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LINHXUTBNEbookminphti:www.Sachvui.Com

Dum lmtnng lngquan trng,khng th ti sinh.Tkhicphthinnnay,dumngvai trht scquan trngivinnkinht,tinbcvquynlctrnthgii.TcuithkXIX,htthkXXchonhmnay,dumutnhiultcnhngynnnhngcuctranhginhquynlc,dnnnhngcucikhnghongkinhtthgiivcuicnglhaicucchintranhthgiitrongthkXX.

Vounhngnm1970,dodutngttnggi,kinhtthgii,nhtl nhngnc cngnghip tin tin, ri vomt cuc khnghongnnglngnghimtrng.Ttinaynhngbinngvgidutrthnhmiquantmhngngy,hnggi.Nhiulcngitaccmtngstnvongvphttrincathgiihinnayphthucphnlnvoccnguntinguyn,chyuldumvkht,ngunnnglngmloingihinchcn30n35%dtr, tc lvi tcsdnghinnaydumchcncsdngtrongkhong30n40nmna.

Nhm gip bn c c thm ti liu nghin cu v dum,mt nnglngcnghathisnhthinnay,NhxutbnChnhtrqucgiaphihp viCng ty schAlpha dch v xut bn cun:Dum, tin bc vquynlcThinsthivinhtthkXXcaDanielYerginChtchHiphi nghin cunng lngCambridge, gingvini hcHarvard.Cun sch gm 36 chng, c chia thnh 5 phn.Ni dung cun schthut li chi tit ton cnh lch s cangnhdum,m t cc cucutranhginh tinbcvquyn lcxungquanhngnhcngnghipdum,lmrungchuynkinhtthgii,lmthayivnmnhcanhiuqucgia,dntc,gyranhiucucchintranhmmu.ylcunsthithgiithngquanhnvtchnhldum.

CunschginhgiithngEccles.Mcdschrtdyvs,nhngbnckhnghthynhmchn,mngclilunbcunhtvocchtvnvlihnhvnsctch,chmlngthngtinkinthccaocatcgi.

Xintrntrnggiithiucngbnc.

Thng8nm2008

NhxutbnChnhtrQucgia

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LIGIITHIUTrongnnkinhttoncungycngphthucvonnglngnhhin

naythdumgivai trquantrnghngu.Gidunhhngtisphttrinnnkinhttoncuvhunhmingnhcngnghipuchutcngrtlnbinhngbinngcanguntinguynquginy.

Chtrongvithngqua,gidutngtngt,nhhngtinnkinhttoncu.Thng7nm2008,gidulnutintklctronglchsvimcgi150-la/thng.CquanNnglngQuct(IEA)cngvacngbbocominhtvthtrngdumthgii.Nhucutngmnhccncangphttrinvnhngcngthngvnguncunghinnaydbomtbctranhthtrngdumumtrongtrunghn.

Dumngycngchngtvaitrquantrngtrongnnkinhttoncu,cbit l trongbi cnhchnh tr thgiini chungvTrungngniringcnhiubinngkhingidukhngngngleothang.Thctangchngminhrngthgiisdndncvnhnhbinglcldumchonkhinhnloitmracmtloinhinliukhcscthaythhonton,mconngdngnhcnxa...

Nm trong s nh hng chung , Vit Nam cng khng trnh khinhngbinngvchunhhngsusctnhngbinngtrongngnhdum.Gixngvnhin liu tngcaonhhngnghim trng tinnkinhtqucgiavisngcangidn.

Nhn thy tmquan trngcadum trongi sngkinh t, chnh trquct,PetroVietnamhptcviAlphaBooks,TrungtmHptcTrtuVitNam(VICC)vNXBChnhtrQucgia-SthtxutbncunschmangtnDum,tinbcvquynlcThinsthivinhtthkXX.Nhcunschchothy,ngsaurtnhiucucchintranh,xungt,vachm,linkt,linminh,cmtnguynnhnlunthngtrc,ldum.Dumkhngcngiihnlmtthnhinliulngnthunmtrthnhmtthvkhmangmuscchnhtr,kinht,dnhinlctngio,vnha

ylmtcunschtrn1.200trangkhchasusctoncnhlchsphttrinvvaitrcangnhduvccsnphmlchodu.Tcgicacunsch,DanielYerginlmtchuyngiavccvntoncuvdum.ng lCh tchHiphinghin cunng lngCambridge,mt cquantvnhnguvnnglngquct.ngcnglngtcgicunEnergyFuture(Nnglngtnglai).Mtcunschcgiicangl

ShatteredPeace(Nnhabnhbphb)trthnhtcphmlchskinhin v nhng ngun gc ca Chin tranh Lnh. CunThe CommandingHeights(Nhngnhcaochhuy)cangcxutbntiVitNamvccginhgicao.

Chngtitinrng,tcphmygitrnycaDanielYerginDum,tinbc vquyn lc s gip c giVitNam, c bit l nhngngihotngtronglnhvcdukhvnnglnghiubitsuschnvcccuc giao tranh quyn lc nng bng, s giu c ca cc cng quc,nguynnhncircacccucxungtTrungng,vaitrcaccqucgiaVngVnhtrongnnkinhttoncuvnhngbinngchnhtrtrongkhuvcnhhngntonthgii...

Xintrntrnggiithiuticgi.

TS.TRNNGCCNHTnggimcTponDukhQucgiaVitNam

LITABnangcmtrongtaymtcunschrtcbit;cthcoiylcun

binninshtsclthcahnhtinhchngtatronghnmtthknay,xoayquanhmttinguynctmquantrngsngcnivihuhtccqucgiamuntchnlnconngcngnghiphavitiphnvinh,lDUM.Tcgicunsch,DANIELYERGIN,ngictraogii thngPulitzer, lmtchuyngiavccvntoncuvdum.nglChtchHiphinghincunnglngCambridge,mtcquantvnhnguvnng lngquc t.ngcng tng lgingvin trngi hc Harvard v trng John F. KennedyHarvard.Mt tc phm lnkhccangcdchvxutbntiVitNamlcunNhngnhcaochhuy,ccginhgirtcao

Ngaytubncchcchnsbcunhtbishpdncacunsch.Dbnlngitnghocanglmvictronglnhvcdukhinathkhibtuccunschny,bnvncthcmthyhiubitcamnhvtmvcvnhhngcacchotngdukhivixhiloingicnqukhimtn;rngharagncthknaydumvsaunylkhthinnhin(cngilkht)ngmtvaiquantrngnmckhhnhdungniivi spht trinca lch s thgii; rng sphncakhngtnhngqucgia,dntc,tponkinht,nguynthqucgiavchnh khch l ra khc i nu dumkhng c dng lmv khtrongcccuciugiaccqucgiavccthlcchnhtr,xhitngxyratronglchsnhnloi.Nhnglchssangtrangvthgiiangnhbnthychkhngphinhthkhc.Nhngiuhtsclthltcgicunschsabntrvvinhngskinlchscthbnbit,tuynhinlicungcpchobnnhngthngtin,phntch,nhgikhcovysc thuytphcminhchngchovai trquytnhcadumnchiuhngphttrincanhngskin.

Trongphnmucunsch,tcgivit:Dumlngnhkinhdoanhlnnhtvtondinnhtthgii,lngnhcngnghipvinhttrongsccngnhcngnghipvitngxuthintrongmythpkcuithkXIXNgnh kinh doanh ny, trong th kXX, m rng timi itng, tccnhkhoandumohim,ccnh thcykinhdoanhhotngn, cc ng ch doanh nghip c on, ti cc bmy doanh nghipquanliulnvcccngtynhnc.Sbnhtrngcanlhinthnchosphttrincathngmi,thtrng,chinlckinhdoanh,nhngthayivcngngh,vccnnkinhtqucgiavquctcathkXX.Lchsdumchngkinsraicanhiuhpngvnhiuquyt

nhquantrngdocccnhn,cngtyvccqucgiathchin.ikhi,chngraidatrnnhngsuytnhkcng,vikhi,chnglichnginlktqucamtstnhc.Khngngnhkinhdoanhnocthnhngharrngvchnhxcnghacarirovphnthngcngnhtmquantrngcachivsphnnhngnhdum.Cthcoilsmtkhchnhxcvcdngvbnchtcangnhcngnghipdukh.

TavchamycchvouthkXX,dum,vitcchmtnhnttonnscmnhqucgia,khngnhtmquantrngcanngaytrongChintranhthgiithnht,khinhngchicmybaychybngngcttrongsonngicaccphngtindichuyndngngavthan.ngiathkXX,rttngicnhoinghivvaitrquantrngkhngththiucadumtrongcncnnnglngtoncu.NacuicathkXX,thgiichngkinsbtphvchimlnhvtrthngsoicadum v kh thin nhin vi nn cng nghip v dch v x hi, b xanhinliuhathchtruynthnglthan.NhngnmucathkXXInyangnhdusvnlnngonmccadumvkhtkhiccqucgiagiuhainguntinguynnydngnhangckhnngkhuynhotnht lmtphncathgiivnminhbngcchnghaymccgingduhocccngngdnkh.Mynmnay,IranvnbngbnhviccnghquytcaLinhpqucvcccngqucu-Mvvnhtnhnchccngdavothctrlngdugn20ttn,chngsauArpXt.Venezuela,mt trong nhng nc c tr lng du khng l,cng t ra ht sc ngang ngnh trong quan h vi M. Quan h Nga -Ukraine,Nga-Belaruslcm(thmchquytnhthnhlpLinbangvinhau),lclnhcngvkht.RiTrungQuc,qucgiactcphttrinkinh t cngvi tc tng trngnhpkhudu lnnht thgii(trongkhinguntinguyntrongncchn),cnhnghotnghtscmnhm ymnhquanh hp tc kinh t vi hu ht cc ncchuPhiclcngnhmvonguntinguyndukhtlcany.

Cthni,stnvongvphttrincathgiihinnayphthucphnlnvoccnguntinguyn,chyuldum,khtvthan.Ngaycngunlngthccachngta,dlsnphmcangnhnngnghip,cngphthuckhngtvoccnguntinguynnyvitcchlnguynliu(vdsnxutphnmtdu,khvthan)hocnhinliuchomymc.Theothngkcacctchcnghincunnglngthgii,trlngducxcminhca ton thgii (s liunm2005)nm trongkhongt2.050chon2.390tthng,tngngt270n323ttn,vnbygichngtasdngkhong45chon70%trlng.Cc nc vng Trungng chim khongmt na tr lng du xc

minhcathgii,trongringSaudiArabiachimmtphnt.NutnhcvngBcPhivccqucgiathucLinXcTrungthtlnycncaohnna.Trongkhi,trlngduccncG7khkhimtn,nukhngmunni lqu t (trCanaac tr lngdu trongct ln,nhngc lcn lumic thkhai thchiuqucdogi thnhkhaithccao).Chonn,iudhiulvngTrungng,Trung,BcPhivcMLatinh,hincnhiuimnhycmnht,timnnhngbtnvanninhchnhtrcathgii.Khngaicthdoncnguycmtnnhnhngvngnybaogimichiktchngnodumvncnli tng, cng l cngcht scnhy cmvhuhiu trongcc tranhchpquctddibtkmuog:sctc,tngiohayhttng,chchnhtr.

Nhng liu thgiicnsdngducbaonhiunmna?Liucphi thi gian sdng lngdud trcxcminh c th cnngnhn40nm?Vycckchbncthxyravibctranhdukhcngnhthgiitrongthknysnhthno?Liunhnloicnckhnngtm thydu(vkh)nakhng?Giiphpnosc tinhnhbomngunnnglngchotnglainuducnkit?lnhngcuhilunlunlmauunhlnhoccqucgiavgnhnnglictlnvaiccnhkhoahc,ccnhqunl.

Cuhiutincntrlildilngtcnbaonhiuduna?Theonhgicaccnhkhoahcthtrongtnglaicncthtmthmckhongt275n1.469tthngduna.Nulyconslcquannhtthlngduscphthinvxcminhsbngvitrlngxcminhmchngtaangctrongtay.Nghalknguyndumcncthkodithm4050nmhocdihn,ngnhn,tymcsdnghngnmtnghaygim.Tuynhin,trinvngnylcquannmcnoliukhngddbo.Songccnhkhoahcvccnhhochnhchnhschtrnthgiivntratintng,bihintiangcmtskhnngchngtvictngtrlngdutonculiucthxyra.

Thnht,lvictnghsthuhiduccmangvsavokhai thc.iunytc lnhcccng tykhai thcduavosdngnhngcngnghvkthuthini,titkimchiphchovicthmdvkhaithcdu,lmgimgithnh.

Thhai, tr lngduccngbcaccqucgia chaphi l trlngthtsngitac.

Th ba, tr lng c xem xt hin nay cha bao gm cc dng hathchcchadunhctdu(tarsands)vbitum(bitumen).Mttimnng

chactnhnnaltrlngcthcNamCcangbcmthmd,khaithcvmcchbovmitrng.Nichung,ccngunduny,nukhaithcc,schosnlngkhngnhtrongcncnnnglnghathch.

Tht,ccvngncsu,vnggnBcCcanglththchcnglchilnivicccngtydukhthgii.Trongnhngnmgny,nhiu m du nc su vnhMexico, Angola v ng Thi BnhDngcphthinvavokhaithc.VitNam,bncnhvictiptctmkimdukhnhngvnggnb,cccngvicchunbchovicraxab,nhtlvngthmlcaphanam,angcxctintchcc.Theonhgicacccquannnglngquct,VitNamangtronggiaiontngtrngsnlngdu,trongkhiTrungQuc,Indonesia,Malaysia,ThiLan...iquagiaionnhcaocasnlng.

Trinvnglcquancangnhdukhscncnngcaohnnanhmthngiangcmragiatngngunnhinliuchogiaothngvnti,cngnghipvsinhhot.lngunnhinliusinhhc,mchyulcnsinhhc(gasohol)vdieselsinhhc(biodiesel).Cnsinhhc,mthcchtletanolcsnxuttngcc,sn,ma,cci,kcxcccloithcvt...,angcnhiuncnhM,Brazil,TrungQuc,ThiLan,Philippines...snxutviquymkhngnhthaythhocphalnvixng.Trongkhi,biodieselsnxuttccloiduthcvt,chyul du ht ci (rape oil) v du hng dng (sunflower oil) th li cnhiu nc chu u ch trng. Nm 2005, EU sn xut v tiu thkhong10triutnbiodiesel.Vnuvtipcnsraicaknguyndukhckhnngxyravonacui thkny,ccnhkhoahctrnthgiicncnhngkchbnhpdnvlngmnhnna.lnnglngnhithch(nnglngphtrakhitnghphtnhnchkhngphi nng lng phn r ht nhn nh trong cc nhmy in nguyn thinnay),nnglngmttri,ccdngnnglngtitokhcvnhtlnnglnghydrolytncthngquaphnngquang-xctc.

Cthni,dumtrthnhnglcphttrincathgiitrnconngtintivnminh,ngthicnglnguynnhngyrabitbaobinngxhi tnphnnvnminh.Nhng lnhmnhchng?Nnglngnguynt,thmchlcmicphthin,chamanglilichgchonhnloithgytaiha,nhngrincngphithunphcphc v li ch con ngi.V chng ta hy vng khi phi chia tay vi knguyndukh,thloingictrongtaynhngngunnnglngthaythdidovschhn.

ngnhlicatcgicunschny,dum(vkh thinnhin)tonnnhngthayivitronghnmtthknaycalchsnhnloi.Quanhngtrangsch,cgisnhnr,mtmt,nhngcnghintolncadumivisphttrinthnkcathgii,mtkhc,nhngtilitytritrongvictiptaychonhngkthamtinbcvnhngthlcthamquynlcgyrachtchc,btcngxhivnhngcuctnphkmhmnnvnminhnhnloi.lchakticadumangcngviccnhinliuhathchkhcgynhimnngnchomitrngvsnnglncatoncu.V,khigpcunschli,chcchncgisngvitcgiDanielYerginrng,binninsmtcgitrnhbyhtscscsovhpdntrongcunschnythtslthinsthivcuckimtmdum,tinbcvquynlctrongqukh,hintivctrongtnglai.

GS.TSKH.HSTHONGNguynChtchHingquntr,TnggimcTngcngtyDukhVitNamPetroVitNam

ThtngkinhngcmtnghincuythuytphcvcchthcdumthngtrvtoraccskinthgiitrongthkXX.

JeremyCampbell,LondonEveningStandard

CunsthihaychatngthyvdumnhngmiutcaYergin[vChintranhthgiithhai]htscthuytphc,vthtslicunDum,tinbcvquynlcgipchngtahiurvthkXXThiicadum.

BusinessWeek

Khng th b qua... mt tc phm khc thng hp dn v d tipnhnTcphmnybucccchnhkhchvquanchchngucngnhbtcaiquantmnlchschthccathknyphitmc.

PeterWalker,cuBtrngThngmivCngnghipM

ylmtcunschvitvlngtham,thamvngvkhtkhaoquynlc.CunschvitvnhngngikintonndinmongnhdumcuBtrngdulaArpXtYamanivTngthngGeorgeBushnArmandvSaddamHusseinYerginlmtngikchuyntuytvi.

StephenButler,FinancialTimes

Dum,tinbcvquynlclcunsthivconngmthnghanthunhnhthnhnnhthngchnhtrcathkXXvlmthayisusclisngcachngta

HoustonChronicle

Hp dn v ton din cu chuyn din ra nh mt bc tranh khngngngbinicathiichngta.

TheNewYorker

Dum,tinbcvquynlcvalmtcunlchskinhtxhivalmtcuntruyngiitrtuytvi.Yerginthtstinngtrongviclmsng linhngnhnvtcangDum,vi tcch lmt lc lnglchs,trnnquantrnghncccqucgiahaycccnhn.

FarEasternEconomicReview

KhngthhiutondinvthkXX,thiidum,nukhngcDum, tin bc v quyn lc caDanielYerginDum, tin bc vquynlcrtcbitlcuchuynvsthamgiacanhngngi

snglp,ccnhcngnghip,vccchnhtrgia;cunschypnhngchititlchs,phongphvhpdn

JeffSandefer,TheNationalReview

KhngthkhngcCunschmicaDanielYerginphicttcmingi,tthtngnnhngngidnthng,tmc.

LondonDailyMail

MtcuchuynsthiviKnguyncadumstipdintrongthkXXI.

NihonKeizaiShimbun,TheJapanEconomicJournal

MUWinstonChurchilltnhinthayiquanimcamnh.Trcmah

nm1911,ngiBtrngNivtrtrungChurchillvncnlmttrongnhngngingupheccnhkinhthc,baogmnhngthnhvincaNi ccAnhphnivic tngchi phqun snhmancAnhvtlntrongcucchyuahiqungiaAnhvc.Cucchyuanyltcnhngynhiuhimkhchnht,khinthithchgiahaiqucgiangycng trnn su sc.Tuynhin,Churchill lc likhngnhchcchn rngkhnngxy ra chin tranhvickhngphi lkhngtrnh khi, v nc c khng phi lc no cng hiu chin. ng nhnmnhnnutngnschvoccchngtrnhxhitrongnchnlvovictrangbthmtuchinmi.

Nhngngy1 thng7nm1911,HongcWilhelmIIbtnghlnhchoBoen,mttuhiqunchybnghinccac,tinvovng cngAgadir nm trn biTyDng caMarc.Mc ch caWilhelmIIlkimtrascnhhngcaPhpchuPhivtmmtcncng qun choc.Mc d Bo en ch lmt chic tu c trang bsng,vAgadirlmtthnhphcngkhngmyquantrng,songsxuthincacontunytiygyramtcuckhnghongquctnghimtrng.Vicctngbccngcqunicamnhvnlmnysinhnhiumiquanngichoccnclnggingchuu;nhngti lcny,vikhtkhaoi tmchngdibu tri chomnh,dngnhcangtrctipthchthcvtrcaPhpvAnhtrntrngquct.Nguycchintranhbpnghtbukhngkhchuutrongnhiutun.Tuynhin, n cui thng 7, tnh hnh cng thng du bt theo li caChurchillthkbtntangxungthang.NhngskintrnlmthayihontoncchnhncaChurchill.Khchnvinhgitrckia,giyChurchilltinchcrngcangtmcchnmbquynvssdngscmnhqunsginhciu.nginktlunchintranhlbtkhkhngvnchcnlthigian.ChurchillcbnhimlmBtrngHi qun ngay sau s kinAgadir.ng tuyn b s lm tt c chunbvmtqunschoncAnhnhmiphvingynhmnhangn,ngymchintranhttyusxyra.TrchnhimcanglphibomchoHiqunHonggiaAnh,biutngngthilidinchoscmnhquccaAnh,snsngimtvingictrnccvngbinquct.MttrongnhngvnquantrngvgytranhcinhtmChurchill phi imt lc dng nh ch thin v k thut, song trnthctnlictcngsurngtrongthkXX:HiqunAnhcnn

chuyn t ngun nng lng than truyn thng sang s dng du khng?Nhiungichorngvicchuyninhvylqumohim,vnhthcnghalHiqunsmtichdalngunthanantonvnnhcaxWales.Thayvo,hsphitrngchvonguncungcpduxaxivbtncaBaT(tnccaIran).

Churchill chobit:Tht ra,vicchuynhnngunnng lngsdngtronghiqunsangdulmthnhngchuclyvsrcri.Nhngnhng li chchin lcmdumang li tcnhanhhnvsdngngunnhnlchiuquhntrnnqurrngkhinChurchillkhngth chm tr.ng quyt nh ncAnh s phi xy dng scmnh hiqunthngtrcamnhdatrndumvlptcbt tayvovicthchinmctiutrnvittcsclcvlngnhittnhmnhm.

QuynlcchnhlchinliphmcacucphiulunyChurchillkhngnh.

Viquanim,Churchill,trcthmChintranhthgiithnht,nmcmtchnlcbn,khngchngtrongcucchinnylasptimcnngtrongnhiuthpksau.BivtrongsutchngngcathkXX,dumngnghaviquynlc.Vhnhtrnhkimtmquynlccnglchcacunschny.

unhngnm1990gn80nmsaukhiChurchillthchinquyttmchuynsangsdngdum,sauhaicucchintranhthgiivmtcucchin tranh lnhkodi,v trongmt thiimckvng lmuchomtknguynmihabnhhnmt lnnadu li tr thnh tmimcamimu thun toncu.Ngy2/8/1990,SaddamHussein,TngthngIraq,aqunxmlcCot.McchcaSaddamHusseinkhngchlxmchimmtnhnccchquynmcnnhmnmgingunti snqugican.Chin liphm thuv s rt ln.Nu thnhcng,Iraqstrthnhcngqucdulalnnht thgiivkimsotcthgiiArpvVnhBaT,nitptrungphnlnlngdudtrcatrit.Scmnh,tisnmivquynkimsotdumcaIraqskhincthgiiphibnhng thamvngcaSaddamHussein.Vingun tinguyncaCot,Iraqscthtrthnhqucgiacvkhhtnhnngsv thmchcncth tindntiv trmtsiucng.Ktqus lmtsthayilntrongcncnquynlcquct.Ningngn,mtlnna,quynlcchnhlchinliphm.Tuynhin,donhnggsmtvotayIraqquln,nncucxmlcCotkhngcthgiichpnhnnhmtvicrinhSaddamHusseintnghyvng.KhngcnlthibngnhkhiHitlertinhnhhotngqunshavngRhinepha

tyncchaykhiMussolinitncngEthiopia.Thayvo,LinhpqucralnhcmvniviIraq,vnhiuqucgiaphngTyvArptphpquniviquymlnnhmbovnclnggingArpXttrc cuc tn cng ca Iraq cng nh chng li nhng tham vng caSaddamHussein.TronglchsthgiichatngctinlnochoshptcgiaMvLinXvcngchatngctinlnochovictrinkhaiqunnhanhchngviquymlnnhvyvokhuvcny.Vinmtrc,quanimchorngdumkhngcnquantrnggnnhccoil hp thi.Ma xun nm 1990, ch vi thng trc cuc xm lc caIraq, cc quan chc cp cao thuc BCh huy Trung ngM, u notrongchindchhuyngqunicaMsauny,vncnc thuytgio i rngdummt i tmquan trng chin lc ca n.Thnhng,cucxmlcCotphtanquanimhuynhoc.unm1991,khiccbinphphabnhutravhiutrcmtIraqngoanc,khngchurtqunkhiCot,mtlinminhgm33ncdoMdnu tiudit scmnh tncngca Iraqsaunm tunkhngchinv100gilcchin,yIraqrakhilnhthCot.VocuithkXX,dumvn lnhn tquan trngnht trongvicquytnhanninh,s thnhvngvbnchtcannvnminh.

Mcdlchshinicadubtutnacui thkXIX,nhngchnhthkXXmilthkbbinihontonbisxuthincan.Cthnixungquanhcuchuynvducbachln.Thnhtlstridyvphttrincachnghatbnvnnthngmihini.Dumlngnhkinhdoanhlnnhtvtondinnhtthgii,lngnhcngnghip v i nht trong s cc ngnh cng nghip v i tng xut hintrongmythpkcuithkXIX.StandardOil,cngtykimsottonbngnh cng nghip dum caM cui th kXIX, lmt trong nhngcngtyaqucgiautinvlnnhtcathgii.Ngnhkinhdoanhny,trongthkXX,mrngtimiitng,tccnhkhoandumohim,ccnhthcykinhdoanhhotngn,ccngchdoanhnghipcon,ticcbmydoanhnghipquanliulnvcccngtynhnc.Sbnh trng ca n l hin thn cho s pht trin ca thngmi, thtrng, chin lc kinh doanh, nhng thay i v cng ngh, v cc nnkinhtqucgiavquctcathkXX.Lchsdumchngkinsraicanhiuhpngvnhiuquytnhquantrngdocccnhn,cngtyvccqucgiathchin.ikhi,chngraidatrnnhngsuytnhkcng,vikhi,chnglichnginlktqucamtstnhc.Khngngnhkinhdoanhnocthnhngharrngvchnhxcnghacarirovphnthngcngnhtmquantrngcachivsphnnhngnhdum.

KhinghvthkXXI,chngtathyrmtiurngquynlccamtconchipmytnhngangngaviquynlccamtthngdu.Tuynhin,ngnhcngnghipdumvnduytrscnhhngtolncan.Trongs20cngtyhngutrongdanhschFortune500(danhsch500cngtycmcdoanhthulnnhtcaM)cnbycngtydum.Chngnoconngicnchatmcmtngunnnglngthaythkhcthduvncntcngsurngtinnkinhttoncu;nhngthayilnvgiducththcysphttrinkinhthayngcli,dnnlmphtvsuythoikinht.Ngynay,dumlloihnghaduynhtmthngtinv nhng s kin v tranh ci xung quanh n khng ch c ng tithngxuyn trnccchuyn trangvkinhdoanhmcn trn trangnhtccbo.V,cngnhtrcy,dumvnlmtngunsinhlilnivicccnhn,cccngtyvccqucgia.Theolimtnhtiphitth,Dugnnhngnghavitin.

Chthhaildulinquanmtthitviccchinlcqucgia,tnhhnhchnhtrtoncuvquynlc.Tmquantrngcadu,vitcchlmtnhnttonnscmnhqucgiackhngnhtrnccmttrncacucChintranhthgiithnht,khinhngchicmychybngngcttrongsonngiccphngtindichuyndngngavthan.DultmimcaccdinbincngnhktqucacucChintranhthgiithhaicvngVinngvchuu.NgiNhttncngTrnChuCngvimcchbovcnhqunbn sncamnhkhihang tmcchchimlnhngundtrdukhuvcccncngn.Mttrongnhngmc tiu chin lc quan trng nht caHitler khi xm lcLinbangXVitlnmgiccmduvngCaucasus(Cpcad).Nhngcuicng,Mmilncthngtrvdum,vkhiktthccucchin,ccthngchanhinliucacvNhturngkhng.TrongthikChintranhLnh,cucchinginhquynkimsotdugiacccngtyaqucgiavccncangphttrinngvaitrquantrngtrongphongtroiquynclpcaccdntcthucavcachnghadntcmini.CuckhnghongSueznm1956skinnhduconngcngchoccqucchuuginuachyuxoayquanhvndum.Quynlccadutrnnlnmnhhnrtnhiutrongnhngnm1970,accqucgiatrcyvnchngngoilccdinnchnhtrquctlnvtrcaccncgiucvcnhhng,ngthitonnmtcuckhnghonglngtinsusctrongkhiccnccngnghipvnvndavo du pht trin kinh t. V du cng chnh l trung tm ca cuckhnghongutinthikhuChintranhLnhnhngnm1990cucxmlcCotcaIraq.

Tuyvy,ikhidulilkhovngtrongtaykngc.cmunmnhlitnhtcaqucvngIransgiucnhdumtrthnhhinthc,nhngcngchnhiulilmngkitqu.DugydngnnnnkinhtcaMexico,nhngrilikhinnsuyyudn.LinbangXVitqucgiaxut khudum ln thhai thgii phungph sdoanh thukhng l tdu trongnhngnm1970v1980chomt chindchcngcqunsvmtlotcccucphiuluquctvdng,thmchnguyhi.CnM,qucgiatnggivtrnhsnxutdulnnhtvhinvnlqucgiatiuthdunhiunhtthgii,phinhpkhutimtna ngun du cung ng cho nhu cu trong nc. Thc trng ny gyphnghi tiv thchin lc tng thcaMv lmgia tngngkgnhnngthmhtmudchylmttnhthnguyhimivimtcngqucln.

SauChintranhLnh,mttrttthgiimiangbtuhnhthnh.Cnhtranhkinht,nhngcucchingiaccqucgiatrongtngkhuvcvnhngcucutranhgiaccdntc,distrgipvkhuynkhchcavicphbinccloivkhhini,cthsthaythhttngvivaitrltmimcamuthunquctvqucgia.Nhngdtrttthgiiminycpht trintheohnhthinoina, thduvns lmtnhntchinlcngvaitrthityutrongccchinlcqucgiacngnhtrnchnhtrngquct.

ChthbatronglchsdumlgiivsaoxhicachngtalitrthnhmtXhihydrocarbonvchngta,theongnngcaccnhnhn loihc, li tr thnhConngihydrocarbon.Trongmy thpkuphttrin,vickinhdoanhdumangnchothgiiangtrncngnghiphamtsnphmmangtndu la.yccoi lnhsngmi,gipylibngtivkodingylmvic.CuithkXIX,chyunhbunbndulamJohnD.Rockefellertrthnhngigiunht ncM.Thi , xnggnnh ch lmt snphmphvdng.Kh khn lmmi tm c mt ngi mua xng vi gi cao nht l 2xu/gallon(1);cnkhikhngbnc,bui tingi ta li ln ltxngxungsng.Volcsxuthincabngnintngchngnhspynncngnghipdumivodvngthmtknguynmilimravisphttrincangcttrongdngxng.Ngnhcngnghipdumcmtthtrngmi.Vcngvi,mtnnvnminhmirai.

TrongthkXX,du,cngvikhttnhin,hbngivngunnnglngcathgiicngnghipcangvuathan.Ducngtrthnhnntngcaphongtrongoiharnglnthikhuchin,lmbinic phong cnh ng thi v li sng hin i ca chng ta. Ngy nay,

chngtatrnnquphthucvodu,vducnggnbqumtthitvisinhhothngngycachngta,nnihimkhichngtadnglicmnhnhttmquantrngbaotrmcan.Chnhdubinmivicthnhcthnichngta,cchchngtasinhsng,phngthcchngtailmhngngyhayidulch,vthmchlnichngtacnhngmiquanhlngmnvingikhcgii.Dulmchsngcacccngngkhuvcngoi.Dumvkht tnhin lcc thnhphnkhng ththiu trong thuc tr su loi thuc ang chi phi nn nng nghip thgii.Dukhinvicvnchuynlngthcticcthnhphlntrnthgii,nihontonkhngckhnngtcungtcp,trnnddng.Ducncdngsnxutranhavccchthahccsgydngnnnnvnminhngi,mtnnvnminhcnguycspnuccgingduthgiitnhincnkit.

Trongphnlnthkny,vicconngingycngphthucvodumcgnnhcthgiingicalmtiuttlnh,mtbiutngchostinbcanhnloi.Nhngthikhongkimcadumkhngcnna.Cngvisphttrincaphongtromitrng,ccnguyntccbn ca x hi cngnghip angng trc nhng thch thc to ln;trongngnhcngnghipdum,trnmikhacnh,bsmsoi,chtrchvphninhiunht.Cthgiiangtngcngnhngnlchnchhotngtchyccnhinliuhathch(baogmdu,thanvkhttnhin)donhnghuqumviclmnygyra:nhimkhngkh,maaxit,suythoitngozonevnguycthayikhhu.Dum,mcdlmt thnh t quan trng ca th gii nh chng ta u bit, hin ang bbuctiltcnhnchnhkhintnhtrngsuythoimitrngngycngtrmtrnghn.Vngnhcngnghipdum,vnvnthovnhngtinbcngnghcngnhvnhngnggpcanchovichnhthnhthgiihini,bngngngcnhnthymnhanghngghbnvitidanhlmiedacaccthhhintivtnglai.

Tuynhin,Conngihydrocarbonchahcnhstbchict,haynginhngoicamnh,haynhngghcoikhngchltinnghimcn l thit yuivi li sngcah.Ccqucgiaangpht trincngkhngaraduhiunochngthsnsnghysinhcclichcamt nn kinh t pht trin nh du m i li nhng li ch v mitrng.Hnna,trckhiarabtktngnovvicgimtilngtiuthducathgii,ngi tacngphi tnhnmcgia tngdnschngmt trong tng lai.Vonhngnm1990,dns thgiicdonstngthm1tngitclsoviuthpk,cuithpkdnsstngthm20%trong,aphnngidntrnthgiisvntiptc

ihiquynctiuthdu.Ccchngtrnhnghsquctvmitrngca thgii cngnghip scem ra so snhviquymphttrindns.Cnglc,trndinnqucthinnilnmttrongnhngmuthunlnvkhgiiquytcathpk1990giamtbnlsnghvic tngcngcchotngbovmi trng,mnhmvngycngcao, v mt bn l quyt tm pht trin kinh t, cc li ch ca X hihydrocarbonvnhnglolngvvnanninhnnglng.

Trnylbachmcunschnycp.Bicnhlsnkhutoncu.ylmtbinninsvnhngskinvivangnhhngticucsngcattcchngta.Cunschvanivccthlckinhtvcngnghhngmnhvvcm,vanivnhngchinlccngnhsscsocaccdoanhnhnvchnhkhch.Ccnhnvtccunschnhc ti l cc nh ti phit v doanhnhn ca ngnh cngnghip du trongngnhinphiknngvuadumRockefeller,ngoiracncHenriDeterding,CalousteGulbenkian,J.PaulGetty,ArmandHammer,T.BoonePickens,vnhiungikhc.ngvaitrkhngkmphnquantrnglnhngnhnvtnhChurchill,AdolfHitler,JosephStalin,IbnSaud,Mohammed Mossadegh, Dwight Eisenhower, Anthony Eden, HenryKissinger,GeorgeBushvSaddamHussein.

ThkXXthtsxngngvidanhhiuthkdu.Bncnhttcnhngmu thunvsphc tpcan,vn luncmtsichxuynsutcuchuynvdu,mtcmgicnnghihiththiiivicnhngskinxyratrtlu,ngthi,ccnhngtingvngmnhmcaqukhtrongccskinmixuthin.Bncnh,ycn lmtcuchuynvnhngcnhnringl,ccthlckinhthngmnh,sthayi trong cngngh, nhng cucu tranh chnh tr,mimu thunquctv,thtra,lvnhngthayivi.Tcgicunschhyvngthngquavicnghincucchqucasphthuccathgiivodutrnbnhdinkinht,xhi,chnhtrvchinlc,cunschsgpphnlmsngtqukh,gipchngtahiurhnhintivdontnglai.

CHNG1:SKHIU:

NIMNHVDUSbinmtcas tin526,08-la lcmtvn.Vonhngnm

1850,nglngcamtgioschnglyglmsungtc.Vvy,cthmthunhp,nm1854,BenjaminSillimanCon,contraimtnhhahcvingiM,ngthicnglmtgioshahcdanhtingtiihcYale,thamgiacamtdnnghincucamtnhmccnhxctinkinhdoanhvdoanhnhnvitngmcthlaol526,08-la.Nhngmcdhonthnhcngvic,ngvnkhngnhncstinthlaocamkt.Tcgin,Sillimanmunbitxemstinbiniu.Sgindcangnhmvonhngngingunhmny,GeorgeBissell,mtlut s n tNewYork, v JamesTownsend, ch tchmt ngn hngNewHaven.Tuynhin,Townsendlunntrnhvenginhngngigitintingnhngcangskhngyntmkhibitngangthamgiamthotngkinhdoanhytnhucnhth.

Bissell,Townsendvnhngthnhvinkhctrongnhmkinhdoanhnydnhttmtrchomtiuvi,mttmnhnlnvtnglaicathvtchtcbitnvicitndumnhmphnbitviccloiduthcvtvmngvt.Hbitrng,dumsibongbngtrnmtccconsuihoc thmthuvoccgingncmnkhuvcxungquanhvngSngDu,mtadanhnmgiavnginixaxiphatybcbangPennsylvania. Ti ni vng t hoang vu ny, ngi ta tm c mt sthngdubngnhngphngtinhtscths.Hchvichtloivtchttimuvnngminytrnmtccconsuivnhnhsnghocvtnhngming gi hoc chn nhng trong nc c cha du. Ngi ta sdng phn ln lng du nh b thu lm c ny sn xut thuc.Nhmccnhutnychorngcthkhaithcdumvikhilnglnhnnhiurichbinthnhmtloichtlngcthdngthpsng.Hchcchnloiduminysckhnngcnhtranhmnhviloinnangchimlnhthtrngvonhngnm1850.Tmli,htintngrngnukhaithccduvikhilngln,hcthtungrathtrngmt loidu thpsngcht lngcao,gi thnh thpmvogia thkXIX loingiang rtcn.Hb thuytphcbingh rnghc thchiusngchoccthtrnvnngtritiBcMvchuu.Quantrnghn,h c th sdngdumbi trn ccbphnchuynngcamymctrongbuibnhminhcaknguynckh.Vcnggingnhtt

c nhng doanh nhn tin tng vo gic m ca ring mnh, h cn tintngrnghs trnnvcnggiucnu lmc ttcnhngvicny.Khngtnginhobngh.Tuynhin,nhkintr,nhngnginy thnhcng trongvictnnmngchomtknguynhon tonmitronglchsnhnloiknguyndula.xoadunhngphinmuncachngta

D n ny bt ngun t nhng nh tnh c v lng quyt tm caGeorgeBissell,ngiiutrongvicsnglpngnhcngnghipdula.Vikhunmtdi,nhnvvngtrnrng,Bisselltotravptrtuyntng.nglmtngiscsovnhybnviccchikinhdoanhv c nhiu kinh nghim trong lnh vc ny. T lp t nm 12 tui,Bissell t trang tri chovichc tp ti trngCaongDartmouthbngcchidyvvitbo.Saukhi ttnghip,ngtnglmgingvin tingLatinhvHyLp,richuyntiWashingtonlmbo.Cuicng,BissellnhcNewOrleans,ningtrthnhhiutrngcamttrngtrunghc ri lm gim th ca cc trng cng. Trong thi gian rnh, ng hcthmlybnglutsvthcthmnhiungnngnav,cuicng,ngthnhthoctingPhp,tingTyBanNha,tingBoNhavcthc,vitbngtingDoThic,tingPhn,tingHyLpcvhini,tingLatinhvtingc.NhngdosckhekmBissellbucphitrliWashington.Trnngtrv,khiiquaPennsylvaniangnhnthymtshotngkhaithcduthsviccvthtvgithmdu.Khnglusau,khitithmmHanover,bangNewHampshire,Bisselltitrngccang,trngDartmouth.Tiy,ngquanstthymtchaichamudumgingnhPennsylvaniachomthcsinhccatrnganglmbcstiphatyPennsylvaniamangn.

Bissell bit rng loidunyangc sdngnhnhng loi thucdn gian v c bit dc cha nhiu loi bnh t au u, au rng,ictirilontiuha,nhimgiunsn,thpkhpvph,cngnhlmlin cc vt thng trn lng nga v la. Loi du ny c gi l duSenecatheotnngidaaphngtbytlngknhtrngvithlnhRedJacket,nhnvtccholtruynlinhngbquytchalnhvtthngcaloidunychongidatrng.MtcngtycungcpduSenecaqungcoscmnhchabnhkdiuca loidunybngmtbithnhsau:

Thdutuythontdngsuibmtcathinnhin,

emnchoconngiskhisctrongsckhevcucsng;

Tnhngysuvdngchykdiucatnhin,

lmdunhngnauvphinmuncachngta.

Bissellbitchtlngsnstmuennycthtchyc.NhnthymudumDartmouth,nglelnmttngloidunykhngchc thdng lm thuc chabnhmcnc thdng lmdu thp sng.ngcththotkhinilolngvtinbcvtrnngiucnhvicphttrinthnhinliuny.Trcgictrthnhkimchnamvnimtincang,nhngiucththchrtnhiutrongcucsngythtvngcangsunmsau.

Vgiosbinmt

Nhngliucthdngdumlmnhinliut?Bissellkhuyngmiquantmcaccnhutkhcvcuinm1854,nhmdoanhnhnthugiosSillimancaihcYalephntchvnhgikhnngtchyvbitrncadu.Nhngiuchyuhmunlccstnngcavgiosdanhtingnydnhchodnbnccphiuvhuyngvn.KhngaicthpngttmcchnybngSilliman.Vivcngi to ln, trngkinvkhunmt t t,vuiv,Silliman lmttrong nhng tn tui v i v ng knh nht trong nn khoa hc th kXIX.nglcontraicangisnglpngnhhahcMvbnthnngcnglmttrongnhngnhkhoahctiubiunhtthi.Sillimancngltcgicanhngcunschgiokhoavtlvhahchngu.Yalelth khoa hc ca ncM gia th kXIX v cha con nh Sillimanchnhltmimcatrungtmny.

Tuynhin,Sillimanquantmnthctinnhiuhnllthuytvthctinhtngvolnhvckinhdoanh.Hnna,mcdcdanhtinglnvtrnhkhoahccao,ngluncncthmthunhp.Lnglmkhoahcrtthpmgianhcangliangphnhra.Do,ngthngnhnlmthmcccngvictvnbnngoi,cungcpccnhgiachtv ha hc cho nhiu i tng khch hng.Mi quan tmn thc tincngthuhtngthamgiatrctipvonhngdnkinhdoanhmohimm theo ligii thchcang, thnhcngcachngsemnchongthtnhiuchichokhoahc.Mtngiemrcangthtrahoinghihnkhinhnxt,BenjaminSillimanangtrnttdclintc,vmtnyhaymtkhc.Thtngthngthaychokhoahc.

Khinhnvicphntchdum,Sillimanluntochokhchhngnimtinmnhangccbnbocomongi.Sillimantuynb:Tidmcamoanviccngirngktqunyspngcnhngmongi

caccngivgi trcathvtchtny.Bathngsau,khignktthcnghincu,thmchngcncthinhittnhhn.ngcngbcthnhcngngoidkin trongvic sdngsnphmchngctcadumlmchtt.Ccnhuttrngirtnhiuvobnbococuicng.Nhngsauxyramtsc.HnSillimans tin526,08-la(tngngkhong5.000-langynay)nnngnhtquytihphichuyntrc100-latinmtvotikhoncangNewYork.Schmtrtrongvictcckhinvgiosnigin.Xtchocng,ngkhng thchindnnychv lngham thchkhmphkhoahcnthun.Vth,ngtuynbsgilinhngktqunghincuchotikhinocthanhtonht tin.Trnthct,Sillimanbmtabnbocochomtngibnctgi,cnngixungminNam,ningitartkhgpcng.

Ccnhutcmthythtvng.Bococuicngcnghavcngquantrngivivicthuhtthmvn.Cuicng,mttrongnhngitccaBissellchubrastinnyvisbomcachnhBissell.Bnbocongy14thng4nm1855cgiaochoccnhutvnhanhchngcchuyntinhin.Mcdvnphtkhipvkhonthlao phi tr cho Silliman, nhng trn thc t, cc nh u t ny vn thucnhiuhnstinhbra.Theonhnnhcamtnhshc,nghincucaSillimanchnh lmtbcngot trongshnh thnhngnhdula.Sillimanxuatannhngnghingvkhnngsdngdumtheonhngphngthcmi.

ngchrachocckhchhngcamnhlcthunsidumccnhitkhcnhauvnhvycthchngctduthnhnhiusnphmcthnhphnchnhlcarbonvhydro.Mtsnphmquantrngtrongsl loidu thpsngcht lngrtcao.Sillimanvit:Thaccngi, tihontonccstincngtycaccngishumtloivtliuthmt,cthchtoranhngsnphmrtcgitrbngccquytrnhginnvkhnghtnkm.Thaccngi,saunhngnlcnghincukhngmtmi, ticthbomrngcngtycaccngiangshumtloitinguynqugi.Viccquytrnhcngnghnginvkinht,ncthtoraccsnphmcgitrcao.Donhngvngmcvtichnhcgiiquyt,Sillimanlisnsngthamgiaccdntiptheo.

C bn bo co caSilliman trong tay, bn bo co ging nhmt liqungcocscthuytphcnhtdnhchovkinhdoanhny,nhmccnhuttrnkhnggptrnginotrongvichuyngccngunvncnthittccnhutkhc.BnthnSillimancngmua200cphiu,khin doanh nghip c bit ti vi ci tn Cng ty du m

Pennsylvanianycngknhnnghn.Tuynhin, thikkhkhncnkodithmmtnmrinatrckhiccnhutsnsngthamgiavobctinmohimtiptheo.

NhnghincucaSilliman,giy,hbitrngcthchitxutmtchtlngdngtchytdum.Nhnglngdumcsnliuckhng?Mtvingichorng,duchlnhnggitnhchyratcc va than ngm.Mt iu chc chn l khng th xy dng hot ngkinh doanh bng cch vt vng du trnmt sng hoc vt du t nhngmnhgirchthmncchadu.Trckhiquytnhutln,vnsngcnmccngtynycnghngvolphichngtdumtntivikhilngkhaithcc.

Gicvscitin

Nimhyvngvonhngctnhvncnbhimcaduhontonxutphttnhucuthunty.Dnstngvsphttrinkinhtlanrngnhcuc cchmng cngnghip khin nhu cu nh sng nhn to ngy cngtng.Trongsutnhiuthktrc,ngitahunhchdngnhngchicbcnnginnhngvomngvthayduthcvt.Cnvinhngngictin,mcnhtngccoilchunmccaduthpsngchtlngcao.Tuynhin,nhngncvoiiTyDngdnbinmtvcccontusncngycngphiixahn,tikhuvcxungquanhmiHoVngvcnhngvngbinxaxitrnThiBnhDng.ividnsncvoi,ylknguynvngvgicangtngln.Nhngvingitiudngthngcli,hkhngmunphitrti2,50-lamuamtgallonmc,vhinnhin,chaphilmcgicuicng.Nhngloidu thp snggi rcpht trinnhng tt cukmcht lng.Loiphbinnhtlcamphene,mtchtdnxuttnhathngchysngnhngnhcimlrtdchyvthnnalcthgyn.Mt loikhclkhtchngcttthancvnchuynbngngngticcngnnngvticcgianhtrungluvthnglungycngngoticckhuvcth,songnliqut.Nhucuvmtloiduthpsngvigithnhtngir,antonvnngycngcpbch.Bncnh,do tinb trongngnhckhchorainhiu loimymc,thitbvmyinvnhnhbnghincnnnhucuvdubitrnthaythchomngvtangcsdnghicngtnglnngk.

Cuithpnin1840,uthpnin1850,giidoanhnhnaranhiusngkinpngccnhucunyviduthpsngvdubitrnchitxuttthanvccloihydrocarbonkhc.MtsnhnvttiAnhvBcMxctincuctmkimdum,xcnhvphnloithtrngv

tngbchonthincngnghlcdu,tonnnhngnntngcbnchocng nghip du la sau ny pht trin cng ngh lc du m sau ny.ThomasCochrane,mtcngiAnhtngbxtanbinhvccoilhnhmuchonhnvtDonJuancaByron,bmnhvtimnngcanhangv trongqu trnhpht trin loi vt liuny, ng trthnhchshumtmnhanglnTrinidad.

Cthigian,CochranehptcvimtngiCanadalTinsAbrahamGesner.Khicntr,GesnerthbtuvickinhdoanhxutkhungasangTynnhngsauhai ln tuchngabm,ng tbcngvicnyv tinghincuyhc tiBnhvinGuysLondon.Tr liCanada,GesnerlichuynsangnghincuachtNewBrunswich.ngphttrinquytrnhchitxutdutnhanghocccchttngtvtinhchdunythnhduthpsngchtlngcao.ngginhinliunylkerosenedulaghptKerosvelaion,haittrongtingHyLpccnghalspongvdu.ngthayitelaionthnhenesnphmctnginghetngtnhcamphene.Nm1854,GesnernpnxincpbngsngchcaMchovicsnxutmtchtlnghydrocarbonmimtittnldulavcthdngthpsngvchoccmcchkhc.Nm1894,GesnernpnxincpbngsngchPhngthcmisnxutchtlnghydrocarbon(gittldula)vsdngchoqutrnhthpsngvccmcchkhc.

GesnerthamgiathnhlpmtnhmysnxutdulathnhphNewYorkv,nnm1859,nhmynysnxutc5.000gallondumingy.Mtnhmy tng tcngcxydngBoston.Nhhahcngi Scotland, JamesYoung i tin phong trong vic xy dngmt nhmylcdusdngnguynliulthannnAnh.MtnhmysdngnguynliuphincngcxydngPhp.nnm1859,ctnhckhong34cngtyMsnxutcdulavparafinvidoanhthu5triu-lagitrsnphm.Khi,bochcangistngtrngtronglnhvcdum lbngchngvmt thnng lng tuytdiumvin,ncMsthamgiabtklnhvcnocangnhcngnghiphahnlinhuncao.Dulakhngxalgviloingi.TinhiuvngTrungng,mtchtdngbnnhogilbitumthmrangoitccvtntvv c khai thc t xa xa.aTrungHi vTrungng, bitumckhai thc tnm3.000trcCngnguyn.Ngundu lani tingnhtlHit,trnconsngEuphrates,cchBabylonkhngxa(ngynaylthnhphBaghdad).VothkItrcCngnguyn,sgiaHyLpDiodorvitvngnhkhaithcbitumci:McdcnhngiuthnkxyratncBabylonnhngkhnggcthsosnhcvikhilng

nhangkhnglctmthyy.mtsni,lngbitumthmrangoicngvihidulintcbcchykhinngidnTrungngtnsngla.

Bitumlmtmthngcemra traoiTrungngthici.Ncdnglmvatrongxydng,gnktccbctngcahaithnhphJerichovBabylon.Theophongtcthibygi,cthcconthuynNoah v chic gi caMoses(1) c trt bng bitum chng thmnc.Bitum cng c s dng lmng v chiu sng.Tuy nhin,nhnchung,cngdngchiusngcachtnyrthnchvkhngmyhiuqu.Ngoira,bitumcngcdnglmthucchabnh.Vgitrdcl,nhnggnhtnhinhcLaMPlinymiutvothkIcngtngtnhnhnggangdinrancMvonhngnm1850.Plinyvit,bitumgipchngchymu,lmlinccvtthng,iutrbnhcthytinhth,lmduxoabpchobnhnhnmcbnhgt,chaaurng,lm du nhng cn ho kinh nin, lm gim nhng cn th gp, cha tiuchy,nilinhngoncbctla,lmgimaukhpvhst.Chtnycngccngdng lm thngnhngsi lngmiqumgykhchuchomt.

Dulacncmtcngdngna.Ducnbtchyharalingmt vai tr ln, i khi l quyt nh, trong chin tranh.Trong trng caIliad,Homervit:QunTroatmtnglachylintctrncontuctccaovtcontuphngramtngnlartkhdptt.KhivuaCyruscaBaTchunbnhchimBabylon,ngccnhbovminguyhimcacccucchinu trnngph.ngp libngcchtuynb:Chngticngckhiduhcnvdythnglmcholalanrakhpni,bucnhngaiangtrnccminhphinhanhchngbchynukhngmunbtiudit.KtthkVII,nhngngithucchByzantinesdngoleumincendiarumthhalcHyLp.lmthnhpgiaduvvi,khitipxcvimsbcchy.Cngthcnylmtbmtqucgiacbovchtch.QunByzantinechthnhpnylncccontuchin,tmvouccmitnvphtlnnhngqulunths.Trongnhiuthk,hnhpnyccoilmtthvkhngshncthucsng.

Nhvy,vicsdngdulaTrungngccmtlchsdivadng.Tuynhin,mtiurtkhhiulnhngkinthcvlnhvcnykhng c phng Ty bit n trong nhiu th k, c th l v nhngngunbitumlnvcccchsdngchtnynmbnngoibingiiquc LaM v nhng kin thc ny khng c truyn b trc tip tiphngTy.Tuyvy,mtvinitichuunhBavaria,Sicily,thung

lngPo,Alsace,HannovervGalicia,ngitatheodivbnhlunvhintngrrdungaytthiTrungC.VcngnghlcducnhngngiArpatichuu.Nhngnhnchung,duvnchcsdngnhmtphngthucchabnhatcdngviunycngcnhngnghincuchuynsucaccgiosv thythuccngcthm.Ducngckhaithcviquymnhngu,banulGalicia(adanhtnglmtphncaBaLan,ovNga)riRumani.Nhngnginngdnohmmbngtaylyduth,nhinliudnglc thnh du la.Mt dc s tLvov, vi s gip camt th ngnc,phtminhramtlointdugir.Tinm1854,dulmthngthngmichnhVinvnnm1859,ngnhdulaphttrinmnhmGaliciavihn150ngilngthamgiahotngkhaithcdu.Gp chung li, sn lng du th ca chu u nm 1859 c tnh vokhong36.000thng,chyuckhaithcGaliciavRumani.iumngnhcngnghipcangunycnthiuchnhlcngnghkhoan.

Vonhngnm1850,vicphttrindulatiMvpphihairocnln.lchacmtnguncungdungknovchacloingirphhptloidu.Nhnglointhikhittorartnhiukhi,vgycaymi.Sau,mtilbndutiNewYorkphthinramt loi n cngkhibng thy tinhtdu laangc snxuttiVin.DatrnthitkcangidcsvngithngngLvov,chicnkhcphccccvnkhivmi.ilduNewYorknhpkhuloinnyvnhanhchngchimlnhthtrng.Dolintcccitin,loinxutxtVinnytrthnhcschohotngsnxut,kinhdoanhndutincMvsaucxutkhutrnkhpthgii.

Nhvy,nthiimBissellkhiudn,dulaloiduthpsngttvrhncnhiugianhsdng.Nhngkthutcnthitlcduththnhdulacthngmihaviccloiparafin.Vmtloingircngcphttrintduvemlinhnghiuqunhtnh.Thtra,nhnggBissellvccnhuttiCngtydumPennsylvaniaangn lc tmkim lkhmphmtngunnhinliuthmi.Tuchung,gicchnhlvn.Nuhcthtmthydumpngnhucu, du scbnvigi rvginhc thphncanhngsnphmduthpsnggithnnhiu,hockhnglmkhchhnghilng.

Vicolydukhnggiiquytcvn.Nhngclcnmtgiiphpthaythkhc.Vickhoantmmuiphttrintrchn15nmTrungQuc,viccgingmuikhoansuti360mt,chnhlmtgi

.Vokhongnm1830,phngphpctruyncangiTrungQucdunhpsangchuuvcngichuuhctpvrisaunhngkinhnghimnythcyvickhoangingmuiM.

Khiangtrntrvidncamnh,vomtngynngbcnm1856NewYork,GeorgeBisselltrnhnngdimihincamttimthuctrnilBroadwayvbtchtnhnthytqungcomtloithucsnxuttdum,trnchnhnhnhiuginkhoanccmmui.Loidumdng ch to loi bit dc l ph phm thu c trong qu trnhkhoankhaithcmui.Vistnhcny,tiptheonhnghotngngthy ty Pennsylvania v trngDartmouth trc y, Bissell ny ra tngpdngcngnghkhoankhaithcmuikhoandu.

Bissell,rinccnhutkhctrongCngtydumPennsylvania,unhn thc su sc lphipdngk thutkhoanmuivovickhaithcdu.Hskhoanthayvolydum.NhiunhutkhcM v Ontario, Canada cng ang th nghim k thut trn. Tuy nhin,Bissellvcngssnsnghinthchatngny.HcbococaSillimanvnhnhuyngcvn.Tuynhin, tngcahkhngcnhginghim tc.KhingchnhbngJamesTownsendbn v tng khoan du, nhiu ngi NewHaven nho bng: ,Townsend!Duiratlngt,bmdulnmttnhngbmnc?Thtvvn!nginmtri!Mcdvy,ccnhutvnquyttmtinhnh.Htinvochivnhucungycngtng.Nhngliuhcthgiaophdninrnychoai?

Ngiit

ngcvin cah lEdwinL.Drake,mt nhnvt tnh cc lachn.Lngibitmi thmtchtnhngkhnggii thg,chcchnDrakekhngcphmchtnibthayrrngnomnhimcngvicny.ngtnglmnhnvinngstnhngnghmvsckhekmvkhiangsngvicongitiTontine,mtkhchsnckNewHaven.Tnhc,JamesTownsend,chngnhngNewHavencngtrongkhchsn.ylloikhchsnmnngthchttptraoitintcvchibi,nhnghotngrthpviDrake,nginng38tui,thnmt,vuitnh,haynivangriri.Vth,Drakecthbracbuitigiitrvi m bn hu bng nhng cu chuynmunmumun v camnh.Drake c tr tng tngphongphvnhng cu chuynngk thngykchtnh,ccngiuhamtrong,chnhnglnhnvttrungtm,nhnvtanhhng.DrakevTownsendthngtrchuynvdndum ny. Thm ch, Townsend cn thuyt phcDrakemua c phn trong

cngty.Sau,TownsendthuDrakethamgiadn.Drakeangthtnghip vmun c vic lm.Mt khc, lmt nhn vin ng st angnghmnnDrakecvthngitulaminph,yutclinhtivimtdnutmohimanggpkhkhntichnh.Drakecncmtlithkhc:nglngirtbnch.

PhiDraketiPennsylvania,Townsendtraochongmtthxemrartcgitr.Longivtnhhnhvngbingiivscnthitphigyntngvibnrngr,ngchnhbngnygiinhiubcth tni tE.L.Drake.Nhvy,mti tDrakec tora.Muknyctcdng.Thng12nm1857,sauchnghnhtrnhmtmi vt qua vngbn ly rng ln trn chic xe nga ch th chy haichuynmi tun,i tE.L.Draketchn ti lngTitusville.Tingi lngnh,nghonnvidns125ngi,nmltgianhngngniphaTyBcPennsylvania,Ngiitcntipnnghu.Titusvillelmtlngnghxg,ningidnangngptrongnnnvicahngcacng tygaphng.Nhnchung,ngi tachorng,ngilngnyschtkhicycitrnnhngngnixungquanhbntrivthinnhinhoangdsliphknckhuvcny.

CngvicutincaDrakenthunchlhonthintcchcangivivngkhaithcdutrongtnglai,hinangnmtrnkhuvcmtnngtrang.ngnhanhchnghonttcngvicnyvtrvNewHaventnhtonbctinykhkhntiptheolkhoanlydu.Sauny,ngni:Tihnhdunglcthkhaithcduvikhilnglnbngcchkhoannhkhai thcmui.Ticng tinmnhs lmcnhng rtnhiungikhngngviti,hchorngduchchyrathnhnhnggitnhtmtvathanln.

Tuy nhin, Drake khng h thoi ch hay lch hng. Ma xun nm1858,ngtrliTitusvillebtucngvic.NhmccnhutlpmtcngtymilCngtyduSenecaviDrakelmtrngil.DraketaimkhaithccchTitusvillekhonghaidm(2),trnmtnngtricdngsuiduchyqua.Hngngy,ngitavnthuthpctbansugallondutdngsuinybngccphngphptruynthng.Nhiuthngsaukhi tr liTitusville,Drakevit thchoTownsend,ni:Tiskhngcgngolydubngtaynavtitinchckhoanlcchkhaithcrnht.Tuynhin,ngnghngchngnhngHavenphilptcgi thmvn. Mun lm bt c iu g, chng ti phi c tin. Lmnthngbocho tibitngay.yangrt thiu tin.Saumt thigianchm tr, Townsend cng c gi choDrake 1.000 -la.Vi s tin ny,Drakethunhngthkhoanmuimngcntiptcdn.Docc

thkhoanmuictinglthchruvthngtrongtnhtrngsayxnnnDrakeht sc thn trngvinhngnging thu.Drake raiukin lnhngngithnyhonthnhcngvicnuthcthanhtonnvimcgil3-lachomtmtsukhoanc.HaingithkhoanutinDrakethuchunmt.Thtra,mcdkhngdmnithngviDrake,nhnghnghngthtngyth.DrakechbitrngngchalmcgtrongnmutintiTitusvillevmanggilnhangtign.Vth,ngdnsclprpchicngchinccungcpnnglngchomikhoanhotng.Trongkhi,ccnhutNewHavenchitronglolng.

Cuicng,vomaxunnm1859,Draketmcthkhoan.lmtthrnctnWilliamA.SmithBcBillySmithncngvihaicon trai.Smithbitichtvnhnggcn lmvng tngrncngcchocccngnhnkhoanncmn.Giy,nhmbtuxydngginkhoanv lptcc thitbcn thit.Hchorngsphikhoansuvolngthngtrmmt.TincngvicrtchmkhinccnhutNewHavenngycngcmthykhngyntm.Tuynhin,Drakevnkinquyt gi nguyn k hoch. Rt cc, Townsend l ngi duy nht trongnhm cc nh u t cn tin tng vo d n. V khi d n ht vn,Townsendbtudngtinringchitr.Trongnithtvng,nggichoDrakekhontincuicngvyucuDrakethanhtoncchan,ngcadnvtrvNewHaven.lvocuithng8nm1859.

Vobuichiuthbyngy27thng8nm1859,khiDrakevnchanhn c th ca Townsend, trong khi khoan ti su tm mt, mikhoan ri vomt khe nt v trt tip 20 cm na. Cng vic phi tmdng.Ngyhmsau,khi rangoixemciging,Billynhnchmchvongngvthymtlpchtlngtimunilntrnmtnc.nglindngngthichtlymucachtlng.Khixemxtmuchtlngkhnngthuc,ngvuisngnngpth.VongythHai,khitini,DrakethyBcBillyvmycucontraiangngtrngnhiux,thng,chugitvttcuchaydu.Drakevlymtchicbmtayvbtulmcngvicmnhngnginhobngngtngemralmtrcibmlydu.Cngngyhm,ngnhncthchuyntinvlnhngcaginkhoandoTownsendgi.Numttuntrc,cthnglmiunhnggithkhng.LngkintrcaDrakecnpng lc.ng chm ti du.Nhngngi nngdndc theovngSngdu x tiTitusville v h vang: TayYankee tm thydu.Tintcnylaninhanhchngvngitatlaotiykhoantmdu.Chngmy chc, dn s ca lngTitusville b nh tng ln gp

nhiulnvgitcngngaylptctngvt.

Tuynhin,thnhcngtrongkhoanlydukhngbomthnhcngvtichnh.DrakevBcBillyslmgvidngduchyra?Hgichtmi thng ng whiskeym h nng c trong vng ny v khi tt cnhngthngngydu,hngthmnhiuthngvduvo.Khngmay,mtm, la tmt chicn lmhidubcchy,khin c khuvc chadu n tung v bin thnhmt bin la khng l.Tronglc,nhnggingkhoankhckhuvcxungquanhngycnglycnhiuduhn.Nguncungvtxanhucuvgidustmnh.Vivicpdngkthutkhoan,dumkhngcnthiu.Thduynht thiulcnylccthngngwhiskeyvchngmychc,nhngchicthngnycgitgpisovilngduchabntrong.

nhsngcathii

KhngmtnhiuthigiandumcaPennsylvaniatmngnthtrngvicht lngca loidu lac lc.Nhngphmchtcanhin liu ny ngay lp tc c cng nhn. Cha ymt nm sau khiDrakekhoancdu,mttcgiMvit:Lmtnhinliuthpsng,khngthnhgidula.lnhsngcathii.Nhngaichatngnhnthyduchycthtinchcrngnhsngcankhngphilnhsngcamttrng,mlmtthnhsnggnhnvinhsngtrongtro,mnhmvlplnhcabanngy,thnhsngmthiTrungCkhngthcDumtoramtthnhsngp,thnhsngsngnhtvcngrtinnhttrnthgii;mtnhsngthchhpchocchongvhonggia,vkhngphilkhngphhpvinhngngithucpheDnchvCngho.

George Bissell, ngi tin phong trong hot ng tm kim du, nmtrongsnhngngiutinnTitusville.Khnghtoantnh,ngbrahng trm ngn -la thu vmua li cc trang tri xung quanh vngSngdu.Trongthgiv,ngvit:Bnanhtmthyysnonhitkhnguc.DnchngygnnhlinrAnhchabaogichng kin cnh tng nhn nhp no nh vy. Ton b vng nng thnphaTynyangxmenxmtiyvnhngmcgicarachotaikhuvcphcn,nickhnngtmthyduqulhoangng. Phimt ti su nmBissellmi a ra c nhn nh ny vnhngthngtrmtronghnhtrnhtmkimdukhinngcldovitranhngdngsau:Anhkhnnhngrtmt.Bnanhtriquamtthikqukhkhn.TrinvngcabnanhchcchnsrtsngsaBnanhcthstrnnvcnggiuc.

Quthc,Bisselltrthnhmtngiccgiu.MttrongcckhonnggptthincangltitrtinxyphngtpththaochotrngDartmouth, ni ng nhn thy chai du em li cho ng tng kinhdoanhmi.ngnhtnhyucuphng tpnyphi c sungchibowlingnhvnhngrcriklutmngmcphikhicnchattnghipchvnimammdnhchomnth thaony.Vsau,ngi tanitntuivdanhtingcanglmttcamingcanhngngilmtrongngnhcngnghipdulatrnkhplcany.Tuynhin,ngchnhbngJamesTownsend,ngichpnhnrirotichnhlnnht,likhngccvinhdmngcholmnhxngngcnhn.Sauny,ngtngvitnhnglicayng:Tonbkhochldotixut,vnhngxutcaticthchin.Vichuyngtinvgitinicngdotilm.Tikhngphilmtkchknhngsthtlnutikhnglmnhngcngvicthdukhngthckhai thc.ngcnnithm:Tiskhngnhclinhnglolngvchungmtiphitriquacuvnmay.

VphnDrake,michuyndinravingcngkhnghttp.ngtrthnhmtngimuadu,saulmtitctrongmtcngtyPhWallchuynvcphiudula.nglngitiuxihoangph,vkhngphilmtdoanhnhngiimlmtconbc.Tinm1866,Drakemtschtinvtrthnhmtnginatnph,bnhngcnauhnhhvsngtrongnghokh.Trongbcthgimtngibn,ngvit:Nuanhcnchttnhnhningloinodnhchotivgianhti,lmnhygicho timt t tin.Tiangmv rtcn tin.Cuicng,vonm1873,bangPennsylvaniacpchoDrakemtkhon lnghunh trnivnhngcnghincang,gipngsngnhngnmcuiibtkhkhn.

Vcuii,Drakemunkhngnhv trcamnhtronglchs:Tituynbrngtiphtminhrangdnngviukhinn.Nukhngcchicng,hkhngthkhoanxunglngttrongkhitchaynhngnclnc.TicngkhngnhrngtikhoangingduutintincMvcthchragingdu.ngnhnmnh:Nutikhnglm,tingyhmnayvicskhngthcthchin.

tbngnutin

Tht ra, tt c nhng yu t khc bao gm cng ngh lc du, kinhnghimvdulavloinphhpdngtdutntitrckhiDrake chng minh c s sn c ca ngun cung thng qua k thutkhoan,yutcuicngphicchomtngnhcngnghipmi.Vvik

thutny, loingibngnhinctraokhnngylibngti.Tuynhin,cngmichlskhiu.Nivylv,sauny,khmphcaDrakestruynnglcvscmnhcholoingitrnthgii,ngvaitrtrungtmtrongsthngtrmcaccqucgiavch,vtrthnhyutchotrongsbinicaxhinhnloi.Vldnhin,nhngiusxyti.

iudinrangaysaugingnhmtcucxitmvng.NgitanhanhchngthunhngkhuvctthptrongthunglngdngsngDunh hp, v ti thng 11 nm1860, tc l 15 thng sau khiDrake khoancdu,ckhong75gingduhotng.Cngvichnglvsgingkhnmkhpni trnmtt.Nm1860,nhmt tcginhnnh,Titusville giy lnihi t canhngk lmthmh ti mohim.Htraoigicbngquynkhaithcduvcphiu;muavbnccmdu,thngbovsuvchihoclinhuncaccging,v.vNhng ai ri i ngy hm nay thng cho nhng ngi khc bitging du m h nhn thy sn xut 50 thng du tinh mi ngy Cuchuynnylikhinngymaicnhiungitiyhn.Chabaogicmtbyongttpnonhitvnonnhvy.

Xuixungh lusngDu,ninvosngAllegheny,mt thnhphctnCornplanter,theotnmtthlnhdaSeneca,citnthnhThnhphDu.CngviTutisville, thnh ph ny tr thnh trungtmchnhchokhuvcgicbittivicitnVngtdu.Khngmtnhiutinxynhngnhmylcdubinduththnhdulav,tinm1860,ctnht15nhmynhvyhotngVngtdu.Pittsburghcncthmnmnhmyna.Nm1860,chmtnhmylcdutithmccmdutnmtchngkincuccnhtranh.ngni: Nu cng vic kinh doanh ny thnh cng, ngnh ca ti s b phsn. Ngi n ng ny ng. Ti cui nm 1860, cc nh my lcparafinkhngcnhotngvnhanhchngtchuynithnhnhngnhmy lcdu.Tuynhin, ti lc, ttcccgingduucsn lngkhim tnvngi taphi bm lydu.Thng4nm1861,iunythay i khi cc th khoan tm thy ging du u tin phun thnh dng,emlimtsnlngngngcnhin,lnti3.000thngmingy.Khidutgingnyphuntrolncao,cthglmhidubcrabtla.Mttingncclnphtravmtbctnglakhnglxuthin,thiuchtchnngivchysutbangysau.Mcdblntbithngtingychnngmt tun trcvvicpheccbangminNamkhaihavophoiSumter,nhngphtsngmuchocucNichinM,vntrncngbchocthgiibitrngngnhcngnghipdulanon

trsemlinguncungdido.

SnlngdutyPennsylvaniatnglnnhanhchng,tmckhong450.000thngvonm1860lnmc3triuthngvonm1862.Tcphttrincathtrngkhngthbtkpmctngsnlngny.Gidu,tmc10-la/thngvothng1nm1861,stxungcn50xuvothng6.Ticuinm1861,giduchcnc10xu/thng.Nhiucngtykhaithcdukhngthtiptctnti.Tuynhin,mcgirnhvyemlichodulacaPennsylvaniamtchinthngnhanhchngvquytnhtrnthtrng.Chngmychc,duthuhtcngitiudngvnhbiparafincngnhccloinhinliuthpsngkhc.Tuynhin,nhucucngnhanhchnguikpnguncungv,ncuinm1862,gidutngti4-la/thng.Tithng9nm1863,gidutmc7,25-la/thng.Dgiducbinngrasao,cuchuynvnhngconngibngchcgiulnvntiptckhintngonngivVngtdu.Trongchayhainm,mtgingdungcghinhemlikhonlinhun15.000-lachomimt-latinvnut.

CucNi chinM khng th cn tr s bng n d di ca cc hotngkhaithcVngtdu.Trili, thctnyli trthnhnglcln i vi s pht trin ca cc hot ng . Do chin tranh, vic vnchuyndunhathngtphaNambginon,dnntnhtrngnhinliucamphene,loichttrtinlmtdunhathng,thiutrmtrng.DulalctduthcaPennsylvaniangaylptclpychtrngnyvphttrinccthtrngminBcvitcnhanhchnghnbtkmtloinhinliunokhc.Cucnichinthmchcnctcnglnhn.KhiccbangminNamlykhai,khuvcminBckhngcncthulitvicxutkhubng,mttrongnhngmthngxutkhuchnhcaM.Stngtrngnhanhchngcaxutkhudusangchuugipbpmtmtvemlingunthunhpquantrngtncngoi.Cngvitnhtrnghnnvmttrtt,cucnichinktthcgiiphnghngngn, hngngncuchinbinh.H tiVngtdu lm licucivtmkimchilmgiutrongtbngnmicanhngrimaydomcgiduhpdn tngcao ti13,75-la/thngtora.CthcmnhncnhngtcngcacnscsivdunytrnkhpkhuvcBngkhimhngtrmcngtydulamicthnhlp.TikhuvctrungtmtichnhcaNewYork,khngcvnphngchonhngcngtyminythu.Cphiucacccngtydulacmuanhanhnni,mtcngtymithnhlpbnschscphiuphthnhchtrongvngbngingh.MtchngnhngngiAnhhtscngcnhin trchngtrmngnngilaongkhnngoan,nhngngithchlinhunt

du lahn lnhngkhon tin li titkimnh t tingingnhng.CnggingnhNewYork, thWashingtoncngkhng trnhcsbngnmnhmny.NghsJamesGarfield,mtnhu t lnu tvoccmduvsaulTngthngM,thngbovimtdoanhnhnchothumduvicngtholunvndulavimtsthnhvin khc ca Quc hi, nhng ngi cng tham gia vo lnh vc kinhdoanhdu,vngcnphibitrng,cnstdutncngvoQuchivimckhnghnhnhngchtno.

Cnstxitmducthhinrntnhttrongcuchuynklv th trnPithole nmbn con sng cng tn, cchTitusville khong 15dm.Ti,vothng1nm1865,gingduutincphthinv,tithng6nm,cttcbngingphunvisnlng2.000thngmingy,chim1/3tngsnlngcaVngtduvmingiphiilirtkhkhntrnnhngconngchtnchxengachtynhngthngcha du.Mt du khch ti y nhn xt: Ton b ni ny bcmiging nh nhng binh onmc bnh tiu chy. Gi t th dng nhkhngcgiihnno.Mttrangtrignnhvgitrvithngtrccbnlivigi1,3triu-lavothng7nm1865,rihaitriu-lavo thng 9 nm.Cng thng ny, sn lng du th khu vc xungquanh sng Pithole tmc 6.000 thngmi ngy, tng ng 2/3 snlngcatonbVngtdu.V,cngtnhnthng9nm1865,vngt trcyhoangvu,khngaibit tinytrthnhmtth trnvi15.000ngi.TNewYorkHeraldngbivit tngktnhnglnhvclmnchyuPithole lruvchothu.TTheNationnhnnhthm:Cthkhngnhrng,sksayrutithtrnnynhiuhnbtkthtrnnokhcccngdintchtrnthgii.Tuynhin,Pitholeangdncknhnhnvihaingnhng,haitrminbo,mttabo,mtnhmync,mtcngtycuho,hngchctanhvcngtyln,hn15khch sn trongc t nhtbakhch snt tiuchunkhch snsang trng thnhph lnvmtbuinchuynphthn5.000bcthmingy.

Tuy nhin, ch hai thng sau, du ca Pithole t ngt cn kit, cngnhanh chng nh khi ngi ta pht hin ra n. i vi ngi dn trongvng, lmt thmha, gingnh thmha c nhc ti trongKinhThnh.Thng1nm1866,mtnmsaulnutinngitatmthydutiy,hngngnngibitmnhngnimhyvngvnhngchimi.Th trnvtxuthin tvngthoangsngyno li trnnhoangvng.Lathiurinhngtanh,vnhngkhunggbblicdxungdngvovicxydng tinikhchoc lmcitchonng

dnsngnhngngniquanh.MtmnhtPitholecbnvigi2triu-lavonm1865licraobnvigich4,37-lavonm1878.

NgayckhithtrnPitholetrnnhoangtn,cnsttmduvnbngphtuvtncngvonhngvnglncn.SnlngducaVngtdu tngvt ti3,6 triu thngvonm1866.CnKhtdudngnhkhngcgiihnvdukhngchlmtchtthaychtbitrnmcn lmtphncavnhaqunchng.DnMnhyiuponkaDuM,iugallopCnstduvhtnhngbihtnhNhngcngtydunitinghayNimnhvdu.

C nhiu loi du ni trnmt nc, du gan c, du thu du, duthm;

Nhngloiducthlmngimkhelivilic.

Nhngdu ca chng ti l kt qu tmt cuc trnh din k cng:Chngtichlyduratging,

VkhinngitaphtinviNimnhvdu.

CanhlnggingSmith,mtthanhninnghokh,chngcnimtxu;

Mcqunovchngvpvlunxoycangikhc.

Nhngbygi,anhtanmcthtsangtrng,eokimcng,baotayvcmbatoong;

VanhtathnhcngnhNimnhvdu.

Bngnvvtung

Ngaysaucucuatmdulcucuasnxutthnhinliunynhanhnhtvnhiunht.Victsnxuttsnlngdidolunedacchcha,khinpsutkhsmbmtivnhvykhnngphchithphn.Tuynhin,cnhiuldokhinhotngkhaithcnhvytrthnhmt thng l.Mt ldos thiuhiubitvacht.Hai lnhngkhonlinhunlnnhanhchng.Baldotnhchtcacciukhonhpngchothutyucuphinplitrongqutrnhsnxutmcnhanhnhtcth.

Tuynhin,yutquantrngnhttrongvichnhthnhvnbnphpquyvsnxutdulacaMvcutrcbanucangnhcngnghipny

tnhngngyu tin lquy tcnmgi,mto lutda trn thnglutcaAnh.Numtconvthocmtconchimangbsnchyhocbaytmtintrangnysangmtintrangkhc,ngichcaintrangthhaihontoncquyngitchtconvthocconchimtrntcangta.Tngtnhvy,nhngngichtcquynlyrabtkthtisnnonmdimtt,theonhmtquantangiAnhraphnquyt,khngmtaic thchcchn liugang thtschuynngtrongnhngmchngmdilngt.

Trongtrnghpsnxutdu,quytcnmgicnghalnhiuchshubmttcngngtrnmtmduchungcphpkhaithcttclngduhcthkhai thc, thmchckhihlmcnkitmdunhiuhnnhngngikhc,hoclmgimsnlngvnhngginggncaccnhsnxutkhcxungquanh.Do,chcchnchshucanhnggingdugnnhausuatranhquytlitsnxutnhiudunht,nhttrnhtnhtrngmdubkkhclmcnkit.nglcthcyhotngkhaithcdunhanhchnggpphntorasbtnnhcasnlngvgic.Quytcnmgidntinhngtnthtvhhingk,nhhngtisnlngcuicngmmtmducthmangli.Tuynhin,cngcnnhnnhnnhngnhhngcaquy tcny trnphngdinkhc. l,n to rachichongycngnhiungigianhpngnhcngnghipdulavttrnhtinhthnghnvinhngknngkhaithcluncnngcao.Vvicymnhhotngsnxutnhanhhn,cngtoramtthtrngrnglnhn.

CnstkhaithcdutoraVngtdumtcnhtnghnnynhngcngnhnchdu,nhnglulntmbvnhngnginhgdngvi,nhngkhchsnvinmhaysuchicmrmnhinhttrongmtphngn,nhngginkhoanvthngchadu,vinhngconngitrnynnglngvhyvngvnhngtinn,vmiducayx.chnocngvy,cmtthkhngthtrnhc,lbnlyngquanhnm.Vothi,chaitcginhnxt:BncasngDunitingvonhngnmtrcvcsauny.Nhngaitngnhnthyvphiliquathbnsnhmi.Lpbndyvngtmtimcnhngkhitrim,chngbaophttcnhngconngchnhvph.Trongkhi,nhngcon ph ca th trn l nhng im vn chuyn chnh, trng ging nhnhngchichchachtlnghaynhngdngbn.

Mt s ngi chng kin cnh tng x khai thc du, nhn vonhngklaonyvmcchkimtinnhanhvnhlinhngngnivngilngyntnhcaPennsylvaniatrckhiccucbngnny.Hthiiugxyravtisaoconngilicththayivb

hthpgitrtimcnhvyvnimnhvsgiuc.Nm1865,mtnhboaphngvit:Cnstduvtkhuvcnytrthnhmtdngbnhdch.Bnhdchnyeobmmitnglp,milatuivmiiukinsng.Conngikhngcnni,nhnhayhnhngnhsuthng trc y.t ai, vic cho thu, cc hp ng, nhng li t chi,giyt,thathun,lisut,vmithlinquanndumlttcnhngghcthniti.uuchngtacngbtgpnhngkhunmtlvmtnacdnyxuthinNewYorkhayPhiladelphianhiuhnnhTa n ngng hot ng; vnhmng ngamt i gi tr o c;nhngmiquanhxhibphv;nhthbbqun;vttcnhngthiquen,nhngkhinimvhiphitntitrongnathkcachngtabolntrongcucchinginhgitsgiuc.Mtsnginghotrnngiuc;mtsngigiugiuhnvmtsngigiumtttcnhngghut.

Tcginybytmtsuynghcuicngl:Smmungchicbongbnglncngvtung.

Chicbongbngn.lktccttyucatnhtrngucvsnxutdthaqumc.Nm1866-1867,khnghongthanhnchmngnh cng nghip du la, gi du gim xung cn c 2,4 -la/thng.Trongkhinhiucng tydngkhoan tmdu,mtskhcvn tip tccngvicvnhiumdumic tm thynhngkhuvcngoivngsngDu.Ngoira,ngnhcngnghipdulapdngnhngcitinvccbinphptchctintinhn.Ngaytkhinhngmduutincphthin,nhngchicxengachtyccthngdulmtcnghn nhng con ng Vng t du.Khng ch c th, nm th cquyn,nhngnginhxecnaragictc,timcgivnchuynmtthngdutrnqungngybnlydividmtigaxelacncaohnsovigivnchuynnbngxelatmintybangPennsylvaniatiNewYork.Thcquyncanhngnginhxengakhinngitanlcphttrinmtphngthcvnchuynkhcthayth,lvnchuynbngngng.Tronggiaion1863-1865,btchplinhobngcadlun,nhngngnglmbnggchngtchngc thvnchuynduhiuquhnvttnkmhn.Nhnthyavangbeda,nhngnginhxengaphnng libngnhng li ldant,nhngcuctncngvtrangvtph.Nhngqumun.nnm1866,ccngngcni tihuhtccgingduVngtduvcnivomththngktningngrnglnhndntingray.

Cccngtylcducnphimuacduvvicnycngdinratrongtnhtrnghnn.Banu,nhngngiimuadungitrnlngnga,i

tgingdunytigingdukhcvthumuatheokiucchnghaych.Tuynhin,cngvisphttrincangnhcngnghipdula,mth thngmuabn c trt thnni ln.Nhng sngiaodchdumkhngchnhthc,ningimuavngibncthgpgvthathungic,hnh thnh trongmtkhch snTitusvillev tikhuvcgnngrayxelaThnhphDu.Vounhngnm1870,cnhiusngiaodchdulachnhthchnxuthinTitusville,ThnhphDu,mts ni khc Vng t du v New York. Du c mua bn theo baphngthc.Muabntrao tay lphngthctrongvicgiaohngvthanhtonctinhnhngaylptc.Muathngxuynlphngthcm giao dch c hon thnh trong vng 10 ngy. Cn mua k hn lphngthctrongmtkhilnghngxcnhscbnmtmcgixcnhvomtthigiannhtrctrongtnglai.Mcgikhnltrngtmchovicucvdulatrthnhthhnghauccyuthchcathii.Ngimuakhpngnhnduvtrmcgitheohpnghoctrhaynhnkhonchnhlchgiamcgihpngvmcgitrungbnhthiimthchinhpng.Do,ngimuacththucmtkhonlinhunhpdnhocchumtkhonllnmthmchkhngcnphinmgilngdu.

Cho n khi S giao dch du la Titusville c m vo nm 1871,ngnhdu laang trn tr thnhmtngnhcngnghip rt ln,mtngnhcngnghipslmthayicucsnghngngycahngtriuconngi.Nichung,thpnin1860ghinhnnhngbctinchngmttvthnghimliulnhcaDrake.ythtslbngchngdiluvmtthnnglngtuytdiumvin,nhngtduyxutchngcancMs tham gia bt kmt lnh vc no ca ngnh cng nghip ha hn linhuncaony.TrcgiccaBissellvphthincaEdwinDrakecngnh lng kin tr ca h m ramt k nguyn y bin ng,mt knguyncatinngvscchtn,canhngthathunvnhngvlao,canhngtisnctora,bmtivnhngvnmaykhngbaogictndng,canhngcngvicvcngnngnhcvnithtbicayng,vcastngtrngmnhmnkhngng.

Vngitakvngiugchotnglaicangnhcngnghipdula?CnhngnginhnvonhnggxyraqunhanhchngmintybangPennsylvaniavnhnthyphatrcnhngchicnlnhnnhiu.HhnhdungngnhcngnghipdulavimtquymmkhngmyaiVngtducthtngtngra.Tuynhin,cnglc,hcngnhnthy nhng bt n v ln xn, nhng bin ng v s in cung.H cnhngtngrtmnhmcaringmnhvngnhcngnghipdula

nnc tchcvpht trin rasao,vh tinhnhnhngkhochringcamnh.

CHNG2:KHOCHCACHNGTA:JOHND.ROCKEFELLERVSCUKTTRONGNGNHCNGNGHIPDU

LAMMtvbnugikccdinravomtngythng1nm1865ti

Cleveland,bangOhio.ThnhphnoclitccucNichinMlnsbngncangnhcngnghipdulastiptcthnhvngnhknguynphttrincanncngnghipM.Sbtngdaidnggiahainhnvtchnhcamttrongnhngcngtylcduthnhcngnhtthnhphny,vtcmrngcngvickinhdoanh,nra.MauriceClark,nhnvtthntrnghn,edagiithcngtyvJohnD.RockefellerithcaClarkchpnhnliedany.Sau,ClarkvRockefeller thathuntchcmtcucbnugiringgiahaingi,airagicaonhtscccngty.Vhquytnhtinhnhvbnugingaylptc,ngaytrongvnphngcngty.

Mcgibanucaral500-lanhngnhanhchngtngln.Chngmy chc,Maurice Clark ra gi 72.000 -la. Rockefeller bnhthnaramc72.500-la.Clarkvungtaylntri,ni:Tiskhngtrcaohnnau,John.Cngtylcang.Hainginngbt taytbitnhau.

Nathksau,Rockefellerni:Timimicoilngykhiuchonhngthnhcngtitctrongi.

Cibt taycnglduhiuchoskhiucangnhcngnghipdulahini,emlitrttthaythchotnhtrnghnloncasbngn hot ng khai thc du Pennsylvania. l trt t c Cng tyStandardOilxydngnn.Trongqu trnhtcs thng trvkimsottonblnhvcbunbndulatrnthgii,CngtyStandardOilphttrinthnhmtdoanhnghipphchpcquymtoncu,kinhdoanhloichttgir,thnhsngmi,tinhngvngxaxinhttrntrit.Mc d hot ng theo nhng phng thc nhn tm, tham vng vkhngkimsotcachnghatbncuithkXIXsongStandardOilmramtknguynmi,binphttrinthnhmttrongnhngcngtyaqucgiautinvlnnhttrnthgii.

Mtngingnnpnccoan

ng u StandardOil chnh l ngi n ng tr tui ginh chinthng trong cuc bn u gi ti Cleveland nm 1865.Khi , tui 26,JohnD.Rockefellertomtntngmnhm.Caovgy,ngkhinngikhcccmgicnglmtngicc, lml, lnhmvkhhnh.Vlnglkhlaychuyncngimtxanhsclnhtrnkhunmtygccnhvichiccmnhncanglmngitacmthykhngthoimived.Dngnhngitathyngcthnhnxuynthuh.

Rockefellerlnhnvtquantrngnhttrongvicnhhnhngnhcngnghipdula.NgitacngcthnhnnhtngtvvaitrcangtronglchsphttrincanncngnghipMcngnhshnhthnhcaloi hnhdoanhnghiphini.cngngmnhmt bck ti vqun lv t chc,Rockefellerng thi cng ldoanhnhnMb cmghtvnguynranhiunht,mtphndongqutnnhnvmtphnvngqu thnhcng.Ngiiscmnhnrrngdisn trngtncaRockefeller,xtvnhhngmnhmcangivingnhcngnghipdulavbnthnchnghatbn,cngnhtcngcakhontthinkhnglcang.Disncnlnhnghnhnhvnhngtvtmngvnhvinkhcvotmtrcacngchng.

Rockefeller sinhnm1839 timtvngnng thnNewYorkvquainm1937,thgn100tui.Chang,WilliamRockefeller,lmtnhbungvmui.SaukhichuyncgianhtisngbangOhio,nhbunnytxnglbcsWilliamRockefellerbnccbithucthodcvccloibitdc.WilliamRockefellerthngvngnhdingyvngcncmtbvkhcCanada.

TnhcchcaJohnD.Rockefellercnhhnhngaytkhicnb.nglmtngisngo,chuyntm,kintr,ktnh,haychntiutit,cnngkhiuvnimammvinhngcons,cbitlnhngconslinquanntinbc.Lnbytui,ngthchinthnhcngvkinhdoanhutincamnhbng.Changdyccconccknngbunbntrtsm.Cngikli,WilliamRockefellertngkhoerng:Tibunbnvibn tr, lachngvnhchngbtckhinoc th.Timunmi gia bn chng.Khi cn i hc, JohnD. Rockefeller rt giiton,cbitlmntnhnhm.

Dtnhphitcmtiuglnlao,khi16tui,RockefellerilmchomtcngtyvntihnghangbinCleveland.Nm1859,ngvMauriceClarkhptcmcngtyringbunbnhngha.CngtynyphttnhnhucucacucNichinMvsmcacakhu

vc pha Ty. V sau ny, Maurice Clark bc mnh khi nh li rngRockefeller lngingnnpnccoan.Khicng tycahaingipht trin, Rockefeller c thi quen t ni chuyn vi chnh mnh, tkhuynrnmnh,tcnhbomnhvnhngcmby,voccngnhvthct.CngtynybunlamcaOhio,muicaMichiganvthtlncaIllinois.TrongvnghainmsauphthincaitDrake,ClarkvRockefellercngbunbnvkimctintducaPennsylvania.

DulavnhngcuchuynkhcvlmgiunhanhchngchongngptrtngtngcaccdoanhnhnClevelandkhimttuynngraymicxydngvonm1863,gipkhuvcnycthcnhtranhtronglnhvcbunbndu.Hnglotnhmylccxydngdctheonhng tuyn ng st ti Cleveland. Nhiu nh my lc du thiu vnnghimtrngnhngnhmycaRockefellervClarkthhontonkhc.Banu,Rockefellernghrnglcduchlmtlnhvcphsovibunbnhngha.Nhngchtrongmtnm,khinhmylcduemlikhnhiulinhun,ngthayisuyngh.Giy,vonm1865,saukhithnhcngtrongcucugiviClark,Rockefeller,lcnylmtnginngtrtuikhgiuc,trthnhchnhnduynhtcamtcngtyshunhmylcdulnnhttrongs30nhmylcduCleveland.

Cucchiln

Rockefellerginhthngliutincamnhtronglnhvclcduvomt thi im hon ho.Ni chinM kt thc nm 1865 m ra choncMmtknguynmicavicmrngcchotngkinht trnquymlnvtcphttrinnhanhchng,cahotngucmnhmvcnhtranhgaygt,cahintngcuktvcquyn.Cccngtylnnilncngvinhngtinbkthut trongnhiungnhcngnghipadngnhthp,snxuthpvgiaothng.SlngnginhpclncngvivicmcakhuvcphaTytoranhngthtrngctctngtrngcao.Quthc,trongbathpkricuithkXIX,cchotngkinhdoanhMchuynnghiphnbtkgiaionnokhctronglchscatncny.Vnhithuyt,thamvng,trtucanhngconngi tr tuib thinamchmnyhtcht.NhngconnginybcunvothmRockefellergilCucchilnmtcucchinuhon thnh,dngxyvkimtin,vchnh tin lmtbngchngcasthnht.Cucchictinhnhvinhngphtminhvcchtchcminybinnncnghanngnghipvabcucnichinmmutnphthnhcngquccngnghiplnnhtthgii.

Trongcnstdula,Rockefeller,khiangdnhttmtrchoCuc

chiln,tiptcutclinhunlnnhngkhontinivayvolnhvc lcdu.ngxy thmnhmy thhai v cn th trngmi tngxngvicngsutcaccnhmyny.Nm1866,RockefellerthnhlpthmmtcngtyNewYorkqunlhotngbunbntrnbiTyDngvxutkhudula.ngemtraimnhlWilliamphtrchcngtyny.Nm,Rockefellertdoanhthuhn2triu-la.

Mcd th trngdu la v du nhn pht trin, song tc phttrin ca n vn khng tng xng vi s tng trng ca hot ng lcdu.Cqunhiucngtycngcnhtranhginhgitkhchhng.Khngphib ranhiuvnhayknngxydngmtnhmy lcdu.Sauny,Rockefellernhli:Ngingiutvolcdu,tnhngngilmnghgitm,thlmbnhtithlmnn.

Rockefeller lmvichtmnhpht trincngty,bngcchmrngcccs,cgngduytrvnngcaochtlngtrongkhilunkimsotchiph.ngtinnhngbcutintrongvichpnhtcckhucungcpvphnphivobntrongdoanhnghipnhmmcchcchlyhotngkinhdoanhchungkhisbinngcathtrngvtngcngkhnngcnhtranhcadoanhnghip.CngtycaRockefellermuanhngvngtrnglntrngloigsitrngsnxutthngchaduring.Ngoira,cngtycnmuanhiuxe tcringvccnhkhoringNewYork cng nh nhng con thuyn ring trn sng Hudson. Ngay t u,Rockefellercngtramtquytckhcmngsngbi,lhnhthnhvduytrkhnngtichnhmnh.Cuithpk1860,ngxydngcngunlc tichnhcngtykhngcnphiphthucvoccngnhng,cccngtytichnhvccnhucmngnhngstcngnhccngnhcngnghipkhcvnblthuc.Tinbckhngchgipcngtyca Rockefeller trnh c tnh trng v n v lm n thua l ang ynhngithcnhtranhcangvochntngmcntochilidngsthualcaccithcnhtranhthuthmlinhun.

CthnhnthyrmttrongnhngnnglclncaRockefellerltmnhnvxuhngcatonbngnhcngnghipdula,vkinquytchocng tyvnng theoxuhngny.Sauny, ngni: Tibtucngvickinhdoanhkhicnlmtthth.Tihccstntrngivinhngconsvsthtnhnht.Rockefellercanthipvomichititvkhacnhtrongcngvickinhdoanhcacngty,thmchcnhngchititchngdchuchtno,theongnghaencatny.nggimtbvtcrchvlunmcbvtnybtckhinoitiVngtdu,lnli trnnhngkhuvcngpbn tmmuadu.Kt qu cahot ngkinhdoanhmRockefellervngchtheouil,nnasaucathpk

1860,ngshunhmylcdulnnhtthgii.

Nm 1867, Rockefeller chiu np mt nhn vt tr tui tn l HenryFlagler.VaitrcaFlaglerivishnhthnhvphttrincaStandardOilcng lnnhnhhngcaRockefeller.Nm14 tui,Flager lnhnvinbnhngcamtbchhatnghpv,nm25tui,ngthnhcngvimtnhmynhnuruwhiskeybangOhio.Nm1858,ngbnnhmyruvnhngnhhngcarutimtocconngi.Sau,FlaglernhyvolnhvcsnxutmuibangMichigan.Tuynhin,docnh tranh khc lit v tnh trng ngun cung vt qu cu, ng lmvocnhphsn.Scnythctnhng,mtngibanutngkimctinrtddng.trngthnhnhnhngbihctgi,Flaglerlmtngilunlcquanvcquyttmlmlimith.Vphsnkiakhinngcnimtinsuscvogitrcaviccngtcgiaccnhsnxutcng nh c cm i vi ium ng sau ny gi l cnh tranh khngphanh.ng kt lun, hp tc v lin kt l iu cn thit gim thiunhngrirotrongthgiitbnmongmanh.NhsaunyFlaglerni,ngcnhccmtbihckhc:Hytnhtonhccvosphttrincatnc.FlaglersnsngvhmhmuntccvoncMsauNichin.

Flaglertrthnhngingnghipgngi,ngibnthnthitnhtmRockefellertngc.Flaglercncmtcuchmngnkhcvmiquanhgia ng vimtRockefeller xa cch: Tnh bn xy dng trn nn tngcngvickinhdoanhsttphnlcngvickinhdoanhxydngtrnnntngtnhbn.Trnynnglngvquyt tm,FlaglerrthpvimtnginghimkhcvcnthnnhRockefeller,vnrtmongmunccmtcngsgiunghlcvhnghi.Tuynhin,cngilicoiFlaglerlmtktlitrtrn,vlims,vlngtmvdmlmbtciu g c c thnh cng. Nhiu nm sau, sau khi cng viRockefellerkimcmtkhitisnkhngl,Flaglerlikhingmtcuctmkimmi,trongsphttrincabangFlorida.ngxydngcctuynngsttbbinphangcabangnytiqunoKeysmcachokhuvcmnggilvngRivieracancM,xydngthnhphMiamivbibinWestPalm.

Tuynhin, lchuynca tng lai.Cnvo lcny,RockefellervFlaglerangcngchung lnguct,ngicngmtvnphng,bn lmvickstnhau.Hchuynquachuyn lichonhaunhngbnnhp thgikhchhngvnhcungcpchotikhinhngbcthdintngh.Tnhbnghucahlcngvickinhdoanh,cimhlcnocngtholun,dkhivnphng,khintraCulcbUnion,haykhicng

nhau i t vn phng v hai ngi nh ca h cch khng xa.Rockefellerni:Nhnglcchngtiibnhthlnhnglcchngti thot khi nhng ngt qung khi cng ty. Chng ti cng nhau suyngh,cngbnthovcnglnkhoch.

Flaglerlngilpvthchincckhochgiaothngvnti;nhngkhochnyquytnhthnhcngcaStandardOilvnemlichocngtymtscmnhctnhchtquytnhtrongcuccnhtranhviccithkhctrongtnglai.Bngnhngdntobotrn(cngtrncsccdngiaothng),avvuthvttricaStandardOilcthitlp.NukhngcmtFlaglertinngvnngn,clschngbaogicmtStandardOilnhcthgiibitti.

ScmnhvquymcaStandardOilgipcngtynychngkhutrccvntingst.Nh,mcphStandardOilphitrthphnccithcnhtranhkhcvylmtlithrtlnxtvmtnhgihngbnvlinhun.Sau,nhngkhonkhutrnytrthnhch gy tranh ci gay gt.Nhiu ngi buc ti StandardOil buc cccngtyvntingstkhutrnhmgimgihngbn,cnhtranhbtbnhngviccithkhc.Tuynhin,cuccnhtranhgiacccngtyvntingstquytlitnninhngkhonuivkhutr,dngnyhaydngkhc, tr thnhhotngphbin trnkhpncM,cbitivinhngkhchhnglnvthngxuyn.cStandardOilhuthun,Flaglerlunginhcnhngthathunttnht.

Tuy nhin, Standard Oil khng ch dng li nhng khon khu tr.Cngtynycnkhnngoantrongvicginhlynhngkhonhonthu.Mtithcnhtranhcthphitr1-lachomithngducvnchuynbngngsttiNewYork,cngtyvntistrli25xutrong1-lanhngkhngphi chokhchhngny,mchoStandardOil!Dnhin,iunyemlichoStandardOil,cngtyvnchphitrmcgivnchuynthphncthmmtlithrtlnvtichnhsovinhngithkhc.BnchtcahnhvinylccithcaStandardOilvtnh tip tay cho cng ty ny. Khng mt hnh vi kinh doanh no caStandardOillikhindlunbtbnhnhnhngkhonhonthuny.

Gihythkhochcachngta

Mcdth trngdulaangpht trinvi tcphim, lngdulaarath trngcntngnhanhhn,khingicbinngmnhvlintcstgim.Cuithpnin1860,tnhtrngsnxutdthakhingidumtlnnattdcvngnhcngnghipdulanontrrivocnhnhtr.Ldothtngincqunhiugingduvqunhiudu.Cc

cngtylcducngchuthithinhiukhngkmcccngtykhaithc.Tnm1865nnm1870,gibnlgimquna.ctnh,cngsutcaccnhmylcdulngpbalnsovinhucucathtrng.

Rockefellernhnthcrrngcigicavicsnxutdthavtrongkhihuhtcccngtylcdukhcthual,ngnlckimsotngnhcngnghipdula.RockefellervFlaglermunrt thmvnvongnhcngnghipnymkhngedanskimsot.Cchthchsdnglbincngtycahthnhcngtylindoanh.Ngy10thng1nm1870,mtnhmnmngidoRockefellervFlaglernguthnhlpCngtyStandardOil.Hchncitnnykhchhngcthtintngvochtlngchunmccasnphm.Khi, trn th trngc rtnhiu loidulavichtlngkhcnhau.Rockefellernm1/4cphntrongcngtyminy,ng thicngnmquynkimsot1/10ngnhcngnghiplcducaM.Tuynhin,ymichlskhiu.Nhiunmsau,Rockefellerthngnhnlinhngngyutinnyvthi:Liuaicthhnhdungcngtyliphttrintimcnynh?

Micthnhlpvcutthmtin,StandardOildavolithcamnhymnhtmkimnhngkhonkhutrcacccngtyvntingstnhmginhlithcnhtranh.Tuynhin,iukinkinhdoanhchungtiptcxui,vtinm1871,ngnhcngnghiplcduthtslmvokhnghong.Linhunhontonbinmtvphnlncccngtylcdu rivocnh thua l.NgaycRockefeller, lngingucacng tymnhnht, cng cm thy lo lng.n thi im, ng lmtdoanh nhn hng u Cleveland v l mt tr ct ca Nh th EuclidAvenueBaptist.Nm1864, ng kt hn viLauraCelestia Spelman. SaukhikthnviRockefeller,Lauratrthnhngiphngnginhtcang,thmch,cngipngkimtranhngbcthcngvicquantrng.Mtln,Rockefellernghimtchavivlnuclolnggtrongcngvic,ngsnivibutin.Giy,vonm1872,giacnnguykchcangnhcngnghiplcdu,Rockefellercmthyphitrnanvmnh.ngni:Embity,sgiuccachngtaclpvinhngkhonutvodu.

Chnhtrongthiimylouny,Rockefellerthainghnkhochtobohpnhtgnnh tonbngnh lcdu thnhmt tchckhng l.Mttchclinktthtsslmciummthiphihaymtnhmnhkhngthlmc:Ctgimcngsutdtha,ngnchnnhngcnbin ng gimnh v trn thc t l cu ngnh cng nghip ny. lnhnggmRockefellervcccngscangmunnitikhihbnvkhochcachngti.NhngchnhRockefeller lngiaravch

ovic thchinkhochny.Mivsau,ngni:l tngcati.tngcgivngbtchpsphnicamtsngi trnnnhtgantrcquymcaslinkt,vslinktnylundungnpnhngphnlnhn.

StandardOilkhingchindchny.Cngtytngkhnngvnhatin hnh cc vmua li. Tuy nhin, cc s kin cn din bin theomtchiu hng khc na. Thng 2 nm 1872, mt quan chc trong ngnhng stPennsylvaniatnhinquytnh tnggpigi ccvnchuynduthtVngtdutiNewYork.Cthngtinrrlvictnggi ny l hnh ng camt t chc cha c bit ti c tnCng tySouthImprovement.Cngtybhimnylai?Nginongsaun?SkinnynhthcvcnhbocccngtykhaithcvlcduringrVngtdu.

CngtySouthImprovementlhinthncamtkhochkhcnhmnnhngnhcngnghipdulavstrthnhbiutngchonlcnhmtcskimsotcquyn.TntuicaRockefellersngycngtrnn gn gi vi cng ty ny. Tuy nhin,mc d ng lmt trong nhngngithcthichnhcakhoch,nhngtngnytrnthctlcacccngtyvntingstvnangcgngtmcchgiiquytnhngcucchinccphgaygt.Theokhoch,cccngtyvntivcccngtylcdushpthnhcccc-tenvphnchiathtrng.Cccngtylcduskhngchckhutrccphvnchuynhngmcnnhnctinhonthutmcphtrnvnmcccngtylcdukhngphilthnhvincc-tenphi tr.Mt trongnhngcybtvit tiu svRockefellertngvit:Trongttcnhngkschnhmtiuditscnhtranh,ylcchtnbonht,nguyhimnhtmkhngphimtnhmccnhcngnghipMnocngcthnghra.

Mcdvncgibmt,CngtySouthImprovement lmVngtdunigin.MttbocaPittsburghcnhborngcngtynysgyracnhchcmtcngtythumuadutrongtonbkhuvc.Trongkhi, t bo caTitusville th cho rng, y chnh lmtmi e da lmTitusvillecnkh.Cuithng2,3.000ngitcgin,emtheobngrn,tinvoNhhtTitusvilletcoCngtySouthImprovement.lkhiuchocucchincbittivicitnChintranhdula.Cccngtyngst,Rockefellervcccngtylcdukhcchnhlkthtrongcucchinny.Ccnhkhaithcduikhpccthtrntcocon qu v 40 tn cp. V gi y, trong cuc hp sc chng cquyn,htchctychaycccngtylcduvcccngtyvntingst.Cuctychaynyhiuqunni,cccngty lcducaStandard

OilCleveland,vn thng thu ti1.200cngnhn,naychcnhnlngdu th70 cngnhn lmvic.NhngRockefeller tuyt ikhngnghingnhnggmnhanglm.TrongsutcucChintranhdula,ngvnniviv:Thtddngvitraccbibonhngchngtaccngvickhc.Chng tashnhngngvkhng lo lnghaybnkhon v nhng iu bo ch ni. Mt ln khc, trong bc th gi v,Rockefellercptimt trongnhngnguyntcludicang:Thayihpnglvicringcachngtachkhngphicadlun.

Tuynhin,tithng4nm1872,chcccngtyngstvcccngtylcdu,baogmcRockefeller,quytnhnlcphitbCngtySouth Improvement.CucChin tranh du la kt thc v chin thng rrng thucvcccng tykhai thcdu.Sau,Rockefellerni rngnglunhyvngCngtySouthImprovementthtbinhngthtbisphcvchonhngmcchcang.Khicngtynythtbillcchngticthni:Gihythkhochcachngti.NhngRockefellerthmchcnkhngicho tikhiSouth Improvement thtbi.nmaxunnm 1872, ng ginh quyn kim sot hu kt cc nh my lc du caClevelandvmtvicngty lcduquantrngnhtNewYork.Nh,ngtr thnhchcatponlcdulnnht thgii.ngsnsngtipquntonbngnhcngnghipdula.

Trongthpnin1870,snlngkhaithcduthkhngngngtng.Ccbinphphn ch snxutkhngem li hiuqu.Cc thngcha luntrnyvtrnmttlcnocngcmtlpvngenph.Tnhtrngdthaduqumcxyravgicthpnningitachoduthchythnhdngvvocctrangtrivkhngcnchcha.Clc,giduritdoxung40xu/thng,thphn3xusovigincungVngtdu. Nhng n lc lin tc hn ch sn lng khai thc u tht bi.Nhngmykhai thcduvn tip tcmranhngmdumi.Hn thnavkhicqunhiunhsnxutnnkhcththahipnhmgimlngdukhai thc.c tnh, s lngcccng tykhai thcVngtducuithkXIXlnti16.000cngty.ashlnhngnhuc,mtslnngdn,vskhclnhngngicchnghacnhncao,hkhngcctmnhndihn,khngnghtilichchung,thmchckhicmtkhochkh thi.Vikhaokht lp li trt t,Rockefellertnhinthayiquanimivitnhtrnglnxnvtranhcpgiacccngtysnxutdula.Sauny,bngmtgingkhinhmitchuacay,ngnhnnh:Vngtdulmtkhutrikhaim.Mctiucanglcccngtylcdu.

Chintranhhayhabnh

TheoliRockefeller,mctiucakhochchinudngcmv tobolnhmchmdtcichnhschctckhngemli linhunvlmchongnhcngnghipdulatrnnnnhvtoralinhundiskimsotcamnh.Rockefellervalnhhochnhchinlc,va l ngi ch huy ti cao, ra lnh cho cc binh s ca ng ngm dichuynviungh tng tc.KhngcgngngcnhinkhingiemtraiWilliamcaRockefellerphnloiccmiquanhvicccngtylcdukhcthnhchintranhhayhabnh.

Trnmikhuvc,CngtyStandardOilbtubngcchmualinhngcng ty lc du hng u, nhng doanh nghip c vai tr thng lnh.Rockefellervcccngscangstipcnccmctiuvithitntrng,lchthipvtngbc.HschngtStandardOillmnphttrasaosovicccng ty lcdukhc.iunykhngkhbiaphncccngtyangphivt lnvikhkhn.BnthnRockefellerstrtithuytphcsaochovicmualidinrathtthnmt.Nuttckhochnythtbi,StandardOilsyithcnhtranhcnguxungangcbngcchlmchoithcmthymtmihoc,theocchnicaRockefeller, bng cch lm i th phi vm hi. StandardOil sgim gi ti khu vc , khin i th kia hot ng thua l. C lc,StandardOilcnchhuymtnni thngchagyp lcvicccngtylcdungoanc.Trongmtcucchinkhc,tiuditith,HenryFlaglercho:Ti thmtmtng tin lncnhn lphinhnghnmtphnvolcny.

NhngngitrongStandardOilbmthotngthngquanhngcngty c v c lp nhng trn thc t tr thnhmt phn ca Tp onStandard.Nhiu ch cng ty lc du khng bao gi bit rng cc i thcnhtranhaphngcah,nhngcngtyangctgimgibnvgyp lc vi h, thc ra l mt phn trong ci ch ang ln mnh caRockefeller.Trongtonbccgiaioncachindch,ngicaStandardgiao tip vi nhau bng mt m Standard Oil c gi l Morose.Rockefellerkhngbaoginhnnhngvvicbomttrongcchotngcang.ngtngni:Ttculstht.Nhngtithirngcvintngnocaqunngminhlithngbotrcvikthngyngtatncng?

nnm1879,cucchinnyhunhkt thc.StandardOil lngichin thng. Cng ty ny kim sot 90% lnh vc lc du ca ncM,ngthicngthnglnhccngngvhthngumicaVngtdu v lm ch lun c h thng vn ti.Rockefeller v cm trc chinthng.ngkhngcsthhn.Thtra,mtviithbkhutphc

c a vo ban lnh o ca Standard tr thnh nhng ng minhtrungthnh.Tuynhin,thmchckhiStandardOiltvtrthnglnhvocuithpnin1870thvncnhngthchthckhngngxyra.

Nhngmiedami

Vocuinhngnm1870, thiimmRockefeller cho rngmi thgnnhivotrtt,ccnhsnxutducaPennsylvaniavnnlcln cui ph v s kim sot ngp th ca Standard Oil bng mt thnghimtoboxydngmtngngdndutmxautintrnthgii.Trc,chactinlnochodnctnngngTidewatervcngkhngcgmbodnnykhthivmtkthut.Theodn,du s c chuyn v phang quamt qung ng di 110 dm tVng t du ti mt im kt ni vi tuyn ng ray ni giaPennsylvania v Reading. Vic xy dng ng ng Tidewater c tinhnh khn trng. Thm ch, nhng cuc iu tra gimo cn c tinhnhnhmloibvaitrcaStandardOil.nphtcui,nhiungivncnnghingvkhnnghotngcaTidewater.Tuynhin,nthng5nm1879,duchytrongngngny.ylmtthnhtukthutln, c th snhvi cy cuBrooklyncxydngnmnm trc.ngngnycngmramtgiaionmitrongngnhcngnghipdulavtrthnhmtithcnhtranhlncangsttronglnhvcvnchuynngdi.

Thnhcng r rngcaTidewatervcuccchmngvn tin to rakhngnhngkhinStandardphingcnhinmcnchothyquynkimsotcacngtynyivingnhcngnghipdulamtlnnabngnhinbeda.Standardhnhngngaylptc,xydngbnngngdndungditVngtdutiCleveland,NewYork,PhiladelphiavBuffalo.Trongvnghainm,StandardlmtcngnhtrongchnhTidewatervckhochvntichungcngvicngtyngngnykimsotscnhtranh,mcdTidewatervnduytrmcclpnhtnh.VichpnhtlnhvclcduhonthnhcngvisraicaccngngdnduminhdubctinlntiptheocaStandardtrongvichpnhtngnhcngnghipdu la.Rtngin, trmtphncaTidewater,StandardkimsothunhtonbccngngdnvoVngtduvtyinhngnikhc.

Chcnmtcchduynhtghmcngtykhnglnylilthngquahthngchnhtrvtan.Cuithpnin1870,cccngtykhaithcdutVngtdumhnglotcuckincoPennsylvaniachnglimcccvnchuynctnhphnbitix.HtcoCngtyStandard

Oilkimsotngnhdulaqumc,gicngtynylmtTnctiv Mt bng cp.Nhng nh khai thc ny cng a ramt bn cotrngbuc tinhngnginguStandardOil chnhvi thngngphmphp.Trongkhi,ccphiniutrntrctacacccngtyvntingstbangNewYorktptrungvovnhthnguiccvnchuyn.CccuciutravccvkintihaibangnynhduviclnutinnhnghotngcaStandardOil,phmvivnhhngcngnhnhngmnhkhecacngtynycuigiccvtinhonthu c a ra d lun. Mt bi thm on Pennsylvania buc tiRockefeller,Flaglervnhiucngskhcthngngtoratnhtrngcquynv lm tnhi n cci th cnh tranh.H rt n lc thuytphcbangPennsylvaniadnRockefeller.Qulolng,RockefelleryucuThngcNewYorkkhngthngqualnhdnnnnlctrnthtbi.

Tuy nhin, n tng ca d lun trc nhng s vic c a ra nhsngcsctnphdiluviStandardOil.Cngchngvcnggindtrcnhngghchngkin.NgiutinaralibuctichngliStandardOil lHenryDemarestLloyd, thngqua lot bi x lun trn t

ChicagoTribunev tip lmtbiboc taCuchuynvmtcngtycquynlnngtrntAtlanticMonthlynm1881.Vnnythuhtschvmiquantmlnnmcncngtrnbysbolin.LloydtuynbrngStandardOillmmivicvicquanlutphpcabangPennsylvania,trviclccquanny.Tuynhin,bibotrnhunhkhngctcngngaylptcivicngvickinhdoanhcaStandard.NhngbibocaLloydlnhngbilnutinvchtrnhnhvicaStandardvtipsaulrtnhiunhngbibokhcnivvicny.NhnvtbhimJohnD.Rockefellerkhngthtiptctnghnh.

T-rt

Trongkhicnphicchlycctanvdlun,mttrttvskimsot ti tnh c thit lp trong ch rng lnmRockefeller nmquyncaitr.Trcht,khngcmtcsphplrrngnochomttchcbaogmnhiucngtylcdutrnkhpncMny.Do,trongmtbnkhaictuynthtrcta,Rockefellercthnhnthngvkhngh ladibn thnkhiniStandardOilkhngshuhaykimsotmtnhmcngtymcdrrnglcngtykimsot.MtvlnhotrongnhmnhngcngtynycthgiithchvimtybancaCquanlpphpbangNewYork rngmiquanhcakhong90%ccnhmy lcduMlthnmtvrnghchtnhchptchihavinhau.Mtvlnhokhclicthkhngnh,cngviyban,rngcngtycangtakhnghcmilinhnoviStandardOilvrngmiquanhcnhncangtalldocchiactc.lnhngmanhmicthtvtchcny.ChnhcccngcaStandardOil,chkhngphibnthncngtyny,ccphntrongcccngtykhc.Ngoira,bnthncccngtykhngthshucphiucacccngtykhc.CccphntrnkhngcythcchoCngtyStandardOilcaOhiomlchocccngcan.

Khinimphp lt-rtc tinh lcvchnh thcha trongThathunt-rtDulaStandardOilkngy2thng1nm1882.Thathunnylmtliptrnhngntncnglutphpvchnhtrcui thpnin1870,uthpnin1880.Ngoira,cncmtldomangtnhcnhnhn.Rockefellervccitccangbtunghncichtvviclitisnthak.Hchorngcichtcamtngitrongshcthdn ti nhng ri lon v tranh ci v gi tr, nhng v kin tng v cnhngtrctrctronghthngangtnti.Mtt-rtslmchoquynshuctrttvrrng,loibnhngtranhchptrongtnglai.

Trongkhichunbthnhlpt-rt,mimilimttrnngngdndu

com,mivingchctnhton.MtbanquntrcthnhlpvccthnhvincabannythntnhcphncattcccthcthmStandardOil kim sot. Sau , c phiu c pht hnh trong t-rtny.Trongtngs700.000cphiu,Rockefellernmgi191.700cphiuvFlaglernmgi60.000cphiu.Ccthnhvincabanquntrnmcphiutrongcccngtyringlthaymtcho41cngcat-rtStandardOilvcncgiaonhimvgimstchungivi14cngtyshutonphnv26cngtyshumtphn.Trchnhimcahbaogmviclachngimcvlnhotrongsnhngngcvin,cthbaogmcchnhh.ylt-rtlnutinvlmtt-rthonhovmtlutphp.Tuynhin,ycngchnhlldotisaot-rtny,banulcngcbovnhngmgaconci,litrthnhmtitngcakintngvthght.Trongkhi,nhngtchckhccaStandardOilcthnh lp mi bang iu hnh cc cng ty nhng bang ny. Thathunt-rtcaStandardOiltoiukinchovicthnhlpmtvnphngtrungtmiuphivphnbhotngcanhiucngtykhcnhauanghotngmtnhimvngycngtrnncpthithntrcquym hot ng ngy cng ln. ng thi, t-rt ny cng em li choRockefellervcccngscangtmkhinchnhpphpvlinhngvhnhchnhmhcniuhnhhiuqumtdoanhnghipgnnhtrthnhtisntoncu.

Thtclutphpn.Nhngcnvnthcttrongvicqunlcccng tyminy?Lm thno tchhpvo t-rtny rtnhiudoanhnghipclpvcngtysnxutnhiuloisnphm,baogmdula,dumazutvkhong300snphmph?Giiphpcaralmththngqunlviuphithngquayban.Ccybancthnhlpbaogmybanthngminia,ybanthngmixutkhu,ybansnxut,ybanphngngavnhhng,ybanngng,ybantranhchpphpl,ybandunhnvybansnlng.CcbocotrnkhpncMcgivccybanny.ngtrnccybannylybaniuhnhbaogmccgimccaonhtchu trchnhimvch rachnhsch v ng li chung.y ban iu hnh khng a ra ccmnh lnhgingnhyucu,gihayxutnhngkhngainghinggvquynlchaytmkimsotcacquanny.Miquanhgiatrsvccbphn trc tip sn xut, kinh doanh c th hin qua yu cu mRockefelleraratrongmtbcth:Nhngngilmvictrctipnhgivntthnchngti,nhngngchngtirivonhngsptmchngtikhngthiuhnhcchnhsch.

Mt chin lc c bn iu hnh hot ng ca Standard trong nhng

nm1870chiph snxut thp thmchcncpdngquyt lithntrongthpnin1880.Chinlcnyihihiuqutronghotng,khnngkimsotchiphchtch,nlctngquymvsnlng,lintcutvocngnghvkhngngngmrngthtrng.Ccnhmylcduchpnhtnhm tnghiuquhotng.ngia thpnin1880, ch ba nhmy lc du ca Standard Cleveland, Philadelphia vBayonne thucbangNewJerseychim ti1/4 lngcungdu lacatonthgii.Standardlintckimsothiuquchiph,ilcctnhton ticons thpphn thba.Rockefellerc lnni:nguyn tckinhdoanh l phi tnh ton tt c mi th. Vi h thng lin lc hin i,StandardOillidngnghipvarbitragebunbncphiugiaccthtrngv thu li t chnh lchgiaccmcgi cphiukhcnhauVng t du, Cleveland, NewYork, Philadelphia, cng nhAntwerp vmtvinichuu.StandardOilcngsdngmththngginipvtnh bo cng nghip c bit theo di th trng v cc i th cnhtranhlutrhthnghscattccccngtymuaducaM,ccachgiaohngcaccnhphnphiclpchoccimbnltMainetiCalifornia.

Nn tng trung tm cho cch thc qun l ca Rockefeller l: ng tintngvodulavnimtinkhngbaogilunglc.Khngbaogilolngvvicstgiadumcoilchimuavo.Nm1884,Rockefellerrachth:Hyvnglnugiducgimlnna,ybaniuhnhcachngtaskhngbtkconsthngkhaythngtinnocntrmuavo.Chngtaphinlcvkhngnhmtlngcanmkhigictrnthtrngstxungmcthpnht.Khnglusau,ngnithm:Chcchnchngtasphmsailmlnnukhngmuavo.

LnhocpcaocaStandardOilbaogmRockefeller,emtraiWilliamcaRockefeller,HenryFlaglervhainginakimsot4/7scphncacngty.Tuynhin,banlnhonycnckhong12ngina,huhtu lnhngdoanhnhn thnht, tnhcchcngrnvquyton.Banu,nhngnginyu li th cnh tranhcaRockefeller.Sauny,Rockefellerni:Victhuytphcnhngngimnhmphingkhngnm trongnhmnhngnhimvddng.Cchduynht mtnhmnhvycthlmviclsngthun.CclachnvquytnhcaratholunvtranhcinhngtheoyucucaRockefeller,chc thchinkhivnc lti lt linhiu ln,mibt trcc lng trc v sau cht, tha thun c hnh thnh theo nghng.Rockefellernhli:Tichorng,ccdoanhnghiplunphitracuhihnntinnhanhtimcnolsngsutvchngtitinkh

nhanhchngvonhngngy.Chngtixydngvmrngtrnmihng.ng ni thm: Chng ti phi lin tc imt vi nhng thchthcmivphithngxuyntholunvnhngthchthc.Mtvingitrongchngtimunngaylptcchinhngkhonln,trongkhiskhcmunchinhngkhonkhimtnhn.Thngthng,chngtiintha hip nhng cng c lc nng nhng con s ny ln ri gii quyt.Chng ti khng bao gi tin qu nhanh nh nhng ngi cp tin nhtmongmunnhngcngkhngbaogiquthntrngnhnhngngiboth hy vng. Rockefeller cn cho bit, cui cng h lun lm chomingiphibphiunhttr.

NgitathngthyccnhqunlcpcaocaStandardOilililintc trn cc chuyn tu gia Cleveland, New York, Pittsburgh, Buffalo,BaltimorevPhiladelphia.Nm1885,t-rtnychuyntimttrsmitrongtanhvnphngcaochntngtis26ilBroadway,thuckhuHManhattan,nichngmychcbinthnhmttanhln.Tonbt-rtcaRockefellerciuhnhttrsny,btuviybaniuhnhmccthnhvindbtcaisngtikhuphnytrongthigian.Hngngy,ccgimccaocpnycngntratrongmtphngnringtrnsnthngtanh.Trongban,htraoivnhngthngtinquantrng,xemxtcc tngi ti sng thun.Dis lnhocaRockefeller,nhngngitnglithcnhtranhcanhaunylpnnmtcngtyccchotngvquymchatngcmtdngtchcmivitcphttrinnhanhnmckinhngc.Nhngngicmttibn n tra s 26 Broadway l mt nhm ngi phi thng. WilliamVanderbilt,mtnhnvtthucCngtyngsttrungtmNewYorkniviNghvinbangNewYorkrng:HthngminhhntirtnhiuTicha bao gi tip xc vi nhng ngi thngminh v c nng lc kinhdoanhnhh.

Concgithngminh

Tuynhin,ngithngminhnhttrongsnychcchnphilJohnD.Rockefeller.Khi t-rtc thnh lp,Rockefellerbtubcsangtui40 v nm trong s su ngi giu nht ncM.ng l u tu caStandardOil,cnghinchkinnhchosphttrincacngtycngnh s nghip hp nht.ng ch trch gay gt s ph phm trong cnhtranh khng kim sot v lun cho rng mc ch ca ng l ng n.Rockefellercnlmtngikhgnnklvskhgnnyhontoncch.Vsauny,ngclimtbithmngcnnh:

Concgikhnngoansngtrongcysigi

Cngchngkinnhiu,ncngnit

Cngnit,ncngnghenhiu

Tisaochngtakhnggingnhconcgikia?

Ngaytkhibtukinhdoanh,Rockefellerquyttmtphtrngnhtmccth.nglngiccphntch,ctnhhoinghivlungikhongcchvimingi.Thilnhlng,xacchvcinhnchmchm,xuyn thucaRockefellerkhinngikhccm thy thiu t tin.Mtln,nggpgmtnhmccchcngtylcdutiPittsburgh.Saucucgp,nhiungitrongsnyinti.Cuchuyncahtptrungvonginnglml,khngthnthinvkhinhthyed.Mtngini:Tikhngbitngtabaonhiutuina.Nhiungikhcaradoncah.Cuicng,mtngini:ngtachominginitrongkhibnthnngiynvchngnig.Nhngcvngtanhhtmithvkhithtsbtu,ngtaniuvoyTionngta140tuiri,vkhimirai,hnlngta100tui.

CngitnglmvicchoRockefellerginglngivcmnhtmtitngbit.Nhng,dnhin,cncmtconngikhcphasautmmtnny.Thpk1870v1880lnhngnmkhochcachngta"mhoakttri.Tuynhin,nhngnmcashpnhtvcanhngcuctncngbtng tchnhgiivbogiicng lnhngnmygaycnvcngthng.Rockefeller tngni:Ttc tisnmti lmravnchathbpchonhnglolngtiphichungtrongthik.Vngcngnhvthiknhlnhngthngngycalou.

Rockefellertmnhiucchthgin,nghngi.Cuingy,trongnhngcuchpbnv cngvickinhdoanh,ng thngnmxungmt chictrngkvthamgiatholuntrongkhinmditrngh.Rockefellercngimtdngctpcngcrtthstrongphnglmvic.Vcuingy,ng thng ci nga i do, tip l ngh ngi v n ti, s gipRockefellersngkhoitrli.

TiCleveland,ngoicngvickinhdoanh,cucsngcaRockefellertptrungvonhthBaptist.nglgimthcatrngoyvlintngkhngthphaimivimthcsinhcatrng,cnglmtngibncaccconng.Nhiunmsau,ngiphnnynh li:TivncnnhRockefellerkhinghngdnccbuithdctrngdng.Cimidi,nhnvcicmcngdi,nhncanggicao trcmtbn tr.imtxanhxmcangkhngbaogi thayicmxc.Rockefellerlunnichmrinmcnhlnhvkhinngitakhng

nghi ngg vvicngang thch thvi v tr camnh.Lngmochnhlthtiukhinsmtcangy.

Rockefeller yu mn in trang Forest Hill ca ng, mt in trang ngoi Cleveland, v dnh nhiu thi gian chnh trang ni ny xydngmtlsibngloigchcbit;trngcyci;mnhngconngmixuynquarng.ngtiptcthtiukhinquymlnhnkhichuyntimtintrangmirnglnvngiPocantino,phabcthnhphNewYork.Tiy,ngchovic todngcnhquanv tmnhdngccvcbtrnhngconngmi.ilc,nglmvicchon lc mt r ri. Nim am m i vi vic xy dng cnh quan caRockefellerxutphttchnhtinngtchcgipngtrthnhnhnvtvcngngntrongkinhdoanh.

Tuynhin,ngayckhitrthnhngigiunhtncM,Rockefellervnduy tr tnhcncnk l.Bt chp sphni cagianh,ngkinquytmcnhngbcomplecchotikhichngsnrch.Mttrongnhngmnnngyuthchvnlbnhmvsa.Mtln,Cleveland,ngmihaivchngdoanhnhnni tingcaaphngn trang triForestHillnghh.Sauny,hnhnctRockefellermthantinn600-la.

Rockefellerkhngphilkhngckhiuhihc,thmchcnlmtngikhihi,nhngngchthhiniunyvirttngi.Vobati,ngcthlmcnhvuibngcchht,tmtchicbnhquylnmiriachicbnhvoming,hoctmtchicathngbngtrnmi.Rockefellercngrtthchngichiviccconvbnbchng.

Ngaytkhibtukimratin,Rockefellertitrnhngkhontinnh cho nh th. Thi gian tri qua, s tin ti trmi ngymt ln vRockefellerlunnlcbantngmtphnlntrongkhitisnngtchluc.CchxemxttmvnhgithntrngtrongkinhdoanhcngcRockefellerpdngtronghotngtthin,vcuicng,cckhontitrcangcdnhchokhoahc,ytvgiodc.Tuynhin,thkXIX,phn lns tin lm t thincaRockefeller ldnhchonh thBaptist,ningtrthnhconchincnhhngnht.

Cuithpnin1880,RockefellerquyttmsnglpmttrngihclnBaptist.Thchinhnhngnghac,ngtitrtinbcvtchcthnhlpihcChicago.Sau,ngtiptclnhtitrlnnhtcatrngihcny.Mcdrtquantmnsphttrincatrng,songRockefellerkhngcanthipvocngtcdyhc,ngoitrvicyucutrngkhngcchitiuvtngnsch.ngtchivicttnng

chobtktanhnovchnthmtrnghailntrong10nmutinsaungythnhlp.Chuynthmutindinravonm1896,nhndpknimnmnmngythnhlptrng.Trongcucgpmt,ngphtbiu:Titintngvovicthnhlptrngihcny.ylvutttnhttitngthchintrongiChachotitinbcvlmsaoticthkhngtitrchoihcChicagoch?Mtnhmsinhvinhtchongnghe:

JohnD.Rockefeller,conngituytvichochngtahtchtinldnhcamnh.

Tnhnnm1910,chtinldnhmRockefellertitrchoihcChicagolnti35triu-la.Tngcng,stinlmtthincangvokhong550triu-la.

Nhng thi quen trong cng vic cng c Rockefeller a vo cucsngring.Thik lnhng thpkcaKnguynvng, thikmnhngqutckcplmranhngkhitisnkhnglvtoranhnglisngxahoa,phngtng.NginhtiNewYorkvintrangPocanticoca nh Rockefeller cng tht s sang trng, nhng ng v gia nh vnngbnngoisscs,phtrngvtrntccathik.Rockefellerv vmun dy cho con ci v nhng gi tr ca li sng thanh bch trnhchochngbhyhoibichnhnhngkhonthakln.Do,bntrnhRockefellerchcduynhtmtchicxebabnhhccchchias.TithnhphNewYork,cucontraiJohnD.RockefellerConphiibtnhntrngvttrngvnhtrongkhinhngatrconnhgiukhccanbngxevcngiphcvicng.Cnctintiuvt,cuphilmvictrnccintrangcachavimclnggingnhnhngcngnhnkhc.

Nm 1888, Rockefeller a gia nh cng hai v mc s ca nh thBaptisttichuubathng.McdkhngbittingPhp,ngvnxemktngkhontrnmihan.Poulet!ngkuln,riquaysanghicontraiJohnPouletlcig?.cgiithchrnglmngty,nglitiptcxemnhngkhonmckhcvhixemlg.Sauny,Johnnhli:Btikhngbaogimunthanhtonmthankhichabitmikhontrnhancchnhxchaykhng.ivimtsngi,bntmnnhngthnhnhtdngnhlbnxn,nhngivichati,lcchthhincamtquytcsng.

iukdiutrcmt

Cng tydoRockefeller thnh lpv cho li t ti s thnhvngv

songtiptcmrngtrongsutthpnin1880vsangcnhngnm1890.Nghin cu khoa hc cng tr thnhmt lnh vc hot ng ca cng tyny.Chtlngsnphm,sgngngvngnnptrongccbphn,tnhmylcduticcnhphnphiaphng...rtccngtyquantm.SphttrincahthngthtrngtitnngitiudngcuicnglmtyucucpthitividoanhnghipcaRockefeller.StandardOilcnthtrngtngxngvicngsutkhnglviunybuccngtyphitmkimmnhmccthtrngrngnhtttcmini,theoliRockefeller.ngni:Chngtacnsnlngln.Vsnlngcacng tykhngngngtng lnnhanhchng,vs tng trngkdiucakhilngductiuth,chyudidngduho.DuvndulmthayicucsngcangidnM.Dsngnhngthtrnv thnh ph phang hay trn nhng trang tri vng trung tm phaBc, ngi tiu dng umua du ha t cc ca hiu tp ha hay hiuthuc,cncccahiunylydutccnhbnbun,phnlnCngtyStandardOilcungcp.unm1864,mtnhhahcNewYorkvitvnhhngcaloichttminynhsau:Vmtno,dukodicucsngchotnglpnngdn.Nhngngivgicthochiuquthpcamcvoiphiquenvivicingsmsaukhimttrilnvdnhgnnhmtnacucing,thgiycthdnhbuitic sch v cho nhng th tiu khin khc.iu ny cng c bit ngtrongmang.

Li khuyn thc t v cch sdngduhadoHarrietBeecherStowearavonm1869nhanhchngcchpnhnrngri.TcgicunschUncleTomsCarbin(TplubcTom)chnhlngihtrchgimnh hon thnh cun sch American Womens Home or Principles ofDomesticScience (NginhcangiphnMhayNhngquy tcvkhoahcthngthc).Cunscharalikhuynvcchchnmuandu:Loiduhattemlimtthnhsngmchngtakhcthyucucaohn.Tuynhin,hcngcnhbovnhng loiducht lngkmhockhngtinhkhit,cthgyranhngvnkhngkhip.Giathp nin 1870, mi nm c t 5.000 n 6.000 ngi thit mng trongnhngtainnnhth.Quynhvchtlngduchmcbanhnhvthiungb.chnhlldokhinRockefellerkinquyttrongvnbomsnhtqunvkimsotchtlngvcnglldongttncngtylStandard.

Tinhngkhuvcthrnglnhn,duhavnphicnhtranhviloikhhathanhaycngilkhtthtrn.Khi,loikhtnycsnxutbngcchchitxuttthanhocligroin,mtsnphmchng

ctcaduth.Tuynhin,duhavncuthngkvmtgic.TiNewYorknm1885,duhacthpngnhucuchttchomtgianhvimcgichl10-lamtnm.Trongkhi,himkhihankhthngthngcanhnggianhgiuchndngcons.khuvcnngthnkhngdinratnhtrngcnhtranhnhvy.Mtnhnghincuvcccahiuvngnngthnvit:ChcnnhnvokhohngcamtcahiuttvsinhngvngnngthncaPhiladelphianm1876,mtngidnthnhthstinngayvostinb.Nhngngnn,bngnvtonbnhngmthngcgilduhoslmtiukdiutrcnhngconmtvnphicngranhnmivttrongbngtibngloinmb.

Duhalsnphmquantrnghnc,nhngkhngphi lsnphmduynht,doccnhmylcdusnxut.Nhngsnphmkhcbaogmligroin,xngsdnglmdungmihocsnxutthnhkhtdngchocctanh,dumazut,vdunhndngbitrnchoccbphnchuynngtrongngccatuha,mycngc,mymayvxep.MtsnphmkhcmangthnghiuVaselinecsdnglmthnhphnchnhchoccsnphmdc.Parafinkhngchcsdnglmnnvchtboqunthcnmcncdnglmkocaosuparafin,mtsnphmm ph n v nhng ngi lm cng vicmay v nn thng xuyn sdng.Trongnlctipcnngitiudng,StandardOilcngthchinnhngbcginhquynkimsot lnhvcmarketingcangnhdu la.ngianhngnm1880,phmvikimsot th trngcaStandardOilgnngangbngvithphnlcducacngtytclkhong80%.ccthphnkhnglny,Standardpdngnhngchinthutnghitng.NhnvinkinhdoanhcaStandardgiqumvedaccithcnh tranhcngnhccnhbn lc lpdmbnnhngmthngcnhtranhvisnphmcacngty.Standardcngthcymtlotccsng kin nng cao hi