willing to pay.

Supply and Demand of Footballs in PA

Price Qdemand

$80 35,000

$70 40,000

$60 45,000

$50 50,000

$40 55,000

$30 60,000

$20 65,000

$10 70,000

Price Qsupplied

$80 80,000

$70 70,000

$60 60,000

$50 50,000

$40 40,000

$30 30,000

$20 20,000

$10 10,000

Basic Capitalist Principles5. Law of Competition

Since there are many people wanting to make the same good, the economy will force a producer make the best quality at the lowest price.

5. Government should interfere minimally with the free and efficient workings of the market

Laissez faire [“Leave things alone.”]

Question: Explain the importance of Capitalism by drawing a diagram/cartoon

American RevolutionPrecursors to the revolution:

French and Indian War. (1754-1763)Taxes, taxes, taxes.Growing hostility.Freedom of Press

French and Indian War. (1754-1763)

British versus French for control of America

British recruit colonists for help

Colonists use guerilla warfare and win, while the British use linear warfare and struggle.

Britain wins, but goes into huge debt…

Taxes, taxes, taxes.

Navigation Acts- Tariffs on goods coming into the colonies from other countries (Mercantilism?!?)

Sugar Act of 1764Currency Act of 1764Quartering Act of 1764Stamp Act of 1765Townshend Act of 1767Tea Act of 1773Intolerable Acts of 1774

Growing hostility

Reactions to these taxes:Boycott British goodsSecret societies (Sons of Liberty)Boston Tea PartyBoston MassacreFirst Continental Congress

Freedom of the PressNewspapers:

Pennsylvania GazetteBoston GazetteMassachusetts Sentinel

Journals and Pamphlets:Thomas Paine: Common Sense (1776)The New York Weekly JournalPoor Richard’s Almanac

Political Pictures:

Boston Massacre!

Declaration of Independence

American RevolutionLexington and

Concord“Shot heard around

the World”

Bunker Hill

Northern CampaignBritish Strategy:

Conquer as many cities as possibleAmerican Strategy:

Make an armyDefeat the British with as few casualties as

possible

Northern CampaignBrandywineGermantownSaratogaTrentonValley ForgeMonmouth

Southern Campaign

Approximately 1/3 of the South were loyalists.

English Strategy: Recruit loyalists to fight for British

American Strategy: Stall British in South until they win in North, or get help from the French

Southern CampaignBattles:

SavannahCharlestonCamdenKing’s Mountain CowpensGuilford’s CourthouseYorktown

http://www.theamericanrevolution.org/battles.asp

Two tries at government1) The Articles of Confederation

First government Placed too much power in states; too little in

the Federal Government Ex. Taxes, Shays’ rebellion

2) Constitution Created more federal control, with a new

capital city at Washington D.C. Established a Bill of Rights

French Revolution and NapoleonEssential Questions:

How did the French Revolution reshape social and political institutions?

Describe the rise and fall of Napoleon and his effect on Europe…

Causes of the French Rev.Politics- Absolute

MonarchyCulture- Society

broken into the First, Second, and Third Estates.First Estate: Clergy of

Catholic ChurchSecond Estate: NoblesThird Estate:

Bourgeoisie and Sans-Culottes

Causes of the French Rev.Economic-

Large population of 20 million.

High taxes on the Third Estate

Starvation and malnutrition of the Third Estate, due to high price of bread/food

Deficit by overspending by the King!

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% of Income Spent on Bread

1787

1788

Where is the tax money?

Causes of the French Rev. The French king could warrant

imprisonment or death in a signed letter under his seal.

A carte-blanche warrant

Cardinal Fleury issued 80,000 during the reign of Louis XV!

Eliminated in 1790.

Start of Revolution

-In 1788, King Louis XVI recalls the Estates-General

-The “National Assembly:” a congress of the Third Estate

June 20, 1789

The Tennis Court Oath

A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly.

National Assembly and peasants break into the Bastille and gather ammunition, guns, etc.

Storming of the Bastille

The Great Fear: a Peasant Revolt

Rumors that the 1st and 2nd estates were sending hired soldiers to attack peasants and pillage their land.

The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris.

Citizen!Citizen!

The Tricolor

Cockade

Revolutionary Clock

La Republic

Liberté

Revolutionary symbols

August 26, 1789

V Liberty!

V Property!

V Resistance to oppression!

V All men are equal

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

1. Did women have equal rights with men?

2. What about free blacks in the colonies?

3. How could slavery be justified if all men were born free?

4. Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political rights?

New problems associated with it:

March of the Women:

A spontaneous demonstration from Paris to Versailles of women for bread.Marie Antoinette

“Let them eat Cake”

July 12,1790

Separated the FrenchCatholic Church fromthe official Roman Catholic Church

The oath of allegiance permanently divided the Catholic population!

Civil Constitution to the Clergy

• Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the churches.

• The church was reorganized Parish priests elected by the district

assemblies. Bishops named by the

department assemblies. The pope had NO

voice in the appointment of the French clergy.

• It transformed France’sRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!!

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Louis XVI attempts to fleeScared that he and his wife are in danger

Tries to escape to Austria

The French 3rd Estate captures him at Varennes, and takes him back to Paris

Louis forced to accept the new Constitution of 1791

Constitution of 1791: An independent judiciary. A permanent, elected, single chamber

National Assembly. Had the power to grant taxation. Renamed the Legislative Assembly leaders made of Girondists

The king got the “suspensive” veto He could not pass laws. Basically a figurehead with no real power

The conservative response to the French Revolution

Jacobins

Montagnards

(“The Mountain”)

GirondistsMonarchíe

n(Royalists)

1790s:The Plain

(swing votes)

TODAY:

The political spectrum:

French Revolution Part 2

• Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on September 22, 1792.

• The Year I of the French Republic.

• The Decree of Fraternity

• it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to overthrow their governments.

When France sneezes, all of Europe catches

cold!

National Convention:

Louis’ Death

Prussia and Austria threaten to invade France

Louis supposedly was encouraging the countries to do it.

The National Convention voted387 to 334 to execute the monarchs.

Marie Antoinette off to the guillotine:

San-Culottes and the JacobinsBoth take control of the government

Third Estate, leftist groupsAfter another round of high bread prices,

Sans-Culottes ask and get passed The Law of the MaximumSets bread prices Executes offenders to the law

The Committee for Public Safety

• Revolutionary Tribunals.

• 300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000

executed.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9H7vxtJJ278&feature=related

Jean-Paul MaratFamous

Journalist for this time.

United the Jacobins and Robespierre

Murdered in his bathtub

Robespierre

“The Reign of Terror” Robespierre is in

control

The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.

The Catholic Church was linked withreal or potential counter-revolution.

Religion was associated with theAncien Régime and superstitiouspractices.

Very popular among the sans-culottes.

Therefore, religion had no place in arational, secular republic!

Religious Terror:De-Christianization (1793-

1794)

1. The adoption of a new Republican Calendar:

e abolished Sundays & religious holidays.e months named after seasonal features.e 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day

decades.e the yearly calendar was dated from

the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792]

The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!

The De-Christianization Program

2. The public exercise of religion wasbanned.

3. The Paris Commune supported the:e destruction of religious & royal statues.

4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the “Temple of Reason.”

The De-Christianization Program

Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple,

Become the goddess of the French people.

“The Cult/Temple of Reason”

No God!No Religion!

No King!No

Constitution!

• A cult based on Deism, started by Robespierre

“The Festival of Supreme Being”

It alienated most of the population(especially in the rural areas).

Robespierre never supported it. he persuaded the Convention to

reaffirm the principle of religioustoleration.

Decree on the “Liberty of Cults”was passed

December 6, 1793. BUT, it had little practical effect!

The problems of the De-Christianization movement:

July 26 Robespierre gives speech illustrating new plots & conspiracies.

many felt threatened by his implications.

July 27 the Convention arrests Robespierre.

July 28 Robespierre is tried & guillotined!

“The Thermidorean Reaction”

The Arrest of Robespierre

“The Directory”A stable, bicameral legislature that lasts for 4

yearsIt was just a “tweaked” form of government and

still called the First French Republic

Ends when the military is used to assert control.Out of which, a man named Napoleon

Bonaparte eventually takes control of the Government

Napoleon BonaparteHad been a very

successful general before and during the French Revolution.

Directory becomes weak; leads a coup d'état in 1799 and names himself as leader of the Republic.

In 1804, proclaims himself as Emperor.

Napoleon BonaparteLeads a series of Military and Diplomatic

victories that makes France the most powerful nation in the world.

In 1812, loses to Russia, which leads to his defeat as ruler and France as the utmost power. Treaty of Fontainebleau- sent to Elba

Comes back and is beaten again at Waterloo

Napoleonic EuropeNapoleonic Europe

The good of NapoleonNapoleonic Code

Based on Enlightenment principles

Ex. Equality before the law, religious toleration, advancement based on merit, suffrage for men.

The good of NapoleonSpread of Nationalism

Strong feeling of pride for your countrySpread throughout all peoples in Europe

Continental SystemNapoleon really hated Britain, so he

economically left them out of trade with the continent of Europe

Helped allow more trade between countries.

The bad of NapoleonOverly controlling

Doesn’t work well with nationalism!Goes against enlightenment ideas

Turned against his main ally, SpainUnnecessary French casualties

Ex. during the invasion of Russia, entered with 400,000 soldiers, made it back to France with 10,000.

Sources: “Hist210—Europe in the Age of Revolutions.”

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/chron/rch5.htm

“Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the French Revolution.” http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/

Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849. CambridgeUniversity Press, 2001.

“The Napoleonic Guide.” http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm

Revolutions in Europe and Latin AmericaEssential Questions:

How did revolutionaries seek to change the European political and social system?

How did the French Revolution and Napoleon affect the people of Latin America?

Why did they start?French Revolution

(if the French can do it, why not us?)Serves as a distraction from C. & S.

American coloniesNapoleon’s invasion of Spain and

PortugalNationalism

Autonomy

Revolutions in EuropeSerbia and Greece- from the OttomansBelgium- from HollandPoland- from Russia, PrussiaItaly- from AustriaGerman states and PrussiaAnd yes, France again in 1830 & 1848

Set up the Second French Republic

Revolutions in C. and S. AmericaHaiti

Was ruled by FranceSlave owners want to be independent from

France (this is during the beginning of the French Revolution)

Many enlightenment ideas are read by slave owners and slaves alike

HaitiSlave Rebellion of

1791Black Slaves

outnumbered whites 8 to 1

Revolt against slave owners and declare independence

Toussaint Louverture leads black slave forces

HaitiEventually gain

independence in 1804Becomes 2nd

western hemisphere country to be a democratic republic

Dessalines is 1st African president in history

Revolutions in C. and S. AmericaMexico

Father Miguel Hidalgo An ordained priest Learned French and

English could study Enlightenment philosophies.

Led the Mexican army against Spain

Gain independence in 1821

South American CountriesVenezuela, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, etc.Enlightenment principles are spread in S.

America Goes against the Spanish-American social structure

Series of Revolutions that carve up S. America by nationalist/cultural countries

Peninsulares Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

Native American

Black Slaves

Spanish-American Social Structure

Simon BolivarEnlightened general

that led South American armies against Spain

Personally credited with gaining independence for Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

President of 3 countries

BrazilOwned by PortugalSocial unrest in Brazil and Napoleon

capturing Portugal leads to revolution

bCrane Briton’s “Anatomy of a Revolution”

“Anatomy of a Revolution” Compares a revolution to a fever or a disease:

The revolutionary “fever” begins with the appearance of certain “symptoms.”

It proceeds by advances and retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.”

The crisis ends when the “fever” breaks.

A period of convalescence follows, interrupted by a relapse or two before the recovery is complete.