Duke University Graduate School in the early 1990’s:
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 1
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL AS AN AGENT OF PROGRAMMATIC
CHANGE:
Ph.D. COMPLETION AT DUKE UNIVERSITY
CGS Annual Meeting 2007
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 2
Duke University Graduate School in the early 1990’s:
Duke University had made major investments in strengthening faculty in the humanities and biological sciences in the 1980’s in order to become a major national research university
In order to attract and retain that faculty, the university committed to improve the quality of its Ph.D. programs in order to attract students who would match the strength of its faculty.
In the early 1990’s, Duke was basing the size of its Ph.D. programs primarily on the need of faculty for teaching and research assistants – students were a source of inexpensive labor and often taught 2 or 3 sections per semester until graduation. Fellowships were rare and services were few.
In selecting students, most Ph.D. programs gave heavy emphasis to standardized test scores (GRE) and undergraduate GPA’s. In large departments, applications with scores below a certain number were simply not read.
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 3
The Graduate School was given new leadership and funding resources in 1991 and a mandate to markedly improve the quality of its Ph.D. students and programs.
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 4
Faculty consensus on Graduate School goals and policies in early 1990’s:
Duke departments and programs should admit Ph.D. students based on their potential for highest quality scholarship rather than primarily to meet service needs of departments or faculty.
Duke should provide adequate funding and minimize service requirements so that Ph.D. students can have time to be students and complete the degree in a reasonable period of time.
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 5
Faculty consensus on Graduate School goals and policies in early 1990’s:
All aspects of the Graduate School should be as transparent as possible to faculty and students.
The Graduate School should be a major reservoir of information to permit administration, faculty, and students to assess the relative quality of departments and programs over time. The Graduate School should collect and publish data on student quality, progress to degree, job placements.
The Graduate School should base allocation of funds to departments on rational criteria that provide incentives for improvements in quality of graduate programs.
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 6
How does one assess Ph.D. program quality? Faculty reputation rankings External reviews by respected scholars Program selectivity and yield Input measures for students: Undergraduate
institution, GPA, GRE Ability to win competitive merit fellowships Quality of Ph.D. placements High completion rates; low time to degree Research productivity: publications, citations
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 7
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL COLLECTS DATA -- A STUDY OF Ph.D. COMPLETION AT DUKE:
Ph.D. cohorts from Fall 1991 through Fall 1995 were examined for each Duke degree granting program for % Completion (as of Fall 2004) Patterns of withdrawal from Ph.D. program Median Time to Degree Effect of Variables such as GRE scores, GPA,
Race, Gender, and Merit Fellowship selection
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 8
EFFECT OF GPA/GRE SCORES, J.B. DUKE FELLOWSHIP SELECTION, RACE, AND GENDER ON Ph.D. COMPLETION RATES (1991-95 Cohorts)
Type of Matriculant Biol Sci Phys Sci/ Human/ Grad SchEng'g Soc Sci
All matriculants 73% 60% 61% 64%
Low GPA (3.2-) 75% 60% 60% 63%High GPA (3.7+) 71% 65% 60% 64%
Low GRE-V (590-) 75% 60% 60% 64%High GRE-V (710+) 65% 59% 59% 60%
Low GRE-Q (590-) 70% --- 60% 63%High GRE-Q (710+) 72% 60% 64% 64%
J.B.Duke Fellows 79% 70% 69% 73%
African-American 83% 23% 73% 64%
Males 76% 60% 62% 65%Females 67% 59% 60% 62%
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 9
SOME FACTORS BELIEVED TO INFLUENCE SUCCESS IN GRADUATE STUDY
Ability to Reason & Think Critically* Knowledge of Subject Matter** Creativity Motivation Persistence Ability to learn and function independently—
understanding difference between undergraduate and graduate education
Research ability Interpersonal & Communication (*) Skills Financial Support Family & Personal Circumstances Perceived Opportunities for Employment Features of Graduate Experience (e.g., “fit” with faculty
interests and program expectations, mentoring, integration into discipline and program)
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 10
CONCLUSIONS (1):
High GRE (V and Q) and high GPAs do not correlate well with Ph.D. completion in any field.
---This conclusion should not have been surprising (but it was to many faculty) because the ability to complete the long course of Ph.D. study obviously involves many factors.
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 11
CONCLUSIONS (2):
Duke faculty CAN pick students who are more likely to complete than the general population based on a close and critical reading of all application materials. In all fields, J.B.Duke fellowship awardees complete significantly more than others with similar high GRE scores and GPA’s.
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 12
CONCLUSIONS (3):
CAREFUL SELECTION, TARGETED FELLOWSHIP SUPPORT AND GOOD MENTORING DO WORK: Duke’s African-American Ph.D. students complete the degree at higher rates than the general population (and even the JB Duke scholars) in all fields except the Physical Sciences and Engineering (where the numbers are very low).
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 13
INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE Ph.D. COMPLETION RATE AT DUKE AFTER 1995: BETTER INFORMED
SELECTION BY FACULTY
Reduce emphasis on GRE scores and GPA’s – data show poor correlation with completion as Duke uses them
Carefully read entire application: Emphasize demonstrated research experience
Interview students before admitting them – campus visits and/or by telephone with international students
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 14
INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE Ph.D. COMPLETION RATE AT DUKE AFTER 1995: BETTER INFORMED SELECTION
BY STUDENTS (and FACULTY)
Exchange information to learn “fit” rather than just sell program
Transparency: Put on Web all Duke data on placement, time to degree, completion rates in each program – student should know what (s)he is getting into before undertaking Ph.D. study at Duke
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 15
INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE Ph.D. COMPLETION RATE AT DUKE AFTER 1995: IMPROVED PROGRAMS
Require structured teaching experiences for graduate TA’s where career-appropriate
Graduate school workshops in pedagogy and uses of instructional technology; expanded PFF program; Pathways to the Professoriate
Field-specific symposia to introduce career options to Ph.D. students
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 16
INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE Ph.D. COMPLETION RATE AT DUKE AFTER 1995: IMPROVED STUDENT FUNDING
MECHANISMS
Instituted 5-6 year funding guarantee in all A&S units; generally support to degree in sciences
Sharply reduced student teaching loads; more fellowship in early years – Lab Science departments brought closer to Biomedical Sciences funding model
Competitive summer research support introduced
Changed the way funds for Ph.D. student support are allocated to A&S departments
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 17
Allocation Formula for A&S Depts FTE are allocated to departments according to a
set of criteria which provide positive incentives to improve graduate education in that department
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 18
Allocation Formula for A&S Depts Departments compete for a fixed pool of FTE’s
available in each division Factors used to determine FTE allocation:
Number of graduate faculty in dept Number of faculty supervising Ph.D.s Relative Ph.D. completion rate Student quality: number of competitive merit
fellowship recipients Number of Ph.D. students in years 1-5 (or 6)
supported on external funds
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 19
EFFECT OF INTERVENTIONS ON COMPLETION
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 20
DUKE vs. CGS: Cohorts A at 10 Years
% Completion %Attrition %ContinuingDuke CGS Duke CGS Duke CGS
Social Sciences 61 56 37 27 2 17Humanities 62 49 33 31 5 20Physical Sciences 61 55 38 37 1 8Biological Sciences 74 63 26 26 1 11Engineering 62 64 38 27 0 9
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 21
HUMANITIES: Ph.D. COMPLETION
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Year
Ph
.D.
Co
mp
leti
on
DUKE - A
CGS
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 22
HUMANITIES: Ph.D. ATTRITION
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Year
Ph
.D. A
ttri
tio
n
DUKE - A
CGS
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 23
HUMANITIES: Ph.D. CONTINUATION
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Year
Ph
.D. C
on
tin
ua
tio
n DUKE - A
CGS
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 24
HUMANITIES: DUKE University Ph.D. Completion Rates for Cohorts A, B, C
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Year
Ph
.D. C
om
ple
tio
n
Cohort A
Cohort B
Cohort C
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 25
HUMANITIES: DUKE University Ph.D. Attrition Rates for Cohorts A, B, C
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Year
Ph
.D. A
ttri
tio
n
Cohort A
Cohort B
Cohort C
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 26
HUMANITIES: DUKE University Ph.D. Continuation Rates for Cohorts A, B, C
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Year
Ph
.D. C
on
tin
ua
tio
n
Cohort A
Cohort B
Cohort C
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 27
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
0->4yr 4yr->7yr 7yr->10yr
Ch
an
ge in
Ph
.D. C
om
ple
tio
n
Duke Cohort ADuke Cohort B
Duke Cohort CCGS Cohort A
HUMANITIES Ph.D. COMPLETION: DUKE vs. CGS DATA
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 28
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
0->4yr 4yr->7yr 7yr->10yr
Ch
an
ge
in A
ttri
tio
n
Duke Cohort ADuke Cohort B
Duke Cohort CCGS Cohort A
HUMANITIES Ph.D. ATTRITION: DUKE vs. CGS DATA
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29Duke University Graduate School12/5/2007
1992-1994 Cohorts 1998-2000 CohortsProgram Matrics %PhD %Withdrew %Cont Matrics %PhD %Withdrew %Cont
History 55 24% 24% 53% 30 33% 37% 16%Religion 44 43% 18% 39% 38 50% 11% 39%English 40 40% 33% 27% 23 43% 22% 35%Romance Studies 31 32% 39% 29% 24 21% 25% 54%Literature 27 52% 11% 37% 24 46% 21% 33%Music 17 35% 47% 18% 17 65% 18% 18%Classics 15 40% 53% 7% 10 50% 50% 0%Philosophy 12 50% 17% 33% 11 64% 27% 9%Other Small 26 23% 38% 18% 13 31% 15% 54%
HUMANITIES 267 36% 29% 35% 190 46% 23% 31%
Increased Completion, Reduced Attrition in Humanities
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30Duke University Graduate School12/5/2007
Increased Completion, Reduced Attrition in Social Sciences ECONOMICS UNCHANGED
1992-1994 Cohorts 1998-2000 CohortsProgram Matrics %PhD %Withdrew %Cont Matrics %PhD %Withdrew %Cont
Economics 69 55% 41% 4% 55 56% 40% 4%Psychology 41 80% 15% 5% 31 74% 13% 13%Political Science 37 24% 32% 43% 41 56% 22% 22%Sociology 24 25% 46% 29% 25 52% 44% 4%Business 21 71% 29% 0% 26 88% 8% 4%Cult Anthropology 19 42% 42% 16% 14 43% 29% 29%
SOCIAL SCIENCES 211 52% 34% 15% 192 63% 27% 10%
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31Duke University Graduate School12/5/2007
Relatively Little Change in STEM Fields ENV and EOS Get Worse
1992-1994 Cohorts 1998-2000 CohortsProgram Matrics %PhD %Withdrew %Cont Matrics %PhD %Withdrew %Cont
Biomedical Sciences 177 67% 21% 18% 176 66% 23% 17%A&S Biology 74 53% 36% 12% 58 71% 22% 7%Environment 32 75% 19% 6% 34 50% 38% 12%
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES273 64% 25% 11% 278 63% 27% 10%
Chemistry 51 65% 31% 4% 63 75% 22% 3%Physics 41 62% 35% 3% 40 58% 21% 8%Computer Science 37 51% 43% 5% 48 48% 46% 6%Math 22 45% 50% 5% 30 60% 27% 13%Statistics 18 78% 22% 0% 19 79% 21% 0%Earth & Ocean Sci 15 53% 47% 0% 11 45% 55% 0%
PHYSICAL SCIENCES 184 60% 36% 4% 211 62% 32% 6%
Biomedical Engineering 41 75% 15% 10% 47 81% 13% 6%Mechanical Engineering 47 62% 36% 2% 34 65% 15% 21%Electrical & Computer Engineering38 53% 42% 5% 68 50% 44% 6%Civil & Environmental Engineering34 35% 62% 3% 26 31% 65% 4%
ENGINEERING 160 58% 37% 5% 175 58% 33% 9%
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32Duke University Graduate School12/5/2007
7 Year Completion Rate Increases for Graduate School
1992-1994 Cohorts 1998-2000 CohortsProgram Matrics %PhD %Withdrew %Cont Matrics %PhD %Withdrew %Cont
GRAD SCHOOL 1095 53% 31% 16% 1046 59% 28% 13%
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12/5/2007 Duke University Graduate School 33
Data Can Lead to Change: Based on the results from Duke’s completion data
project, Engineering agreed that allocations for its departmental Ph.D. programs would be based on A&S factors and students given 1st year fellowships. Attrition has been reduced markedly.
Reallocation of funds seen as fair by departments and programs – even when funding reduced.
Graduate School accepted as “honest broker” and catalyst for programmatic improvement: orientation, best practices, teacher training, research ethics, faculty mentoring, diversity, etc. “Now I realize why we need a Graduate School!”