Dubai International Academy Model United Nations …increased legal proceeding and difficulties in...

Dubai International Academy Model United Nations 2019| 11th Annual Session

Research Report | of 24

Forum: World Energy Forum

Issue: Evaluating the impact of robotic agricultural practices in LEDCs with regard

to their effect on the economy.

Student Officer: Krisha Udeshi

Position: Deputy Chair

Introduction

The marketplace for agricultural robots is developing at a fast pace, with an oversized variety of

established and startup agricultural technology corporations developing, piloting, associate degreed launching

an innovative range of robotic systems to tackle a large range of tasks. Key application areas for agricultural

robots embody driverless tractors, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), material management, field crops and

forest management, soil management, farm management, and animal management, with a various set of

subcategories rising among each of these areas.

The rising demand for agricultural robots is being driven by a variety of things including international

population growth, increasing strain on the food supply, declining availableness of farm employees, the

challenges and complexities of farm labor, the price of farm workers, ever-changing farmlands, global climate

change, the expansion of indoor farming, and also the broader automation of the agriculture industry. Market

challenges stay for development of the sector, however, like unclear value propositions, limited awareness of

robotic systems among growers, scarce robotic solutions, the issue of matching human-like adroitness with

machines, fragmented technology development, weak administrative support, and infrastructure problems.

Robots will perform a range of tasks and make the business of growing crops much less burdensome for

humans. the most areas for the implementation of artificial intelligence in agriculture are harvesting, weeding,

mowing, pruning, seeding, spraying, sorting, and packing. Some varieties of artificial intelligence that are already

used include drones (monitoring and spraying) and automatic tractors. Note that the tractors of today still need



plenty of human input into the controls. However, these machines get additional advanced and are expected to

become totally autonomous by the late 2020s.

At the moment, drones are the leader of robots in agriculture. they are very cost-effective and are widely

utilized by small farms. the explanation for this can be without a doubt the fact that drone technology has become

very commoditized and thus cheap. Harvesters also are obtaining out there as these machines are within the

highest demand thanks to the inefficiency of choosing fresh fruit by hand. The harvesting of seeds is sort of a

thousandth motorized nowadays. However, solely some strawberry-picking machines are out there commercially

and even those require the redesign of strawberry farms to perform efficiently.

In the coming years, we will expect to work out far more work invested with within the creation of robot-

harvesters that may fully eliminate the necessity for back-breaking labor inherent to the current low-paying and

intensely troublesome task. The demand for robots in agriculture grows by the day and scientists reply to it by

making more and more advanced robotic solutions.

Automation has revolutionized the agricultural industry for hundreds of years because of advancements

like the plow, tractor, GPS-controlled combine, prescriptive planting technology, and now robots. Grape-

harvesting robots and self-driving tractors are alternative examples in this sector. We estimate that by 2035,

robots can replace 316,000, or 60%, of the 530,000 jobs within the sector at that point. GDP generated by the

agriculture sector in 2035 will be 55 bigger with automation than without, as automation can add $63 billion to

GDP by that point.

Definition of Key Terms

Robots

A machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically, especially one

programmable by a computer.

Mechanization

Mechanization, use of machines, either wholly or in part, to replace human or animal labor. Unlike

automation, which may not depend at all on a human operator, mechanization requires human participation to

provide information or instruction. Mechanization began with human-operated machines to replace the handwork

of craftspeople; today computers are frequently used to control mechanized processes.

Smart Farming



Smart farming means efficient agriculture. The concept of smart farming encompasses many different

technologies that can be used individually, or together, to increase the efficiency of agricultural operations.

Lidar

A detection system which works on the principle of radar, but uses light from a laser.

Legislation

The act of making or enacting laws. law enacted by a legislative body

Profitability

Money that is made in a business, through investing, etc., after all the costs and expenses are paid: a

financial gain.

Internet of Things

The interconnection via the Internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them

to send and receive data.

Unemployment

The situation of actively looking for employment but not being currently employed.

GDP

Gross domestic product is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services

produced in a period of time, often annually or quarterly

Key Issues

Legislation is lagging

It will take time to address this as well as other issues such as liability and insurance. “We need to look

closely at the regulatory issues preventing agriculture from moving forward with this technology,” says Steve

Gerrish, co-founder of the agBOT Challenge. “Knowing liability concerns are paramount, and some of the

agBOT teams are collaborating to make self-regulation recommendations on drones and autonomous vehicles

for farm safety.” Claes Jaeger, scientific director of Denmark's AgroIntelli, said of its semi-automated tool

carrier for field tasks, currently being developed: "We see its main use in mechanical weeding, spraying, and



mowing. It will become normal to see those on farms in three or four years. Right now we are not as far down

in cost as we would like to be. But the biggest problem is making robots legal so they can drive to the field

safely without people. "There are aspects to be thought of in terms of legal problems like, for instance, liability

within the application of herbicides and also the potential harm to the environment. Socio-economic aspects

are of great importance for the uptake of this technology. queries on whether this technology will attract a

younger generation to the agricultural industry, the advantages to the economy within the creation of the

agricultural AI industry, the potential development of decision support systems and site-specific crop and weed

management policies associates are however some of the socio-economical aspects that require to be

understood better.

The major issue once discussing civil law rules on AI is that of liability (for damages). Automation would

possibly, to some extent, challenge a number of the prevailing paradigms; and increasing human-machine

cooperation would possibly cause totally different sets of existing rules to overlap, resulting in uncertainty, thence

increased legal proceeding and difficulties in ensuring new product. Connected to the above is automation

testing. a transparent legal framework for automation testing outside the restricted setting of the laboratory is

required to assess the type of dangers that may emerge with the utilization and their statistical frequency (also

for insurance purposes). Similarly, standardization and therefore the development of adequate, narrow-tailored

technical standards for various styles of robots may be a major concern, both to make sure product safety and

therefore the adoption of potential alternatives to existing liability rules. A possible non-issue when discussing

rules for AI is that of the attribution of individuality. This, if meant in an ontological manner, is bereft of any

affordable grounding in both technical, philosophical and legal issues. Instead, if understood in a strictly practical

manner the attribution of legal individuality (like within the case for corporations) may well be open for discussion

(in some cases). Considering some a lot of specific styles of applications, specially biorobotic devices and

therefore the issue of human enhancement, its regulation and management becomes of the best importance

and quite probably the one most relevant bioethical issues of the near future, requiring ad-hoc regulation to be

adopted. Finally, privacy regulation, access to information and data use is of pivotal importance, not just for the

development of a European AI business, however, a lot of generally for a digital market. All the mentioned

problems would possibly make up some – direct or indirect – competences of the EU and will surely enjoy laws

adopted at an international (thence European) level.

A perceived elementary inability to demonstrate a linkage between profitable technology adoption and

production at the farm level.

Profitability is a major concern for farmers. However, given the huge array of accessible technologies,

the uncertainty of their effects and also the policy and market context, it's tough to choose where and in what to

https://www.hortweek.com/key-challenges-utilising-robotics-farming/fresh-produce/article/1422655

https://www.hortweek.com/key-challenges-utilising-robotics-farming/fresh-produce/article/1422655



speculate. the chance to witness an investment in profitable technology by a fellow producer with similar facilities

and resources usually helps in decision making and might guide the changes ultimately adopted. Farmers will

be inspired to adopt applicable technologies for sustainable farming systems if the dissemination of knowledge

is economical. there is a contradiction here one must bear in mind, however. On the one hand, experience in

different sectors undergoing the transition to less polluting or more resource-conserving practices shows that it

is inefficient for governments to be too prescriptive. Those environmental policies that set performance

standards, as opposed to forcing the utilization of particular technologies, tend to encourage innovation of a form

that lowers the cost of achieving a given result. Nevertheless, when a very necessary, useful technology comes

on there may be an interest in encouraging its fast adoption. There is a requirement to reduce the price of

equipment without sacrificing performance and safety. this is often substantially joined with the development and

uptake of technology. the utilization of low-cost sensors, for instance, is enabled by refined software and

algorithms for information fusion and estimation. As in any other areas, the adoption of technology can cause a

reduction in equipment costs. Since there are presently no robots conducting long operations, there's very little

information on the market for estimating reliability relative to different equipment.

Lack of integration among systems

Regarding the technology adoption barriers on farms, a variety of challenges were reported, including the

integration of computer systems. Farmers aren't loyal to 1 brand and tend to amass equipment from many

corporations. Fountas et al. corroborate this notion, explaining that the dearth of integration among the

accessible tools on the market limits SF adoption by European producers. Several corporations are functioning

on systems integration and ways for cross-checking knowledge from totally different sources in order to integrate

data on climate and soil; however, these initiatives are emerging. Integration across systems is one of the areas

wherever SF technologies want to advance by incorporating deciding, production, and property management

tools. Due to reduced agricultural machinery and equipment sales, corporations are attempting to create new

product and services by providing after-sales machinery and agricultural implementation services, such as

configuration services, the optimization of remote machine rules, and proposals supported the data obtained

from machines. A spot between agricultural science and data science, that should be overcome if technologies

are to be developed; this needs interaction between researchers and knowledge domain teams. Professional 4

elaborated on this, noting that the technologies are poorly integrated, particularly once tractability

and therefore the communication of data on the provision chain are needed. The emphasis throughout the event

of associate data system should be placed less on style and additional on learning what the farmers do and the



way they run to extend use effectiveness. The basis for increased deciding is that the availability of prompt and

high-quality knowledge. This state of affairs on European farms is that almost all knowledge and data sources are

fragmented, dispersed, difficult, and time intense. There is an outsized chance, each in Europe and in Brazil, for

the mixing of knowledge so as to get information and knowledge.

Education and information of farmers and the low technological level of farms

Lack of information because of the main difficulty for farmers after they purchase agricultural machinery

that comes with a better level of technology. The extent of education among rural workers is one among the

most challenges to adopting technologies in Brazil, compared to different developed countries. This information

includes each the educational foundation and therefore the technological sophistication required to manage the

tools. In Brazil, 27th of rural landowners are illiterate, 9/11 didn't complete primary school (non-illiterate), and 53

have solely an education. This may indicate a potential barrier to the diffusion of innovations in technologies like

SF in Brazilian agriculture. One study has reported a positive relationship between education and adoption of

management technologies. Therefore, education may increase farmers’ ability to process data, make choices,

and use SF. Within the same manner, the abilities obtained from education facilitate farmers’ use of computers

and SF. Another side associated with education and information is that the low level of technology adoption on

some farms and inbound regions of Brazil. Firms face limits within the development of radical innovations as a

result of such merchandise aren't pronto adopted on farms or have a low potential to get smart results. Most

farms use a low technological level of management, which doesn't accommodate the high level of technology

involved SF tools. The generation and diffusion of technology are comparatively successful during a restricted

portion of agricultural producers in Brazil. For instance, a high proportion of rural producers, particularly within

the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil, still exhibit low use of fertilizers, machines, and equipment. The

SF technologies (telemetry, period observation, and automation, for example) describe were developed for

properties that already use a high level of technology. Rural properties that haven't adopted technologies couldn't

receive any profit from adopting SF technologies.

Difficulty with data manipulation from equipment, machines, and software

The producers’ lack of ability to prepare and manipulate knowledge obtained by the equipment’s sensors

is an obstacle. The knowledgeable reportable, as an example, that some experimental weather stations put in

on rural properties generate a relevant quantity of data; but, in most cases, the producers don't know how to use

the information and lack the programs to convert this information into a more accessible form. Complex systems

present a challenge in terms of acceptability and value, inflicting the farmers to revert to using ad-hoc calculations

via, as an example, customary spreadsheet software. With the most important volume of data available,



analytical systems and graphical interfaces need to increase the capacity for farmer data analysis with helpful

and easy-to-read info. There is a trend toward desegregation sensors and computers to analyze livestock Smart

Farming as bestowed by Waters et al. Despite the great potential of farm animal SF, most farmers and other

stakeholders don't currently have the abilities to use these technologies effectively. Farmer advisors and those

involved within the production method ought to adapt to the new availability of data and information in productive

systems and learn the way to handle these systems.

Large machines are only viable when working in large fields

As turning, positioning and transport are all non productive activities. Although many farms have removed field

boundaries to take advantage of the larger machines, many smaller farms cannot follow suite due to

environmental concerns and suffer economically because of it. As this equipment becomes larger, it also

becomes very capital intensive with new tractors and combines becoming prohibitively expensive for the small

and medium sized farm. Reliability also becomes an issue as all processes are carried out in series. If one part

of the mechanization system breaks down then all field operations stop.

Ethical Impacts

The use of technology in agriculture and food provide touches upon a variety of ethical problems. The

first issue deals with the ethics of animal farming: when technology touches living animals, ethical problems

arise. Take, as an example, chickens on unenclosed farms. Whereas unconfined systems improve animal

welfare versus cage systems, they present new challenges. unconfined chickens will lay their eggs anyplace,

thus farmers need to collect eggs by hand at regular intervals. An automaton would possibly take over this task.

Recent studies have shown that they didn't have a negative impact (Usher et al., 2014). It is expected that such

moral questions can still be asked in animal farming.

The second issue deals with the utilization of advanced technologies in food production and that makes that the

fact of food production in ‘factory farms’ does not match the romantic image that many folks have of ‘family farms’

wherever inherently wholesome food is created. Some authors take into account agricultural farming as a kind

of industrial production (bio-industry) aimed toward increasing the utilization of raw materials, livestock, and

resources and with negative impact for the surroundings (ICT-AGRI, 2012). The mix ‘food production and

technology’ is incredibly sensitive. There is some similarity with the GMO dialogue.

Although the introduction of the milking robots was not a tangle, there is enhanced interest within the

ethics of eutherian artificial intelligence. Recently the results of the study on the ethical issues associated with



the introduction of the milking automaton within the Netherlands were printed (Driessen and Heutinck, 2015).

The study compared the utilization of a standard milking equipment with a milking automaton. The study found

that the whole practice of dairying has been organized around the new milking automaton. With an automaton,

cows should voluntarily gift themselves to be milked, whereby a moral norm of (individual) freedom for cows

emerged alongside this new technology. However, it's additionally had an impact on what is considered to be

sensible farming, specifically on the connection between farmer and cow. A similar analysis is being drained the

United Kingdom.

The RoboNED (2012) report has a remarkable statement on the ‘human looks’ of AN agricultural

automaton. It says that: “as the essential functions required in an agricultural automaton comprise a restricted

set of human capabilities, an agricultural automaton needn't match somebody's being”.

The enhanced introduction of the net of Things, through that packed and labelled food merchandise,

communicate with room and different menage instrumentation will have a substantial influence on the

consumer’s existence. Data concerning (unhealthy foods is wont to advise the buyer that wish to vary their

uptake habits. Food producers also can target customers with the tailored advertisement, etc. data can be

combined with input from customers through social networking sites to confirm that pursuit and tracing of

merchandise is way a lot of correct. Sceptics worry the implications for privacy and wonder if it might still be

potential to travel 'off the grid' (STT, 2015).

In recent days, small-scale farming allowed for a lot of specific individual attention to plants and animals.

In the main price, potency has semiconductor diode to massive scale farming during which the gap between

farmer and nature has enhanced. The cycle would possibly provide the way to satisfy the individual desires of

plants and animals, although there'll be a technical interface between farmer and plant/animal to implement this

during a resource effective means. The cycle would possibly create the farmer’s lives easier in meeting the

individual demands of plants and animals. Or else, through cycle demands of the plants and animals are a lot of

directly communicated, farmers would possibly become ‘slaves’ of their crop or herd. This is often an open and

intriguing issue. Whichever means it goes, the connection between farmer and nature can modification

The Digital Divide, or the digital split, refers to the social exclusion featured by those while not access to

the net (especially broadband access). The shortage of access prevents those on the incorrect facet of the divide

from absolutely taking part in a more and more digitized society. The term became common among involved

parties, like students, policy manufacturers, and support teams, within the late Nineties. Similar problems would

possibly arise with advancing developments in cycle technologies. This not solely holds for a separation between

UN agency have and people who haven't cycle in developed economies. It should additionally reinforce



disparities between developed and developing economies still. It's price noting that the adoption of movable

technology in African countries has become widespread the past decade, indicating that new technologies

square measure introduced and quickly adopted in developing economies however with form and value that

matches the native conditions. per se cycle won't be similar all around the world, adaptational technology must

be developed to suit native needs and conditions

Economies of Scale

Most new machines brought to the market are bigger than the previous model. When discussing this

issue with equipment manufactures, this trend is likely to continue into the future. The driving force for this

growth would seem to be to take advantage of the economies of scale that larger machines bring with them.

This is easily demonstrated if the cost of the operator is taken into account. As most operators are paid by the

hour, a larger machine that can increase the work rate over a smaller one can have a significant economic

advantage. The size increase does not only bring benefits. Large machines are only viable when working in

large fields as turning, positioning and transport are all non productive activities. Although many farms have

removed field boundaries to take advantage of the larger machines, many smaller farms cannot follow suite

due to environmental concerns and suffer economically because of it. As this equipment becomes larger, it

also becomes very capital intensive with new tractors and combines becoming prohibitively expensive for the

small and medium sized farm. Reliability also becomes an issue as all processes are carried out in series. If

one part of the mechanisation system breaks down then all field operations stop. An alternative approach

would be to use available information technologies to automate these processes to the point where they do not

need a human operator. By removing the person from the immediate control of the system, it offers new

opportunities but also creates new problems. Once the person is outside the control loop, then the economies

of scale that applied to the larger, manned tractors does not apply and alternative smaller smarter systems can

be developed. Work rates (per day) can be kept high by working longer hours and using multiple machines. By

taking a systems approach to designing robotic systems, consideration can be given to a system in terms of its

action, interactions and implications. The result should be a new mechanisation system that collectively deals

with the crop's agronomic needs in a better way than is done now. Most people define agronomic processes in

terms of how they are currently carried out and a break from this mentality, or paradigm shift, is needed to

define the processes in terms of the fundamental plant needs

Major Parties Involved and Their Views



India

India’s record of progress in agriculture over the past four decades has been quite spectacular. The

agriculture sector has been eminent keep pace with rising demand for food. The contribution of increased area

under agricultural production has declined over time and will increase in production in the past 20 years have

been nearly entirely because of increased productivity. In modern globalization, several technologists try to

update a new development based on automation that works very rigidly, high effectively and among short period

of time. The progressive invention in agriculture system is becoming a crucial

task particularly due to rising demand on quality of agriculture products and declining labor accessibility in rural

farming areas. The designed system is seeding and fertilizing agriculture golem exploitation microcontroller. The

aim of the designed system is to seeding, fertilizing and soil ph., temperature, moisture, wetness checking. The

robot is controlled by remote. The designed system involves navigation of robot to the destination with success

and will the on top of functions.

The Netherlands

The Netherlands is one in every of the world’s largest food exporters and is apace rising as a worldwide center

of experience for the event of agricultural artificial intelligence. Innovative schemes across the country are

centered on moving toward unmanned farming and gardening. Dutch firms Conver BV and exactitude

manufacturers have additionally created the Greenbot, the primary driverless machine developed particularly for

professionals operating within the agricultural sector WHO must do repetitive tasks on a daily basis, like operating

in fruit cultivation, husbandry, agriculture, or the municipal sector. Furthermore, seeing the progression of robotic

agriculture is encouraging the government to subsidies this field in order to increase productivity and efficiency.

Japan

Collaboration between farmers and robots could prove important to allowing Japan's aging agricultural workforce

to continue manufacturing for crops whereas making certain that knowledge learned from years on the land is

not lost.

Not solely can the employment of robotics in agriculture reduce manual labor, however it's additionally

hoped it will modify aging farmers to stay on the land longer and to more efficiently get the most out of their hard-

won experience While machine-driven farming machinery, largely operating in straight lines, is already available

on the market, it needs high accuracy positioning information to do the job. The agricultural ministry, meanwhile,



adopted a group of guidelines in March to be used of autonomous farming machinery, like prohibition self -driving

units on roads and permitting solely operators to enter farmland wherever autonomous machines are operating.

The Japanese government is investing numerous dollars to promote farm automation and facilitate develop new

robots. The arrival of latest technologies is anticipated to own two major advantages for Japan’s farming trade.

the primary is in boosting production and potency while aiding an aging workforce with the physically hard and

long stages of farming. The second and perhaps most vital profit is in increasing the attractiveness of agricultural

professions to young people. Technology can hopefully create farming more accessible by removing barriers to

entry, like decreasing the experience necessary to successfully operate a farm. By rising productivity and yield,

it will additionally create farming a more financially engaging choice for the subsequent generation.

Australia

Automation is the new frontier in farming, both in Australia and abroad and it’s not just in reaction to a

declining number of farmers or an exploding growth in population. There are a wealth of reasons that automation

makes sense for the world of agriculture. With benefits ranging from economic to environmental, adopting

automated systems in Australian farms could move the industry forward in an incredible way.

Leading the charge toward agricultural automation are the University of Sydney’s Australian Centre for

Field Robotics (ACFR) and the Queensland University of Technology. Both have been producing experimental

agbots that can precisely distribute chemicals, count flowers or fruit, pick ripe and ready produce, and even herd

cattle.

Abundant Robotics

Abundant robotics, an organization building apple-picking robots that might eventually be tailored to reap

different fruits. abundant robotics chief executive and co-founder Dan Steere aforementioned his company began

operating with the apple trade four years agone to work out a way to modify the cumbersome task of picking

apples. “It’s very tough to find fruit that’s ready to be picked within a canopy then retrieve it while not turning it

into apple sauce,” he said. Every fall within the U.S. and in Australia, the company’s engineers are often found

in several orchards testing their technologies and dealing aboard farmers to grasp what’s still required. The

company’s robots are designed to figure day-and-night, identifying and picking apples even within the dark of

night.



On the hardware facet, as TechCrunch antecedently reported, abundant Robotics’ machines have

tackled a number of the challenges around “manipulation,” or handling of fragile fruits, by employing a vacuum

rather than any claw or hand-like graspers to drag apples from the branch. General Partner Andy Wheeler said,

“In essence, they’ve created self-driving cars, with a diesel motor and train, that have to pick apples as they are

going on. Theirs could be a complicated product to unravel a complex problem.” Given the Series A spherical of

funding, Wheeler said, overabundant robotics ought to be ready to get business units picking within the field.

Abundant robotics is an element of a new generation of hardware corporations developing autonomous

equipment to be used on farms, each on the bottom and within the sky. Its peers include corporations like Harvest

Automation, Deepfield robotics, Kespry, Lely and also the Autonomous Tractor company.

Prior to its Series A, abundant robotics had raised $2 million in seed funding and spun out of SRI

International via its SRI Ventures arm. Agriculture within the U.S. and far of the globe is facing an amazing labor

shortage nowadays. Meanwhile, the world Bank estimates we’ll have to build fifty percent more food by 2050 to

sustain the growing, international population, with temperature change decreasing crop yields by twenty-five p.c.

outdoors. While pessimists see robots as “bad for jobs” in agriculture, robots may be a essential suggests that

of skyrocketing food production whereas keeping prices, and also the environmental impacts of farming, as low

as doable.

Development of Issue/Timeline

Date Event Outcome

1850 Invention of the corn picker It harvested corn for farmers

instead of having to pick it by

hand it saved lots of time and and

money for farmers because of

how much faster it was than by

hand.

1948 Colorado farmer Frank Zybach

invents the center pivot irrigation

machine, which revolutionizes

irrigation technology.

The system consists of sprinklers

attached to arms that radiate from

a water-filled hub out to motorized

wheeled towers in the field.

Zybach is awarded a patent in



1952 for the “Self-Propelled

Sprinkling Irrigating Apparatus.”

1999 Installation of first robotic milkers Made the production of milk

faster.

2008 Valmont produces the first

electronic control panel that will

accept GPS directions for area

irrigation.

This made the monitoring of

farms easier and increased the

production of crops.

2009 Vermeer Corp. introduces their

new cob harvester to collect corn

cobs expelled by combines for

conversion into ethanol fuels

It reduced pollution and made

farming more efficient.

2014 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)

implemented

Making monitoring of farms

easier.

2016 Autonomous Trackers are

commercialized

Made harvesting of crop easier

for farmers, and made crops and

labor cheaper

September, 2017 Blue River Technology – Weed

Control

The Weed Science Society of

America recently concluded that

herbicide resistant weeds have

been responsible for

approximately $43 billion

worth of financial losses for

American farmers.

http://wssa.net/2016/05/wssa-calculates-billions-in-potential-economic-losses-from-uncontrolled-weeds/





Previous Attempts to solve the Issue

Driverless Tractors

The tractor is that the heart of a farm, used for several completely different tasks counting on the kind of

farm and therefore the configuration of its adjunct equipment. As autonomous driving technologies advance,

tractors are expected to become a number of the earliest machines to be regenerate.

In the early stages, human effort can still be needed to line up field and boundary maps, program the

simplest field methods mistreatment path designing package, and choose alternative in operation conditions.

Humans also will still be needed for normal repair and maintenance. Nevertheless, autonomous tractors can

become a lot of capable and self-sustaining over time, particularly with the inclusion of further cameras and

machine vision systems, GPS for navigation, IoT property to alter remote observance and operation and radio

detection and ranging and measuring system for object detection and turning away. All of those technological

advancements can considerably diminish the requirement for humans to actively management these machines.

According to CNH Industrial, a corporation that focuses on farm instrumentation and previewed a plan

autonomous tractor in 2016, “In the longer term, these conception tractors are going to be ready to use ‘big data’

like period of time satellite info to mechanically create the simplest use of ideal conditions, freelance of human

input, and notwithstanding the time of day.”

Sowing seeds was once a backbreaking manual method. modern agriculture improved on it with seeding

machines, which might cover additional ground a lot of quicker than a human. However, these typically use a

scatter technique that may be inaccurate and wasteful once seeds fall outside of the optimum location. Effective

seeding needs management over 2 variables: planting seeds at the right depth, and spacing plants at the

acceptable distance apart to permit for optimum growth. Precision seeding instrumentation is meant to maximize

these variables on every occasion. Combining geomapping and device knowledge particularization soil quality,

density, wetness and nutrient levels takes tons of the guesswork out of the seeding method. Seeds have the

most effective likelihood to sprout and grow and therefore the overall crop can have a bigger harvest.

As farming moves into the long run, existing preciseness seeders can close with autonomous tractors

and IoT-enabled systems that feed data back to the farmer. a complete field might be planted this manner, with

solely one human observance the method over a video feed or digital management dashboard on a pc or pill,

whereas multiple machines roll across the sphere.

Weeding and Crop Maintenance



Weeding and pest management are each crucial aspects of plant maintenance and tasks that are

excellent for autonomous robots. some prototypes are already being developed, as well as Bonirob from

Deepfield artificial intelligence, and an automatic cultivator that's a part of the UC Davis smart Farm

analysis initiative

The Bonirob automaton is regarding the dimensions of an automobile and may navigate autonomously

through a field of crops exploitation video, measuring device and satellite GPS. Its developers square measure

exploitation machine learning to show the Bonirob to spot weeds before removing them. With advanced machine

learning, or maybe computing (AI) being integrated within the future, machines like this might entirely replace

the necessity for humans to manually weed or monitor crops. These robots, et al. like them, won't be operative

in isolation on farms of the longer term. they're going to be connected to autonomous tractors and also the IoT,

sanctioning the full operation to many runs itself.

Harvesting from Field, Tree and Vine

Harvesting depends on knowing when the crops are prepared, operating round the weather and finishing

the harvest within the restricted window of time offered. There are a large kind of machines presently in use for

crop harvest home, several of which might be appropriate for automation within the future. Traditional mix, forage,

and specialty harvesters may now enjoy autonomous tractor technology to traverse the fields. Add in additional

subtle school with sensors and IoT property, and also the machines may mechanically begin the harvest as

before long as conditions square measure ideal, releasing the farmer for different tasks.

Developing technology capable of delicate harvest work, like selecting fruit from trees or vegetables like

tomatoes, is wherever advanced farms can really shine. Engineers are operating to form the correct robotic

elements for these subtle tasks, like Panasonic’s tomato-picking mechanism which contains subtle cameras and

algorithms to spot a tomato’s color, form and site to work out its matureness. We found that industrial robots

increase labor productivity, total factor productivity and wages. While they don’t significantly change total hours

worked, they may be a threat to low- and middle-skilled workers.

Reducing Labor, Increasing Yield and potency

The core thought of incorporating autonomous artificial intelligence into agriculture remains the goal of

reducing reliance on manual labor, whereas increasing potency, product yield and quality. Unlike their forebears,

whose time was principally haunted by significant labor, the farmers of the long run can pay their time performing

tasks like repairing machinery, debugging golem coding, analyzing information and designing farm operations.



As noted with all of those agbots, having a sturdy backbone of sensors and IoT engineered into the farm’s

infrastructure is crucial. The key to a very “smart” farm depends on the flexibility of all the machines and sensors

having the ability to speak with one another and with the farmer, whilst they operate autonomously.

In addition, advances in imaging technologies mean that the farmers are not restricted to actinic radiation

and still photography. Camera systems are obtainable spanning everything from customary photographic

imaging, to infrared, ultraviolet and even hyperspectral imaging. several of those cameras may also record video.

Image resolution across of these imaging ways has accumulated, as well, and also the price of “high” in “high

resolution” continues to rise.

All these totally different imaging sorts alter farmers to gather a lot of careful knowledge than ever before,

enhancing their capabilities for observance crop health, assessing soil quality and designing planting locations

to optimize resources and land use. having the ability to frequently perform these field surveys improves

designing for seed planting patterns, irrigation and site mapping in each second and 3D. With all this knowledge,

farmers will optimize each side of their land and crop management.

Planting from the Air

Prototype drones are being engineered and tested to be used in seeding and planting to exchange the

requirement for labor. for instance, many firms and researchers are performing on drones that may use

compressed gas to fireplace capsules containing seed pods with plant food and nutrients directly into the bottom.

DroneSeed and BioCarbon are 2 such firms, each of that are developing drones that may carry a module

that fires tree seeds into the bottom at optimum locations. whereas presently designed for re-afforestation comes,

it’s not laborious to imagine that the modules might be reconfigured to suit numerous agricultural seeds. With

IoT and software system for autonomous operation, a fleet of drones may complete very precise planting into

the best conditions for growth of every crop, increasing the changes for quicker growth and the next crop yield.

Possible Solutions

Internet of things

The IoT has become a small amount of a catch-all term for the thought of getting computers, machines,

equipment and devices of all sorts connected to every alternative, exchange information, and human activity in

ways in which modify them to control as a alleged “smart” system. We’re already seeing IoT technologies in use



in many ways, like sensible home devices and digital assistants, sensible factories and sensible medical devices.

Smart farming based on IoT technologies will enable growers and farmers to reduce waste and enhance

productivity ranging from the quantity of fertilizer utilized to the number of journeys the farm vehicles have made.

The applications of IoT-based smart farming not only target conventional, large farming operations, but could

also be new levers to uplift other growing or common trends in agricultural like organic farming, family farming

(complex or small spaces, particular cattle and/or cultures, preservation of particular or high quality varieties

etc.), and enhance highly transparent farming. In terms of environmental issues, IoT-based smart farming can

provide great benefits including more efficient water usage, or optimization of inputs and treatments. Now, let’s

discuss the major applications of IoT-based smart farming that are revolutionizing agriculture.

Business model to trade time for money

In an automated society wherever maybe as very little as a third of the population in operating age in

traditional jobs we will have to innovate the fundamental business model where you trade time for cash. Countries

like European country, Netherlands, European nation and Canada do simply that, conducting experiments with

universal basic financial gain, wherever voters are warranted a basic earnings from the government. Another

concept that has been proposes is job sharing. perhaps two individuals might work four hours each day rather

than one operating eight and each still get payed full salaries. the concept being that the rationalization effects

from automation can form up for the distinction. This will help reduce unemployment

Subsidies

To reduce unemployment the government could provide subsidies. If subsidies are provided by the

government this reduces the cost of production further reducing the cost of the product and allowing the producer

to make more of the product. This causes an expansion in the market, promoting production and causing a

decrease in unemployment.

Fiscal policies

Fiscal policy can decrease unemployment by helping to increase aggregate demand and the rate of

economic growth. The government will need to pursue expansionary fiscal policy; this involves cutting taxes and

increasing government spending. Lower taxes increase disposable income (e.g. VAT cut to 15% in 2008) and

therefore help to increase consumption, leading to higher aggregate demand (AD).

With an increase in AD, there will be an increase in Real GDP (as long as there is spare capacity in the

economy.) If firms produce more, there will be an increase in demand for workers and therefore lower demand-



deficient unemployment. Also, with higher aggregate demand and strong economic growth, fewer firms will go

bankrupt meaning fewer job losses.

Keynes was an active advocate of expansionary fiscal policy during a prolonged recession. He argues

that in a recession, resources (both capital and labor) are idle. Therefore, the government should intervene and

create additional demand to reduce unemployment.

Use available information technologies to automate these processes to the point where they do not need

a human operator.

An alternative approach would be to use available information technologies to automate these processes

to the point where they do not need a human operator. By removing the person from the immediate control of

the system, it offers new opportunities but also creates new problems. Once the person is outside the control

loop, then the economies of scale that applied to the larger, manned tractors does not apply and alternative

smaller smarter systems can be developed. Work rates (per day) can be kept high by working longer hours and

using multiple machines. By taking a systems approach to designing robotic systems, consideration can be given

to a system in terms of its action, interactions and implications. The result should be a new mechanization system

that collectively deals with the crop's agronomic needs in a better way than is done now. Most people define

agronomic processes in terms of how they are currently carried out and a break from this mentality, or paradigm

shift, is needed to define the processes in terms of the fundamental plant needs. When the plant requirements

are defined independently of the machine that carries out the corresponding operations, this improved

specification can be used in conjunction with mechatronic principles to help design smarter and more efficient

machines. In this study we have analyzed the economic viability of two hypothetical autonomous robotic systems.

This would help solve the issue of large machines only being viable when working in large fields.

Deconstructing the old and crafting new strategies

What does appear indisputable is the need to rethink development strategy for emerging economies. This

includes industrialized ones that have relied on the exports of manufactures and participation in global value

chains—i.e. the Malaysia, Poland, and Thailand—as well as other economies—the Pakistan, Egypt, and

Honduras—that are at earlier stages of industrialization and may need to chart a different course exporting a mix

of services, agricultural products plus a few niche manufactures. Below are some of the factors that need to

inform strategies for emerging economies.



1. Rapid structural change that transfers labor from agriculture to the urban sector might not provide a

productivity boost if most workers end up in unproductive informal jobs as is happening in most African,

South Asian, and Central American economies

2. For some countries e.g. in Central America and SSA, modernizing agriculture and developing agro

industries with supporting physical, financial, extension, and research infrastructures might offer better

growth prospects. Digital technologies/automation can usher in an agricultural revolution

3. Manufacturing will remain a driver of growth for a few countries but for the majority it will be a minimal

source of growth, of jobs, of exports. Most emerging economies are unlikely to see the share of

manufacturing in GDP pass the 15 percent mark. However, because of advances in technology,

manufacturing can potentially deliver large gains in productivity.



Bibliography

Bedord, Laurie. “3 Obstacles Ahead for Autonomous Farm Equipment.” Successful Farming, Successful

Farming, 4 Dec. 2017,

Brown, Meghan. “Smart Farming-Automated and Connected Agriculture.” Engineering.com, 15 Mar.

2018,

Chrissie. “Agricultural Robots on the Rise.” IoT Evolution World, 11 July 2017,

“Cyber Physical Systems.” CPS for Agriculture, European Parliament,

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https://www.intorobotics.com/robots-in- agriculture-present-and-future/

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8 Dec. 2017, www.britannica.com/technology/mechanization.

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Sennaar, Kumba. “Agricultural Robots - Present and Future Applications (Videos Included).” TechEmergence, 3 Dec.

2017, www.techemergence.com/agricultural-robots-present-future- applications/.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/

http://www.hortweek.com/key-challenges-utilising-robotics-farming/fresh-%09produce/article/1422655

https://www.intorobotics.com/robots-in-agriculture-present-and-future/

http://www.britannica.com/technology/mechanization

http://www.iotforall.com/iot-applications-in-agriculture/

http://www.techemergence.com/agricultural-robots-present-future-%09applications/



“The Rise of the Japanese Robot Farmer.” Intel IQ Australia, 1 Aug. 2016, iq.intel.com.au/the-rise-of-the- japanese-robot-

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Appendix

I. ROBOTIC AGRICULTURE EFFECT ON ECONOMY https://www.futureofeverything.io/will-robots-take-away-jobs-next-20-years/

II. SUCSESSFUL ARGICULTURAL ROBOTS

https://www.eu-robotics.net/sparc/10-success-stories/agri-food-robotics-briefing-document.html

https://www.futureofeverything.io/will-robots-take-away-jobs-next-20-years/

https://www.eu-robotics.net/sparc/10-success-stories/agri-food-robotics-briefing-document.html

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