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DUKE Law Journal Entry
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
1/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:20500SO
YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@5
R@BP[NYNUJYNLA, DL[@BFLRP[@, JAI YG@PAB@[YJNAY^ LD OL[YHJH@ YNYF@
JIJO E.F@TNYNA
JKRY[JBY
Yg` olrthjh` dlr`bflsur` brnsns rjns`s f`hjf qu`stnlas js noplrtjatjs nts `blalonb nopjbt. Zu`stnlas tgjt w`r` strjnhgtdlrwjri jaiuablatrlv`rsnjf j h`a`rjtnla jhl tlijy tgr`jt`a tg` stjknfnty ld j $:2trnffnla olrthjh` ojrm`t5 Xgl gjs stjainah tl dlr`bfls`< Nd j
dlr`bflsur` wjs ila` noprlp`rfy, wgjt ns tg` `dd`bt< Jai wgjt ns tg`
prlp`r f`hjf o`tgli dlr trjasd`rrnah olrthjh`s< Yg`s` qu`stnlasnopfnbjt` tg` bfjrnty ld tntf` dlr prlp`rty ajtnlawni` jai pls` j tll-knh-tl-djnf prlkf`o dlr tg` blurts.
Yg` f`hjf bladusnla st`os drlo tg` `xnst`ab` ld blop`tnah syst`osdlr `stjkfnsgnah tntf` tl olrthjh`s jai trjasd`rrnah tgls` rnhgts.Gnstlrnbjffy, olrthjh` tntf` wjs `stjkfnsg`i jai trjasd`rr`i tgrluhgtg` pukfnb i`olastrjtnla r`hno`s ld PBB Jrtnbf` 2 jai fjair`blrijtnla syst`os. Ygns jrrjah`o`at wlrm`i sjtnsdjbtlrnfy wg`aolrthjh`s w`r` rjr`fy trjasd`rr`i. Olrthjh` dnajab`, glw`v`r, sgndt`itl s`burntnzjtnla, wgnbg navlfv`s r`p`jt`i kufm trjasd`rs ld olrthjh`s.
Yl djbnfntjt` s`burntnzjtnla, i`jf jrbgnt`bts i`v`flp`i jft`rajtnv`blatrjbtnah r`hno`s dlr olrthjh` tntf`5 PBB Jrtnbf` > jai O@[R, j
prnvjt` olrthjh` r`hnstry. Yg`s` a`w r`hno`s r`iub`i tg` blst lds`burntnzjtnla ky insp`asnah wntg i`olastrjtnv` dlrojfntn`s, kut jt tg``xp`as` ld r`iub`i bfjrnty ld tntf`, wgnbg rjns`i tg` blsts ld olrthjh``adlrb`o`at. Ygns trji`-ldd k`a`dntt`i tg` s`burntnzjtnla naiustry jttg` `xp`as` ld s`burntnzjtnla nav`stlrs k`bjus` nt k`bjo` jppjr`atlafy suks`qu`atfy wntg tg` rns` na olrthjh` dlr`bflsur`s. Yg` gjro,glw`v`r, gjs alt k``a fnont`i tl s`burntnzjtnla nav`stlrs. Bflui`i
Blpyrnhgt ;3:2 Jijo E. F`vntna.
Srld`sslr ld Fjw, H`lrh`tlwa Panv`rsnty Fjw B`at`r. Yg` jutglr wlufi fnm` tl tgjamXnffnjo Krjttla, Mjtgf``a Buffy, Jaaj H`fp`ra, @iwjri Ejah`r, Jair`w Mjudoja, [lk`rt
Fjwf`ss, Mjtg`rna` Slrt`r, Elga Slttlw, @fnzjk`tg [`aujrt, Els`pg Rnah`r, Ijvni Rup`r,[lk`rt Yglopsla, [`k`bbj Yusga`t, Jfja Xgnt` jai tg` pjrtnbnpjats na tg` Gjrvjri FjwRbgllf Djbufty Xlrmsglp dlr tg`nr bloo`ats, jai I`vna Ojua`y jai Fjurj Ouoo dlrlutstjainah r`s`jrbg jssnstjab`.
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
2/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
427 IPM@ FJX ELP[AJF ]Tlf. 425428
olrthjh` tntf` gjs snhandnbjat a`hjtnv` `xt`rajfntn`s la tg` `blaloy jsj wglf`.
Ygns Jrtnbf` prlpls`s r`blabnfnah tg` blop`tnah tntf` syst`ostgrluhg ja nat`hrjt`i syst`o ld alt` r`hnstrjtnla jai olrthjh`r`blrijtnla, wntg blopfnjab` js j pr`r`qunsnt` tl dlr`bflsur`. Rubg j
syst`o wlufi r`slfv` qu`stnlas jklut stjainah, r`olv` tg` plt`atnjfbflui tl r`jf-`stjt` tntf`, jai djbnfntjt` olrthjh` dnajabnah kybfjrndynah prlp`rty rnhgts.
YJKF@ LD BLAY@AYR
Natrliubtnla ............................................................................................. 42>N. Yrjintnlajf Olrthjh` Yntf Ryst`os ................................................. 40;
J. PBB Jrtnbf` 2 ........................................................................ 400:. Rblp`................................................................................... 400;. PBB Jrtnbf` 2 js j Alt` Yrjasd`r Ryst`o....................... 4082. PBB Jrtnbf` 2 js j Alt` Yntf` Ryst`o.............................. 40>9. PBB Jrtnbf` 2 js j Olrthjh` Yntf`-jai-Yrjasd`r
Ryst`o............................................................................... 449K. Fjai [`blrijtnla Ryst`os .................................................. 440B. Yg` Pa`jsy Bl`xnst`ab` ld PBB Jrtnbf` 2 jai Fjai
[`blris ................................................................................... 44>NN. Yg` Rgndt na Olrthjh` Dnajabnah tl R`burntnzjtnla ....................... 483NNN. R`burntnzjtnla-@rj Olrthjh` Yntf` Ryst`os .................................. 484
J. O@[R ..................................................................................... 488:. O@[R Kjbmhrluai........................................................... 488;. Rtrubturjf Srlkf`os wntg O@[R...................................... 473
K. [`vns`i PBB Jrtnbf`s : jai > ............................................. 477B. Sllfnah jai R`rvnbnah Jhr``o`ats ..................................... 4>8I. Yg` Slfntnbjf @blaloy ld Yntf` Ryst`os ............................. 83;
NT. Yg` [`dlro ld Olrthjh` Yntf` Ryst`os ........................................ 8::J. @xnstnah [`dlro Srlplsjfs................................................... 8::
:. [`dlrojtnla ld Fjai [`blrijtnla Ryst`os.................... 8:;;. [`dlrojtnla ld O@[R...................................................... 8:;2. Br`jtnla ld j Ajtnlajf Fn`a [`hnstry............................... 8:29. @fnonajtnla ld A`hltnjknfnty............................................. 8:00. O`rh`r ld Alt` jai Olrthjh`.......................................... 8:4
K. [`blabnfnah Yntf` Ryst`os .................................................... 8:8Blabfusnla ................................................................................................ 8;2Jpp`ainx .................................................................................................. 8;8
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
3/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 42>
NAY[LIPBYNLA
Rnab` ;338, ja `stnojt`i s`v`a-onffnla lr olr` glo`s gjv` k``a
slfi na dlr`bflsur` lr instr`ss`i sjf`s,
:
j flss na glo`lwa`rsgnpuapjrjff`f`i na Jo`rnbja gnstlry. Yg` nopjbt ld tg`s` dlr`bflsur`s laglus`glfis, bloouantn`s, jai tg` ojbrl`blaloy ns wni`fyr`blhanz`i.
; Yg` dlr`bflsur` brnsns, glw`v`r, rjns`s `qujffy w`nhgty
f`hjf nssu`s. Yg` dlr`bflsur` brnsns ns dlrbnah j r``xjonajtnla ld tg`ana`t``atg-b`atury bloo`rbnjf- jai r`jf-prlp`rty-fjw syst`os tgjtblatnau` tl uai`rhnri brntnbjf s`btlrs ld tg` P.R. `blaloy na tg`tw`aty-dnrst b`atury. Ygns r``xjonajtnla ns lbburrnah na tg` sgjilw ldj tll-knh-tl-djnf prlkf`o, k`bjus` j blurts i`bnsnla tl upglfi w`ff-`stjkfnsg`i fjw blufi trnhh`r j dnajabnjf brnsns.
Srlkf`os na tg` dlr`bflsur` prlb`ss gjv` k``a jppjr`at snab` tg`stjrt ld tg` dlr`bflsur` brnsns,
2 kut tg` nssu` kurst latl tg` ajtnlajf
sb`a` na tg` djff ld ;3:3 wntg tg` `o`rh`ab` ld tg` rlklsnhanahsbjaijf navlfvnah kjams us` ld drjuiuf`at jddnijvnts tl `stjkfnsgstjainah tl dlr`bfls`.
9 Yg`a, na Ejaujry ;3::, tg` Ojssjbgus`tts
Rupr`o` Euinbnjf Blurt s`at sglbmwjv`s tgrluhg tg` r`jf-`stjt`- jaibloo`rbnjf-fjw wlrfi ky nssunah j uajanolus rufnah na P.R. Kjam
:. N jrrnv`i jt tg` s`v`a-onffnla dnhur` ky jiinah naiustry `xtrjplfjtnlas jai o`trnbs drloEufy ;338Eua` ;3:2 (4.0 onffnla dlr`bflsur` sjf`s blopf`t`i), s`` Naiustry @xtrjplfjtnlas jaiO`trnbs (Eua` ;3:2), GLS@ ALX 0 (Juh. :;, ;3:2), gttp5//www.glp`alw.blo/naiustry-ijtj/;3:2-34-39-Glp`Alw.Duf\%;3[`plrt\(Eua`).I[JDY.pid, jai oy lwa `stnojt` lddlr`bflsur` sjf`s drlo EjaujryEua` ;338 jai EufyI`b`ok`r ;3:2 (olr` tgja 3.0 onffnladlr`bflsur` sjf`s blopf`t`i).
;. R``, `.h., BLAH.LT@[RNHGY SJA@F,LBYLK@[ LT@[RNHGY [@SL[Y5JA JRR@RRO@AYLD DL[@BFLRP[@ ONYNHJYNLA @DDL[YR JDY@[ RNW OLAYGR 04 (;33>), jvjnfjkf` jtgttp5//www.hpl.hlv/disys/pmh/BS[Y-:::ES[Y0;48:/pid/BS[Y-:::ES[Y0;48:.pid (i`tjnfnahtg` `dd`bt ld dlr`bflsur`s la a`nhgklrnah prlp`rty vjfu`s, `iubjtnlajf jai r`fnhnlus nastntutnlas,dlr`bflsnah kjams, jai tg` `blaloy js j wglf`)= MJYGF@@A B.@AH@F &SJY[NBNJ J.OBBL^,
YG@ RPKS[NO@ TN[PR5 [@BMF@RR B[@INY, [@HPFJYL[^ DJNFP[@, JAI A@WY RY@SR :;9(;3::) (pjrtnjffy jttrnkutnah tg` ajtnlajf `blalonb wl`s ld `jrfy ;33> tl smyrlbm`tnahdlr`bflsur`s)= DNA.B[NRNR NAZPN[^ BLOOA,DNAJF [@SL[Y LD YG@ AJYNLAJF BLOONRRNLALA YG@ BJPR@R LD YG@ DNAJABNJF JAI @BLALONB B[NRNR NA YG@ PANY@I RYJY@R 93;:3(;3::),jvjnfjkf` jt gttp5//www.hpl.hlv/disys/pmh/HSL-DBNB/pid/HSL-DBNB.pid(ilbuo`atnahtg` nopjbt ld tg` dlr`bflsur` brnsns la nainvniujf glo`lwa`rs, glusnah ojrm`ts, jai dnajabnjfnastntutnlas)= IJA NOO@[HFPBM,DL[@BFLR@I5 GNHG-[NRM F@AINAH, I@[@HPFJYNLA, JAIYG@ PAI@[ONANAH LD JO@[NBJR OL[YHJH@ OJ[M@Y :2244(;33>)(`xjonanah tg` blsts ldgnhg-rnsm olrthjh` f`ainah dlr klrrlw`rs, f`ai`rs, nav`stlrs, a`nhgklrgllis, bntn`s, r`at`rs, jaitg` ajtnlajf jai nat`rajtnlajf blalon`s).
2. R`` Hr`tbg`a Olrh`asla, Dlr`bflsur`s Gnt j Rajh dlr F`ai`rs, A.^. YNO@R, Alv. :0,
;338, jt B: (r`plrtnah la j ;338 d`i`rjf euinbnjf i`bnsnla tgjt rjns]`i_ qu`stnlas jklut tg` f`hjfstjainah ld nav`stlrs na olrthjh` s`burntn`s pllfs).
9. R``Hr`tbg`a Olrh`asla, Kjams Dfjw`i Sjp`rwlrm Ygrlws Rlo` Dlr`bflsur`s natlBgjls, A.^.YNO@R, Lbt. 9, ;3:3, jt J: (altnah kjams us` ld iuknlusfy pr`pjr`i jddnijvnts).
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
4/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
493 IPM@ FJX ELP[AJF ]Tlf. 425428
Ajtnlajf Jssa v. Nkja`z.0Nkja`zg`fi tgjt j pjnr ld dlr`bflsur` sjf`s
wjs navjfni k`bjus` tg` dlr`bflsnah kjams w`r` alt tg` olrthjh``s ldr`blri jt tg` tno` ld tg` dlr`bflsur` sjf`.
4
Nkja`z wjs slla dlfflw`i ky twl r`fjt`i i`bnsnlas drlo tg`Ojssjbgus`tts Rupr`o` Euinbnjf Blurt, K`vnfjbquj v. [lirnhu`z
8jai
@jtla v. D`i`rjf Ajtnlajf Olrthjh` Jssa.7K`vnfjbqujg`fi tgjt tg`
purbgjs`r jt ja navjfni alaeuinbnjf dlr`bflsur` sjf` ini alt gjv` tntf`tl tg` prlp`rty,
>wgnf` @jtlag`fi tgjt j dlr`bflsur` sjf` wjs navjfni
k`bjus` tg` dlr`bflsnah kjam ini alt glfi tg` prlonsslry alt` jt tg`tno` ld tg` sjf`.
:3
J h`a`rjtnla jhl, ala` ld tg`s` lpnanlas wlufi gjv` k``ablatrlv`rsnjf. Yg`y wlufi gjv` k``a vn`w`i js strjnhgtdlrwjrijppfnbjtnlas ld w`ff-`stjkfnsg`i bloo`rbnjf jai r`jf-prlp`rty fjw5 jpjrty bjaalt dlr`bfls` la j olrthjh` uaf`ss nt ns tg` olrthjh`` (lr nts
jh`at)=
::
j olrthjh` bja k` `adlrb`i lafy ky j p`rsla wgl bja`adlrb` tg` uai`rfynah i`kt=:; j olrthjh` ns kut nabni`atjf tl tg`
0. P.R. Kjam Ajtf Jssa v. Nkja`z, >9: A.@.;i 93 (Ojss. ;3::). Dlr slo` insbussnla ldtg` upg`jvjf tgjt Nkja`z bjus`i lr wjs tgluhgt fnm`fy tl bjus`, s``, dlr `xjopf`, Hr`tbg`aOlrh`asla, Ojssjbgus`tts [ufnah la Dlr`bflsur`s Ns j Xjranah tl Kjams , A.^.YNO@R, Eja. 8,;3::, jt K: (altnah tgjt Nkja`z lp`a]`i_ tg` illr tl ltg`r dlr`bflsur` il-lv`rs naOjssjbgus`tts)= Bgji Krjy, Ojssjbgus`tts Gnhg Blurt [ufnah Dlbus`s la Dlr`bflsur`Sjp`rwlrm, XJFF RY.E.F.KFLH(Eja. 8, ;3::, 0597 S.O.), gttp5//kflhs.wse.blo/fjw/;3::/3:/38/ojssjbgus`tts-gnhg-blurt-rufnah-dlbus`s-la-dlr`bflsur`-pjp`rwlrm (i`sbrnknah Nkja`z js ji`bnsnla tgjt spllm`i kjam nav`stlrs)= D`fnx Rjfola, Yg` Nkja`z Bjs` jai Glusnah-Ojrm`tBjtjstrlpg` [nsm, [@PY@[R (Eja. 8, ;3::),gttp5//kflhs.r`ut`rs.blo/d`fnx-sjfola/;3::/3:/38/tg`-nkja`z-bjs`-jai-glusnah-ojrm`t-bjtjstrlpg`-rnsm (pr`inbtnah j dflli ld f`hjf brjzna`ss)= [nbg
T`tst`na, Jplbjfyps` Alw< Xnff tg` Ojssjbgus`tts Nkja`z Bjs` Parjv`f Xni`spr`jiNrr`hufjrntn`s na tg` [`sni`atnjf R`burntnz`i Olrthjh` Ojrm`t9: A.@.;i jt 00. Dlr bloo`atjry la Nkja`z, s`` h`a`rjffy [`b`at Bjs`, P.R.Kjam Ajtf Jssa v. Nkja`z, >9: A.@.;i 93 (Ojss. ;3::), :;0 GJ[T.F.[@T. 7;8 (;3:;).
8. K`vnfjbquj v. [lirnhu`z, >00 A.@.;i 779 (Ojss. ;3::).
7. @jtla v. D`i. Ajtf Olrth. Jssa, >4> A.@.;i :::7 (Ojss. ;3:;).
>. K`vnfjbquj, >00 A.@.;i jt 7>7.
:3. @jtla, >4> A.@.;i jt ::29.
::. R``, `.h., A`w @ahfjai Rjv. Kjam v. K`idlri [`jfty Blrp., 473 J.;i 23:, 23>:3(Blaa. :>>4) (glfinah tgjt tg` o`r` glfi`r ld j prlonsslry alt`, nd alt tg` lwa`r ld tg`uai`rfynah i`kt, bjaalt x`rbns` tg` quntjkf` plw`r ld dlr`bflsur`).
:;. [@RYJY@O@AY(YGN[I)LD S[LS.5OL[YHJH@R 0.9(b) (:>>8) (J olrthjh` ojy k``adlrb`i lafy ky, lr na ]snb_ k`gjfd ld, j p`rsla wgl ns `atntf`i tl `adlrb` tg` lkfnhjtnla tg`olrthjh` s`bur`s.)= ni. 0.9 bot. ` (Olrthjh`]s_ ojy alt k` `adlrb`i `xb`pt ky j p`rslagjvnah tg` rnhgt tl `adlrb` tg` lkfnhjtnla lr la` jbtnah la k`gjfd ld subg j p`rsla. Js
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
5/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 49:
prlonsslry alt`=:2jai la` bjaalt h`a`rjffy blav`y k`tt`r tntf` tgjala` gjs.
:9
Yg`s` bjs`s ini alt jrns` k`bjus` ld prnlr uab`rtjnaty jklut tg`
fjw, kut k`bjus` j tll-knh-tl-djnf naiustrytg` glusnah-dnajab`naiustrydluai tg` prnlr fjw nablav`an`at jai kltg bgjah`i jaiinsr`hjri`i nt, kjamnah la nts tll-knh-tl-djnf stjtus tl hujrjat``djvlrjkf` f`hjf lutblo`s. Yg` bladusnla wrluhgt ky tg` bladfnbtk`tw``a glusnah-dnajab` naiustry prjbtnb` jai w`ff-`stjkfnsg`i fjwoji` r`slfutnla ld subg nssu`s sl pr`ssnah tgjt tg` Ojssjbgus`ttsRupr`o` Euinbnjf Blurt tllm tg`s` tgr`` bjs`s la `xp`int`i, inr`btjpp`jf drlo tg` trnjf blurt, jai tg` S`roja`at @intlrnjf Kljri dlrtg` Pandlro Bloo`rbnjf Bli` (PBB) d`ft blop`ff`i tl nssu` jsp`bnjf r`plrt la tg` jppfnbjtnla ld tg` PBB tl olrthjh` alt`s.
:0
Jftgluhg tg` Ojssjbgus`tts Rupr`o` Euinbnjf Blurts rufnahs upg`fiw`ff-`stjkfnsg`i f`hjf prnabnpf`s, tg` Blurt wjs jfsl i``pfy blhanzjattgjt nts rufnahs rnsm`i bfluinah tntf` jbrlss Ojssjbgus`tts jaii`pjrt`i drlo nts usujf prjbtnb` ky ojmnah nts rufnah na @jtla jppfylafy prlsp`btnv`fy tl dutur` dlr`bflsur`s.:4
o`atnla`i, na h`a`rjf j olrthjh` ns ua`adlrb`jkf` nd nt ns g`fi ky la` wgl gjs al rnhgt tl`adlrb` tg` s`bur`i lkfnhjtnla. (`opgjsns lontt`i)).
:2. R``, `.h., Bjrp`at`r v. Flahja, 72 P.R. (:4 Xjff.) ;8:, ;80 (:782) (Jff tg` jutglrntn`sjhr`` tgjt tg` i`kt ns tg` prnabnpjf tgnah jai tg` olrthjh` ja jbb`sslry.).
:9. K[PB@ J. OJ[M@FF, ELGA ILFJA & FJX[@AB@ SLAL[LDD, BL[@ BLAB@SYR NABLOO@[BNJF FJX5 SJRY, S[@R@AY JAI DPYP[@ : (;339) (insbussnah a`ol ijt quli alagjk`t js tg` dluaijtnlajf prnabnpf` ld bloo`rbnjf fjw). Yg` PBB ns r`pf`t` wntg prlvnsnlas tgjtjfflw j hlli-djntg purbgjs`r tl tjm` k`tt`r tntf` tgja tg` s`ff`r gji, kut tg`s` jr` instnabtsntujtnlajf `xb`ptnlas tl tg` a`ol ijt ruf`. R``, `.h.,P.B.B. ;-932(:) (;3::) (prlt`btnah hlli-
djntg purbgjs`rs ld hllis)= ni. 2-;32(k) (v`stnah na trjasd`r``s jay rnhgt ld tg` trjasd`rlr tl`adlrb` tg` nastruo`at, nabfuinah jay rnhgt js j glfi`r na iu` blurs`)= ni. 8-039(j) (jfflwnahtrjasd`r``s tl r`tjna tntf` jai rnhgts tgjt j trjasd`rlr purplrt`i tl blav`y na bjs`s na wgnbg jilbuo`at gjs k``a i`fnv`r`i kut alt iufy a`hltnjt`i)= ni. 7-23;(j) (`atntfnah purbgjs`rs ld`v`a uab`rtndnbjt`i s`burntn`s tl jff rnhgts na tg` s`burnty tgjt tg` trjasd`rlr gji lr gji plw`rtl trjasd`r)= ni. >-2;3(j)(k) (`ajkfnah kuy`rs ld hllis tl tjm` tg` hllis dr`` ld s`burntynat`r`sts na olst bnrbuostjab`s). Rnonfjrfy, tg`r` jr` `xb`ptnlas tl a`ol ijt na prlp`rty fjw.Dlr `xjopf`, na tg` dlur stjt`s tgjt stnff r`blhanz` tg` d`` tjnfI`fjwjr`, Ojna`,Ojssjbgus`tts, jai [gli` Nsfjaint ns plssnkf` dlr slo`la` wntg ja `atjnf`i `stjt` tl blav`ytg` stjt` na d`` snopf`.
:0. R`` h`a`rjffy S@[OJA@AY @INYL[NJF KI. DL[ YG@ PAND. BLOO@[BNJF BLI@,[@SL[Y LD YG@ S@[OJA@AY @INYL[NJF KLJ[I DL[ YG@ PANDL[O BLOO@[BNJF BLI@5
JSSFNBJYNLA LD YG@ PANDL[O BLOO@[BNJF BLI@ YL R@F@BY@I NRRP@R [@FJYNAH YLOL[YHJH@ ALY@R(;3::), jvjnfjkf` jt gttp5//www.jfn.lrh/333;:222/S@K%;3[`plrt%;3-%;3Alv`ok`r%;3;3::.pid. Yg` S`roja`at @intlrnjf Kljri dlr tg` PBB ns j elnat bloontt`` ld
tg` Jo`rnbja Fjw Nastntut` jai tg` Pandlro Fjw Bloonssnla tgjt burjt`s tg` PBB, nssunahr`plrts r`hjrinah wgjt nt k`fn`v`s jr` tg` prlp`r f`hjf nat`rpr`tjtnlas ld tg` PBB wg`apjrtnbufjr blatrlv`rsn`s jrns`, js w`ff js irjdtnah lbbjsnlajf jo`aio`ats tl tg` PBB.
:4. @jtla v. D i. Ajtf Olrth. Jssa, >4> A.@.;i :::7, ::2;22 (Ojss. ;3:;).
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Yg` Ojssjbgus`tts trnflhy ns kut tg` olst prlona`at jaiblopr`g`asnv` hrlup ld j hrlwnah auok`r ld stjt` jai d`i`rjfrufnahs i`jfnah wntg stjainah tl dlr`bfls`.
:8 Yg`r` gjv` k``a a`jrfy
tgr`` tglusjai r`plrt`i lpnanlas i`jfnah wntg tgns nssu` na slo` wjylv`r tg` pjst dnv` y`jrs.
:7 Rtjainah ilbtrna` indd`rs k`tw``a d`i`rjf
:8. R``, `.h.,Na r`M`op, 993 K.[. 4;9, 4;4 (Kjamr. I.A.E. ;3:3) (sustjnanah ja lke`btnla tlprlld ld j bfjno wg`a tg` pfjnatndd blufi alt prlv` ja `adlrb`jkf` rnhgt tl tg` alt` uai`r stjt`fjw)=Na r` Yjrjatlfj, Al. 953>-km-3>832-@XG, ;3:3 XF 23;;327, jt *4 (Kjamr. I. Jrnz. Eufy;>, ;3:3) (i`aynah j oltnla dlr r`fn`d drlo j stjy dlr j fjbm ld r`jf nat`r`st na tg` prlp`rty wg`atg` pfjnatndd blufi alt prlv` tg` vjfni jssnhao`at ld tg` alt`)= Na r` Bja`ffjs, Al. 453>-km-:;;93-JKK, ;3:3 XF 08:737, jt *0 (Kjamr. O.I. Dfj. D`k. >, ;3:3) (dnainah al `vni`ab` ld jprlp`r jssnhao`at ld tg` olrthjh` alr tg` alt` tl tg` dlr`bflsnah pjrty prnlr tl dlr`bflsur`)=Nar` Xnfg`fo, 938 K.[. 2>;, 930 (Kjamr. I. Nijgl ;33>) (i`aynah j oltnla dlr r`fn`d drlo j stjydlr j fjbm ld r`jf nat`r`st na tg` prlp`rty wg`a tg` pfjnatndd blufi alt prlv` vjfni jssnhao`at ldtg` alt`)=Na r`Ejblksla, 93; K.[. 20>, 283 (Kjamr. X.I. Xjsg. ;33>) (glfinah tgjt tg` s`rvnb`r
dlr tg` glfi`r ld tg` alt`, wgl gji al k`a`dnbnjf nat`r`st na tg` alt`, wjs alt tg` r`jf pjrty ldnat`r`st jai wjs alt `atntf`i tl r`fn`d drlo j stjy)=Na r`Gwjah, 2>4 K.[. 808, 840 (Kjamr. B.I.Bjf. ;337) (glfinah tgjt j alt`glfi`r pfjnatndd oust elna tg` lwa`r ld tg` alt`, tg` r`jf pjrty nanat`r`st, k`dlr` nt blufi s``m r`fn`d drlo j stjy), r`vi, 927 K.[. 44: (Kjamr. B.I. Bjf. ;3:3)= Nar`Gjy`s, 2>2 K.[. ;0>, ;47 (Kjamr. I. Ojss. ;337) (glfinah tgjt j putjtnv` olrthjh`` fjbm`istjainah dlr djnfnah tl prlvni` prlld ld j vjfni jssnhao`at ld tg` olrthjh`)= Hfjsmn v. Kjam ldJo., :43 Bjf. [ptr. 2i 99>, 90; (Bt. Jpp. ;3:2) (glfinah tgjt klrrlw`rs gjv` stjainah tlbgjff`ah` vlni jssnhao`ats ld tg`nr fljas `v`a tgluhg tg`y jr` alt j pjrty tl, lr j tgnri pjrtyk`a`dnbnjry ld, tg` jssnhao`at jhr``o`at)= P.R. Kjam v. Blf`y, Al. BT38433:9;4, ;3:: XF;829432, jt *2 (Blaa. Rup`r. Bt. Eua` :3, ;3::) (insonssnah j dlr`bflsur` blopfjnat dlr fjbm ldstjainah k`bjus` tg` olrthjh` jssnhao`at wjs dlur olatgs suks`qu`at tl tg` dlr`bflsur` suntsnantnjtnla)= Ijv`aplrt v. GRKB Kjam PRJ, 82> A.X.;i 272, 270 (Onbg. Bt. Jpp. ;338) (glfinahtgjt tg` dlr`bflsur` oust k` vjbjt`i wg`a tg` kjam ini alt y`t lwa tg` nai`kt`ia`ss tgjt ntsluhgt tl dlr`bfls`)= @i`fst`na v. Kjam ld A.^. O`ffla, ;74 S.2i ;9>, ;0; (A`v. ;3:;)(r`qunrnah tg` pjrty s``mnah tl dlr`bfls` tl i`olastrjt` tgjt nt wjs kltg tg` glfi`r ld tg`prlonsslry alt` jai tg` k`a`dnbnjry ld tg` i``i ld trust)= X`ffs Djrhl Kjam Ajtf Jssa v.@rlklkl, Al. 2:497/;33>, ;3:2 XF :72:8>>, jt *:3 (A.^. Rup. Bt. ;3:2) (i`aynah j oltnla dlrsuoojry euiho`at na j dlr`bflsur` k`bjus` tg` jssnhao`at ld tg` alt` jai olrthjh` w`r` vlnidlr alt blopfynah wntg tg` pllfnah jai s`rvnbnah jhr``o`at (SRJ))= X`ffs Djrhl Kjam, AjtfJssa v. Elrija, Al. >:480, ;33> XF 4;0043, jt *>:3 (Lgnl Bt. Jpp. Ojr. :;, ;33>) (insonssnahj dlr`bflsur` jbtnla dlr j fjbm ld stjainah k`bjus` tg` putjtnv` olrthjh`` blufi alt prlv` ntlwa`i tg` olrthjh` jt tg` tno` tg` blopfjnat wjs dnf`i)= I`utsbg` Kjam Ajtf Yrust Bl. v.Kyrjos, ;80 S.2i :;>, :22 (Lmfj. ;3:;) (r`v`rsnah jai r`ojainah suoojry euiho`at dlr tg`dlr`bflsur` pfjnatndd k`bjus` stjainah ini alt `xnst jt tg` tno` ja jbtnla wjs nastntut`i)= Anijy v.HOJB Olrth., FFB, ;79 S.2i ::08, ::4> (Lr. Bt. Jpp. ;3:;) (glfinah tgjt j i``i-ld-trustk`a`dnbnjry wgl us`s tg` Olrthjh` @f`btrlanb [`hnstrjtnla Ryst`o, Nab. (O@[R) bjaaltuai`rtjm` j alaeuinbnjf dlr`bflsur`)= P.R. Kjam Ajtf Jssa v. Mnokjff, ;8 J.2i :378, :3>4 (Tt.;3::) (upglfinah tg` i`anjf ld stjainah tl dlr`bfls` k`bjus` tg` kjam blufi alt i`olastrjt`tgjt nt wjs tg` glfi`r ld tg` alt` jt tg` tno` tg` dlr`bflsur` jbtnla wjs nantnjt`i). Dlr bntjtnlastl ltg`r bjs`s jiir`ssnah tg` nssu` ld stjainah na dlr`bflsur` jbtnlas, s`` suprj alt`s 07 jaijbblopjaynah t`xt jai nadrj alt`s ;;, 29, ;40 jai jbblopjaynah t`xt. J sjopfnah ld f`jinah
bjs`s jr` jfsl blff`bt`i na tg` Jpp`ainx.:7. J s`jrbg la Alv`ok`r :, ;3:2, ld tg` F`xns Rtjt` & D`i`rjf Bjs`s ijtjkjs` fnsts dlr
(dlr`bflsur` w/s stjainah) JAI (olrthjh` lr i``i ld trust lr trust i``i) yn`fis ;,>>>bjs`s snab` ;338. Ja ni`atnbjf s`jrbg na tg` X`stfjw JFFBJR@R ijtjkjs` yn`fis ;,87:
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;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 492
jai stjt` blurts, kut tg`r` ns krlji jhr``o`at jolah blurts tgjtslo` slrt ld stjainah lr snonfjr stjtus ns a`b`ssjry dlr kltg euinbnjfjai alaeuinbnjf dlr`bflsur`,
:> eust js nt ns dlr jay slrt ld i`kt-
blff`btnla jbtnla.;3 Yg`r` ns jfsl krlji jhr``o`at tgjt tg` pjrty
i`bnsnlas snab` ;338. J s`jrbg dlr tg` sjo` t`ros na tg` pr`vnlus s`v`a-y`jr p`rnli yn`fis lafy;>8 bjs`s la F`xns jai ;29 bjs`s la X`stfjw. Ygns s`jrbg ns kltg lv`r- jai uai`rnabfusnv`, kut ntns ala`tg`f`ss nffustrjtnv`.
:>. R`` Ijf` Xgntoja & Ir`w Onfa`r, Dlr`bflsnah la Altgnah5 Yg` Burnlus Srlkf`o ldtg` I``i ld Yrust Dlr`bflsur` Xntglut @atntf`o`at Yl @adlrb` tg` Alt`, 44 J[M.F.[@T. ;:, ;2(;3:2) (Xgnf` pf`aty ld uab`rtjnaty xnst`i, la` blab`pt bf`jrfy o`rh`i drlo fntnhjtnla iurnahtg` ;337;3:; p`rnli5 na lri`r tl dlr`bfls` j olrthjh` ky euinbnjf jbtnla, la` gji tl gjv` tg`rnhgt tl `adlrb` tg` i`kt tgjt tg` olrthjh` s`bur`i. Nt ns gjri tl nojhna` glw tgns altnla blufik` blatrlv`rsnjf.). Rlo` stjt`s p`ront lafy euinbnjf dlr`bflsur`s. Ltg`rs jfflw dlr `ntg`r
euinbnjf lr alaeuinbnjf dlr`bflsur`, wg`r`js y`t ltg`rs gjv` slf`fy alaeuinbnjf dlr`bflsur`prlb`iur`s. R`` h`a`rjffy OL[YH. KJAM@[R JRRA, EPINBNJF T@[RPR ALA-EPINBNJF
DL[@BFLRP[@
, jvjnfjkf` jt gttp5//www.okjj.lrh/dnf`s/[ slurb`B`at`r/Dlr`bflsur Srlb`ss/EuinbnjfT`rsusAla-EuinbnjfDlr`bflsur`.pid.
;3. Yg` stjainah nssu` gjs jfsl jrns`a na tg blat`xt ld br`int bjris. R``, `.h., K-Fna`, FFBv. Xnah`rt`r, 0>9 D.2i >2: (4tg Bnr. ;3:3) (r`v`rsnah sjabtnlas jhjnast tg` purbgjs`r ld jauailbuo`at`i br`int-bjri-i`kt bfjno na kjamruptby)= Rym`s v. O`f Gjrrns & Jsslbs., ;70D.[.I. ;8> (R.I.A.^. ;3:;) (b`rtndynah j bfjss na j sunt jhjnast j i`kt blff`btlr dlr jff`h`i DjnrI`kt Blff`btnla Srjbtnb`s Jbt (DIBSJ) jai [jbm`t``r Nadfu`ab`i jai Blrrupt LrhjanzjtnlasJbt ([NBL) vnlfjtnlas r`hjrinah br`int-bjri-i`kt blff`btnla)= Rym`s v. O`f Gjrrns & Jsslbs.,808 D. Rupp. ;i 9:2 (R.I.A.^. ;3:3) (i`aynah j oltnla tl insonss na j sunt jhjnast j i`ktblff`btlr dlr jff`h`i DIBSJ jai [NBL vnlfjtnlas r`hjrinah br`int-bjri-i`kt blff`btnla)=FTAT Duainah FFB v. Hu`st, >02 A.^.R.;i 003 (Bnty Bt. ;3:;) (sjabtnlanah j pfjnatnddsbluas`f na j i`kt blff`btnla fjwsunt dlr djnfnah tl prlvni` suddnbn`at ilbuo`atjtnla tl `stjkfnsgstjainah)= Onifjai Duainah FFB v. Xjffjb`, >94 A.^.R.;i 48 (Bnty Bt. ;3:;) (sjo`)= OKAJJo. Kjam, A.J. v. A`fsla, 79: A.^.R.;i 7;4 (Bnv. Bt. ;338) (insonssnah tg` kjams oltnla tljddnro ja jrkntrjtnla jwjri dlr, jolah ltg`r tgnahs, djnfur` tl prlvni` j blpy ld tg` jbtujf r`tjnfbr`int blatrjbt)= E`ssnbj Rnfv`r-Hr``ak`rh, ESOlrhja Ru`i lv`r Br`int Bjri I`kt Bjs`s,A.^.YNO@R, Ojy :3, ;3:2, jt K: (insbussnah Bjfndlranjs sunt jhjnast ESOlrhja dlr br`int-bjri-i`kt-blff`btnla nssu`s)= E`ssnbj Rnfv`r-Hr``ak`rh, Srlkf`os [niif` Olv`s Yl Blff`bt Br`int BjriI`kt, A.^.YNO@R, Juh. :2, ;3:;, jt J: (F`ai`rs . . . jr` bguranah lut fjwsunts wntglut r`hjridlr jbburjby, jai noprlp`rfy blff`btnah i`kts drlo blasuo`rs.)= E`dd Glrwntz, [lkl Br`intBjri Runts O`ajb` Kjams, JO. KJAM@[ (Eja. 23, ;3:;, :35:4 J.O.), gttp5//www.jo`rnbjakjam`r.blo/nssu`s/:88\;3/rlklsnhanah-br`int-bjri-sunts-:394:80-:.gtof (Nd kjamsprlv` uasubb`ssduf na i`d`ainah tg`os`fv`s drlo bfjnos tgjt tg`nr r`blris jr` sgliiy, tg`y ruatg` rnsm ld navntnah j a`w r`hufjtlry brjbmilwa jai f`hjf kjttf`s lv`r tg` vjfninty ld bfjnosnavlfvnah t`as ld knffnlas ld ilffjrs na uas`bur`i i`kt.). Rlo` stjt` jai flbjf hlv`rao`ats gjv`jilpt`i tg`nr lwa bgjna-ld-tntf` r`qunr`o`ats dlr i`kt blff`btnla. R`` Ijan`f E. Fjahna,Natrliubnah B`rtjnaty tl I`kt Kuynah5 Jbbluat Bgjna ld Yntf` T`rndnbjtnla dlr I`kt 2 (Eja. 0,;3::) (uapukfnsg`i ojausbrnpt), jvjnfjkf` jt gttp5//dtb.hlv/ls/bloo`ats/i`ktblff`btt`bgwlrmsglp/333;8-43349.pid.
Br`int-bjri jai ltg`r blasuo`r fljas pr`s`at slo`wgjt indd`r`at nssu`s tgjaolrthjh`s r`hjrinah bgjna ld tntf`, alt f`jst k`bjus` uas`bur`i fljas lafy gjv` j prlonsslry
alt` lr ltg`r br`int jhr``o`at, alt j s`burnty nastruo`at. Js j r`suft, tg`r` wnff alt k`bladusnla r`hjrinah wgnbg tntf` syst`o jppfn`s, lafy qu`stnlas ld wgjt ns suddnbn`at prlld tl sglwstjainah jai prlv` j i`kt. @v`a na tg`s` r`hjris, br`int-bjri i`kt indd`rs drlo olrthjh`s, js ntns oubg f`ss dlrojf. Xg`r`js j olrthjh` wnff usujffy navlfv` ja na-p`rsla bflsnah jai j snahf`
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krnahnah tg` dlr`bflsur` jbtnla lr sjf` oust gjv` stjainah jt tg` tno`tg` fntnhjtnla lr sjf` prlb`ss ns bloo`ab`i. Yg`r` ns djr f`ssjhr``o`at, glw`v`r, jklut wgjt i`t`rona`s wgl gjs stjainah tl
krnah tg` dlr`bflsur`.;:Rtjainah lr snonfjr ilbtrna`s r`qunr` tg` pjrty pursunah j
dlr`bflsur` tl gjv` j f`hjffy blhanzjkf` nat`r`st na tg` olrthjh`. Yg`oli`ra olrthjh` ojrm`t ns dnajab`i fjrh`fy tgrluhg s`burntnzjtnla, jdnajabnah o`tgli tgjt navlfv`s ouftnpf` kufm trjasd`rs ld olrthjh`s.Nd fljas gjv` alt k``a subb`ssduffy trjasd`rr`i tl tg` pjrty s``mnah tldlr`bfls`, tg`a tgjt pjrty gjs al prnvnty wntg tg` fljajai tg`r`dlr`fjbms stjainah tl dlr`bfls`. Blurts, glw`v`r, bjaalt jhr`` `v`a lawgjt fjw hlv`ras trjasd`rs lr i`t`rona`s lwa`rsgnp ld olrthjh`s,wgnbg br`jt`s bladusnla lv`r stjainah.
;;Ygns bladusnla lv`r stjainah
tgus st`os drlo bladusnla jklut wgjt ns r`qunr`i tl trjasd`r jolrthjh` flja. Jr` olrthjh` fljas trjasd`rr`i ky a`hltnjtnlao`janah nailrs`o`at jai pgysnbjf i`fnv`ry ld tg` prlonsslry alt`lr ky sjf` blatrjbt, lr ky r`blrijtnla na fjai r`blris< Bja olrthjh`s
`xt`asnla ld br`int, tg`r` ns uafnm`fy tl k` jayla` wntg tru` p`rslajf malwf`ih` ld br`int-bjrii`kt, wgnbg ns jppfn`i dlr r`olt`fy, uai`rwrntt`a jai r`p`jt`ify jutglrnz`i, bf`jr`i, jais`ttf`i tgrluhg jutlojt`i syst`os. Fnm`wns`, tg` sojff snz` ld br`int-bjri i`kt ojy ojm` ntua`blalonbjf tl tjm` hr`jt`r bjr` ilbuo`atnah bgjnas ld tntf`. Dlr inv`rh`at vn`ws la wgjt nssuddnbn`at prlld ld nai`kt`ia`ss na tg` br`int-bjri blat`xt, blopjr` Ojau`f A`wkurh`r, RglufiR`ff`rs ld I`kt Xjrrjat tg` Jbburjby ld Ijtj Yg`y Srlvni`< ,IKJOJH.,Rprnah;3:2, jt :4, 9;(jrhunah tgjt i`kt kuy`rs jr` `atntf`i tl r`fy la wjrrjatn`s), wntg Ijfn Enoa`z, Nff`hjfnty na tg`Rjf` jai Blff`btnla ld Blasuo`r I`kts ;0(Eua` 2, ;3:2) (uapukfnsg`i ojausbrnpt), jvjnfjkf` jtgttp5//ssra.blo/jkstrjbt?;;03879 (jivjabnah tg` lpplsnt` jrhuo`at).
;:. Yg`r` ns jfsl suksninjry insjhr``o`at jklut wgjt ilbuo`atjtnla suddnb`s js `vni`ab` tlsglw stjainah. Ygns ns wg`r` tg` stjainah nssu` na h`a`rjf nat`rs`bts wntg rlklsnhanah. Dlrinsbussnla ld vni`atnjry sglwnahs na br`int-bjri-i`kt-blff`btnla jbtnlas, s``suprj alt` ;3.
;;. Ygns ns tg` bjs`, dlr `xjopf`, na Jrnzlaj. Blopjr` Tjrk`f v. Kjam ld Jo. Ajtf Jssa,Al. : BJ-BT :;-3;42, ;3:2 XF 7:8;>3, jt *; (Jrnz. Bt. Jpp. Ojr. 0, ;3:2) (glfinah tgjt jalaeuinbnjf dlr`bflsur` sjf` il`s alt r`qunr` tg` prliubtnla ld tg` alt` lr nts bgjna ld bustliy),wntg Na r` Yjrjatlfj, Al. 953>-km-3>832-@XG, ;3:3 XF 23;;327, jt *0 (Kjamr. I. Jrnz. Eufy ;>,;3:3) (i`aynah j oltnla dlr r`fn`d drlo j stjy dlr j fjbm ld r`jf nat`r`st na tg` prlp`rty wg`a tg`pfjnatndd blufi alt prlv` tg` vjfni jssnhao`at ld tg` alt`). Nt ns jfsl tg` bjs` na Onbgnhja.Blopjr` Ijv`aplrt v. GRKB Kjam PRJ, 82> A.X.;i 272, 270 (Onbg. Bt. Jpp. ;338) (glfinahtgjt j dlr`bflsur` oust k` vjbjt`i wg`a tg` kjam ini alt y`t lwa tg` nai`kt`ia`ss tgjt ntsluhgt tl dlr`bfls`), wntg[`sni`atnjf Duainah Bl. v. Rjuroja, 730 A.X.;i :72, :72 (Onbg.;3::) (glfinah tgjt O@[R gji stjainah tl dlr`bfls` alaeuinbnjffy). Lr`hla, js blopjr`i tlOnbgnhja jai Jrnzlaj, il`s alt jfflw O@[R stjainah tl dlr`bfls` alaeuinbnjffy. R`` Anijy v.HOJB Olrth., FFB, ;79 S.2i ::08, ::4> (Lr. Bt. Jpp. ;3:;) (i`t`ronanah tgjt j i``i-ld-trustk`a`dnbnjry wgl us`i O@[R blufi alt uai`rtjm` j alaeuinbnjf dlr`bflsur`). Xjsgnahtla jfsl
il`s alt hnv` O@[R stjainah tl dlr`bfls` alaeuinbnjffy. R``Kjna v. O`trl. Olrth. Hrp., Nab.,;70 S.2i 29, 2428 (Xjsg. ;3:;) (glfinah tgjt O@[R blufi alt utnfnz` tg` Xjsgnahtlaalaeuinbnjf dlr`bflsur` prlb`iur` k`bjus` nt wjs alt tg` fjwduf k`a`dnbnjry ld j i``i ld trustk`bjus` nt il`s alt glfi tg` alt`).
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
9/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 490
k` trjasd`rr`i s`pjrjt`fy drlo prlonsslry alt`s< Xgjt ns tg` `dd`btld uar`blri`i olrthjh` trjasd`rs< Nt ns a`b`ssjry tl i`t`rona` glwolrthjh` fljas jr` trjasd`rr`i na lri`r tl v`rndy wgl gjs tntf` tl tg`
olrthjh`, o`janah g`r` tg` rnhgt tl `adlrb` nt.;2Pai`rstjainah tg` `o`rh`ab` ld tg` olrthjh`-tntf`-syst`o
prlkf`o jai glw nt onhgt k` dnx`i r`qunr`s sp`fuamnah natl slo` ldtg` gljrn`st jai olst t`bganbjf onautnj` ld bloo`rbnjf jai r`jf-prlp`rty fjw. Yg`s` kyzjatna` ruf`s s`rv` js tg` f`hjf nadrjstrubtur`dlr brntnbjf pjrts ld tg` `blaloy. J $:2 trnffnla r`sni`atnjf olrthjh`ojrm`t i`p`ais inr`btfy la bfjrnty ld olrthjh` tntf`,
;9 kut tg`
nopfnbjtnlas ld olrthjh`-tntf`-syst`o prlkf`os jr` durtg`r r`jbgnah.Jt stjm` ns alt lafy tg` nat`hrnty ld tg` f`hjf syst`o jai nts nasnst`ab`la tg` ruf` ld fjw wg`a i`jfnah wntg `blalonbjffy vufa`rjkf` jaildt`a uar`pr`s`at`i i`d`aijats,
;0kut jfsl plt`atnjffy runalus fnjknfnty
dlr tg` ajtnlas fjrh`st dnajabnjf nastntutnlas. Jfsl jt stjm` ns bfjrnty ldtntf` tl j fjrh` pjrt ld tg` r`jf prlp`rty na tg` Pant`i Rtjt`s, k`bjus`olrthjh`-tntf`-syst`o prlkf`os nopfnbjt` tg` jfn`ajknfnty ld r`jfprlp`rty nts`fd. Bflui`i olrthjh` tntf` pls`s j syst`onb rnsm tl tg``blaloy k`bjus` bfjrnty ld prlp`rty tntf` ns j duaijo`atjf sna` qujala ld oli`ra `blalon`s.
;4Js tg` kurstnah ld tg` glusnah kukkf` gjs
sglwa, glusnah ojrm`ts jr` uanqu`fy fnam`i tl tg` ojbrl`blaloy.;8
;2. R`` G`ary Gjasojaa & [`nan`r Mrjjmoja, Srlp`rty, Blatrjbt, jai T`rndnbjtnla5 Yg`
Auo`rus Bfjusus Srlkf`o jai tg` Invnsnknfnty ld [nhgts, 2: E. F@HJF RYPI. R282, R27970(;33;) (i`sbrnknah indd`r`at typ`s ld prlp`rty-rnhgts v`rndnbjtnla r`hno`s).
;9. KI. LD HLT@[AL[R LD YG@ D@I. [@R@[T@ R^R., D@I@[JF [@R@[T@ RYJYNRYNBJF[@F@JR@ U.:, DNAJABNJF JBBLPAYR LD YG@ PANY@I RYJY@R5 DFLX LD DPAIR, KJFJAB@
RG@@YR,JAI NAY@H[JY@I OJB[L@BLALONB JBBLPAYR DN[RY ZPJ[Y@[ ;3:2, tkf.F.;:4, f. :(;3:2).
;0. R``, `.h.,Na r`Dlr`bflsur` Bjs`s, Als. :538BT;;7;, 38BT;02;, 38BT;043, 38BT;43;,38BT;42:, 38BT;427, 38BT;47:, 38BT;4>0, 38BT;>;3, 38BT;>23, 38BT;>9>, 38BT;>03,38BT2333, 38BT23;>, ;338 XF 2;2;923, *2 a.2 (A.I. Lgnl Lbt. 2:, ;338).
;4. R``, `.h., G@[AJAIL I@ RLYL, YG@ O^RY@[^ LD BJSNYJF5 XG^ BJSNYJFNROY[NPOSGR NA YG@ X@RY JAI DJNFR @T@[^XG@[@ @FR@47, 9407 (;333) (jrhunah tgjt tg`subb`ss ld X`st`ra bjpntjfnso i`p`ais la tg` jknfnty ld nainvniujfs tl f`v`rjh` bf`jr f`hjf tntf` jsbjpntjf)= Ijrla Jb`olhfu, Rnola Elgasla & Ejo`s J. [lknasla, Yg` Blflanjf Lrnhnas ldBlopjrjtnv` I`v`flpo`at5 Ja @opnrnbjf Nav`stnhjtnla, >: JO.@BLA. [@T. :24>, :2>0 (;33:)(jrhunah tgjt nastntutnlajf indd`r`ab`s jdd`btnah tg` prlt`btnla ld prlp`rty rnhgts jbbluat dlrslo` ld tg` indd`r`ab`s na p`r bjpntj nablo` jolah dlro`r @urlp`ja blflan`s)= IjrlaJb`olhfu & Rnola Elgasla, Pakuaifnah Nastntutnlas, ::2 E. SLF. @BLA. >9>, >79 (;330)(dnainah tgjt prlp`rty-rnhgts nastntutnlas jr` m`y i`t`ronajats ld `blalonb hrlwtg)= E. KrjidlriI`Flah & Jair`n Rgf`nd`r, Srnab`s jai O`rbgjats5 @urlp`ja Bnty Hrlwtg K`dlr` tg` Naiustrnjf
[`vlfutnla, 24 E.F. & @BLA. 48:, 4>;>2 (:>>2) (dnainah j a`hjtnv` blrr`fjtnla k`tw``ajkslfutnst r`hno`s wntg nas`bur` prlp`rty rnhgts jai bnty hrlwtg)= Rnola Elgasla, ElgaObOnffja & Bgrnstlpg`r Xllirudd, Srlp`rty [nhgts jai Dnajab`, >; JO. @BLA. [@T. :220,:20;02 (;33;) (dnainah tgjt prnvjt`-s`btlr nav`sto`at ns blastrjna`i ky j p`rb`ptnla ld w`jm
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
10/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
494 IPM@ FJX ELP[AJF ]Tlf. 425428
Yg` olrthjh` tntf` nssu` ns ajrrlwfy j qu`stnla jklut tg` trjasd`rld olrthjh`s fljas, alt tg` trjasd`r ld r`jf `stjt`. Yg`r` ns al r`jfqu`stnla tlijy jklut glw tl trjasd`r Kfjbmjbr`. Yg` blav`yjab` ld
pr`s`at plss`sslry `stjt`s na r`jf prlp`rty ns j ojtt`r ld stjt` r`jf-prlp`rty fjw. Blav`yjab` prlb`iur`s vjry ky stjt`, kut tg`s`prlb`iur`s jr` alt na ilukt. Rnonfjrfy, tg`r` ns al qu`stnla jklut glwtl olrthjh` r`jf prlp`rty. Nast`ji, tg` nssu` ns la` ld suks`qu`attrjasd`rs ld olrthjh`s.
Ala`tg`f`ss, tg` olrthjh` bgjna ld tntf` il`s jdd`bt tg` jknfnty tltrjasd`r bf`jr tntf` tl r`jf prlp`rty. Yg` Ojssjbgus`tts Rupr`o`Euinbnjf Blurts K`vnfjbquj i`bnsnla nffustrjt`s j blab`pt djonfnjr tl jh`a`rjtnla ld prlp`rty-fjw stui`ats5 ja navjfni dlr`bflsur` sjf` nsna`dd`btnv` tl pjss tntf`.
;7 Nd tg` s`ff`r ns alt tg` p`rsla `atntf`i tl
dlr`bfls`, tg` dlr`bflsur` sjf` ns al indd`r`at drlo j sjf` ld tg`Krllmfya Krnih`. Jbblrinahfy, tg` dlr`bflsur`-sjf` purbgjs`r gjs aljknfnty tl trjasd`r tntf` tl tg` prlp`rty, al ojtt`r g`r `quntn`s, k`bjus`sg` fjbms tntf`, eust fnm` tg` gjpf`ss kuy`r ld tg` Krllmfya Krnih`.
;>
prlp`rty rnhgts, `v`a wg`a dnajabnah ns jvjnfjkf`). R`` h`a`rjffy Jro`a J. Jfbgnja & GjrlfiI`os`tz, Yg` Srlp`rty [nhgt Sjrjinho, 22 E. @BLA. GNRY. :4 (:>82) (altnah tgjt vufa`rjkf`prlp`rty rnhgts r`suft na uai`rnav`sto`at)= Gjrlfi I`os`tz, Ylwjri j Yg`lry ld Srlp`rty[nhgts, 08 JO.@BLA.[@T. 298 (:>48) (sjo`).
;8. R`` Jijo E. F`vntna & Rusja O. Xjbgt`r, Xgy Glusnah;3 (;3:2) (ni`atndynah tgr`` trjasonssnla bgjaa`fs k`tw``a glusnah jai tg`ojbrl`blaloy). Yg` rnsm ns tgrluhg kltg bflui`i tntf` nts`fd jai r`suftnah fntnhjtnla fnjknfnty dlrdnajabnjf nastntutnlas. R`` BLAH. LT@[RNHGY SJA@F, ALT@OK@[ LT@[RNHGY [@SL[Y5@WJONANAH YG@ BLAR@ZP@AB@R LD OL[YHJH@ N[[@HPFJ[NYN@R DL[ DNAJABNJFRYJKNFNY^ JAI DL[@BFLRP[@ ONYNHJYNLA 40 (;3:3), jvjnfjkf` jt gttp5//byk`rb`o`t`ry.uat.
`iu/jrbgnv`/blp/;3::393;3:32:2/gttp5//blp.s ajt`.hlv/ilbuo`ats/blp-:::4:3-r`plrt.pid.
;7. R`` K`vnfjbquj v. [lirnhu`z, >00 A.@.;i 779, 7>7 (Ojss. ;3::).Yg` bjs` ld [lbmjd`fflrv. Hrjy, :>: A.X. :38 (Nlwj :>;;) (tjmnah kjbm j prlp`rty slfi jt ja navjfni dlr`bflsur` sjf`jdt`r s`v`rjf suks`qu`at trjasd`rs), ns nabfui`i na tg` f`jinah prlp`rty-fjw t`xtkllm. R`` E@RR@IPM@ONAN@[ &EJO@R @.M[N@[,S[LS@[Y^(:st `i. :>7:).
;>. Euinbnjf dlr`bflsur`s jr` h`a`rjffy inddnbuft tl bgjff`ah` plstsjf` `v`a nd tg`r` wjs aljutglrnty tl dlr`bfls` k`bjus` ld dnajfnty ilbtrna`s, s`` H[JAY R. A@FRLA & IJF@ J.XGNYOJA, [@JF @RYJY@ DNAJAB@ FJX42; (0tg `i. ;338), jai slo`tno`s sp`bndnb stjtutlryprlvnsnlas,s``, `.h., 820 NFF.BLOS.RYJY.JAA.0/:0-:03> (X`st ;3::) (fnontnah tg` r`o`iy tl jplstsjf` bgjff`ah` tl tg` prlb``is ld tg` sjf`, rjtg`r tgja tg` r`tura ld tg` prlp`rty)= LGNL[@T. BLI@ JAA. ;2;>.90 (X`st ;339) (prlvninah tgjt tg` r`v`rsjf ld j dlr`bflsur`-sjf`
euiho`at il`s alt jdd`bt tg` tntf` ld tg` purbgjs`r, kut nast`ji r`qunr`s r`stntutnla ky tg`dlr`bflsnah br`intlr ld tg` dlro`r glo`lwa`r). Kut s`` A.^. B.S.F.[. ;332 (ObMnaa`y ;3:;)(jfflwnah j sjf` tl k` s`t jsni` dlr up tl j y`jr nd j sukstjatnjf rnhgt ld tg` i`ktlr wjs pr`euinb`iky j i`d`bt na sjf` prlb`iur`). Na alaeuinbnjf-dlr`bflsur` stjt`s, glw`v`r, dnajfnty ilbtrna`s il
alt jppfy, jai j plstsjf` bgjff`ah` ns h`a`rjffy plssnkf`. R`` @fnzjk`tg [`aujrt, Ylwjri j Olr`@quntjkf` Kjfjab`5 Glo`lwa`r jai Surbgjs`r Y`asnlas na Ala-Euinbnjf Dlr`bflsur` Rtjt`s,;9FL^. BLARPO@[ F. [@T. 04;, 08>73 (;3:;). Rlo` stjt`s nopls` stjtut`s ld fnontjtnlas dlrplstsjf` bgjff`ah`s. R`` ni. jt 072 a.>0. Olr`lv`r, nt ns alt bf`jr wg`tg`r tg`s` fnonts wlufi
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
11/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 498
Ygns o`jas tgjt tg`r` jr` plt`atnjffy qu`stnlas jklut tntf` tl ojay ldtg` onffnlas ld prlp`rtn`s tgjt gjv` hla` tgrluhg dlr`bflsur` sjf`siurnah tg` pjst dnv` y`jrs.
Yg` olrthjh`-tntf`-syst`o prlkf`o ojy r`jbg `v`a djrtg`r,`xt`ainah k`ylai prlp`rtn`s tgjt gjv` hla` tgrluhg dlr`bflsur`. Jolrthjh` fn`a ns j blatnah`at dlro ld lwa`rsgnp. Nd j prlp`rty nsolrthjh`i, nt ns inddnbuft tl s`ff uaf`ss tg` olrthjh` fn`a ns r`f`js`i.Jks`at r`f`js` ld tg` fn`a, tg` kuy`r tjm`s tg` prlp`rty suke`bt tl tg`olrthjh` fn`a, `v`a tgluhg tg` jsslbnjt`i i`kt r`ojnas lw`i ky tg`s`ff`r5 fn`as dlfflw prlp`rty, wgnf` i`kts r`ojna wntg lkfnhlrs.Yg`r`dlr` nd tg` s`ff`r i`djufts la tg` i`kt, tg` olrthjh`` ojydlr`bfls` la tg` olrthjh` jai dlrb` tg` sjf` ld tg` prlp`rty alwlwa`i ky tg` kuy`r. Yg` qu`stnla jklut wgl gjs tg` fn`a laKfjbmjbr` bja olrpg natl tg` qu`stnla ld wgl lwas Kfjbmjbr`.Jks`at bfjrnty jklut wgl ns tg` olrthjh``, tntf` tl Kfjbmjbr` ns altojrm`tjkf`. Olr`lv`r, uaf`ss tntf` tl fjai ns bf`jr, nt bja jdd`bt ltg`rprlp`rty nat`r`sts, subg js f`js`glfis, `js`o`ats, jai kluaijrn`s.
23
Yg`r`dlr`, prlkf`os na i`t`ronanah wgl ns j olrthjh`` bja jdd`bttntf` la djr olr` tgja dlr`bflsur` prlp`rtn`s. Bladusnla lv`rolrthjh` trjasd`r o`tglis jai tgus lv`r rnhgts na olrthjh`s gjsplt`atnjffy djr-r`jbgnah blas`qu`ab`s.
Ygns Jrtnbf` `xjona`s tg` f`hjf jai ojrm`t i`v`flpo`ats tgjtgjv` k`dluf`i tg` fjw ld olrthjh` tntf`. Nt jrhu`s tgjt tg` burr`atbladusnla na tg` fjw ns, jt nts blr`, tg` r`suft ld blop`tnah olrthjh`tntf` syst`os. Ygns ns j alv`f blab`ptujfnzjtnla ld tg` prlkf`o irnvnahdlr`bflsur`-stjainah fntnhjtnla, kut, lab` tg` prlkf`o ns uai`rstlli na
tgns ojaa`r, j slfutnlar`blabnfnjtnla ld tntf` syst`osns r`jinfyjppjr`at.
Kltg fjai tntf` syst`os jai prlonsslry alt` tntf` syst`os purplrttl blv`r olrthjh` tntf`. Jrtnbf` 2 ld tg` PBB prlvni`s j fnttf`-r`ojrm`i tntf` syst`o dlr prlonsslry alt`s.
2: Flbjf fjai r`blris
prlvni` j tntf` syst`o dlr fjai jai `abuokrjab`s upla nt, subg jsolrthjh`s. ^`t k`bjus` ld tg` bloola-fjw ilbtrna` tgjt tg`olrthjh` dlfflws tg` alt`, tg` PBB Jrtnbf` 2 syst`o gjs jfsl gji
jppfy nd tg` s`ff`r gji al rnhgt tl blaiubt j sjf`, js lppls`i tl bgjff`ah`s r`fjtnah tl sjf`prlb`iur`s.
23. R`` Ijvni @. Xllff`y & Fnsj I. G`rzlh, O@[R5 Yg` Par`plrt`i @dd`bts ld Flst Bgjna
ld Yntf` la [`jf Srlp`rty Lwa`rs, 7 GJRYNAHR KPR. F.E. 240, 24447 (;3:;) (insbussnah tg`nopjbt ld uabf`jr tntf` la kluaijry insput`s).
2:. Dlr j insbussnla ld tg` Jrtnbf` 2 prlvnsnlas tgjt `stjkfnsg tgns tntf` syst`o dlrprlonsslry alt`s, s`` nadrjSjrt N.J.2.
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
12/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
497 IPM@ FJX ELP[AJF ]Tlf. 425428
tg` plt`atnjf tl s`rv` js j olrthjh` tntf` syst`o wg`a j alt` nss`bur`i ky j olrthjh`.
Yg`r` wjs jfwjys j fjt`at t`asnla k`tw``a tg`s` pukfnb-fjw
olrthjh` tntf` syst`os, kut nt wjs ld fnttf` blas`qu`ab` uatnf tg` fjt`tw`atn`tg b`atury k`bjus` olrthjh`s w`r` rjr`fy trjasd`rr`i, jaiolrthjh`s w`r` s`filo s`pjrjt`i drlo alt`s. Yg` dlrojfntn`s ld kltgsyst`os w`r` bf`jr jai dlfflw`i, jai js j r`suft, tg`r` wjs s`filo jinsbr`pjaby k`tw``a tg`o. Jai `v`a nd insbr`pjabn`s `xnst`ik`tw``a tg` tntf` syst`os, tg`y w`r` rjr`fy ld blas`qu`ab`. Yntf` wjss`filo bgjff`ah`i k`bjus` dlr`bflsur`s w`r` rjr`, jai i`djufteuiho`ats jai nslfjt`i prlkf`os usujffy blufi k` s`ttf`i qun`tfy.
Yg` flah-ilrojat t`asnla k`tw``a tg`s` syst`os k`bjo` jprlkf`o js tg` olrthjh` dnajab` ojrm`t i`v`flp`i drlo kjfjab`-sg``t f`ainah tl s`burntnzjtnla. R`burntnzjtnla trjasjbtnlas r`qunr`
ouftnpf` kufm trjasd`rs ld olrthjh`s na lri`r tl jbgn`v` vjrnlus br`intrjtnahs, kjamruptby, tjx, jbbluatnah, jai kjam-r`hufjtlry-bjpntjfk`a`dnts. Jks`at bf`jr ilbuo`atjtnla ld tg`s` trjasd`rs, tg` vjrnlustrjasjbtnlajf k`a`dnts jr` na ilukt, wgnbg wlufi uai`rona` tg``blalonb vnjknfnty ld s`burntnzjtnla. Yntf`-jai-trjasd`r syst`o bfjrntyns ss`atnjf dlr s`burntnzjtnla.
Kltg PBB Jrtnbf` 2 jai fjai r`blris prlvni` j gnhg i`hr`` ldtntf` bfjrnty. I`spnt` tg` plt`atnjf t`asnla k`tw``a tg`o, tg`s`syst`os gjv` duaijo`atjf snonfjrntn`s. Kltg jr` prlp`rty rnhgtsv`rndnbjtnla syst`os tgjt lp`rjt` tgrluhg pukfnb i`olastrjtnla.Kltg syst`os r`qunr` blopfnjab` wntg i`olastrjtnv` f`hjf dlrojfntn`stl jbgn`v` prlp`rty rnhgts. Blopfnjab` prlvni`s tg` `vni`atnjry
b`rtjnaty ld tg` prlp`rty rnhgts. Kltg syst`os jr` `xjopf`s ld tg`pjp`rnzjtnla prnabnpf`, j f`hjf `vlfutnla jno`i jt r`iubnah drjui,uab`rtjnaty, jai jieuinbjtnla blsts.
2;Ygus, lktjnanah prlp`rty rnhgts
uai`r tg`s` pukfnb i`olastrjtnla r`hno`s gjs up-drlat blsts iu` tldlrojfntn`s, kut blopfnjab` wntg tg` dlrojfntn`s `asur`s j gnhg i`hr``ld s`burnty na tg` prlp`rty rnhgts, kltg vns--vns ltg`r blop`tnahbfjnojats tl tg` prlp`rty rnhgts jai js tl tg` jknfnty tl `adlrb` tg`olrthjh` prlp`rty rnhgts. Yg`s` k`a`dnts jbbru`, glw`v`r, lafy tls`burntnzjtnla nav`stlrs= tg`y gjv` al natrnasnb vjfu` tl tg` s`ff-sni` ldtg` s`burntnzjtnla naiustry, wgnbg s`` tg`o js trjasjbtnla blsts tl k``fnonajt`i.
2;. R`` [lk`rt Bgjrf`s Bfjrm, Jkstrjbt [nhgts T`rsus Sjp`r [nhgts Pai`r Jrtnbf` > ld tg`Pandlro Bloo`rbnjf Bli`, 79 ^JF@ F.E. 990, 98488 (:>80).
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
13/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 49>
Jbblrinahfy, tg` s`ff-sni` i`v`flp`i jft`rajtnv` olrthjh` tntf`-jai-trjasd`r syst`os tgjt insp`as`i wntg i`olastrjtnv` pukfnbdlrojfntn`s na djvlr ld prnvjt`, knfjt`rjf blatrjbtnah. Ygus, j prnvjt`
`f`btrlanb olrthjh` r`hnstrytg` Olrthjh` @f`btrlanb [`hnstrjtnlaRyst`os, Nab. (O@[R)wjs br`jt`i, jai PBB Jrtnbf` > wjs r`vns`itl lp`rjt` js j syst`o dlr tg` sjf` ld alt`s jai olrthjh`s. Knfjt`rjfblatrjbtnah r`hno`s r`iub`i tg` trjasjbtnla blsts na olrthjh`trjasd`rs jai g`ab` na olrthjh` s`burntnzjtnlas ky insp`asnah wntgi`olastrjtnv` f`hjf dlrojfntn`s. Yg`s` up-drlat blsts sjvnahs,glw`v`r, bjo` jt tg` `xp`as` ld b`rtjnaty na prlp`rty rnhgts vns--vnsltg`r blop`tnah bfjnojats jai j r`iub`i jknfnty tl `adlrb` tg`prlp`rty rnhgts. Na ltg`r wlris, tg` olrthjh` trjasd`r r`hno` bgjah`sgndt`i blsts drlo i`jf dlrojtnla tl i`jf `adlrb`o`at. Blsts w`r`tgus sgndt`i drlo tg` dnajabnjf nastntutnlas tgjt br`jt`i s`burntnzjtnlastl s`burntnzjtnla nav`stlrs, k`bjus` tg` nav`stlrs blufi alt lks`rv`jai prnb` tgns rnsm sgndt k`bjus` i`jf ilbuo`ats r`ojna`i uabgjah`i.Yg` blst sgndt lafy k`bjo` jppjr`at wntg tg` rns` ld dlr`bflsur`s jaidlr`bflsur` fntnhjtnla na ;338.
@v`a alw, s`burntnzjtnla nav`stlrs bjaalt hjuh` tg` nopjbt ldtg` rnsm sgndt na t`ros ld tg`nr flss-hnv`a-i`djuft la j olrthjh`, wgnbgns j djbtlr pr`v`atnah tg` r`surr`btnla ld tg` s`burntnzjtnla ojrm`t.
22
Blatnau`i f`hjf bladusnla jklut olrthjh` trjasd`rs drustrjt`s i`jfdlrojtnla na tg` glusnah-dnajab` ojrm`t, wgnbg w`nhgs ilwa tg``blaloy lv`rjff. Ygus, r`slfvnah tg` f`hjf qu`stnlas jklut olrthjh`trjasd`r ns brntnbjf dlr r`stjrtnah tg` glusnah-dnajab` ojrm`t.
Nt ns noplrtjat tl `opgjsnz` tgjt tg` qu`stnla ld wgnbg syst`o
hlv`ras olrthjh` trjasd`rs jai tntf` ns instnabt drlo blopfnjab`.Bladusnla lv`r wgnbg syst`o hlv`ras bja drustrjt` blopfnjab`, kutblopfnjab` prlkf`os bja `xnst `v`a wntg f`hjf bfjrnty, jai nt ns tg`sp`bt`r ld wni`spr`ji blopfnjab` prlkf`os tgjt inr`btfy pls` tg`tll-knh-tl-djnf blab`ra. Jftgluhg tgns Jrtnbf` dlbus`s la tg` syst`osqu`stnla, na ojay r`plrt`i bjs`s nt jpp`jrs js nd tg`r` gjs k``a
22. Yg`r` gjv` k` a lafy j gjaiduf ld prnvjt`-fjk`f r`sni`atnjf-olrthjh` s`burntnzjtnlai`jfs snab` ;337. R`` Jf ^lla, I`jf Ojy Rnhajf Ygjw na Olrthjh` R`burntn`s, XJFF RY.E. (Ojr.
;3, ;3:2, 4598 S.O.), gttp5//lafna`.wse.blo/jrtnbf`/RK:333:9;9:;87782;9282;3908728;7229808>:;83.gtof. Na blatrjst, tg` prnvjt`-fjk`f bloo`rbnjf-olrthjh` s`burntnzjtnla ojrm`t gjs oji` joubg olr` vnhlrlus r`kluai. Jijo E. F`vntna & Rusja O. Xjbgt`r, Yg` Bloo`rbnjf [`jf@stjt` Kukkf`, 2 GJ[T.KPR.F.[@T. 72, ::;:2 (;3:2).
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
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403 IPM@ FJX ELP[AJF ]Tlf. 425428
blopfnjab` wntg, jt k`st, la`, jai ldt`a ala`, ld tg` blop`tnah tntf`-jai-trjasd`r syst`os.
29
Nt ns jfsl noplrtjat tl `opgjsnz` wgjt ns jai wgjt ns alt jt nssu`
na bgjff`ah`s tl dlr`bflsur` stjainah. Dlr`bflsur` stjainah fntnhjtnlail`s alt inr`btfy r`fjt` tl tg` nssu` ld wg`tg`r tg` glo`lwa`r ns nai`djuft la tg` olrthjh` lr `v`a nai`kt`i jai tl wgjt joluat.
20Yg`
olrthjh`-tntf`-syst`o nssu` il`s alt h`a`rjffy hl tl tg` qu`stnla ldtg` vjfninty ld tg` olrthjh` flja lr nts h`a`rnb `adlrb`jknfnty.Srlkf`os wntg olrthjh` tntf` il alt o`ja tgjt j flja ns altlutstjainah lr tgjt nt ns alt na i`djuft. Nast`ji, tg` olrthjh` tntf`nssu` ns jklut tg` sp`bndnb qu`stnla ld wglgjs tg` rnhgt tl `adlrb` tg`olrthjh` jai tg` blas`qu`ab`s ld noprlp`r dlr`bflsur`s.
Nasnstnah tgjt dlr`bflsur`s k` bjrrn`i lut lafy ky pjrtn`s wntgstjainah ojy jpp`jr tl k` j prlb`iurjf anb`ty tgjt gjs fnttf` tl il
wntg olrjf rnhgts lr `blalonb r`jfnty.
24
Rubg j vn`w duaijo`atjffyonsuai`rstjais tg` olrthjh` blatrjbt. Yg` olrthjh` blatrjbt ns altsnopfy ja jhr``o`at tgjt tg` glo` ojy k` slfi upla j i`djuft la tg`flja. Nast`ji, nt ns ja jhr``o`at tgjt nd tg` glo`lwa`r i`djufts latg` flja, tg` olrthjh`` ojy s`ff tg` prlp`rtypursujat tl tg` r`qunsnt`f`hjf prlb`iur`. J olrthjh` flja navlfv`s j kuaif` ld rnhgts,nabfuinah prlb`iurjf rnhgts. Yg`s` prlb`iurjf rnhgts jr` alt o`r`fyaltnlajf= tg`y jr` `xpfnbntfy prnb`i ky tg` ojrm`t. Olrthjh` dnajab`jvjnfjknfnty jai prnbnah ns stjtnstnbjffy blrr`fjt`i wntg vjrnjtnlas naprlb`iurjf prlt`btnlas dlr klrrlw`rs.
28[`trljbtnv`fy fnk`rjfnznah tg`
29. R``, `.h.,Na r`Ojns`f, 287 K.[. :>, ;; (Kjamr. I. Ojss. ;338) (dnainah al `vni`ab` ld j
prlp`r jssnhao`at ld tg` olrthjh` alr tg` alt` tl tg` dlr`bflsnah pjrty prnlr tl dlr`bflsur`)=X`ffs Djrhl Kjam, A.J. v. Ojrbgnla`, 778 A.^.R.;i 4:0, 4;3 (Jpp. Inv. ;33>) (dnainah al`vni`ab` ld j prlp`r jssnhao`at ld tg` olrthjh` tl tg` dlr`bflsnah pjrty prnlr tl dlr`bflsur`)=GRKB Kjam P.R.J. Ajtf Jssa v. Onff`r, 77> A.^.R.;i 923, 922 (Rup. Bt. ;33>) (glfinah tgjt jolrthjh``s jssnha`` fjbm`i stjainah tl dlr`bfls` k`bjus` tg` olrthjh`` ini alt glfi tg`prlonsslry alt` jt tg` tno` tg` blopfjnat wjs dnf`i).
20. R``, `.h., P.R. Kjam, Ajtf Jssa v. Ollr`, ;87 S.2i 0>4, 43; (Lmfj. ;3:;) (]D_lr tg`glo`lwa`rs, jks`at jieuinbjtnla la tg` uai`rfynah nai`kt`ia`ss, tlijys i`bnsnla tl r`v`rs`tg` insonssjf ld tg` p`tntnla jai oltnla tl vjbjt` bjaalt bjab`f tg`nr lkfnhjtnla jrnsnah drlo jajutg`atnbjt`i Alt`, lr nasufjt` tg`o drlo dlr`bflsur` prlb``inahs kjs`i la prlv`ai`fnaqu`aby. Ygns Blurts i`bnsnla ]tgjt tg` pfjnatndd fjbms stjainah tl dlr`bfls`_ na al wjyr`f`js`s lr xla`rjt`s tg` i`kt lw`i ky tg` i`d`aijats la tgns glo`.).
24. Yjojrj M`ntg & [`a`` Olatjnha`, Rlrtnah lut tg` Kjams Dlr`bflsur` O`ss, AS[(Lbt. :0, ;3:3, 9533 JO), gttp5//www.apr.lrh/t`opfjt`s/stlry/stlry.pgp79) (plnatnah lut tg` blas`qu`ab`s ld fjws pr`v`atnah tg`
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
15/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 40:
ruf`s dlr olrthjh` `adlrb`o`at br`jt`s ja ua`jra`i wnaidjff dlrolrthjh``s. Olr`lv`r, `adlrb`o`at ld kjrhjna`i-dlr prlb`iurjfr`qunr`o`ats subg js stjainah hnv`s glo`lwa`rs f`v`rjh` tl jbgn`v`
a`hltnjt`i slfutnlas tl flja i`djufts, subg js j flja olindnbjtnla.Jft`rajtnv`fy, `adlrb`o`at ld tg` kjrhjna`i-dlr prlb`iurjf f`v`rjh`bja kuy tg` glo`lwa`r tno` tl r`flbjt`, `ajkfnah j sldt`r fjainahwntg d`w`r slbnjf insflbjtnlas jai xt`rajfntn`s.
Jt tg` sjo` tno`, glw`v`r, w` sglufi r`blhanz` tg` `blalonbblsts drlo fjbm ld bfjrnty na olrthjh` tntf`. Xg`a nt ns alt bf`jr wglbja dlr`bfls`, tg` r`suft ns j i`djuft`i flja snttnah na fnokl. Rlo`la`ns stnff lw`i ola`y la tg` flja jai ns alt k`nah pjni. Nd tg`glo`lwa`r gjs jkjaila`i tg` prlp`rty, tg` r`suft ns i`jiw`nhgtflss. Nd tg` glo`lwa`r r`ojnas na r`sni`ab`, tg` r`suft ns j sukstjatnjftrjasd`r ld w`jftg drlo tg` r`jf f`ai`r tl tg` glo`lwa`r. Yg`glo`lwa`r gjs duabtnlajffy s`bur`i j r`at-dr`` iw`ffnah, kut nt nswntg uab`rtjna t`aur` jai fnttf` jfn`ajknfnty, js tg` glus` ns stnff`abuok`r`i. Ygns sntujtnla ns kji dlr kltg tg` uftnojt` `blalonbf`ai`r la tg` flja jai dlr tg` `blaloy js j wglf`, js pjrt ld tg`glusnah ojrm`t ns uajkf` tl bf`jr. Ygus, jftgluhg tg` ruf` ld fjw nspjrt ld tg` onbrl`blalonb kjrhjna, nasnst`ab` upla nt ojy k` f`sstgja lptnojf drlo j ojbrl`blalonb stjaiplnat.
Ygns Jrtnbf` prlb``is js dlfflws. Sjrt N r`vn`ws tg` trjintnlajfolrthjh` tntf`-jai-trjasd`r syst`os5 PBB Jrtnbf` 2 jai fjai r`blris.Nt `opgjsnz`s glw tg`s` syst`os r`qunr`i i`olastrjtnv` dlrojfntn`sld trjasd`r kut br`jt`i gnhg i`hr``s ld b`rtjnaty na tg` prlp`rty rnhgtstrjasd`rr`i. Sjrt NN `xpfjnas glw tg` bgjah` na olrthjh` dnajabnah
drlo kjfjab`-sg``t f`ainah tl s`burntnzjtnla jdd`bt`i tg` i`ojaisoji` la olrthjh` tntf`-jai-trjasd`r syst`os. Sjrt NNN `xjona`s tg`
dlr`bflsur` ld djros)= Zunaa Burtns, Rtjt` Dlr`bflsur` Fjws jai Olrthjh` Lrnhnajtnla na tg`Rukprno`, E.[@JF @RY.DNA.&@BLA.:>(;3:2), gttp5//fnam.sprnah`r.blo/jrtnbf`/:3.:338/s:::94-3:2->928-> (Yg` prlvnsnlas tgjt ojm` dlr`bflsur` `jsn`ralaeuinbnjf prlb`ss jai r`jinfyjvjnfjkf` i`dnbn`aby euiho`atsf ji tl nabr`js`i jppfnbjtnlas jai jbb`pt`i jppfnbjtnlas na tg`sukprno` ojrm`t . . . .)= Fjwr`ab` I. Ela`s, I`dnbn`aby Euiho`ats jai tg` @x`rbns` ld tg`I`djuft Lptnla na Glo` Olrthjh` Fljas, 24 E.F.&@BLA. ::0, :;4;8 (:>>2) (altnah tg` f`ai`rr`splas` tl i`djuft rjt`s)= Ojrm O`jilr, Yg` @dd`bts ld Olrthjh` Fjws la Glo` Olrthjh`[jt`s, 29 E. @BLA. & KPR. :92, :94 (:>7;) (`stnojtnah j :2.78 kjsns-plnat nabr`js` na nat`r`strjt`s la a`w glo`s js j r`suft ld jatni`dnbn`aby fjws)= Mjr`a O. S`ab`, Dlr`bflsnah laLpplrtuanty5 Rtjt` Fjws jai Olrthjh` Br`int, 77 [@T.@BLA.&RYJY. :88, :73 (;334) (altnahtgjt tg` jvjnfjknfntyjai g`ab`, tg` blstld olrthjh`s na stjt`s wntg euinbnjf dlr`bflsur`
prlb``inahs ns hr`jt`r tgja na stjt`s wntg alaeuinbnjf dlr`bflsur`s)= Onbgj`f G. Rbgnff, Ja@blalonb Jajfysns ld Olrthjhlr Srlt`btnla Fjws, 88 TJ.F.[@T. 97>, 9>: (:>>:) (jrhunah tgjttg` r`fjtnv`fy oli`st blsts jsslbnjt`i wntg stjt` olrthjhlr prlt`btnla fjws il suhh`st tgjtolrthjhlr prlt`btnlas ojy nai``i prlolt` blalonb `ddnbn`aby).
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
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40; IPM@ FJX ELP[AJF ]Tlf. 425428
jiintnlajf olrthjh` trjasd`r o`tglis br`jt`i tl djbnfntjt`s`burntnzjtnla5 O@[R jai r`vns`i PBB Jrtnbf` >. Nt suhh`sts tgjt tg`s`burntnzjtnla s`ff-sni` jai tg` s`burntnzjtnla kuy-sni` ojy gjv` gji
indd`r`at uai`rstjainahs ld glw trjasd`rs w`r` tl lbbur nas`burntnzjtnlas, wgnbg tg` s`ff-sni` `xpflnt`i tl bjptur` tg` blstsjvnahs drlo r`hno` bgjah` jai nabr`js` tg` vlfuo` ld nts d``-kjs`ikusna`ss jai g`ab` nts prldnts.
Sjrt NT r`vn`ws `xnstnah r`dlro prlplsjfs jai blasni`rs glwolrthjh` tntf` syst`os blufi k` r`blabnf`i. Nt prlpls`s tg` br`jtnla ldj r`hnstrjtnla syst`o dlr olrthjh` alt`s tgjt wlufi k` fnam`i vnjuanqu` ni`atndn`rs tl olrthjh`s r`blri`i na tg` fjai r`blris.[`hnstrjtnla wlufi br`jt` j r`kuttjkf` pr`suoptnla ld lwa`rsgnp,jai ojtbgnah olrthjh` r`blrijtnla jai alt` r`hnstrjtnla wlufi k` jpr`blaintnla ld dlr`bflsur`. Fnam`i alt`-jai-olrthjh` tntf` syst`oswlufi pr`s`rv` klrrlw`rs nat`r`st na m``pnah tg` t`ros ld alt`sprnvjt`, r`slfv` qu`stnlas jklut dlr`bflsur` stjainah, r`olv` tg`plt`atnjf bflui tl r`jf-`stjt` tntf`, jai djbnfntjt` olrthjh` dnajabnahtrjasjbtnlas h`a`rjffy ky bfjrndynah prlp`rty rnhgts.
Yg` Jrtnbf` blabfui`s wntg slo` lks`rvjtnlas jklut tg` f`sslastgjt tg` olrthjh`-tntf`-syst`o bladusnla glfis lut dlr bloo`rbnjffjw olr` h`a`rjffy jai tg` prlkf`o ld tll-knh-tl-djnf na tg` blurts.Yg` tntf`-syst`o prlkf`o stjais js j r`onai`r ld tg` prlkf`os tgjtbja jrns` wg`a b`rtjnaty ld prlp`rty rnhgts ns `rli`i tl r`iub`trjasjbtnla blsts jai ld tg` tlff tgjt tll-knh-tl-djnf prlkf`os tjm` latg` euinbnjf syst`o.
N. Y[JINYNLAJF OL[YHJH@ YNYF@ R^RY@ORYg` lkfnhjtnla blfflqunjffy r`d`rr`i tl js j olrthjh` ns usujffy
`oklin`i na twl s`pjrjt` nastruo`ats5 j prlonsslry alt` jai js`burnty nastruo`at.
27 Yg` prlonsslry alt` ns wgjt br`jt`s tg` i`kt
lkfnhjtnla, wg`r`js tg` s`burnty nastruo`at ns wgjt ojm`s r`jfprlp`rty tg` blffjt`rjf s`burnah p`rdlrojab` la tg` alt`. Yg`s`burnty nastruo`at ns wgjt `ajkf`s tg` r`o`iy ld dlr`bflsur`tg`dlrb`i sjf` ld tg` blffjt`rjf prlp`rtyupla i`djuft la tg` alt`. Yg`alt` ns `adlrb`jkf` wntglut tg` s`burnty nastruo`at, js ja uas`bur`i
27. Yg` ajo` jai lp`rjtnla ld tg` s burnty nastruo`at vjry ky stjt`, kut tg` indd`r`ab`sjr` alt `ss`atnjf dlr lur purpls`s. Rlo`tno`s tg` s`burnty nastruo`at ns bjff`i j olrthjh`=ltg`r tno`s, j i``i ld trust lr trust i``i. Na slo` stjt`s tg` olrthjh` trjasjbtnla ns j twl-pjrty trjasjbtnla, wg`r`js na ltg`r stjt`s j tgr``-pjrty sbrlw jrrjah`o`at ns us`i.
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F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 402
i`kt. Yg` s`burnty nastruo`at, glw`v`r, gjs fnttf` o`janah wntgluttg` alt`.
Yrjintnlajffy, olrthjh` tntf` jai trjasd`r wjs hlv`ra`i ky
Jrtnbf` 2 ld tg` PBB jai fjai r`blrijtnla syst`os. PBB Jrtnbf` 2 nsh`a`rjffy tgluhgt ld jspjyo`at-syst`o fjw, kut nt ns jfslprlp`rtyfjwdlr b`rtjna pjyo`at jai i`kt nastruo`ats. PBB Jrtnbf` 2 ns j tntf`-jai-trjasd`r syst`o dlr alt`s. Jftgluhg j d`w sbglfjrs gjv`r`blhanz`i tgns d`jtur` ld Jrtnbf` 2,
2> j durtg`r blrlffjry gjs hla`
uar`ojrm`i5 alt lafy ns PBB Jrtnbf` 2 j prlp`rty-fjw syst`o dlralt`s, kut nt ns jfsl j prlp`rty-fjw syst`o dlr olrthjh`s. Ygns nsk`bjus` ld tg` bloola-fjw ilbtrna` prlvninah tgjt tg` olrthjh`dlfflws tg` alt`, o`janah tgjt j trjasd`r ld tg` alt` `dd`btujt`s jtrjasd`r ld tg` jsslbnjt`i s`burnty nat`r`st. Ygus, PBB Jrtnbf` 2 ns jolrthjh tntf`-jai-trjasd`r syst`o tll, i`spnt` tg` wlri olrthjh`a`v`r jpp`jrnah na Jrtnbf` 2. Ygns plnat k`jrs pjrtnbufjr `opgjsnsk`bjus` PBB Jrtnbf` 2 gjs a`v`r k``a uai`rstlli js j olrthjh` tntf`syst`o, `v`a tgluhg nt duabtnlas js la`.
Olrthjh`s jr` jfsl uai`rstlli js blav`yjab`s ld nat`r`sts na r`jfprlp`rty. Jbblrinahfy, kltg tg`nr br`jtnla jai tg`nr trjasd`r jr`plt`atnjffy suke`bt tl stjt` fjw la r`jf-`stjt` blav`yjab`. Olr`lv`r,olrthjh`s jai tg`nr trjasd`rs jr` typnbjffy r`blri`i na fjair`blrijtnla syst`os, jai nt ns fjai r`blris tgjt jr` typnbjffy tgluhgtld js tg` syst`o ld olrthjh` tntf`.
^`t, lab` PBB Jrtnbf` 2 ns uai`rstlli tl blv`r alt eust alt`s,kut jfsl olrthjh`s, nt k`blo`s bf`jr tgjt tg`r` gjv` flah k``a twls`pjrjt`jai plssnkfy bladfnbtnahtntf` syst`os dlr olrthjh`s5 tntf`
p`r tg` PBB Jrtnbf` 2 syst`o onhgt alt blrr`splai wntg tntf` js`vni`ab`i na tg` fjai r`blris. Na subg j bjs`, wgnbg syst`o blatrlfs8 (:>79).
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
18/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
409 IPM@ FJX ELP[AJF ]Tlf. 425428
tg`y blpyrnhgt nainbjtnlas lr prnvjt`-prlp`rty snhas la r`jf prlp`rty.Yg`s` i`olastrjtnv` dlrojfntn`s jr` plt`atnjffy buok`rslo` jaiblstfy, kut tg`y `ah`ai`r j gnhg i`hr`` ld b`rtjnaty na prlp`rty rnhgts
k`bjus` tg`y jr` olr` `jsnfy v`rndn`i ky tgnri pjrtn`s.J blatrjbtnah r`hno`, na blatrjst, ns j blopf`t`fy prnvjt` s`t ld
knfjt`rjf jrrjah`o`ats dlr tg` trjasd`r ld prlp`rty rnhgts. K`bjus` ntns j knfjt`rjf blatrjbtnah jrrjah`o`at, tg` r`qunr`o`ats jr` wgjt`v`rtg` pjrtn`s jhr`` tl sl flah js tg` trjasd`r jhr``o`at ns suddnbn`at tlsupplrt j snopf` blatrjbt.
93 Blatrjbtnah r`hno`s sjbrndnb` tg` `jsy
v`rndnjknfnty ky tgnri pjrtn`s na djvlr ld plt`atnjffy flw`r trjasjbtnlablsts dlr prlp`rty trjasd`r. Yl tg` `xt`at tgjt tg` prlp`rty trjasd`r nsuafnm`fy tl jdd`bt tgnri pjrtn`s, j blatrjbtnah r`hno` wlufi s``o tlsjbrndnb` r`fjtnv`fy fnttf` tl lktjna hr`jt`r `ddnbn`aby. Ygus, nd Rlo`rs`ts`ffs Hflub`st`r j bjm`, tg`r` s``os r`fjtnv`fy fnttf` purpls` tlr`qunrnah pukfnb dlrojfntn`s k`ylai wgjt tg` pjrtn`s tg`os`fv`s wjattl d``f blodlrtjkf` wntg tg` `adlrb`jknfnty ld tg`nr trjasjbtnla. NdHflub`st`r ns wlrrn`i Rlo`rs`t wnff try tl r`bfjno tg` bjm`, g` ojynasnst la hr`jt`r dlrojfntn`s tl tg` `xt`at tg`y jr` blst `dd`btnv`, kuttg` i`bnsnla ns `atnr`fy k`tw``a tg` blatrjbtnah pjrtn`s.
Nd tg` trjasd`r nopfnbjt`s tgnri pjrtn`s rnhgts, glw`v`r, tg`a jblatrjbtnah r`hno` ojy na djbt nopls` a`hjtnv` `xt`rajfntn`s la tg`tgnri pjrty ky ouiifnah tg`nr rnhgts. J olrthjh` wlufi s``o tg`bfjssnb bjs` ld j trjasd`r tgjt ns fnm`fy tl jdd`bt tgnri pjrtn`s. Alt lafyjr` tg`r` tg` tgnri-pjrty lkfnhlr la tg` alt` jai plt`atnjffy t`ajatsla tg` prlp`rty, kut tg`r` jr` jfsl plt`atnjffy ltg`r fn`aglfi`rs,k`a`dnbnjrn`s ld s`rvntui`s, jai tjxnah jutglrntn`s tgjt jr` jdd`bt`i.
Jbblrinahfy, nt ojm`s s`as` tgjt trjintnlajf olrthjh` tntf` syst`osw`r` pukfnb i`olastrjtnla r`hno`s k`bjus` pukfnb i`olastrjtnlar`hno`s g`fp`i bfjrndy tg` f`hjf rnhgts ld tgnri pjrtn`s.
PBB Jrtnbf` 2 jai fjai r`blrijtnla syst`os jr` kltg typ`s ldpukfnb i`olastrjtnla r`hno`s. Kltg gjv` tg`nr lrnhnas na tg``nhgt``atg jai ana`t``atg b`aturn`s. Na tg` bjs` ld PBB Jrtnbf` 2,tgns o`jas tgjt tg` us` ld nat`hrjt`i, dlrojfnz`i wrntnahs trjasd`rr`itgrluhg nailrs`o`at jai pgysnbjf i`fnv`ry jai `adlrb`i vnjpr`s`ato`at. Na tg` bjs` ld r`jf-`stjt` blav`yjab`, tgns o`jas tg`
93. Gnstlrnbjffy, blatrjbtnah r`hno s navlfv`i slo` f v`f ld i`olastrjtnv` dlrojfnty, subgjs tg` r`qunr`o`at ld `ntg`r s`jf lr blasni`rjtnla. Oli`ra blatrjbt fjw gjs insp`as`i wntg tg`
s`jf jai r`iub`i blasni`rjtnla tl j f`hjf dnbtnla. Yg` Rtjtut` ld Drjuisjaltg`r gnstlrnbjfr`qunr`o`at ld i`olastrjtnv` dlrojfntyojy stnff jppfy, plt`atnjffy noplsnah slo` onanojfr`qunr`o`ats ld i`olastrjtnv` dlrojfntn`s dlr j trjasd`r ld prlp`rty ky blatrjbt tl k` f`hjffy`adlrb`jkf`.
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
19/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 400
r`blrinah ld blav`yjab`s na pukfnb r`blris jai plssnkfy ltg`rr`qunr`o`ats, subg js wnta`ss`s jai altjrnzjtnla.
@stjkfnsgnah bf`jr prlp`rty tntf` o`jas, jt nts blr`, dr``ilo drlo
blop`tnah bfjnos tl tg` prlp`rty jai tg` jknfnty tl duffy `x`rbns`ilonanla lv`r tg` prlp`rty. Dr``ilo drlo bfjnos o`jas tgjt tg`r` nssup`rnlr tntf` tl tgjt ld ltg`r trjasd`r``s, subg js prnlr lr suks`qu`atpurbgjs`rs jai fn`aglfi`rs, js w`ff js kjamruptby trust``s v`st`i wntgtg` plw`rs ld gypltg`tnbjf purbgjs`rs jai br`intlrs.
9:Dr``ilo drlo
bfjnos jfsl o`jas sup`rnlr tntf` tl tgjt ld trjasd`rlrs jai tgls`sukrlhjt`i tl trjasd`rlrs rnhgts, olst noplrtjatfy, jhjna, kjamruptbytrust``s.
9;Duff `x`rbns` ld ilonanla o`jas, na tg` bjs` ld j rnhgt tl
pjyo`at subg js j olrthjh`, tg` jknfnty tl subb`ssduffy `adlrb` tg`rnhgt tl pjyo`at. Ygns wlufi nabfui` dr``ilo drlo i`d`as`s tl`adlrb`o`at. Yg` brntnbjf bloola d`jtur` ld tg` PBB Jrtnbf` 2 jaifjai r`blrijtnla syst`os js olrthjh` tntf` syst`os ns tgjt tg`y r`qunr`blopfnjab` wntg i`olastrjtnv` pukfnb dlrojfntn`s na lri`r tl jbgn`v`j gnhg f`v`f ld b`rtjnaty na prlp`rty rnhgts na olrthjh`s.
J. PBB Jrtnbf` 2
:. Rblp`. PBB Jrtnbf` 2 jppfn`s lafy tl a`hltnjkf` nastruo`ats.92
Dlr j prlonsslry alt` tl k` a`hltnjkf` uai`r Jrtnbf` 2, nt oustblopfy wntg sp`bndnb stjtutlry r`qunr`o`ats. Yg` alt` oust k` jauablaintnlajf prlons` . . . tl pjy j dnx`i joluat ld ola`y.
99 Yg`
alt` oust k` pjyjkf` la i`ojai lr jt j i`dnant` tno`90
jai altblatjna jiintnlajf uai`rtjmnahs ky tg` lkfnhlr ltg`r tgja j d`w tgjtil alt blab`ra us g`r`.
94 Jai dnajffy, tg` alt` oust k` pjyjkf` tl
k`jr`r lr lri`r wg`a dnrst nssu`i.98Ygns dnajf r`qunr`o`at o`jas tgjttg` nastruo`at oust blatjna fjahujh` jflah tg` fna`s ld pjyjkf` tl
9:. R`` :: P.R.B. 099(j) (;3:;) (jiir`ssnah tg` rnhgts jai plw`rs ld kjamruptbytrust``s).
9;. Ni. 09: (i`dnanah tg` prlp`rty ld j kjamruptby `stjt`)= ni. 839 (fnstnah tg` iutn`s ld jtrust`` na kjamruptby).
92. P.B.B. 2-:3;(j) (;3::).
99. Ni. 2-:39(j)= s`` jfsl ni. 2-:34 (i`dnanah ja uablaintnlajf prlons`). Yg` alt` ojy
prlvni` dlr nat`r`st jai ltg`r bgjrh`s js w`ff.Ni. 2-:39(j).90. Ni. 2-:39(j)(;).
94. Ni. 2-:39(j)(2).
98. Ni. 2-:39(j)(:).
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
20/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
404 IPM@ FJX ELP[AJF ]Tlf. 425428
tg` lri`r ld ]j ajo`_ lr pjyjkf` tl k`jr`r. Nd tg` alt` snopfy sjni,Sjyjkf` tl Elga Il`, nt wlufi alt k` a`hltnjkf`.
97
Olst olrthjh` alt`s purplrt tl k` a`hltnjkf` jai jr` h`a`rjffy
jssuo`i tl k` sl ky blurts jai fntnhjats. Jftgluhg sbglfjrs gjv`qu`stnla`i wg`tg`r olrthjh` alt`s jr` na djbt a`hltnjkf`,
9> tg`r` ns
al qu`stnla tgjt tg`y jr` suppls`i tl k` a`hltnjkf`. Glusnah jaiPrkja I`v`flpo`at (GPI) huni`fna`s r`strnbt D`i`rjf GlusnahJionanstrjtnla (DGJ) nasurjab` tl olrthjh` fljas oji` wntga`hltnjkf` alt`s.
03Yg` Djaan` Oj`/Dr`iin` Ojb uandlro alt`, wgnbg
ns us`i dlr olst olrthjh` fljas, purplrts tl k` a`hltnjkf`.0:Djaan`
jai Dr`iin`tg` fjrh`st purbgjs`rs ld olrthjh` fljaswnff altpurbgjs` olrthjh`s tgjt il alt us` tg`nr uandlro alt` uaf`ss tg`alt` ns a`hltnjkf`.
0;Patnf r`b`atfy, tg`r` w`r` al r`plrt`i i`bnsnlas
r`hjrinah tg` a`hltnjknfnty ld tg` Djaan`/Dr`iin` uandlro alt` lr tg`GPI oli`f alt`,
02kut tg` oli`ra olrthjh` dnajab` ojrm`t ns kunft
upla ja jssuoptnla ld a`hltnjknfnty.09
97. Gnstlrnbjffy, tg` lkfnhlr wlufi lafy gjv` tl pjy Elga Il`, kut na olst eurnsinbtnlas,bgls`s na jbtnla jr` alw dr``fy jssnhajkf`, `v`a na tg` djb` ld fjahujh` tl tg` blatrjry. R``
[@RYJY@O@AY (R@BLAI) LD BLAY[JBYR 2;; (:>7:) (fnontnah tg` `dd`bt ld blatrjbtujfprlgnkntnla ld jssnhao`at).
9>. R``, `.h.,[lajfi E. Ojaa, R`jrbgnah dlr A`hltnjknfnty na Sjyo`at jai Br`int Ryst`os, 99PBFJ F. [@T. >0:, >4782 (:>>8)= Ijf` J. Xgntoja, Glw A`hltnjknfnty Gjs Dluf`i Pp tg`R`blaijry Olrthjh` Ojrm`t, jai Xgjt Yl Il Jklut Nt, 28 [email protected].[@T. 828, 89>08 (;3:3).
03. P.R. I@SY LD GLPR. JAI P[KJA I@T., GPI 9:00-;, F@AI@[R HPNI@ YL YG@RNAHF@ DJONF^ OL[YHJH@ NARP[JAB@ S[LB@RR4-K-8 (;3::), jvjnfjkf` jtgttp5//plrtjf.gui.
hlv/guiplrtjf/GPI7>).
0;. R`` DJAAN@ OJ@, R@FFNAH HPNI@5 DJAAN@ OJ@ RNAHF@ DJONF^ ;;;2 (;3:2),jvjnfjkf` jtgttps5//www.djaan oj`.blo/blat at/huni`/s`f393>:2.pid (altnah tgjt j f`ai`r s`ffnahj olrthjh` flja alt bfls`i la j uandlro nastruo`at wjrrjats tgjt tg` alt` blastntut`s ja`hltnjkf` nastruo`at).
02. R`` `.h.,Na r` Xjfm`r, 944 K.[. ;8:, ;7279 (Kjamr. @.I. Sj. ;3:;) (glfinah j alt` tlk` a`hltnjkf` jai blff`btnah ltg`r bjs`s). Jftgluhg alt alt`i na tg` lpnanla, tg` alt` naqu`stnla wjs tg` Djaan`/Dr`iin` Ouftnstjt` Dnx`i [jt` Alt` dlr Rnahf` Djonfy, Dlro Al. 2;33:/3:. Oltnla dlr Ruoojry Euiho`at @xgnknt J,Na r` Xjfm`r, 944 K.[. ;8: (Al. :3-km-:;0>;).Yg` olrthjh` wjs j Djaan`/Dr`iin` uandlro nastruo`at dlr S`aasyfvjanj dlr Rnahf` Djonfy,Dlro Al. 232> :/3:. Oltnla dlr Ruoojry Euiho`at @xgnknt K,Na r` Xjfm`r, 944 K.[. ;8: (Al.:3-km-:;0>;).
09. R`` E`ddr`y S. Ajnola, Ejblk Ygn`ss`a & E`aand`r K`jff, Jssnha`` Fnjknfnty na[`sni`atnjf Olrthjh` Yrjasjbtnlas, :> [@T. KJAMNAH & DNA. R@[T. 7>J, 7>I (;332)(Nastntutnlas jai prjbtnb`s tgjt w` tjm` dlr hrjat`i wlufi k` djr indd`r`at wntglut tg` glfi`r naiu` blurs` ruf`, nd tg`y blufi `xnst jt jff.).
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
21/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 408
@v`a nd tg` alt`s jr` alt dlrojffy a`hltnjkf`, tg` PBBblat`opfjt`s tgjt na jpprlprnjt` bnrbuostjab`s, subg js wg`anainbjt`i ky bustlo jai usjh`, tg` alt`s sglufi stnff k` hlv`ra`i ky
Jrtnbf` 2.00Dlr tg` purpls`s ld tgns Jrtnbf`, tg`r` ns al a``i tl r`slfv`tg` qu`stnla ld wg`tg`r tg` alt`s jr` na djbt a`hltnjkf`. Nast`ji, nt nso`r`fy `aluhg tl lks`rv` tgjt tgns ns y`t jaltg`r plnat la wgnbgtg`r` ns j r`jf qu`stnla jklut wgjt fjw jppfn`s jai glw ja `alrolusojrm`t r`sts la f`hjffy uab`rtjna uai`rpnaanahs. Yg` dlfflwnahjajfysns tr`jts tg` alt`s js a`hltnjkf`.
;. PBB Jrtnbf` 2 js j Alt` Yrjasd`r Ryst`o. PBB Jrtnbf` 2prlvni`s j o`tgli dlr trjasd`rrnah a`hltnjkf` nastruo`ats.
04Yrjasd`r
ld j a`hltnjkf` nastruo`at uai`r Jrtnbf` 2 lbburs tgrluhg i`fnv`ry ldtg` nastruo`at tl tg` trjasd`r`` dlr tg` purpls` ld hnvnah tl tg`p`rsla r`b`nvnah i`fnv`ry tg` rnhgt tl `adlrb` tg` nastruo`at.
08Ygus,
dlr a`hltnjkf` nastruo`ats, trjasd`r ns jklut `adlrb`o`at rnhgts.Nai``i, jks`at `adlrb`o`at rnhgts, tg`r` ns v`ry fnttf` vjfu` naplss`ssnah j prlonsslry alt` (a`hltnjkf` lr ltg`rwns`)= j alt` tgjt nspjyjkf` tl Ilajfi Yruop ns ld fnttf` us` tl o`.
J trjasd`r uai`r Jrtnbf` 2 r`qunr`s i`fnv`ry.07I`fnv`ry r`qunr`s j
vlfuatjry trjasd`r ld pgysnbjf plss`ssnla.0>
Jrtnbf` 2 r`qunr`s pgysnbjfolv`o`at ld pjp`r js pjrt ld j alt` trjasd`r.
43 Yg` flhnb dlr tgns
r`qunr`o`at ns insbuss`i na tg` dlfflwnah R`btnla. Rlo` trjasd`rs ldalt`s jr` a`hltnjtnlas, o`janah j trjasd`r ld ja nastruo`at kyslo`la` ltg`r tgja nts ojm`r tl slo`la` wgl tg`a k`blo`s j
00. Lddnbnjf Bloo`at ; tl PBB s`btnla 2-:39 alt`s5
]N_t ojy k` jpprlprnjt`, blasnst`at wntg tg` prnabnpf`s stjt`i na R`btnla :-:3;(;), dlr jblurt tl jppfy la` lr olr` prlvnsnlas ld Jrtnbf` 2 tl tg` wrntnah ky jajflhy, tjmnahnatl jbbluat tg` `xp`btjtnlas ld tg` pjrtn`s jai tg` indd`r`ab`s k`tw``a tg` wrntnahjai ja nastruo`at hlv`ra`i ky Jrtnbf` 2.
P.B.B. 2-:39 bot. ; (;3::). PBB R`btnla :-:32(j)(;) `xpfjnas tgjt jolah tg` purpls`s jaiplfnbn`s ld tg` PBB ns tl p`ront tg` blatnau`i `xpjasnla ld bloo`rbnjf prjbtnb`s tgrluhgbustlo, usjh`, jai jhr``o`at ld tg` pjrtn`s. Jbblrinahfy, `v`a nd j olrthjh` alt` il`s alt dnttg` stjtutlry i`dnantnla ld j a`hltnjkf` nastruo`at, nt ojy stnff k` jpprlprnjt` tl jppfy Jrtnbf` 2tl tg` alt` k`bjus` subg alt`s jr` blasni`r`i a`hltnjkf` ky bustlo jai usjh`. Nd tg` alt` ns alta`hltnjkf` jai Jrtnbf` 2 ns alt jppfn`i ky jajflhy, tg`a tg` alt` wlufi k` hlv`ra`i ky tg`bloola fjw ld blatrjbts.
04. Ni. 2-;3:, 2-;32.
08. Ni. 2-;32(j).07. Ni.
0>. Ni. :-;3:(:0).
43. Ni. 2-;32(j).
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
22/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
407 IPM@ FJX ELP[AJF ]Tlf. 425428
glfi`r.4: Yl k` j glfi`r, j p`rsla oust plss`ss ja nastruo`atpjyjkf` tl `ntg`r k`jr`r lr tl gnos`fd.
4;Ygns o`jas tgjt glfi`r stjtus
i`p`ais na pjrt la tl wglo tg` nastruo`at ns pjyjkf`.
Nd ja nastruo`at ns pjyjkf` tl k`jr`r, i`fnv`ry jfla` wnff suddnb`dlr j a`hltnjtnla.
42Nd ja nastruo`at ns pjyjkf` tl (lr tl tg` lri`r ld)
ja ni`atndn`i p`rsla, glw`v`r, tg`a tg` a`hltnjtnla r`qunr`s alt eusti`fnv`ry, kut jfsl nailrs`o`at ky tg` prnlr glfi`r.
49Ja nailrs`o`at
ns j snhajtur` la tg` nastruo`at lr la j pn`b` ld pjp`r jddnx`i tl tg`nastruo`at (malwa js ja jfflah`).
40 Nd tg` nailrs`o`at ni`atndn`s j
pjrtnbufjr pjrty tl wglo tg` nastruo`at ns pjyjkf`, nt ns bjff`i jsp`bnjf nailrs`o`at.
44Jay ltg`r typ` ld nailrs`o`at ky tg` glfi`r
ns bjff`i j kfjam nailrs`o`at.48Yg` nailrs`o`at a``i alt gjv` j
kfjam na nt, subg js pjy tl \\\\\ lr pjy tl tg` lri`r ld \\\\\\.Nai``i, tg` nailrs`rs snhajtur` jfla` blastntut`s j kfjamnailrs`o`at. J kfjam nailrs`o`at trjasdlros tg` nastruo`at natlk`jr`r pjp`rja nastruo`at tgjt ns pjyjkf` tl tg` k`jr`rsnonfjr tlbjsg.
47 @ntg`r wjy, nailrs`o`at hnv`s tg` trjasd`r`` jff ld tg`
trjasd`rlrs rnhgts tl `adlrb` tg` nastruo`at.4>
Yg` stjaijri ruf` na blatrjbt jai prlp`rty fjw ns tgjt trjasd`r``stjm` lafy tgls` rnhgts tgjt tg` trjasd`rlr gjio`janah tgjt tg`trjasd`r`` ns suke`bt tl jay bfjnos lr i`d`as`s tgjt blufi gjv` k``arjns`i jhjnast tg` trjasd`rlr.
83 A`hltnjknfnty ns j i`vnjtnla drlo tgns
ruf`, `ajkfnah b`rtjna trjasd`r``s tl tjm` tntf` sup`rnlr tl tgjt ld tg`trjasd`rlrs. Ygns sp`bnjf typ` ld trjasd`r`` ns tg` glfi`r na iu`blurs`, j glfi`r ld ja nastruo`at wgl gjs tjm`a tg` nastruo`at nahlli djntg, dlr vjfu`, jai wntglut altnb` ld i`djuft lr i`d`bt na tg`
nastruo`at.8:
J glfi`r na iu` blurs` ns nooua` drlo blop`tnahbfjnos tl tg` nastruo`at,
8; drlo bfjnos na r`blupo`at,
82 jai drlo
4:. Ni. 2-;3:(j).
4;. Ni. :-;3:(;:)(J).
42. Ni. 2-;3:(k).
49. Ni. 2-;3:(k)=s`` ni. :-;3:(;:)(K) (i`dnanah glfi`r).
40. Ni. 2-;39(j).
44. Ni. 2-;30(j).
48. Ni. 2-;30(k).
47. Ni.
4>. Ni. 2-;32(k).
83. R``, `.h., [@RYJY@O@AY (R@BLAI) LD BLAY[JBYR 224 (:>7:)= 4J B.E.R.
Jssnhao`ats :;9 (;339).8:. P.B.B. 2-23;(j).
8;. Ni. 2-234.
82. Ni. 2-230(j)(2), 2-230(k).
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F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 40>
i`d`as`s tl `adlrb`o`at ltg`r tgja nadjaby, iur`ss, fjbm ld bjpjbnty,nff`hjfnty, drjui na tg` naiub`o`at, jai naslfv`aby insbgjrh`.
89 Ygus,
tg` glfi`r na iu` blurs` gjs pjrtnbufjrfy s`bur` prlp`rty rnhgts5
dr``ilo drlo bfjnos tl tg` nastruo`at jai dr``ilo drlo slo`i`d`as`s, tg`r`ky `ajkfnah `jsn`r `adlrb`o`at ld tg` prlp`rty rnhgts.
Yg` jknfnty ld j purbgjs`r ld j a`hltnjkf` alt` tl k`blo` jglfi`r na iu` blurs` snhandnbjatfy `agjab`s tg` fnquninty jai g`ab`tg` vjfu` ld tg` nastruo`at. K`bjus` j glfi`r na iu` blurs` nsnooua` drlo slo` i`d`as`s, bluat`rbfjnos, jai blop`tnah bfjnos,oubg f`ss infnh`ab` ns r`qunr`i ld j purbgjs`r ld j a`hltnjkf` alt`.Glfi`r-na-iu`-blurs` stjtus ns us`i tl sgn`fi olrthjh` nav`stlrs drlojssnha`` fnjknfnty na tg` s`blaijry olrthjh` ojrm`t,
80 wgnbg gjs
`ablurjh`i tg` duainah ld olr` jhhr`ssnv` olrthjh` f`ainah.84
2. PBB Jrtnbf` 2 js j Alt` Yntf` Ryst`o. PBB Jrtnbf` 2 duabtnlasalt lafy js j trjasd`r syst`o, kut jfsl js j tntf` syst`o dlr a`hltnjkf`alt`s, `v`a tgluhg nt ns s`filo blab`nv`i ld js subg.
Jrtnbf` 2 ns alt
`xpr`ssfy j tntf` syst`o. Nai``i, tg` lp`rjtnv` blab`pt na Jrtnbf` 2 nsalt lwa`rsgnp, kut `adlrb`o`at rnhgts.
88 Yg` ojna rnhgts hnv`a ky
PBB Jrtnbf` 2 jr` tl j p`rsla `atntf`i tl `adlrb` ja nastruo`at,87
alt tl ja lwa`r.8>
J p`rsla `atntf`i tl `adlrb` ns5 (:) j glfi`r ld janastruo`at, (;) j alaglfi`r na plss`ssnla wntg rnhgts ld j glfi`r, lr(2) j p`rsla alt na plss`ssnla wgl ns `atntf`i tl `adlrb` tg`nastruo`at pursujat tl Jrtnbf` 2s flst-nastruo`at prlvnsnlas.
73
Yg` dnrst bjt`hlry ld p`rsla `atntf`i tl `adlrb`, j glfi`r,r`qunr`s pgysnbjf plss`ssnla ld tg` nastruo`at, wgnbg oust k` pjyjkf`
89. Ni. 2-230(j)(:)(;), 2-230(k).
80. R`` h`a`rjffy Ajnola `t jf.,suprj alt` 09.
84. @AH@F & OBBL^,suprj alt` ;, jt ;2920= Murt @hh`rt, G`fi Pp na Iu` Blurs`5Sr`ijtlry F`ainah, R`burntnzjtnla, jai tg` Glfi`r na Iu` Blurs` Ilbtrna`, 20 B[@NHGYLA F.[@T.032,038(;33;)=Bgrnstlpg`r F`wns S`t`rsla, Sr`ijtlry Rtrubtur`i Dnajab`, ;7 BJ[ILUL
F.[@T. ;:70, ;;2229 (;338).
88. Yg` t`ronalflhy ld tntf` wjs us`i na tg` lrnhnajf :>0: v`rsnla ld Jrtnbf` 2, wgnbg nsstnff na dlrb` na A`w ^lrm. R`` A.^. P.B.B. FJX 2-9:8 (ObMnaa`y ;3:2) (wjrrjaty ld hllitntf` tl trjasd`r``s jai pjylrs).
87. P.B.B. 2-23:.
8>. Srlp`rty fjw gjs flah r`blhanz`i tgjt prlp`rty ns j kuaif` ld rnhgts tgjt bja k`insjhhr`hjt`i, wntg `adlrb`o`at rnhgts js kut la` ld tg` stnbms na tg` kuaif`. R`` X`sf`y
A`wblok Glgd`fi, Duaijo`atjf F`hjf Blab`ptnlas js Jppfn`i na Euinbnjf [`jslanah ,;4 ^[email protected]. 8:3, 894 (:>:8) (]S_rlp`rty . . . blasnsts ld j blopf`x jhhr`hjt` ld rnhgts (lr bfjnos),prnvnf`h`s, plw`rs, jai noouantn`s.).
73. R``P.B.B. 2-23: (r`d`r`abnah s`btnlas 2-23> jai 2-9:7(i)).
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F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
443 IPM@ FJX ELP[AJF ]Tlf. 425428
`ntg`r tl tg` k`jr`r lr tl tg` plss`sslr.7: Yg` s`blai bjt`hlry ns jajrrlw bfjss ld pjrtn`s sukrlhjt`i tl tg` rnhgts ld j glfi`r, subg js janasur`r.
7;Nt tll r`qunr`s plss`ssnla ld tg` nastruo`at jai bjrrn`s wntg
nt tg` jkslfut` rnhgt tl r`qunr` tg` trjasd`rlr tl nailrs` tg`nastruo`at tl tg` plss`sslr lr na kfjam.
72Yg` dnajf bjt`hlry, j p`rsla
s``mnah tl `adlrb` j flst nastruo`at, lkvnlusfy il`s alt r`qunr`burr`at plss`ssnla ld tg` nastruo`at. Kut nt il`s r`qunr` prlvnah tgjttg` pjrty wjs ltg`rwns` j p`rsla `atntf`i tl `adlrb` k`dlr` tg`nastruo`at wjs flst
79ky prlvnah plss`ssnla upstr`jo na tg` bgjna ld
tntf`js w`ff js prlvnah tg` t`ros ld tg` nastruo`at.70
Ygus,nrr`sp`btnv` ld glw j pjrty qujfndn`s js j p`rsla `atntf`i tl `adlrb`, ntns a`b`ssjry tl prlv` kltg plss`ssnla jai tgjt tg` nastruo`at ns `ntg`rk`jr`r pjp`r lr pjyjkf` tl tg` lri`r ld tg` pjrty s``mnah`adlrb`o`at.
74 Na ltg`r wlris, `adlrb`o`at rnhgts jr` blatnah`at
upla tntf` rnhgts.
Yl jppr`bnjt` glw Jrtnbf` 2 duabtnlas js j tntf` syst`o, nt nsa`b`ssjry tl blasni`r j m`y d`jtur` ld a`hltnjkf` nastruo`ats5 uai`rtg` ilbtrna` ld o`rh`r, tg` nastruo`at ns tg` r`ndnbjtnla ld tg`pjyo`at lkfnhjtnla. Ygns o`jas tg` pgysnbjf pn`b` ld pjp`r ns tg`bfjno nts`fd, js tg` iuty tl pjy ns o`rh`i na tg` nastruo`at,
78wg`r`js
7:. Ni. :-;3:(;:). Yg` blab`pt ld p`rsla `atntf`i tl `adlrb` ns j dlro ld stjtutlrystjainah tgjt pr`ijt`s d`i`rjf stjainah ilbtrna`. R`` h`a`rjffy Jaa Xllfgjaif`r & Bjf`kA`fsla, Il`s Gnstlry I`d`jt Rtjainah Ilbtrna` (;339) (insbussnah tg`lrnhnas ld d`i`rjf stjainah ilbtrna`). Blastntutnlajf jai prui`atnjf stjainah ojy navlfv`s`pjrjt` jajfys`s. R``Hfjistla` [`jftlrs v. Tnff. ld K`ffwlli, 99: P.R. >:, >> (:>8>) (@v`awg`a j bjs` djffs wntgna . . . blastntutnlajf kluaijrn`s, j pfjnatndd stnff ojy fjbm stjainah uai`r . .
. prui`atnjf prnabnpf`s . . . .).7;. R`` P.B.B. 2-23: bot. (J alaglfi`r na plss`ssnla ld ja nastruo`at nabfui`s j p`rsla
tgjt jbqunr`i rnhgts ld j glfi`r ky sukrlhjtnla lr uai`r R`btnla 2-;32(j).).
72. R`` ni. 2-;32(b) (]N_d ja nastruo`at ns trjasd`rr`i dlr vjfu` jai tg` trjasd`r`` il`salt k`blo` j glfi`r k`bjus` ld fjbm ld nailrs`o`at ky tg` trjasd`rlr, tg` trjasd`r`` gjs jsp`bndnbjffy adlrb`jkf` rnhgt tl tg` uaqujfndn`i nailrs`o`at ld tg` trjasd`rlr . . . .).
79. R`` P.B.B. 2-23>(j)(n) (:>>3). Na tg` ;33; Lddnbnjf Y`xt ld Jrtnbf` 2, wgnbg gjs k``ajilpt`i na t`a stjt`s js ld ;3:;,s`` S@[OJA@AY @INYL[NJF KI.DL[ YG@ PAND.BLOO@[BNJFBLI@,suprj alt` :0, jt ; a.4, tg` flst-alt` prlvnsnla gjs k``a `xpjai`i tl blv`r pjrtn`s tgjtpurbgjs`i j alt` drlo j p`rsla `atntf`i tl `adlrb` wgl gji flst tg` nastruo`at,s`` P.B.B. 2-23>(j)(:)(K) (;33;).
70. P.B.B. 2-23>(k) (;3::). Zu`ry glw la` bja i`t`rona` wg`tg`r j flst alt` wjs na djbta`hltnjkf` jai wg`tg`r PBB Jrtnbf` 2 tg`r`dlr` v`a jppfn`s.
74. Lr, t`bganbjffy, tgjt tg` p`rsla `atntf`i tl `adlrb` tgjt ns alt j glfi r gjs tg` rnhgt tlgjv` tg` nastruo`at nailrs`i tl k` pjyjkf` tl nt. R`` ni. 2-;32(b) (]Y_g` trjasd`r`` gjs j
sp`bndnbjffy `adlrb`jkf` rnhgt tl tg` uaqujfndn`i nailrs`o`at ld tg` trjasd`rlr, kut tg`a`hltnjtnla ld tg` nastruo`at il`s alt lbbur uatnf tg` nailrs`o`at ns oji`.).
78. Hrjat Hnfolr`, Dlrojfnso jai tg` Fjw ld A`hltnjkf` Nastruo`ats, :2 B[@NHGYLA F.[@T. 99:, 99> (:>8>)= s`` P.B.B. 2-;32 bot. : (Ja nastruo`at ns j r`ndn`i rnhgt tl pjyo`at.
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F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 44:
wntg j alaa`hltnjkf` nastruo`at, tg` wrntnah ns o`r`fy jo`olrnjfnzjtnla ld tg` blatrjbt wntg al olr` tgja ja `vni`atnjry`dd`bt.
Yg` o`rh`r ilbtrna`s lrnhnas fn` na tg` lrnhnajf duabtnla lda`hltnjkf`-nastruo`at fjwola`tnznah i`kt nastruo`ats na`blalon`s tgjt fjbm`i pjp`r burr`aby.
77 Ky br`jtnah ja nastruo`at
tgjt blufi k` tjm`a dr`` ld bfjnos jai p`rslajf i`d`as`s, a`hltnjkf`-nastruo`at fjw br`jt`i j prnvjt` dlro ld pjp`r burr`aby. Na sl ilnah,tg` o`rh`r ilbtrna` trjasdlro`i natjahnkf` blatrjbt rnhgts natl jp`bufnjr dlro ld p`rslajfnty.
Js jtjvnstnb js r`ndnbjtnla ojy s``o, nt bja jbtujffy `agjab``blalonb jbtnvnty. [`ndnbjtnla turas a`hltnjkf` nastruo`ats natl fnqunijss`ts ky `ajkfnah slo` f`v`f ld dr``ilo drlo bfjnos jai i`d`as`sdlr jff glfi`rs (alt eust tgls` na iu` blurs`), jai nt `ablurjh`s
klrrlwnah ky `fnonajtnah tg` rnsm ld ouftnpf` sjtnsdjbtnlas.[`ndnbjtnla `ajkf`s tg` t`ros ld tg` nastruo`at tl k` i`t`rona`iky fllmnah jt tg` dlur blra`rs ld tg` nastruo`at. Oy djb` ns oydlrtua`, Rnr, qunpp`i Srld`sslr Mjrf Ff`w`ffya.
7> Nai``i, tg`
stjtutlry i`dnantnla ld a`hltnjkf` nastruo`at r`qunr`s jauablaintnlajf prlons` tl pjy j suo b`rtjna jai prlgnknts jiintnlajfuai`rtjmnahs.>3 [`ndnbjtnla duabtnlas fnm` ja nat`hrjtnla bfjus`,m``pnah lut pjrlf `vni`ab`, tg`r`ky `fnonajtnah slo` plssnkf`i`d`as`s tl `adlrb`o`at. Yg` r`suft ns tl r`iub` infnh`ab` i`ojais
Yg` rnhgt ns r`pr`s`at`i ky tg` nastruo`at nts`fd.)= ni. 2-2:3(k) (prlvninah tgjt wg`a j alt` ns
hnv`a dlr ja lkfnhjtnla, tg` lkfnhjtnla ns susp`ai`i tl tg` sjo` `xt`at tg` lkfnhjtnla wlufi k`insbgjrh`i nd ja joluat ld ola`y `qujf tl tg` joluat ld tg` nastruo`at w`r` tjm`a, jai tgjtnd j p`rsla `atntf`i tl `adlrb` ja nastruo`at b`js`s tl gjv` plss`ssnla ld tg` nastruo`at, tg`lkfnhjtnla ojy alt k` `adlrb`i tl tg` `xt`at ld tg` joluat pjyjkf` la tg` nastruo`at). Yg`o`rh`r ilbtrna` ns, ld blurs`, j dnbtnla k`bjus` ja jbtnla bja stnff k` krluhgt la j flst lri`strly`i nastruo`at. Ni. 2-23>, 2-2:;(k) (p`ronttnah `adlrb`o`at ld j flst lr i`strly`inastruo`at nd tg` t`ros ld tg` nastruo`at bja k` prlv`a). Nd tg` i`kt w`r` trufy o`rh`i natl tg`nastruo`at, nt wlufi k` i`dnantnv`fy insbgjrh`i wntg tg` i`strubtnla ld tg` nastruo`at.
77. R`` Blg`a,suprj alt` 2>, jt :7; (`xpfjnanah tgjt tg` o`rh`r ilbtrna` ns i`snha`i dlr jijy na wgnbg pn`b`s ld pjp`r tgjt w`r` alt ola`y pjss`i na bloo`rb` js slrt ld j qujsn-burr`aby)= s`` jfsl Hnfolr`, suprj alt` 78, jt 99703 (insbussnah tg` lrnhnas ld tg` o`rh`rilbtrna`). Ajtnlajf pjp`r burr`abn`s jr` j r`fjtnv`fy a`w nav`atnla. Yg` Pant`i Rtjt`s fjbm`i jajtnlajf pjp`r burr`aby uatnf tg` :74; nssujab` ld Hr``akjbms js j Bnvnf Xjr dnajabnaho`bgjanso. R`` Jfn Mgja, Yg` @vlfutnla ld Ola`y5 J Rtlry ld Blastntutnlajf Auffndnbjtnla , 48P.BNA.F.[@T. 2>2, 9;9;4 (:>>>). Srnlr tl tg` jilptnla ld Hr``akjbms jai tg`a ajtnlajf kjam
alt`s iurnah tg` Bnvnf Xjr, pjp`r burr`aby blasnst`i ld prnvjt`, a`hltnjkf` kjam alt`s. R`` ni.jt9:3:2.
7>. Mjrf A. Ff`w`ffya, O``t A`hltnjkf` Nastruo`ats,99 BLFPO.F.[@T. ;>>, ;>> (:>99).
>3. P.B.B. 2-:39.
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F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
44; IPM@ FJX ELP[AJF ]Tlf. 425428
la purbgjs`rs ld a`hltnjkf` nastruo`ats>:jai tl `js` `adlrb`o`at ldtg` nastruo`at. Nast`ji ld gjvnah tl prlv` tg` uai`rfynah blatrjbt,tg` pjrty `adlrbnah tg` nastruo`at a``i lafy sglw tgjt tg`
nastruo`at gjs k``a insglalr`i.>; Nd tg` pjrty `adlrbnah tg`nastruo`at ns j glfi`r na iu` blurs`, `adlrb`o`at ns `v`a `jsn`rk`bjus` p`rslajf i`d`as`s jr` but ldd.
>2Nrr`sp`btnv` ld glfi`r-na-iu`-
blurs` stjtus, glw`v`r, r`ndnbjtnla `agjab`s `adlrb`o`at rnhgts.
[`ndnbjtnla jfsl `agjab`s s`burnty ld prlp`rty rnhgts drloblop`tnah bfjnos. [`ndnbjtnla `ajkf`s tntf` vnj plss`ssnla (nd tg` alt`ns pjyjkf` tl tg` k`jr`r
>9), jai plss`ssnla bfjrndn`s tntf` k`bjus` tg`r`
bja k` lafy la` plss`sslr jt j tno`.>0
[`ndnbjtnla jfsl `ajkf`s trjasd`rky nailrs`o`at. Nailrs`o`at br`jt`s j bgjna ld tntf` tgjt trjv`fs wntgtg` nastruo`at jai prlvni`s ja `jsy, lke`btnv` ojaa`r dlr`stjkfnsgnah wgl gjs rnhgts tl tg` nastruo`at. Yg` twl djb`s ld tg`nastruo`at nts`fd wnff nainbjt` wgl gjs rnhgts na nt kjs`i la tg`pr`s`ab` (lr jks`ab`) ld nailrs`o`ats. Ygus, tl Ff`w`ffyas ]o_ydjb` ns oy dlrtua`, Rnr, w` onhgt jii, jai oy pjst ns k`gnai o`.Bfjrnty ld tntf` ns durtg`r`i ky tg` djbt tgjt j glfi`r na iu` blurs`r`qunrnah, nat`r jfnj, nailrs`o`at jai plss`ssnlatjm`s tg`nastruo`at dr`` ld blop`tnah bfjnos.
>4
Ky `agjabnah dr``ilo drlo i`d`as`s jai dr``ilo drlo bfjnos,r`ndnbjtnla nabr`js`s tg` fnquninty, jai g`ab` tg` vjfu`, ld a`hltnjkf`nastruo`ats. Yg` a`hltnjkf` nastruo`at ns tgus j blurn`r wntglutfuhhjh`.
>8 Nabr`js`i fnquninty ojy k`a`dnt kltg br`intlrs jai
lkfnhlrs. Br`intlrs hjna ja `jsy-tl-`adlrb`, fnquni jss`t. I`p`ainahla ojrm`t plw`r, lkfnhlrs onhgt bjptur` slo` ld tgns k`a`dnt, js
>:. R`` Jijo E. F`vntna, Dnainah A`ol5 [`insblv`rnah tg` Tnrtu`s ld A`hltnjknfnty na tg`Xjm` ld @arla, ;338 BLFPO. KPR. F. [@T. 72, :33 (;338) (lks`rvnah tgjt a`hltnjkf`-i`ktpurbgjs`rs il alt gjv` tl wlrry jklut wg`tg`r tg`r` jr` i`d`as`s tl tg` i`kt k`ylai tgls`navlfvnah tg` f`hntnojby ld tg` nastruo`at)= s`` jfsl @iwjri E. Ejah`r, Yg` Blst ld Fnquninty@agjab`o`at5 Yrjaspjr`aby Blst, [nsm Jft`rjtnla, jai Bllrinajtnla Srlkf`os , 9 K[LLM. E.BL[S. DNA. & BLO. F. 2>, 94 (;33>) (Yg` blr` ilbtrna`s ld fnquninty `agjab`o`at, dr``ilodrlo bfjnos jai dr``ilo drlo i`d`as`s . . . djbnfntjt` a`hltnjknfnty . . . .).
>;. R`` P.B.B. 2-237(k) (Nd tg` vjfninty ld snhajtur`s ns jiontt`i ]wgnbg ns jssuo`iuaf`ss sp`bndnbjffy i`an`i_ lr prlv`i . . . j pfjnatndd prliubnah tg` nastruo`at ns `atntf`i tlpjyo`at nd tg` pfjnatndd prlv`s `atntf`o`at tl `adlrb` tg` nastruo`at . . . uaf`ss tg` i`d`aijatprlv`s j i`d`as` lr bfjno na r`blupo`at.)= ni. 2-237 bot. ;.
>2. Ni. 2-230(k).
>9. Ni. 2-:3>(j).>0. [lh`rs,suprj alt` 2>, jt ;30.
>4. P.B.B. 2-234=s`` Blg`a,suprj alt` 2>, jt :8>73.
>8. Lv`rtla v. Yyf`r, 2 Sj. 294, 298 (:794).
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F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 442
tg`r` blufi k` j insbluat na f`ainah t`ros dlr tg` us` ld j a`hltnjkf`nastruo`at k`bjus` ld tg` fnquninty k`a`dnt tl tg` br`intlr.
J dnajf, uajppr`bnjt`i k`a`dnt ld r`ndnbjtnla ns tgjt nt prlt`bts
i`ktlrs drlo ouftnpf` sjtnsdjbtnlas. Sjyo`at oji` tl jay p`rsla`atntf`i tl `adlrb` insbgjrh`s tg` nastruo`at.
>7Gnstlrnbjffy, tg` PBB
jai tg` A`hltnjkf` Nastruo`ats Fjw k`dlr` nt slo`tno`s r`qunr`ipr`s`ato`atja jbtujf i`ojai dlr pjyo`at wg`a tg` alt` k`bjo`iu`js pjrt ld tg` `adlrb`o`at prlb`ss.
>> Yg` r`qunr`o`at ld
pr`s`ato`at, fnm` olst PBB t`ros, wjs lafy j i`djuft ruf`, glw`v`r=nt blufi k` jft`r`i ky jhr``o`at.
:33 Jftgluhg pr`s`ato`at ns al
flah`r tg` i`djuft ruf` dlr olst alt`s na tg` eurnsinbtnlas tgjt jilpt`itg` :>>: r`vnsnla ld PBB Jrtnbf` 2,
:3:nt ns stnff tg` i`djuft ruf` na A`w
^lrm.:3;
Xg`a pr`s`ato`at ns r`qunr`i js pjrt ld `adlrb`o`at, tg`pjrty tl wglo pr`s`ato`at ns oji` ojy r`qunr` `xgnkntnla ld tg`nastruo`at, ni`atndnbjtnla ld tg` p`rsla ojmnah pr`s`ato`at, jai`vni`ab` ld tgjt p`rslas jutglrnty nd jbtnah js ja jh`at, js w`ff js jsnha`i r`b`npt dlr pjyo`at jai surr`ai`r ld tg` nastruo`at upla duffpjyo`at.:32
Ky `okliynah tg` lkfnhjtnla na tg` nastruo`at, tg` `xbgjah` ldtg` nastruo`at dlr dnajf pjyo`at ns oji`, jai tg` nastruo`atssuks`qu`at i`strubtnla lr bjab`ffjtnla g`fps sgn`fi jhjnast ouftnpf`sjtnsdjbtnlas ld tg` i`kt. Jvlnijab` ld ouftnpf` sjtnsdjbtnlas ns slduaijo`atjf tl i`v`flp`i `blalon`s tgjt nt ns tjm`a dlr hrjat`i.@fnonajtnla ld ouftnpf`-sjtnsdjbtnla rnsm, glw`v`r, ns j ojelr djbtlrs`pjrjtnah i`v`flp`i jai i`v`flpnah br`int `blalon`s.
:39 Na tg`
>7. P.B.B. 2-432(k)(b).
>>. P.B.B. 2-03: (:>0:)= A`hltnjkf` Nastruo`ats Fjw :90 (:>30). Yg` dlro`r PBBs`btnla 2-03: ns stnff na dlrb` na A`w ^lrm, A.^. P.B.B. FJX 2-03: (ObMnaa`y ;3:2), jaiRlutg Bjrlfnaj, R.B. Bli` Jaa. 24-2-03: (Rupp. ;3:;).
:33. P.B.B. :-23; (;33:)= P.B.B. :-:3;(2) (:>>:)=s`` jfsl P.B.B. 2-03; bot. ; (;3::)(Na tg` hr`jt ojelrnty ld bjs`s pr`s`ato`at jai altnb` ld insglalr jr` wjnv`i wntg r`sp`bt tlalt`s.).
:3:. R`` P.B.B. 2-03;(j) (;3::) (altnah tgjt pr`s`ato`at ns alt r`qunr`i dlr alt`s tgjt jr`alt pjyjkf` la i`ojai lr jt lr tgrluhg j kjam, lr nd tg` t`ros ld tg` alt` il alt r`qunr`pr`s`ato`at).
:3;. A.^. P.B.B. FJX 2-030. Sr`s`ato`at jai altnb` ld insglalr ojy stnff k` wjnv`iblatrjbtujffy uai`r A`w ^lrm fjw. Ni. :-:3;(2). Yg` Dr`iin` Ojb Rnahf` Djonfy PandlroAlt` (nabfuinah tg` A`w ^lrm v`rsnla) blatjnas subg j wjnv`r. D [@IIN@ OJB, DL[O 2;225A@X ^L[M DNW@I [JY@ ALY@ pjrj. > (;3:2), jvjnfjkf` jt gttp5//www.dr`iin`ojb.
blo/uandlro/ilb/2;22-A`w^lrmD[Alt`.ilb.:32. A.^. P.B.B.FJX 2-030= P.B.B. 2-03:(k)(;).
:39. R`` Bjtg`rna` R.O. Iuhhja, Br`int jai Bl`rbnla5 Nainr`bt [`hufjtnla jai tg`Nastntutnlajf Dluaijtnlas ld F`ainah Ojrm`ts9403 (uapukfnsg`i ojausbrnpt) (la dnf` wntg tg`
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
28/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
449 IPM@ FJX ELP[AJF ]Tlf. 425428
jks`ab` ld f`hjf r`blris tgjt bja k` r`fn`i upla tl sglw tgjt j i`ktgjs k``a sjtnsdn`i, br`intlrs wnff ldt`a s``m ouftnpf` sjtnsdjbtnlas ldi`kt. Nd j i`ktlr d`jrs ouftnpf` sjtnsdjbtnla ld tg` sjo` i`kt, tg`
i`ktlr wnff alt klrrlw, tg`r`ky bgnffnah `blalonb jbtnvnty.:30Ojmnahtg` pgysnbjf nastruo`at tg` jvjtjr ld tg` pjyo`at lkfnhjtnla alt lafyprlvni`s j syst`o ld trjbmnah duabtnlajf tntf` na t`ros ld dr``ilodrlo bfjnos. Nt jfsl `ajkf`s v`rndnbjtnla ld tg` t`ros ld tg` lkfnhjtnlajai g`ab` hr`jt`r jknfnty tl `adlrb` js w`ff js prlvni` j o`bgjansodlr v`rndynah tg` insbgjrh` ld tg` lkfnhjtnla.
9. PBB Jrtnbf` 2 js j Olrthjh` Yntf`-jai-Yrjasd`r Ryst`o. PBBJrtnbf` 2 sjys altgnah jklut olrthjh`s jsslbnjt`i wntg alt`s. Nast`ji,wg`tg`r tg` trjasd`r ld tg` alt` gjs jay `dd`bt la tg` olrthjh` ns jqu`stnla ld stjt` bloola fjw. Na olst stjt`s tg`r` ns jt f`jst slo`stjt`o`at na bjs` fjw tl tg` `dd`bt tgjt tg` olrthjh` dlfflws tg`
alt`,:34kut d`w stjt`s gjv` tgns js j i`dnantnv` plnat ld fjw `ntg`r nabjs` fjw lr stjtut`.
:38Na olst stjt`s, nt `xnsts o`r`fy js inbtj,
:37jai na
slo` stjt`s tg`r` ns jfsl fjw tgjt tg` alt` dlfflws tg` olrthjh`.:3>
Ala`tg`f`ss, tg` olrthjh` dlfflws tg` alt` prnabnpf` wjsnablrplrjt`i natl tg` [`stjt`o`at (Ygnri) ld Srlp`rty, wgnbgprlvni`s tgjt ]j_ trjasd`r ld ja lkfnhjtnla s`bur`i ky j olrthjh` jfsltrjasd`rs tg` olrthjh` uaf`ss tg` pjrtn`s tl tg` trjasd`r jhr``ltg`rwns`.
::3 Nd tg` olrthjh` il`s nai``i dlfflw tg` alt`, tg`a
Ium` Fjw Elurajf) (pr`s`atnah j hjo`-tg`lr`tnb oli`f ld f`ainah na wgnbg tg` f`ai`r pursu`stg` klrrlw`r jdt`r pjyo`at jai opnrnbjf vni`ab` ld tgns oli`f).
:30. Ni.jt :80>;.:34. R`` JO. R@BP[NYNUJYNLA DL[PO, Y[JARD@[ JAI JRRNHAO@AY LD [@RNI@AYNJF
OL[YHJH@ FLJAR NA YG@ R@BLAIJ[^ OL[YHJH@ OJ[M@Y :4;: (;3:3), jvjnfjkf` jtgttp5//www.jo`rnbjas`burntnzjtnla.blo/upflji`idnf`s/jsd\wgnt`\pjp`r\::\:4\:3.pid (i`tjnfnahbjs`s jai stjtutlry prlvnsnlas r`fjtnah tl tg` olrthjh`-dlfflws-tg`-alt` ilbtrna`)= s`` jfsl 00JO. EP[. ;I Olrthjh`s >;8 (;33>) (Yg` olrthjh` dlfflws tg` i`kt, na tg` s`as` tgjt tg`jssnhao`at ld tg` alt` `vni`abnah tg` i`kt jutlojtnbjffy bjrrn`s wntg nt tg` jssnhao`at ld tg`olrthjh`.).
:38. Ja noplrtjat `xb`ptnla ns Bjfndlranj.R`` BJF.BNT.BLI@ ;>24 (X`st ;3:;) (Yg`jssnhao`at ld j i`kt s`bur`i ky olrthjh` bjrrn`s wntg nt tg` s`burnty.).
:37. Fnm`wns`, tg` lahlnah vjfninty ld tg` Rupr`o` Blurt i`bnsnla na Bjrp`at`r v. Flahja,72 P.R. (:4 Xjff.) ;8: (:78;), ns qu`stnlajkf`, js nt wjs i`bni`i js j ojtt`r ld h`a`rjf d`i`rjfbloola fjw, wgnbg wjs insjvlw`i ky @rn` [.[. Bl. v. Ylopmnas, 239 P.R. 49, 8773 (:>27). R``Bjrp`at`r, 72 P.R. jt ;88 (X` tgnam tg` ilbtrna` w` gjv` fjni ilwa ns sustjna`i ky r`jsla,prnabnpf`, jai tg` hr`jt`r w`nhgt ld jutglrnty.).
:3>. R``, `.h.,P.R. Kjam Ajtf Jssa v. ObBlaa`ff, 230 S.2i :, 4 (Mja. Bt. Jpp. ;3:2) (NaMjasjs, nt gjs k``a tg` fjw snab` :7>> tgjt tg` alt` dlfflws tg` olrthjh`.).
::3. [@RYJY@O@AY (YGN[I) LD S[LS.5 OL[YHJH@R 0.9(j) (:>>8). Bladusnahfy, s`btnla0.9(k) stjt`s tgjt ]`_xb`pt js ltg`rwns` r`qunr`i ky tg` Pandlro Bloo`rbnjf Bli`, j trjasd`r
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7/22/2019 DUKE Law Journal Entry
29/98
F@TNYNA NA S[NAY@[ (ILALY I@F@Y@) ::/:2/;3:2 0500SO
;3:2_ YG@ SJS@[ BGJR@ 440
Jrtnbf` 2 jfsl duabtnlas js j olrthjh` tntf`-jai-trjasd`r syst`o. Yg`tntf` tl tg` olrthjh` wlufi trjbm tg` tntf` tl tg` alt`, jai trjasd`rs ldtg` alt` wlufi `dd`btujt` trjasd`rs ld tg` olr