DSIR TWELFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN Plan Document Summary Including

Eleventh Plan Achievements

Department of Scientific & Industrial Research New Delhi 110 001

2012-2017 Volume – I

DSIR

Contents

Sno. Title Page Number

1. Introduction 1

2. 11th Five Year Plan Review 2

3. 12th Five Year Plan 7

4. 12th Five Year Plan (2012-17) Financial Outlay 13

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12th Five Year Plan

Volume I: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research

1. Introduction The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), one of the departments of the Ministry of Science and Technology, was set up through a Presidential Notification, dated 4th January, 1985 (74/2/1/8 Cab.). The Department has two public sector enterprises, viz., Central Electronics Limited and National Research Development Corporation, apart from two autonomous organizations, viz., Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and Consultancy Development Centre, under its ambit. The present focus on innovation, highlighted by the President during her speech to Parliament during the Budget Session in 2009, followed by the Prime Minister during his address at the Science Congress in January, 2010, has important implications for the Department and its future planning. DSIR has been supporting innovative projects directed towards improving the technological and industrial competitiveness of the industry during the tenth and eleventh five year plans. The DSIR programmes in the 12th five year plan focus on building an innovation ecosystem in the country. DSIR aspires to be - an agency that influences policy formulation leading to industrial competitiveness; a one-stop agency in the country for all matters related to industrial research and development; and an agency that is looked at by anybody in the country, as one that nurtures and supports innovations having industrial applications.

The DSIR Programmes have been catering to all aspects, concerned with transformation of an innovation from mind to market. Vision and Mission of the department formulated during the Results Framework Document preparation exercise is given below:

Vision:

Enabling India to emerge as global industrial research and innovation hub.

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Mission:

Attracting industrial research in the country through industry and institution centric motivational measures and incentives;

Creating an enabling environment for development and utilization of new innovations.

Enhance innovations through its resources and channelize benefits thereof to the people.

New and innovative schemes are proposed in the 12th five year plan that would contribute towards creating an innovative ecosystem in the country, raising industrial R&D’s share in the national R&D expenditure, creating indigenous capacities to attract and absorb FDI, raising manufacturing industry’s contribution to 25% of GDP and raising technology and value added exports from the country. Focus shall be on nurturing and supporting innovations in micro, small and medium enterprises and MSME clusters and bring them into the mainstream, so as to make them feel that their contributions matter in the overall development and growth process of the country.

2. 11th Five Year Plan Review

2.1 Technology Promotion, Development and Utilization (TPDU) Programmes of DSIR

(i) Industrial R&D Promotion Programme

The main objective of the programme is to strengthen application oriented research and development by nurturing the growth of R&D in industry and strengthening R&D infrastructure in industry. The major achievements during the 11th Plan have been:

Recognition to 1500 In-house R&D centers of industry, 600 Scientific & Industrial Research Organizations (SIROs) and registration of 600 Public Funded Research Institutions / Universities

Issuance of about 350 certificates (Form No. 3CL) for weighted tax deduction on R&D expenditure incurred by industry u/s 35(2AB) of IT valued at over Rs 10000 crores to the Director General (I.T. Exemptions)

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(ii) Technology Development and Demonstration Programme (TDDP)

The main objective of the programme is to develop and demonstrate innovative need-based technologies for making industry competitive; and strengthening the interface between industry, R&D establishments and academic institutions. Support to 75 projects of industries for innovative technology development and demonstration in major sectors of industry involving a project cost of around Rs.520 crores and DSIR commitment to support around Rs.200 crores have been provided during 11th Plan.

(iii) Technopreneur Promotion Programme (TePP)

The main objective is to promote independent innovators to become technology based entrepreneurs (technopreneurs) during 11th Plan around 400 projects have been supported with a DSIR support of about Rs.27 crore. Some of projects supported are “Environment friendly printing ink”, “Heating/cooling apparel”, “Herbal Medicine for treatment of Asthma”, “Intralock intravenous cannula” and a device viz. AVAZ that converts messages into speech.

Also published 4 volumes of publication viz. Creative India

(iv) Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT)

The objective is to extend GOI support to the Asian Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UN ESCAP with a view to promoting international cooperation in the areas of industrial R&D, innovations and technology development and transfer. Annual institutional support and programme support for National Innovation System was provided during 11th Plan.

(v) Technology Development and Utilization Programme for Women (TDUPW)

The main objective of the programme is to promote adoption of new technologies by women, awareness creation and training of women on technology related issues. Capacity building programmes and workshops were supported during 11th Plan.

(vi) Information Technology and e-Governance (ITeG)

During 11th Plan the Department’s website, http://www.dsir.gov.in, was continuously being updated, IntraDSIR facility was active that provides functionalities such as bulletin board service, employees information and e-leave submission, thought for the day, Instant Messaging facility etc; and web-based Application Software for RTI Act 2005 was implemented.

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2.2 Consultancy Development Centre (CDC)

The major achievements of CDC during the 11th Plan have been:

CDC started two new courses: Technical Consulting & Management Consulting and trained more than 400 professionals. CDC also extended its Masters of Science in Consultancy Management Programme to Pune, Chennai, Hyderabad & Bangalore and enrolled around 500 students in the MS Program.

CDC was conducted over 250 Capacity Building Programmes on Selection of Consultants and Effective Use of Consultants and trained over 10,000 client organizations in various central/ state government departments.

CDC regularly published Consultancy Vision, a quarterly newsletter and Consulting Ahead, a biannual journal.

CDC undertook a project on development of portal for consulting intervention with database of more than 6000 consultants who are capable of providing a variety of services.

2.3 Central Electronics Ltd (CEL), Sahibabad

The major achievements of CEL during the 11th Plan have been:

Up-gradation & Up-scaling of solar cell manufacturing plant from 2 MWp to 10 MWp per annum.

CEL optimized the processing of 200+20 m thickness wafers in commercial production of solar cells.

In house production of phosphorus paste for solar cell manufacturing. CEL achieved ~ 17 % efficiency on R&D scale and 14 -15 % on

volume production in solar cells. Solar Modules up to 160 Wp test qualified to International Standards of

IEC 61215 (II Edition) and IEC 61730 (part I & II) by TUV Germany. Obtained type approval of 40-Detection Points Multi-Section Digital Axle

counter conforming to European Standard CENELEC SIL-4. Obtained RDSO approval for Point Zone Digital Axle Counter. Enhanced production capacity to manufacture Phase Control Modules

(PCM) to 40,000 Nos. per year and obtained fresh orders of PCM for Weapon Locating Radar and Akash Missile System for Air Force.

Initiated development of Solid State Block Equipment and Universal Fail Safe Block Interfacing (UFSBI) Equipment.

Obtained type approval of Piezo Generator for Heat Fuse 551 from FFV, Sweden

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Obtained bulk order for supply of Heat Fuse 551 to Ordnance Factory, Khamaria, Jabalpur.

2.4 National Research Development Corporation (NRDC), New Delhi

(i) Major Technologies Transferred during 11th Plan

Year 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

(Targets)

Total

No. of Licence Agreements signed

41 36 41 40 30 188

Assignments 58 55 60 55 55 283

(ii) Invention Promotion Programme

Major achievements during 11th Plan:

Awards for the Meritorious Inventions were given through annual conference – Innovate India

Published scientific magazine “Awishkar” (monthly) in Hindi.

NRDC has filed 514 Indian patent applications and 8 patent applications abroad and 13 technologies have been licensed to 24 licensees.

NRDC provided Techno commercial support to 103 promising inventions and incentives of the scientists.

Three parties were given Angel funding in the form of equity.

Organised 5 Industry interaction meets in association with various industry associations successfully and have interaction with the scientists and industry in various fields namely agri-biotech, life sciences, agro processing etc.

(iii) Technology Promotion Program (TPP)

Major achievements during 11th Plan:

Rural Technology Demonstration-cum-Training (RTDT) Centres were strengthened with emerging technologies in the area of Bio-fuels, herbal and food processing and building materials as per the need of the specific area and 8 new centres were set up.

Participated in 37 nos. of exhibitions related to Rural and agro technologies and as a result few technologies have also been licensed.

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Participates in Cluster Development Programme in three sectors viz., Sericulture, Dairy and Coir.

- Carried out workshops, interactive meets, awareness programmes with the help of Dairy Experts/ Scientists from R&D/ Veterinary doctors to create awareness on new technologies processes and methods for improving the quality of milk products and value added products.

- A total of 250 Sericulturists have been trained in 10 Batches.

- Provided "Anupam Looms" to Coir Clusters in Kerala, Karnataka and other southern states.

Promotion of Export of Technology:

- Set up a Centre for Demonstration and Promotion of Technologies (CDT) at Abidjan, Republic of Cote D’ Ivoire in association with Ivorian De Technologies Tropicale (I2T) through partial funding from MEA. The Centre has been handed over to CDT after continuously running of centre for two years.

- Supply of Fuel briquetting plant to Nigeria

Developed basic engineering design packages (BEDP) provides complete input for detailed engineering which is used by the entrepreneur for putting up the commercial plant. 34 Nos. of BEDP have been prepared.

Projects undertaken by NRDC under the Technology Development Programme for Priority Projects were:

- In-vivo evaluation and further development work on Targeted Gene Delivery System

- Optimization of New Anti-Cancer Formulation using Methylglyoxal as a lead compound

- Technology Intervention in the process of manufacturing Bamboo Timber Composites

- Generating field efficacy data on super absorbent Hydrogel

- Bio Assay Efficacy Test for the process Plant Based Mosquito Larvicide

- Generating field efficacy data on biopesticidal NemaGel

- Field Trial Evaluation of Bio-release zinc fertilizer

Under the Program for North-Eastern States, NRDC provided financial assistance to NEITCO for providing skill development training on Areca Leaf Plate and cups making unit at Guwahati.

Conducted 6 Women Entrepreneurship (Gender) Development Programmes

(WEDP) at different college/ Universities.

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3. 12th Five Year Plan

3.1 DSIR

3.1.1 Programme for Innovation Development & Empowerment (PRIDE)

National Innovation Council (NInC) along with CSIR has proposed for creating Cluster Innovation Centres (CICs) in MSMEs clusters.

Around 3750 innovative proposals of MSMEs to be supported. Around 100 CSIR-CICs shall be supported for providing innovative

solutions.

3.1.2 Nurturing Innovators for Commercialization and Entrepreneurship (NICE)

Support to any Indian citizens / students / incubates with an original idea/invention.

Expansion of existing network of 34 TePP Outreach Centres to 100 DSIR Outreach Centres

Support to around 1500 proposals from individual innovators / incubates.

3.1.3 Building collaborative Research for InDustrial Growth and Efficacy (BRIDGE)

To focus on PPP and create enabling environment for collaborative research between Industry and Universities/Public Funded Research Institutions.

Support to around 75 proposals from industry, either on its own or in collaboration with Universities/Public Funded Research Institutions.

3.1.4 Global Research and Industry Partnership (GRIP)

To support Indian industries to acquire Intellectual Property at early stage from overseas or within the country;

To support Indian industries to locally add value to the acquired IP; Funding to over 100 projects during the plan period.

3.1.5. Common REsearch And TEchnology Development Facilities (CREATE)

Aim to establish ten privately operated facilities for industrial R&D, with partial Government support, dedicated for Micro & Small Industries.

Centres shall cater to multiple MSME clusters

3.1.6 Supporting Equity in Start-ups

To support knowledge based enterprises in focus areas; The programme to be operated along with SIDBI Venture Capital

Limited.

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3.1.7 Access to Knowledge for Creation of Innovative Capacity and Dissemination (A2K)

To subscribe to science, technology and innovation related international journals from major publishers and make it accessible to 1500 in-house R&D units of industry and 600 Scientific & Industrial Research Organisations (SIROs) and techno-entrepreneurs;

To sponsor industrial technology related studies and disseminate them widely;

To organize, participate and support national and international conferences, seminars & workshops, exhibitions etc.

3.2 Consultancy Development Centre

3.2.1 Consultancy Promotion

To evolve standard guidelines, templates, policy framework to provide level playing field and to improve quality of consulting services in the country.

3.2.2 Services

Design & Develop a Virtual Network through a portal for GoI Ministries, Departments & consultants

3.2.3 Research & Analysis

Improve the quality of research training and techniques to employ research tools for consulting assignments to propose innovative solutions.

3.2.4 National Programme for Competency Development in strategic focus areas

To design, develop and implement competency development programmes in areas of strategic focus such as J&K, LWE and north – east states of India.

3.2.5 Technology Delivery Transfer and Commercialisation

To aid technology development and transfer via technology mapping and capacity building.

3.2.6 National Knowledge Depository

To develop Framework of Model, Mechanisms, Standards for National knowledge Repository.

3.2.7 Training & Development

To design & develop new Master level Courses such as MBA (Consultancy Management, MBA (R&D Management), MBA (Technology& Innovation Management)

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3.2.8 Export Promotion and International Collaborations

To identifying local partners in foreign countries as a strategic move for market entry and facilitate Joint Ventures among Indian & International consultants

3.2.9 Financial Consulting

To modernize the accounting system by revisiting the methodology for accounting organization.

3.3 Central Electronics Ltd.

Projects under S&T Scheme

3.3.1 Development, Pilot Process Demonstration & Field Testing of DSSCs/Modules

3.3.2 Development & Technology Absorption of Grid Tied Micro-inverter for SPV Power Plant

3.3.3 Establishment of R & D Facilities for Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) & Solar Thermal (ST)

3.3.4 Design & Development of Data Logger

Projects under I&M Scheme

3.3.5 Development & Establishment of PV module Facility of 80MW

3.3.6 Upgrading of Production Facility of PCM

3.3.7 Maintenance & Up-gradation of Infrastructure of Company as a whole

3.3.8 Production of X-Ray Baggage Scanning Systems

3.4 National Research Development Corporation 3.4.1 Programme for Inspiring Inventors & Innovators (PIII)

Prize Award to meritorious inventions and open source technologies. Angel Funding for promoting development of new generation products Knowledge Management Programme for promotion of Innovations /

Technologies 3.4.2 Programme for Development and Dissemination of Technologies (PDDT)

Digital Knowledge Base (Innovation Portal) for commercialisation of

Innovations

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3.4.3 Technology Facilitation and IP Management Programme (TFIMP)

NRDC-University Innovation Facilitation Centres Development of IP Mart Intellectual Property and Technology Facilitation Centre

3.4.4 Export of Technology (EOT)

Showcasing of Indigenous technologies emanating from Academic & Research Institutes and Universities and other technologies in African Countries

3.4.5 Socio-Economic Development through Innovative and Appropriate

Technologies (SEDIAT)

Programme for North-Eastern regions (skill development / training, EDP, technology demonstration centre, etc.)

Women Entrepreneurship Development Programme Propagation of Technologies under CSIR 800 Scheme

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Department of Scientific and Industrial Research

12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017) Financial Outlay

Rs. in crore

S.No. Constituents Outlay

1. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) 2575

1.1. Programme for Innovation Development & Empowerment (PRIDE) 500

1.2. Nurturing Innovators for Commercialization and Entrepreneurship (NICE)

275

1.3. Building Collaborative Research for Industrial Growth and Efficacy (BRIDGE)

300

1.4. Global Research and Industry Partnership Fund (GRIP) 500

1.5. Creation of Common Research and Technology Development Facilities 250

1.6. Supporting Equity in Start-ups 300

1.7. Access to Knowledge for Creation of Innovative Capacity and Dissemination (A2K)

100

Sub-Total for New Initiatives 2225

On-going and Spill-Over Programmes 350

2. Consultancy Development Centre (CDC) 63

2.1 Consultancy Promotion 16.30

2.2 Services 5.88

2.3 Research & Analysis 4.24

2.4 National Programme for Competency Development in strategic focus areas

6.27

2.5 Technology Delivery Transfer and Commercialisation 2.94

2.6 National Knowledge Depository 13.82

2.7 Training & Development 6.53

2.8 Export Promotion and International Collaborations 7.02

3. Central Electronics Limited (CEL) 230

S&T Projects

14

3.1 Development, Pilot Process Demonstration & Field Testing of DSSCs/Modules

25

3.2 Development & Technology Absorption of Grid Tied Micro-inverter for SPV Power Plant

25

3.3 Establishment of R & D Facilities for Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) & Solar Thermal (ST)

35

3.4 Design & Development of Data Logger 15

I & M Projects

3.5 Development & Establishment of PV module Facility of 80 MW 80

3.6 Upgrading of Production Facility of PCM 20

3.7 Maintenance & Up-gradation of Infrastructure of Company as a whole 5

3.8 Production of X-Ray Baggage Scanning Systems 25

4 National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) 180

4.1 Programme for Inspiring Inventors & Innovators (PIII) 38

4.2 Programme for Development and Dissemination of Technologies (PDDT)

55

4.3 Technology Facilitation and IP Management Programme (TFIMP) 27

4.4 Export of Technology (EOT) 40

4.5 Socio-economic Development through Innovative and Appropriate Technologies (SEDIAT)

20

Total of item no. 1 to item no. 4 3048

CEL – Mega Science Project

Joint Venture & Technology Absorption for Silicon Wafer Production 5755

Grand Total 8803

CSIR TWELFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN Plan Document Summary Including

Eleventh Plan Achievements

Council of Scientific & Industrial Research New Delhi 110 001

2012-2017 Volume – II

CSIR

Contents

Sno. Title Page Number

I. Review of the Eleventh Five Year Plan 1

1. Introduction 1

2. Approach and Strategy during the Eleventh Five Year Plan 4

3. Repositioning of CSIR during Eleventh Plan 7

4. Highlights of Significant contribution 9

5. National Laboratories: Sectoral Achievements 29

6. National S&T Human Resource Development 190

7. Intellectual Property and Technology Management 192

8. R&D Management Support 193

9. New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative 194

10. Setting Up of Innovation Complexes 208

II. Twelfth Five Year Plan Programmes 209

1. Focus and Strategies 209

1.1 Twelfth Five Year Plan Initiatives 209

1.1.1 Setting up of New Institutions 209

1.1.2 R&D in Clusters through National Laboratories 210

1.1.3 Open Innovation 210

1.1.4 Building Excellence 210

1.1.5 New R&D Paradigms 210

1.1.6 Innovation Complexes 211

1.1.7 CSIR Centres for Cooperative Research: CSIR-Academia, CSIR-R&D Institutes, CSIR-Industry 211

1.1.8 CSIR Outreach Centres 212

1.1.9 Initiative for Scale Up and Validation of Leads 212

1.1.10 CSIR Initiative for North Eastern States, Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar Islands 212

1.1.11 R&D Infrastructure Creation and Refurbishment 213

1.1.12 Civil Infrastructure Building and Refurbishment 213

1.1.13 National S&T Human Resource Development 213

1.1.14 Intellectual Property and Technology Management 213

1.1.15 R&D Management Support 213

1.1.16 New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI) 214

1.2 Ongoing Commitments of the Eleventh Five Year Plan 214

1.3 Budget Requirement 215

CSIR -12th Five Year Plan

CSIR -11th Five Year Plan

Achievements

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Twelfth Five Year Plan

Volume – II: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

Review of the Eleventh Five Year Plan

1. Introduction Emerged as a unique innovation system in the Country, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) is a premier organization delivering cutting edge science and technological solutions. It has a pan-India presence through 37 laboratories and 39 outreach centres, working in diverse knowledge intensive S&T areas. By systematic reorientation and repositioning from time to time, it has strived to become a model contemporary R D & E organization. CSIR is now moving towards globally benchmarking itself. CSIR has spearheaded formulation of many policies in the country and in tune with the government priorities, has refocused its goals to contribute towards achieving faster inclusive growth through appropriate S&T intervention. CSIR of today is not only firmly embedded into the National Innovation System (NIS) but also is energizing it by gainfully utilizing the expertise of more than 4500 scientists; 7000 technical personnel and 4000 administrative staff under its umbrella.

The Eleventh Plan of CSIR was formulated during 2007 under the framework of the seven cardinal policy objectives of Indian Planning namely growth, social justice & equity, modernization, self-reliance, food, productivity and employment. The Plan was formulated through a Working Group for the DSIR/CSIR based on the inputs from 16 sectoral and 4 thematic groups that aimed to make a critical assessment of the R&D parameters of the respective sectors and themes.

The Eleventh Five Year Plan sectoral focus of CSIR included: Aerospace Science & Engineering; Agro, Food Processing and Nutrition Technology; Biology & Biotechnology; Chemical Science & Technology; Electronics, Photonics & Instrumentation; Earth System Sciences; Ecology & Environment; Energy Resources & Technology; Engineering Materials; Mining/Minerals and Manufacturing Technology; Pharmaceutical, Healthcare

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and Drugs; Housing, Road and Construction; Information Technology, Resources and Products; Leather; Metrology; Rural Development; Water Resources & Technology. The thematic groups comprised of Human Resource Development, Intellectual Property Management; International Collaboration and PPP. The entire Plan was appropriately dovetailed at a later stage with the approach provided by the Planning Commission.

In the Eleventh Five Year Plan CSIR activities and programmes were operated through six schemes namely: i. National Laboratories; ii. National S&T Human Resource Development; iii. Intellectual Property & Technology Management; iv. R&D Management Support; v. New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative; and vi. Innovation Complexes.

The Working Group had recommended a budgetary support of Rs. 17580 crore for CSIR; however the Planning Commission had made an allocation of Rs. 8400 crore, of which CSIR has received Rs. 6842 crore.

Based on the above resource allocation by the Planning Commission, CSIR prioritized 96 projects, in four categories. These included:

Supra-Institutional Projects (SIP) – The SIPs were 32 in number. The R&D

areas covered broadly included: - Aerospace sciences and cutting edge technologies; - Evolution of the Indian lithosphere, major earth processes and

resources; - Science for forecasting systems for the waters around India; - Seismic hazard risk evaluation and earthquake precursor related

studies; - Performance driven steels, ceramic materials for emerging technologies; - High performance materials and construction technologies; - Niche food processing technologies for outreach of cost effective,

safe, hygienic, nutritious and health food to the target population; - Evidence based nutraceutical / herbal products for preventive health

and disease management; - Integrative biology approach in deciphering genotype - Phenotype

correlation for human complex disorders; - Investigative toxicology: New paradigms; - Understanding the molecular mechanism of diseases of national

priority: Developing novel approaches for effective management; - Development of Novel Target based Anticancer Therapeutics; - Biodiversity assessment, prospection and conservation of plant

resources of India; - R&D on Photovoltaic and Other energy applications;

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- Technology development for smart systems; and - Capability in mobile robot development for industrial, outdoor and

hazardous applications.

Networked Projects (NWP) - These projects were 48 in number. The R&D areas covered broadly included: - Specialty inorganic materials, conducting polymer paints and coatings; - High frequency microwave tubes; - Eco-friendly energy efficient processes for utilization of iron ore

resources; - Exploitation of Indian microbial diversity; - Engineering peptides and proteins for new generation therapies; - NCL-IGIB joint research initiative: Interfacing chemistry with biology; - Diabetes Mellitus -New drug discovery R&D, molecular mechanisms and

genetic factors; - Validation of identified screening models and development of new

alternative models for evaluation of new drug Entities; - Comparative genomics and biology of non-coding RNA in the human

genome; - Environmental Contaminants: New Screening Technologies and Effect on

Human Health; - Atmosphere carbon dioxide sequestration through fertilization of a high-

nutrients-low chlorophyll (HNLC) oceanic regions with iron; - Hydrogen economy initiative: Overcoming materials challenges for the

generation, storage and conversion of hydrogen using fuel cells; - Functional organic materials for energy efficient devices; - Development of advanced lightweight metallic materials for engineering

applications; - Engineering of structures against natural and other disasters; and - Advancement in metrology, development of hollow fibre membrane

technology.

Inter-Agency Projects (IAP) – The IAP projects were 6 in number. The R&D areas covered broadly included: - New insights in cancer biology: Identification of novel targets and

development of target based molecular medicine; - Development of Lithium-ion batteries for Multifarious applications; and - Project on Conservation of Endangered Species.

Facility Creation (FAC) - These projects were 10 in number. The R&D areas

covered broadly included: - National Facilities for Functional Genomic Research (a) Zebra-fish

Facility (b) Cellomics Facility (c) LC-NMR Facility; - Advanced Center for Protein Informatics, Science, Engineering &

Technology - Advanced centre for protein informatics;

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- Compact high energy light source radiation for structural analysis of bio-molecules;

- Centre for lipid research; - Battery performance evaluation centre; and - Innovation centre for plasma processing.

Indian R&D organizations including CSIR are performing in a dynamic situation, influenced by changes in policy settings at national and international level. CSIR has refocused and reprioritized its R&D activities (of Eleventh Five Year Plan) responding to the policy changes. Seven areas have been identified to focus and derive synergy. These areas include:

Affordable healthcare; Sustainable energy; Chemistry & Environment; Smart & Functional materials; Engineering structures/design and electronics; Earth System science; and CSIR-800 – S&T interventions for the masses.

2. Approach and Strategy during the Eleventh

Five Year Plan 2.1 The Approach CSIR’s approach during the 11th Plan was focused on “technology led accelerated inclusive growth” that was taken up through a three-pronged strategy namely:

Conceptualize, plan and work in a network mode on R&D of relevance nationally and globally. This was to be achieved through alignment with public, private, social and strategic needs;

Forge viable, challenging and defined supra-institutional projects as flagship programmes of individual laboratories; and

Build centers of sustainable growth within the CSIR laboratories. In the above approach, CSIR was guided by its mission statement which is to provide “Scientific industrial research and development that maximizes the economic, environmental and societal benefits to the people of India”.

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CSIR thus continued to foster the organizational values of: (i) Excellence in Science Science that will lead and not follow

(ii) Global competitiveness In technology based on high science,

rooted wherever feasible in India’s rich heritage of knowledge

(iii) Local relevance Finding holistic and optimal solutions to the pressing problems of the country by deploying technologies, ranging from the simplest to the most sophisticated often disruptive, suited to socio-cultural, economic ethos of the people; and

(iv) Innovation In all sphere of activities ranging from science, technology, management and financing.

2.2 The Strategy Guided by the above approach, CSIR’s operating strategy during the Plan was to think globally, plan nationally and act locally. CSIR recognized the importance of benefits that its laboratories must deliver to the nation in return of the Government budgetary grant, i.e. Benefit to Cost where benefits reflect on effectiveness and costs reflect on efficiency. In the Eleventh Plan CSIR had put emphasis on maximizing the Benefit to Cost ratio of goods. In order to do so the laboratories that were in the knowledge (research) intensive areas, were positioned to benchmark and compete globally; they positioned themselves strategically by ‘doing the right things’ and also attained high levels of operating efficiency to be competitive. The laboratories that delivered strategic and public outputs, and so unique in themselves that the nation could not do without them, were derived to explore alternate managerial practice for select activities to further enhances their usefulness and ‘efficiency of operation’. The laboratories which dealt with service specific socio-economic sectors were to concentrate on providing front-end research to industry and act as technology reservoir positioning strategically all activities to continue to be relevant to the industry. 2.2.1 Core Operative Strategy

In order to leverage scientific and technological capabilities to attain the goals, CSIR during the Eleventh Plan adopted the approach of implementing the following components in executing the Plan:

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R&D initiatives through defined and focused projects; Measures to leverage core competency of laboratories; and New initiatives.

2.2.2 R&D Projects

Supra-institutional projects, wherein the laboratory had at least one flagship project in which the majority of the groups within the laboratory participated. This was aimed to synergize the in-house capabilities to optimize the outputs;

Inter-laboratory network projects (as initiated in X Plan) with a sharp focus to develop products/processes and knowledge which was of interest to the nation;

Inter-agency projects, focusing on networking with institutions/agencies outside CSIR to develop advanced technologies/products /prototypes/ knowledge base that required multidisciplinary inputs and synergies. Such projects were envisaged to forge a Global Research Alliance, with international agencies of repute, for addressing global problems through global funding was one such endeavour; identifying opportunities for strategic partnerships for large inter-organizational impact making projects; and associate the 'Indian research community' in such partnerships as a 'Team India' endeavour.

Facility creation projects for augmenting the existing facilities as national facilities in R&D service mode to other academic and R&D institutions to help maximize their outputs and build synergies with them.

2.2.3 Leveraging Core Competency

In addition to the above structured projects, the Plan adopted the strategy to leverage and promote laboratory level research and leverage the core strength of CSIR through one or all of the following processes:

Creating, nurturing and sustaining the core knowledge frontier - To enabling laboratories to venture into exploratory research and also augment its R&D facilities for undertaking cutting-edge research in frontiers of science;

Promote the public private partnership mode - The NMITLI has created a brand image and is viewed today as a benchmark of PPP schemes. It has shown a new way of managing the R&D projects, appropriate to Indian conditions. As India is entering into a new era of R&D, more such newer approaches of innovation development would be evolved and experimented; and

Development of R&D Human Capital: CSIR laboratories were envisaged to forge symbiotic, seamless linkages and partnerships with institutions for higher learning by sharing with them their facilities, human resources (faculty) and infrastructure to develop specialized human resources in trans-disciplinary niche areas and later on to become part of the deemed University. Further, it was aimed to revitalize human resources through

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fresh induction of manpower, primarily in the scientific and technical cadres. In addition it is also proposed to create mechanism for hiring temporary scientific & technical manpower for implementation of R&D programmes to overcome the problems posed by ageing and shortage of manpower.

3. Repositioning of CSIR during Eleventh Plan Repositioning of CSIR has been achieved with the focus: to remain strategically important for the nation; to have excellent scientists who are happy and proud to be in CSIR; to create large enough public good to remain relevant; and to become a unique organization for achieving knowledge business world over. During the Mid Term Appraisal, CSIR undertook a thorough introspection into its functioning, performance and strategies and systematically addressed the lacunae through policy reforms. In the process, CSIR attempted to reposition itself for achieving greater efficiency. Highlights of the mid-term repositioning are as follows:

Change in R&D Focus and Operation: CSIR appreciated the need to focus on “inclusive innovation” while pursuing R&D activities in its laboratories. It was resolved to have the ongoing projects to be reviewed and repositioned and also some mega projects to be conceptualized, developed and launched.

Change in R&D Management Strategy through formation of Clusters:

CSIR envisaged evolving a new R&D management strategy through participative performance monitoring of R&D projects. In this context, the traditional division of R&D sectors was replaced with identification of six R&D clusters. These were Biological Science, Chemical Science, Engineering Science, Information Science, Physical Science and CSIR-800. The Clusters were placed under the Cluster Directors. The Council of CSIR Clusters (C3) was formed under the Chairmanship of DG, CSIR wherein all cluster Directors were members. All projects were positioned to operate dynamically in a mission mode with their strategy, deliverables and objectives repositioned as required. Individual projects were planned to be run by Project Directors in the age group of 35-45 years. Further individual projects were planned to have multi-tiered monitoring at laboratory level, task force level, cluster level and C3 level. The strategy was positioned to achieve crystallization of trans-disciplinary projects through inter-disciplinary linkages between sub-sets of multiple Clusters, thereby facilitating creation of global niches. This change in management strategy through creation of clusters was aimed at generating cutting-edge knowledge and providing technological solutions for the masses; as also to

8

reposition CSIR by creating a unique brand image through R&D led delivery and commercial exploitation of knowledgebase.

Science Policy for Scientific Entrepreneurship: A national effort pioneered and led by CSIR/DSIR has helped government to give nod for researchers to have an equity stake in scientific enterprises and spin-offs while still being employed in their organizations. This policy decision is to enable Indian scientists like their peers in all developed counties, to enjoy the commercial benefits of their inventions and patents. CSIR scientists have already spun off two companies namely: o Tridiagonal Solutions Pvt. Ltd. develops products and solutions by

harnessing power of computational modeling to enhance effectiveness and efficiency of industrial processes. The company has sites in Pune and San Antonio; and

o Vyome Biosciences Pvt. Ltd. is focused on developing best class drugs for Dermatology care exploiting modern Functional Genomics, Biotechnology, Medicinal & Polymer Chemistry and Nanotechnology. The focus areas of research in the company are Acne, Sebhorrheic Dermatitis, Diabetic Foot Ulcers, Pigmentation Disorder. Vyome is governed by eminent people from diverse background and managed by experienced professionals with a team of talented scientists.

Cluster Innovation Centre (MSME) - An initiative in building:

National Innovation Council (NInC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has decided to collaborate to set up Cluster Innovation Centre (CIC) in diverse MSME Clusters across the country by joining forces with CSIR 800 initiative of CSIR and the Technopreneur Promotion Programme (TePP) of DSIR.

Online Advanced Scientist Information System (OASIS):

A unique portal to connect to Scientific Community in CSIR has been created, build up and operationalised.

CSIR@80: Vision and Strategy - A New CSIR for New India:

CSIR is making India proud today, not only in high science but is catalyzing industrial growth as well in certain niche sectors, as a result of the strategic repositioning initiated about four years back with focus on innovation. Motivated with the success achieved, CSIR has prepared a road map for 2022 i.e. CSIR@80: Vision and Strategy – a new CSIR for new India, after detailed deliberations with various stakeholders.

9

4. Highlights of Significant Contributions The constituents of CSIR are pursuing well focused basic and applied research in diverse areas. As a socially conscious organization, CSIR has also been providing S&T needed for the Indian populace and helping in removing the drudgery of the masses at the base of economic pyramid. Over the decades CSIR has risen to the occasion, meeting diverse challenges put forth due to continuously changing internal and external policy settings. CSIR has enabled India excel in high science and is catalyzing industrial growth in certain niche sectors. CSIR’s role in S&T human resource development is noteworthy. Pioneer of India’s intellectual property movement, CSIR today is also strengthening and building on its patent portfolio to carve out global niches for the country in select technology domains. In the last four years of the Eleventh Five Year Plan, CSIR has made major strides in terms of its contributions in the areas such as affordable healthcare, sustainable energy, development of technologies for industrial competitiveness, providing knowledgebase for strategic sector, and finding holistic solution for societal welfare. Highlights of the achievements are given below: 4.1 Scientific Excellence 4.1.1 Research Papers

CSIR published 3858 research papers in SCI journals of national and international repute during 2007; 4114 during 2008; 4259 during 2009; and 4433 during 2010 contributing to average 12% of the National SCI publications.

The average Impact Factor per paper stood at 2.047 during 2007; 2.130 during 2008; 2.28 during 2009 and 2010.

CSIR is energized through appropriate interventions - the energy of scholarship is steadily increasing, which is reflected in the Energy - Index graph (E= C2/P, where P is papers of five previous years, and C is the citations received in the target year) which shows the increase in impact/paper as well as the increase in total number of papers. CSIR’s energy scholarship compares advantageously with that of leading R&D institutes in the country:

- CSIR published 18 research papers during 2008 in high impact (IF>10.0)

SCI journals which include Nature, Science, Cell, PNAS and others with highest impact factor of 29.88; and

- CSIR’s scientific impact is growing rapidly and presently has the highest scientific impact in the country. During 2009, a total of 11 research papers were published in high impact (IF>14) journals, such as Nature,

10

Science, Cell, PNAS, Chemical Reviews; the highest being in Chemical Reviews with impact factor of 35.96.

1.85

1.9

1.95

2

2.05

2.1

2.15

2.2

2.25

2.3

2.35

2007 2008 2009 2010

Impa

ct F

acto

r

Year

Average Impact Factor during 11FYP

3500

4000

4500

2007 2008 20092010

38584114

42594433

Num

ber

Year

CSIR Publications during 11FYP

11

List of Top 50 Publications across Clusters

S.No Paper Title Publication Details Impact Factor (IF)

Biological Sciences Cluster

1. Reconstructing Indian population history

NATURE, 2009, 461 (7263),489

34.48

2. Gamete formation without meiosis in Arabidopsis

NATURE, 2008, 451 (7182), 1121

34.48

3. A common MYBPC3 (cardiac myosin binding protein C) variant associated with cardiomyopathies in South Asia

NATURE GENETICS, 2009, 41(2), 187

34.284

4. Nanoscale organization of Hedgehog is essential for long-range signaling

CELL, 2008, 133, 1214 31.152

5. Towards a new developmental synthesis: adaptive developmental plasticity and human disease

LANCET, 2009, 373 (9675), 1654

30.758

6. Synthetic Clonal Reproduction Through Seeds

SCIENCE, 2011, 331 (6019), 876

29.747

7. Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia.

SCIENCE, 2009, 326 (5959), 1541

29.747

8. Human Proteinpedia enables sharing of human protein data

NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2008, 26 (2), 164

29.495

9. P. Pharmacological inhibition of gut-derived serotonin synthesis is a potential bone anabolic treatment for osteoporosis

NATURE MEDICINE, 2010, 16(3), 308

27.136

10. Beal MF. Hugging tight in Huntington's

NATURE MEDICINE (News & Views), 2011, 17, 245

27.136

Chemical Sciences Cluster

11. Recent developments in the synthesis of prostaglandins and analogues

CHEMICAL REVIEWS, 2007, 107 (7), 3286

26.054

12. Marine Metabolites: The Sterols of Soft Coral

CHEMICAL REVIEWS, 2009, 109(6), 2803

23.492

13. Organic Syntheses and Transformations Catalyzed by Sulfated Zirconia

CHEMICAL REVIEWS, 2009, 109(6), 2185

23.492

14. Polyaniline materials by emulsion polymerization pathway

PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE, 2008, 33(7), 732

12.809

15. BioinspiredSuperhydrophobic Coatings of Carbon Nanotubes and

ANGEW. CHEM. INT. ED., 2008, 47, 5750

11.83

12

Linear π Systems Based on the “Bottom-up” Self-Assembly Approach

16. Gold Nanoparticles Embedded in a Mesoporous Carbon Nitride Stabilizer for Highly Efficient Three-Component Coupling Reaction

ANGEW. CHEM. INT. ED.,2010, 49 (34), 5961

11.83

17. A Near-Infrared Squaraine Dye as a Latent RatiometricFluorophore for the Detection of Aminothiol Content in Blood Plasma

ANGEW. CHEM. INT. ED., 2008, 47, 7883

11.83

18. Ruthenium(IV) Complexes Featuring P,O-Chelating Ligands: Regioselective Substitution Directly from Allylic Alcohols

ANGEW. CHEM. INT. ED., 2010, 49 (15), 2782

11.83

19. ToroidalNanoobjects from Rosette Assemblies of Melamine-Linked Oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)s and Cyanurates

ANGEW. CHEM., INT. ED., 2008, 47, 4691

11.83

20. Merging Metal and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis: On the Way to Discovering Enantioselective Organic Transformations

ANGEW. CHEM., INT. ED., 2011, 50 (8), 1759

11.83

Engineering Sciences Cluster

21. A Universal Approach to the Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanodendrites and Their Catalytic Properties

ANGEW. CHEM. INT. ED., 2010, 49, 4962

11.829

22. A facile approach for morphosynthesis of Pdnanoelectrocatalysts

CHEM. COMMUN., 2011, 47, 3796

5.34

23. Commercializing lignocellulosicbiethanol technology –Bottlenecks and possible remedies

BIOFUELS, BIOPRODUCTS AND BIOREFINING-BIOFPR., 2010, 4, 77

4.885

24. Synthesis, characterisation and catalytic evaluation of iron-manganese mixed oxide pillared clay for VOC decomposition reaction

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL, 2008, 79, 279

4.853

25. Review paper on solar-powered air conditioning through adsorption route

RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS, 2010, 14 (8), 2189

4.84

26. Facile fabrication of hierarchical N-doped GaZn mixed oxides for water splitting reactions

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY, 2010, 20 (34), 7144

4.795

27. Facile synthesis of mesoporous N doped zirconium titanium mixed oxide nanomaterial with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY, 2010, 20 (48), 10876

4.795

13

light

28. Facile Synthesis of nano-structured Hydroxyapatite-titania Bio-implant Scaffolds with Different Morphologies: Their Bioactivity and Corrosion Behaviour

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY, 2010, 20, 4949

4.795

29. Influence of foreign Fe ions on wet chemical synthesis of Pt nanoparticle thin films at ambient temperature: in situ versus direct addition

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY, 2009, 19 (37), 6810

4.795

30. Facile synthesis of ultra-small monodisperse ceria nanocrystals at room temperature and their catalytic activity under visible light

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY, 2010, 20, 2381

4.795

Information Sciences Cluster

31. Timing of recent out-of-sequence active deformation in the frontal Himalayan wedge: Insights from the Darjiling sub-Himalaya, India

GEOLOGY, 2007, 35, 999 4.368

32. Estimates of interseismic deformation in Northeast India from GPS measurements

EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS, 2007, 263, 221

4.062

33. High-resolution simulation of mean convection and its intraseasonal variability over the tropics in the MRI/JMA 20-km mesh AGCM

JOURNAL OF CLIMATE, 2008, 21, 3722

3.363

34. No evidence of unusually large postseismic deformation in Andaman region immediately after 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2008, 35, L10307

3.204

35. Reduction in temporal and spatial extent of the Indian summer monsoon

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2007, 34, L23704

3.204

36. GPS-based atmospheric precipitable water vapor estimation using meteorological parameters interpolated from NCEP global reanalysis data

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES, 2008, 113, D03106

3.082

37. An outlook into energy consumption in large scale industries in India: The cases of steel, aluminium and cement

ENERGY POLICY, 2010, 38, 7286

2.436

38. Pricing model for biodiesel feedstock: A case study of Chhattisgarh in India

ENERGY POLICY, 2010, 38, 7487

2.436

39. Earthquake correlations and networks: A comparative study

PHYSICAL REVIEW E, 2011, 83, 046109

2.352

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40. The Correlation Conundrum JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2010, 61, 2378

2.3

Physical Sciences Cluster

41. Marine metabolites: The sterols of soft coral

CHEMICAL REVIEWS, 2009, 109 (6), 2803

35.957

42. Denitrification as the dominant nitrogen loss process in the Arabian Sea

NATURE, 2009, 461 (8276), 78

34.48

43. The rapid drift of the Indian tectonic plate

NATURE, 2007, 449, 894 34.48

44. Ocean iron fertilization - Moving forward in a sea of uncertainty

SCIENCE, 2008, 319 (5860), 162

28.103

45. Seismic Evidence for Sharp Lithosphere – Asthenosphere Boundaries of Oceanic Plates

SCIENCE, 2009, 324, 499 28.103

46. Nickel(II) tetra-aminophthalocyanine modified MWCNTs as potential nanocomposite materials for the development of supercapacitors

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, 2010, 3, 228

9.45

47. The boundary between the Indian and Asian plates below Tibet.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 2010, 107 (25), 11229

9.432

48. Electrically Tunable Optical Switching of a Mott Insulator-Band Insulator Interface

ADVANCED MATERIALS, 2010, 22, 4448

8.379

49. RAMA: The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (including supplement)

BULL. AM. METEOROL. SOC., 2009, 90 (4), 459

6.123

50. Marine molecular biology: An emerging field of biological sciences

BIOTECHNOL. ADV., 2008, 26 (3), 233

6.11

4.1.2 CSIR Scientists in Frontier of Science

CSIR scientists have been awarded prestigious fellowships and have won various prestigious awards for the contributions made. Data till September 2011 is given below:

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Fellowship/Award Number

Fellows of Indian National Science Academy 37 Fellows of Indian Academy of Engineers 23 Fellows of Indian Academy of Sciences 61 Fellows of National Academy of Sciences 79 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Awardees 34 National Mineral Awardees 33 INSA young scientist awardees 30 CSIR Young Scientists awardees 120

4.1.3 Creating and Nurturing S&T Human Resource for generating wealth

a) National S&T Human Resource Development: At the national level, CSIR has been contributing significantly for the development of highly qualified S&T manpower in diverse disciplines. CSIR is currently supporting over 8396 research scholars. 4000 students are pursuing Ph.D. in various CSIR Laboratories. About 7000 project assistants work in various R&D projects and are trained on advanced S&T.

b) Achieving High Value for its PhDs:

Currently CSIR produces 500 Ph.Ds and 2000 post graduate degree holders and research trainees every year. As per Kelkar Committee recommended methodology, the differential value per annum after appropriate discounting for guiding these Ph.Ds and training post graduate degree holders and research trainees would be at Rs. 225 crore and Rs. 450 crore per annum respectively (Rs. 675 crore in total).

4.1.4 Value generation through Intellectual Property (IP)

CSIR has had been at the forefront of Intellectual Property generation - it enjoys a unique position amongst publicly funded R&D organizations nationally and internationally.

CSIR was granted 1282 foreign patents and 1507 Indian patents during the Eleventh Plan till date.

CSIR has 3250 foreign patents and 2350 Indian patents in force and 222 patents licensed as on date. The percentage utilization of patents is 8.67% which is much above the world average of 3-5%.

CSIR’s per patent cost is lowest in the world amongst state funded R&D organizations. For example, the cost per US Patent (2008) as a ratio of CSIR with respect to major state funded organizations stands at 1:7 for Max Planck Germany, 1:7 for CNRS and 1:13 for Chinese Academy of Sciences.

16

100

200

300

400

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

207182

158 173

230

390

149

242

Num

ber

Year

Patents Filed during the 11th Plan

Filed India

Filed Abroad

50

550

1050

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

401

701

145260

345 344 329 264

Num

ber

Year

Patents Granted during the 11th Plan

Granted India

Granted Abroad

250IX Plan X Plan XI Plan

6581413

23503421333

3250

Num

ber

Plan

CSIR Patent Portfolio Across Plans

Indian

Foreign

17

4.1.5 Reaching out to the stakeholders CSIR organized Technofest 2010 in a mega way at Pragati Maidan in

Hall No. 11 during 14th – 27th November 2010. It has been a great success. CSIR presented its knowledgebase in the Technofest through 15 theme pavilions, namely: Energy; Healthcare; Agriculture & Floriculture; Food & Nutrition; Water; Ecology & Environment; CSIR 800; Chemicals & Petrochemicals; Strategic Sectors; Aerospace; Engineering Infrastructure; Mining, Minerals & Materials; IP & Entrepreneurship; and Nurturing Human Resource. Over 130 industries participated in the Technofest and displayed their R&D partnership success stories with CSIR. Various dignitaries from diverse walks of life visited the CSIR Pavilion and appreciated the contributions made by CSIR. Over half a million people visited the Technofest during the period and got educated of science and innovation provided by CSIR for transforming India. CSIR also organized as the part of the Technofest, various R&D specific theme sessions which discussed in a focused manner the status of technology in the respective domains, future road map so as to carve out an Indian niche in the domain and possible partnership with CSIR through diverse and innovative models.

CSIR Tableau at Rajpath on 26.1.2011 focused at generics drugs to genomic medicine was very well received. In the tableau through an expressive medium, CSIR contributions for development of generic drug industry in the country over the years on one hand and CSIR’s continued efforts for development of new drugs and now of genomic medicine on the other were captured.

4.2 Recognition through Awards

Award for “Highest number of Patents in the Country”

CSIR has bagged an award for an Indian institute securing highest number of Indian patents in the year 2009. The award is instituted by Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. CSIR continues to hold the same position.

Thomson & Reuters Innovation Award 2010 for “Most Innovative Hi-Tech Academic Institution in the Country”

CSIR has received Thomson & Reuters Innovation Award 2010 for being most innovative hi-tech academic institution in the country. The recipients for this award are decided by analyzing their innovation through patented technology, number and impact of patents, the efficiency and effectiveness of research and the impact of innovation as measured by patent citations.

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Award for best display in IITF 2010

CSIR bagged Gold medal for display in CSIR Technofest 2010. The award was in the category of Public Sector Undertakings, EPCS, Community Boards and Banks. 4.3 CSIR Technologies for National Capacity Building

CNM5 from CSIR-NAL and Mahindra Aerospace:

Designed and developed through a public-private partnership in civil aircraft, the CNM5 is a 5-seater all-metal aircraft. The aircraft was test flown first in the first week of September, 2011 and then had subsequent successful test flights. It is powered by a Lycoming IO-540 engine and features non-retractable landing gear and a spacious cabin with large access doors. The cabin interior is reconfigurable to adapt the aircraft to different roles, while simplicity of systems and ease of maintenance are design drivers throughout the aircraft. The CNM5, a light utility aircraft, is designed to meet the latest global standards, while operating in environments with limited infrastructure at extremely low costs per seat mile.

CNM-5 taking off for Maiden Flight

Carbon Fibre Technology – Setting up of a commercial plant: Carbon fibre is an important and strategic raw material for the fabrication of advanced composite materials. Carbon fibre polymer matrix composites are being extensively used as light weight structural materials in a large number of materials. The technology for the carbon fibres and pregregs developed by CSIR-NAL (National Aerospace Laboratories) was transferred to M/s Kemrock for commercialization. The Kemrock has set up a plant of capacity of 400 tons per annum. In due course, this effort would make the country self sufficient in carbon fibre material. The plant has been reently certified for its use in aircraft grade components by the Center for Military Airworthiness & Certification (CEMILAC), a constituent laboratory of DRDO with its primary function in certification of military aircraft and airborne systems. With the certification, the T300 grade fibres being produced by M/s. Kemrock with the technical know how from CSIR-NAL, can now be used in making aircraft components.

19

Sulphate of Potash – A novel technology for self reliance: Technology for recovery of Sulphate of Potash (SOP), developed by CSIR-CSMCRI (Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute) from bittern has been transferred to M/s Archean Chemical Industries. They are setting up a commercial plant of capacity 1 lakh tone per annum. SOP is a premium fertilizer with highest nutrient value of ~68%. Further, CSIR-CSMCRI has demonstrated the technology to Tata Chemicals Limited (TCL). A pilot plant is being set up in the company’s premises which would have potential to produce 3 tons/day (900 tons) of sulphate of potash. The novel technology has been protected (PCT granted in USA, Australia and Canada). Presently entire potash demand is met through imports. The commercialization of the indigenous technology would make our country self sufficient in sulphate of potash.

Head Up Display – Commercialization of technology: The Head up Display (HUD) is an essential component of the cockpit display by providing the pilot with essential flight information, navigational and target/weapon release cues superimposed on the window to the outside world. It is a transparent display that presents data without requiring the user to look away from his viewpoint. The technology developed by CSIR-CSIO (Central Scientific Instrument Organisation) for use in Light Combat Aircraft, has been transferred to M/s. Bharat Electronics Limited, Panchkula and production has begun.

Commercialization of the ATBS (acrylamido tertiary butyl sulfonic acid) Technology: The ATBS process was developed by a team at CSIR-NCL and has been commercialized by M/s Vinati Organics Limited (VOL) at MIDC, Lote Parsuram, Chiplun. This technology has major impact of Economic & Strategic nature on company (VOL) as well as country. With ATBS Plant commissioned, VOL has become the 2nd largest manufacturer of ATBS in world (18000 TPA at present). With variety of polymers manufactured

ATBS plant of the Vinati Organics Ltd.

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(different mol wt polymers with different process conditions), ATBS finds applications in innumerable products e.g. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), Acrylic dye fiber pick-up, Water treatment, Medical polymers, Personal care application etc. With increase in crude prices EOR has become very important. ATBS is one of the important ingredients used in EOR so its usage is going up. Due to this VOL is also under expansion which will make it largest producer of ATBS in the world.

4.4 CSIR Building up Technology Portfolio aimed at Socio – Economic Impact: Some cases in point

Tractors - From Swaraj to Sonalika to Krishi Shakti:

Based on the success of Swaraj, CSIR-CMERI has developed an advanced tractor named ‘Sonalika’ and the technology was transferred to M/s International Tractors Ltd. Today more than 1,00,000 tractors are tilling the Indian soil with an annual turnover of the M/s ITL at Rs.1400 crores. Continuing the R&D, CSIR developed a 10hp tractor named ‘Krishi Shakti’, which is low cost (Rs.1 lakh) and is suitable for small and marginal farmers.

Streptokinase – from natural to recombinant to next generation:

Streptokinase is a vital, life-saver injectable protein drug that saves upto 40% of human lives after heart attacks if given within a few hours of the onset of chest pain. The Indian sub-continent has been recognized by the WHO as a highly vulnerable population pool for cardiac problems, with over 20 million patients in India alone who are suffering from heart-related maladies. CSIR has developed a portfolio of Streptokinase technology which includes:

o Natural Streptokinase: Natural streptokinase, ‘British’ Pharmacopaeic grade, was developed. The technology was transferred to M/s Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmedabad. Cadila is manufacturing the drug indigenously, a first in India. As a result, the price of the imported brands even reduced in the country by about 40%, resulting in a major saving to the Indian consumer and thus making it within the reach of a common man. IMT’s process is high-yielding (approx. 70% yields) and delivers drug of exceptionally pure quality (> 99% SK protein) that is safe toxicologically and stable for extended periods of time.

o Recombinant Streptokinase: Recombinant streptokinase using the recombinant DNA route has been developed. The technology was transferred to M/s. Shasun Drugs and Chemicals Ltd., Chennai. The product was launched after all regulatory testing mandatory for rDNA based therapeutics. The technology has led to making available this vital life saver drug available to the consumer at most affordable costs.

21

o Clot-specific Streptokinase: The clot-specific streptokinase is an

engineered streptokinase with decreased side effects. This is a cutting edge technology that has a truly international potential since it can compete with the most advanced clot buster drug currently available (TPA and tissue plasminogen activator). Patents for this advanced version have been filed in several countries. The technology is currently being scaled up so that its transfer to a commercial partner has minimum take off period.

o Development of New-Generation Thrombolytic Molecules: CSIR has licensed for commercialization of new generation (third and fourth) thrombolytic molecules. These New Generation Clot-buster(s) comprise clinically beneficial thrombolytic molecules with enhanced half lives as well as target (fibrin/clot) specificity. In addition, these have the property of thrombin inactivation in situ, that is, at the site of vascular injury to thwart re-occlusion, a major problem limiting present-day clot busters.

Affordable healthcare

o Risorine: CSIR-IIIM with Cadila Pharmaceuticals has developed for the first time a novel therapy obtained from Ayurveda named as “RISORINE” for the treatment of tuberculosis. Lead for this novel therapy is obtained from Ayurveda. Concerted research led to identification of Piperine as an active ingredient of Trikatu responsible for enhancement of bioavailability. Commercialization of Risorine has reduced cost of Rifampicin - Isoniazide containing formulation by 23%. While reducing the cost of therapy, Risorine also overcomes certain disadvantages of Rifampicin. Rifampicin is known to have decreased bioavailability over time. Risorine offers advantage of providing consistent levels of Rifampicin over entire therapy period and significant reduction in gastrointestinal side effects.

o Prostalyn: CSIR-IICB developed a herbal formulation for the

treatment and remedy of prostate problem. The technology was licensed for commercial exploitation. Using CSIR/IICB technology, the company has started marketing this drug in the name of Prostalyn. The drug inhibits abnormal proliferation within the prostate gland in men and relieves urinary symptoms associated with prostate megaly. This leads to decrease in its size, improved urinary flow, more complete emptying of the bladder, decreased urine retention and relief from the symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia.

o Memory Enhancer: CSIR-CDRI has developed bacosides enriched

standardised extract BESEB (“Bacosides Enriched Standardized

22

Extract of Bacopa”) of Bacopa - a single plant based unique natural memory enhancer formulation and patented the development. The results of the clinical trials conducted by CSIR-CDRI in India and also in Australia prove that it is good for the prevention and early treatment of dementia. The formulation is useful for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children, Age Associated Memory Impairment (AAMI) in elderly persons as well as for those with stress, tension, anxiety and to improve the memory. BESEB is successfully commercialized and its efficacy has been established.

o Caerulomycin A: CSIR-IMTech isolated a bipyridyl compound from a

novel species of actinomycetes Actinoalloteichus spitiensis from the Himalayan region which inhibits the proliferation of activated lymphocytes, especially CD4 T cells (both Th1 and Th2) and B cells, which are the cornerstone of adaptive immunity. It also suppresses the production of cytokines. Further, it delays the onset of rejection of skin allografts in mice. The bioactive compound is identified and characterized as Caerulomycin A. The molecule is of immense interest because it exhibits better immunosuppression than the drugs that are currently in clinical use. The molecule will have use in the survival of transplants and treatment of autoimmune diseases.The technology has been licensed for further development and commercialization.

o New contraceptives: CSIR-IICB developed a pharmaceutical composition which has virucidal and spermicidal activity. Acaciaside-B (Ac-B) has emerged as a prospective candidate molecule for prevention of HIV infection along with potential for use as/in vaginal contraceptive/ formulation. It possesses anti-HIV property at a tolerably low concentration, is non-mutagenic and does not harm the niche of Lactobacilli. Centchroman is the world’s first nonsteroidal oral contraceptive. It is a weak estrogen and a potent antiestrogen with a high therapeutic index. It is marketed by M/s Hindustan Latex Ltd. under the trade name Saheli. An improved, economical, safe, environmental friendly process for production of Dl-Centchroman was developed and transferred for commercialization.

o Anti-malarial formulation: A blood schizontocidal antimalarial drug α-β Arteether (Brand name E-mal) has been developed by CSIR-CDRI from the plant Artemisia annua. The drug is effective in treatment of uncomplicated and complicated cases of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and marketed by Themis Medicare. The drug was launched in Ghana for marketing and is being marketed in more than 35 countries of Asia and Africa continents.

23

Technologies for Water:

CSIR Laboratories have developed significant knowledgebase on water, ranging from source finding to mapping of water resources, from quality assessment to enhancing potability of water and from recycling to waste water treatment. The R&D activities in the current plan have led to further expansion of the knowledgebase in place. Some of the significant contributions are summarized below:

o CSIR-CSMCRI developed a defect-free high flux hollow fibre

membrane based technology for water disinfection and purification at affordable cost using polymers and their blends. The technology has been transferred for commercial exploitation. Further, inter polymer ion exchange membrane based technology has been developed by the Laboratory for production of ultrapure water (resistivity-18.2 mega ohm cm) to cater to important industrial sectors like pharmaceutical and semi-conductor industries. Such units are presently imported. The technology has been transferred for commercial use. A treatment prototype has also been developed by combining features of Electro Dialysis and Reverse Osmosis for efficient desalination of brine water.

o In yet another development having societal implications, resin-based

domestic unit for removal of arsenic from drinking water has been developed along with cost-effective kits for monitoring of arsenic levels.

o CSIR-IMMT has further refined the simple portable and compact device, the Terafil water filter which is capable of removing microorganisms, turbidity and colloids from drinking water without the use of chemicals. The device is especially handy in remote areas and in the event of natural disaster where the access to pure water and electricity is difficult.

o CSIR-NGRI continued its activities relating to developing and

deploying technologies including remote sensing and geotechnical tools for ground water mapping.

o First community scale solar RO desalination plant in Kotri, Rajasthan

was set up by CSIR-CSMCRI with subsequent development of power boosting through V-trough, thereby making the process cost-effective. Desalination of highly saline brines using diesel engine waste heat have also been developed besides setting a 20 MLD RO plant for desalination of lignite mine water in Nagaur, Rajasthan.

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o CSIR has also contributed in the aftermath of natural calamities including Kosi flood and Cyclone Aila by providing fresh drinking water in the affected areas.

o Some other important initiative that CSIR Laboratories have taken

included setting up of RO plants in friendly countries like Afghanistan and Kenya besides putting many plants in India.

4.5 Catalyzing the Industrial Growth – Some Examples of Technology Transfer during the Eleventh Plan

CSIR has signed the unique deal with Nostrum Pharmaceuticals for world-

wide licensing of clinical development of new generation thrombolytic molecules. CSIR will be receiving over 150 million US$ through various milestone payments and royalties. This is an outstanding example of Public-Private-Partnership that will ultimately benefit the mankind. The effort is part of CSIR’s endeavour on providing affordable healthcare.

Design and development of a new generation clot specific protein that displays plasminogen activation property. The technology for this new drug molecule has been transferred to M/s Nostrum Pharmaceuticals, USA at Rs.19.60 crore plus 5% royalty.

Development of a technology for Caerulomycin A, and its proprietary derivatives and analogues (“Caerulomycin”) for their novel indication of immuno-suppression – a discovery of immense importance in tissue transplantation like in kidney and heart. The technology has been licensed to M/s Nostrum Pharmaceuticals, USA at Rs.14.70 crore plus royalty 2%.

Launch of recombinant streptokinase by M/s Shasun Drugs & Chemicals through M/s Lupin Pharmaceuticals and M/s Alembic Chemicals. The technology for the production of recombinant streptokinase produced from E.coli gives higher yield than that of conventional system. This technology would bring down the prices of clot busters significantly. The technology was transferred at a cost of Rs.1.00 crore plus 3.5% royalty.

A New anti-ulcer drug - CSIR’s patented know-how on a natural agent for treatment of gastro-intestinal toxicity associated symptom and ulcer, has been licensed to M/s IPCA Laboratories Ltd, Mumbai at Rs. 2.5 crore plus royalty.

A facile process for Heptafluropropoane (FM 200),- a halon substitute used in fire fighting systems has been transferred to M/s Mechvac Fabricators (I) P. Ltd., Mumbai for commercial production. The market size for this halon substitute is about Rs. 150 crores per annum

An improved and patented catalytic process for the manufacture of epichlorohydrin from allyl chloride. It is a chlorine free process. The plant of 3000 TPa (Aditya Birla Group) went on stream at Ryong, Thailand. This is the first plant of its kind in the world. The technology transferred at a cost of Rs.1.64 crore.

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Process technology for fractionation of sugarcane bagasse for the recovery of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin licensed to M/s Godavari Sugars at Rs. 6.5 crore plus 3% royalty. The technology uses the waste products of sugarcane bagasse to produce products like biodegradable polymer, cement binder, biofuel etc. The Godavari is raising Rs. 500 crore from the market to establish a commercial plant, the first of its kind in the world.

4.6 CSIR 800 – S&T Interventions for Base of the Economic

Pyramid CSIR has launched an ambitious, socially relevant programme named CSIR 800. This programme aims at developing and providing innovative R&D based products and processes which would be affordable by the common masses. These would come out handy for not only removing drudgery but also add to economic upliftment of Indian populace by successfully launching small scale enterprises.

Soleckshaw: CSIR has designed and developed an eco-friendly dual powered rickshaw named 'Soleckshaw'. It is driven partly by pedal and partly by electric power supplied by a battery that is charged from solar energy. This dual powered Soleckshaw has very low carbon foot print. The rickshaw would eliminate the drudgery being faced by the rickshaw pullers and also enhance their earnings. The technology has been transferred to many industries for commercial production. Union Budget 2010 proposed to provide a concessional excise duty of 4 per cent to this product. Its key parts and components are also being exempted from customs duty.

Ashwagandha Variety:

A novel variety of Ashwagandha with high root yield of 15 quintal/hectare has been developed and released to farmers which would help farmers with more earnings. The Ashwagandha has useful applications in pharma applications as anti-inflammatory, anti-stroke and anti-arthritis.

Cultivar of Lavender:

A high yielding cultivar of Lavender developed by CSIR has proved to be an excellent alternate crop for cultivation by farmers in the state of Jammu & Kashmir.

CSIR’s Activities for the North Eastern States and Women

CSIR Post Harvest Technology Centres: CSIR has set up post harvest centres in Mizoram (Aizawl) and Arunachal Pradesh (Pashighat). These centres are focused at helping the local farmers in the region for value addition to their agricultural produce. The

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centres house technology for high efficiency drying and processing of ginger, cardamom, turmeric, chilies etc. More than 10,000 farmers of North-East region would be able to sell their produce at 20 – 25% higher price to these processing centres. The CSIR Post Harvest Technology Centres would generate direct employment to about 300 people.

CSIR-NEIST organized focused training programmes to engage rural farmers including women for production of protein rich mushroom. Around 140 farmers have adopted cultivation of edible mushroom species successfully. Three mushroom spawn production units have been set up in the region.

Training programmes on muga sericulture have been rendered for socio-economic development in the NE region. Clustering of the trained farmers was done to develop a small scale business model for self sustainability and income enhancement.

4.7 Other Significant Achievements

A New Organ in CSIR System: Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR): The Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) has been set up by CSIR as an institution for imparting instructions and awarding degrees in frontier areas of Science and Technology (Gazette notification 17th July 2010). The Board of the Academy has been constituted with internationally reputed scientists and the first meeting has been held. The Academy has registered new students for M.Tech. (160) & Ph.D. (578). Also, about 400 interdisciplinary courses have been framed and over 150 are being offered presently. The Academy Bill has been introduced in the Parliament and is recommended by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Science and Technology without any change. The Bill has been passed by the Lok Sabha recently.

The Academy would take advantage of the existing state of art infrastructure and scientific manpower of CSIR. The Academy would be a world class institution of national importance. The Academy will primarily focus on research and imparting training in such areas that are not ordinarily provided by the existing universities in India. The curricula, pedagogy and evaluation will be innovative and directed towards creating highest quality personnel in cross disciplinary areas.

CSIR Tech Pvt Ltd – A company to valorize CSIR IP:

CSIR and its constituent laboratories are home to cutting edge scientific capabilities, talent, know-how and intellectual property. To further enhance the innovation capacity of CSIR and to explore newer models of bringing processes, products and services to the markets, an independent company,

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namely, CSIR‐Tech Private Limited (CTPL) has been incorporated in Pune on May 2, 2011. The main purpose of CSIR Tech was to hold equity and give feedback loop of technology creation and transfer.

A new platform for innovation - The Open Source Drug Discovery (OSDD)

Programme of CSIR: In the context of the Decade of Innovation, it is necessary to look at alternate models of innovation to make healthcare affordable to the common man. CSIR launched Open Source Drug Discovery (OSDD) programme (based on the realization that the current Intellectual Property based models of pharmaceutical innovation do not address the diseases of the poor such as Tuberculosis) has emerged as a new platform for innovation in the domain of healthcare. This CSIR-led ‘Team India’ consortium with global partnership has more than 4500 researchers from over 100 countries as registered participants.

CSIR opens a new line of research - Ayurgenomics: Ayurgenomics is an integrative approach of Ayurveda and Genomics for discovery of predictive markers for preventive and personalized medicine. In a CSIR study, recently a paper has been published in PNAS (Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences), wherein scientists have reported identification of a gene and a genetic marker linked to high altitude adaptation and hypoxia responsiveness, through genetic analysis of extreme constitution types as defined in Ayurveda. EGLN1, a key oxygen sensor gene was linked to high altitude adaptation and Hypoxia responsiveness using this novel integrative approach of clinical phenotyping methods of Ayurveda, population genetics and disease genomics. Earlier CSIR has published paper on gene expression and biochemical correlates of extreme constitution types (vate, pita and kapha) in 2008, in Journal of translational medicine. Following one of the cues from gene expression differences, wherein a gene could be identified and the genetic marker associated with high altitude adaptation and a high altitude illness. The predictive markers that are identified within this gene by the CSIR group have also been filed for patent. Ayurgenomics study so far has not only provided a novel molecular framework for integration of these two disciplines, but also highlighted that this integrative approach of Ayurgenomics can accelerate/assist discovery of markers for predictive and personalized medicine.

Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL):

Historically, India has been rich in traditional knowledge. The traditional knowledge embodied in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha systems of healthcare are most sought in other countries. This traditional knowledge needs to be protected for the benefit of the society. CSIR has played a major role in protecting the traditional knowledge by creating a Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL).The TKDL contains information in 5 international

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languages, i.e. English, Japanese, Spanish, French and German in 34 million pages concerning 2.26 lakh medicinal formulations in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. Through the TKDL access agreement concluded with European Patent Office (EPO) (34 Member States), US Patent & Trade Mark Office (USPTO),Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO), IP Australia, Japan Patent Office (JPO),United Kingdom Patent and Trademark Office (UKPTO) and German Patent Office (GPO) examiners of these offices can utilize TKDL for search and examination of Intellectual Property applications filed but cannot make any third party disclosure. TKDL is recognized globally as a model for protection of traditional knowledge.

CSIR’s Solar Energy Initiative – Mega Project TAPSUN:

Conceptualized as a mega-project in partnership with MNRE, CSIR led R&D initiatives on solar energy with number of complementary and complimentary approaches are being implemented under the umbrella programme ‘Technologies and Products for Solar energy utilization through Networks (TAP-SUN)’. The project envisages creating networks of research institutes, academia and industry with an objective to integrate various components of technology development. To achieve its objectives, it proposes to establish a virtual network of institutes within CSIR. This network of institutions would conduct aggressive research, development and deployment of solar energy technologies, products and systems. The umbrella program TAP-SUN envisages to align its mission to the targets set by JNNSM and will play a transformational role in bringing the benefits of solar energy to the people of India across the pyramid – from the bottom to the apex. TAP-SUN hopes to efficiently network its vast human capital and infrastructure to meet the scientific and engineering challenges and provide total solutions. Furthermore, it envisages to creatively leveraging partnership with academia and industry in fulfillment of the stated mission.

CSIR Innovation Complexes:

CSIR has conceptualized new initiative for setting up Innovation Complexes focused at translational research in diverse domains. These Complexes would be the state-of-the-art facilities in plug and play mode and would help catalyze innovation in their regions of operation. The Complexes would support research institutes, academia and industry for development of products, technologies and service models, through identified translational research.

4.8 Extra Budgetary Resources of CSIR During the period XI Five Year Plan period till date, CSIR’s extra budgetary resources increased from Rs. 474 crore in 2007-08 to Rs. 631 crore in 2010-11 as shown in the following figure:

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It includes earnings from contract R&D, knowledge based technical services, premia & royalty and internal receipts.

5. National Laboratories: Sectoral Achievements 5.1 Aerospace Science & Engineering a) Scientific Excellence

Experimental flow physics studies on a rudimentary four wheel landing

gear: It is known that the landing gear is the principal contributor to airframe

noise. In order to understand the flow of physics for providing a complete database for CFD validation, surface topology and steady & unsteady pressures on a tripped model at a turbulent Reynolds number has been investigated., At CSIR-NAL, the entire rudimentary landing gear model was instrumented with 76 static pressure ports and in the 1.5m low speed wind tunnel. It was found that the pressure drops to a lower value on the ground side of the wheel, corresponding to the higher velocity observed on that side. The pressure peak on the ground side is reached at ahead of that on the wing side. The results obtained revealed the complex flow features associated with such configurations.

Density field measurements of a micro-explosion using background

oriented schlieren (BOS) technique: An attempt to quantify the density flow field of a micro-explosion for the first time using BOS was carried out at CSIR-NAL. In this study, a micro-explosion was generated using non-electrical NONEL® tube and a detonating device. The spatio-temporally evolving density field was

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captured by precise triggering circuit used to control the illumination and imaging. Using the axis symmetry the flow density field was successfully reconstructed. The study shows the enormous potential of BOS data for both density as well as validation of CFD models. Understanding both basic physics associated with explosive driven shock wave propagation as well as validation data for modeling efforts is on-going.

A study on boundary-layer transition induced by free-stream turbulence:

Boundary-layer transition at different free-stream turbulence levels has been investigated using the particle-image velocimetry technique. The measurements show organized positive and negative fluctuations of the stream-wise fluctuating velocity component, which resemble the forward and backward jet-like structures reported in the direct numerical simulation of bypass transition. The similarity in the dominant eigen functions at different Reynolds numbers suggests that the flow prevails its structural identity even in intermittent flows. This analysis also indicated the possibility of the existence of a spatio-temporal symmetry associated with a travelling wave in the flow.

Key Achievements - Aerospace Science & Engineering

Scientific Excellence

- An airframe suiting pulsejet engine was designed, fabricated and successfully test flown

- A connected mode scramjet test facility been designed, developed and set-up at CSIR-NAL

- CSIR-NAL's Multi-sensor data fusion- hybrid situation assessment model developed to serve as a pilot decision making aid for BVR (Beyond Visual Range) combat

Technology Development/Commercialization

- India's pride, Chandrayaan-1 satellite was tested by CSIR-NAL along with the Eutelsat

- CSIR-NAL delivered two Hansa-3 aircrafts to the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)

- CSIR-NAL's technology for carbon fibres and pregregs was commercialized by M/s Kemrock industries

- CSIR-CEERI's MEMS acoustic sensor for ISRO PSLV flights- packaged sound pressure measurement in launch vehicles of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)

Societal Impact

- CNM5, a 5-seater all-metal aircraft designed and developed by CSIR-NAL and Mahindra Aerospace, was successfully test flown

- AAM Rath, a six-seater air ferry system made up of bamboo material developed & tested at MEG Center, Bangalore

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Electromagnetic performance analysis of a novel monolithic radome for airborne applications: The electromagnetic performance parameters were evaluated for a novel monolithic half-wave hybrid variable thickness radome (hy-VTR) design based on 3-D ray-tracing with aperture integration method. The hy-VTR design based on optimized power reflection offers superior Electromagnetic characteristics due to the minimization of internal reflections. The Electromagnetic analysis carried out is more accurate than the conventional approach due to the incorporation of antenna and radome as a system, and the finite-dimensional nature of the antenna. A comparative study of radome performance parameters established the superior electromagnetic performance of the hy-VTR design over the conventional constant thickness designs.

Dual beam synthesis using element position perturbations and the G3-GA

algorithm: Studies for dual beam synthesis using element position perturbations and the G3-GA algorithm have been undertaken at CSIR-NAL. The problem of finding the element position perturbations is treated as a nonlinear problem and has been solved using a the generalized generation gap steady state genetic algorithm (G3-GA) using parent centric crossover. The position phase synthesis method using the G3-GA approach is compared with the G3-GA phase-only synthesis technique. It is found that, an optimal set of element-perturbed positions in a constrained position range with uniform amplitude, unequally spaced elements with unequal phases has the potential to overcome the design challenge of phase only syntheses that uses a larger number of elements to get the same desired side lobe level.

Ram scramjet technology:

A connected mode scramjet test facility having the conditions of Mach 2 at 8 bar, 1700 K, 20 kg/s airflow with oxygen replenishment has been designed, developed and set-up at CSIR-NAL. All the safety aspects required for such a facility have been addressed. Control logic and sequence of operations similar to any other rocket test facility has been finalized and implemented. Supersonic ignition, stable supersonic combustion and dual mode operation in the research combustor have been carried out successfully in the facility with Inlet conditions being Mach number of 2, total temperature of 600 K and total pressure of 8 bar. Fuel is basically kerosene with pilot hydrogen.

Pulse jet engine technology:

The feasibility study on pulsejet engine as a possible propulsion system for MAV was undertaken and demonstrated for both valved and valveless engines at higher scales with hydrogen as fuel. Scaling of the engines was made for both types of engines. Detailed measurement of unsteady pressure and thrust were carried out to understand the flow physics. A

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The Composite parts of Tejas

developed at CSIR-NAL

thrust stand was specially designed and made to quantify the thrust developed by the engines. A suitable air frame was designed, fabricated and successfully test flown with an in-house developed valved pulsejet engine.

Multi-sensor data fusion:

As an application of Level 1 data fusion to air defence, a seeker filter based on Interacting Multiple Model Modified Extended Kalman Filter (IMM-MAEKF) has been designed by NAL to track air breathing targets. The challenge was to design the filter using RF seeker measurements, which are corrupted by non-Gaussian noise due to RCS fluctuations and glint noise, and also suffer from data eclipsing problems. The seeker filter was coded in C language for real time applications and integrated with the interceptor simulation code for closed loop performance evaluation using Monte Carlo simulations. The seeker filter exhibited robust performance under different interceptor-target engagement geometries, target aspect ratios, levels of process noise in the filter model and mode transition probability matrix.

As Level 2 data fusion development, a fuzzy-logic, Bayesian network-based hybrid situation assessment model has also been developed to serve as a pilot decision making aid for BVR (Beyond Visual Range) combat. Typical air-to-air combat scenarios required for validation of the model were realized using GUI-based software. An aircraft carrying Radar, Radar warning receiver, electro-optical sensor and infra red sensor models was used to detect a maximum of six targets (T1-T6) based on their field of view and received power. The states of all the targets in the scenario, at each instant of time, were estimated using measured data from the sensors using multi-sensor multi-target data fusion algorithms. The estimated states processed by Fuzzy Event Detector (FED) were used as inputs to the Bayesian network for situation assessment. b) Technology Development For Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA): Helping India build a modern fighter aircraft LCA-TEJAS Carbon Fiber Wing for LCA-Tejas: The national CFC wing team led by CSIR-NAL (with HAL & DRDO) pioneered the design, development, fabrication and structural testing of composite wing for the LCA-Tejas aircraft. Other components developed include composite fin, rudder, LG bay doors, center fuselage parts, fairings etc. by deploying innovative and cost-effective co-curing and co-bonding fabrication technologies; LCA-Tejas is the lightest combat aircraft in its class in the world, and has successfully completed IOC for induction into IAF. CSIR-NAL with Tata Advanced Materials as its production partner is manufacturing and supplying twenty sets of CFC

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parts for LCA-Tejas series production aircraft at a total cost of Rs. 63 crores.

Control Laws for LCA-Tejas: The national control law team led by CSIR-NAL (with members from DRDO, & HAL) successfully developed a flight standard control laws and airdata algorithms for the LCA-Tejas. Tejas pilots have cleared this control law and expressed complete satisfaction with its performance. An exclusive real time design simulator was specially built at CSIR-NAL to optimize the control law performance.

Wind Tunnel Models and Testing for the LCA-Tejas: CSIR- NAL has fully supported wind tunnel testing of all the LCA-Tejas configurations. The successful validation and updating of the wind tunnel aero database of TEJAS aircraft from flight test data using state of the art system identification techniques was a major step towards the release of Initial Operation Clearance (IOC) version flight control laws.

Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) Forging a strong partnership for National Defense Wind Tunnel Testing: CSIR-NAL has been supporting all the wind tunnel testing requirements of DRDO programmes apart from those of ADA : DRDL (All missile programmes); ADE (UAV programs); ARDE (Bomb and rocket programs); CABS (ASWACS); DEBEL and DGAQA (Pilot helmet).

Establishment of Facilities for DRDL: CSIR-NAL has established test facilities for RAMJET/SCRAMJET combustor testing, and SCRAMJET combustor technology development for HSTDV programme.

KAVERI Engine Studies for GTRE: Design Studies on Kaveri engine for LCA-Tejas have been carried out which involved rigorous testing and detailed flow analysis. Cascade wind tunnel testing was extensively used in the detailed flow analysis. CSIR-NAL carried out flow visualization studies on the Kaveri Marine engine exhaust volute system and optimized the geometry for improved performance. CSIR-NAL also participated in High Altitude Tests of Kaveri Engine in Russia.

Wankel engine development and IVHM studies on Nishant UAV: CSIR-NAL in collaboration with ADE/VRDE has designed, developed and test flown a 55 HP Wankel en gine for UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) applications. For

Engineer-in-the-Loop-Simulator (ELS):

simulates the handling qualities of LCA-Tejas

LCA Stores Studies

High Speed Combustor Test facility 1

Golden Hawk 300mm

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Nishant UAV, CSIR-NAL devised an in-flight structural health monitoring scheme using fibre optic sensing (FBG) which yielded valuable data on the vehicle health during its flight.

MAV & MUAV development with DRDO: The development of 300 mm class, 200 gms micro air vehicle for aerial photography and monitoring with autonomous control, guidance and navigation capability is a major joint development with ADE. Based on the success of this MAV development, NAL and ADE have taken up a joint project for the development of a Two-kg Class Fixed Wing Mini Unmanned Air Vehicle (FWMUAV). This fully autonomous mini UAV is planned to have a range of 10 km, endurance of 60 minutes and provide real-time video surveillance using electro-optic daylight and thermal imaging sensors.

Other Contributions: Design & development of Carbon Epoxy shells for launch segments LIS1-

LVS3 of HSTDV, DRDL & LWMS for NSTL;

Establishment of test facility for indigenous Aircraft grade lubricants & bearings (HAL, CEMILAC, GTRE etc.);

In-flight Vibration Measurement programme on MIG-29 aircraft for CEMILAC; Indian Air Force (IAF)

Growing ties of IAF with CSIR

Full Scale Fatigue Testing Facility & Failure Investigations: CSIR-NAL’s full scale fatigue testing facility provided invaluable inputs in assessing the safe life of fighter aircraft and helicopter airframes for IAF. CSIR-NAL can now undertake assessment or extension of fatigue life for any IAF aircraft. CSIR has carried out more than 750 failure investigations for IAF.

Innovative Bonding Techniques for Composite Parts: CSIR-NAL uses innovative bonding techniques to repair metallic and composite aircraft structures. A portable adaptive cure controller has been developed to repair aircraft structures on the airfield itself. CSIR-NAL has helped the IAF in setting up a repair facility at Eleven BRD, Nasik.

Smart Fatigue Meter: Smart fatigue meter developed by CSIR-NAL is being used in Jaguar aircraft; eight units have been supplied to IAF through private industry collaboration.

Composite nose radome: CSIR-NAL indigenously designed, developed and fabricated a composite nose radome for the Fire Control Radar of Jaguar Maritime Aircraft for HAL, Bangalore, and the end

Smart Fatigue meter used

in aircraft to sense changes in 'g' levels

Airborne Radome

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user being IAF. In continuation to the development, technology for fabrication of these Jaguar Nose Radomes has been transferred to HAL on 16th April, 2010.

SARAS Aircraft: IAF will be the launch customer (Fifteen aircraft initially) to be manufactured at HAL-Kanpur. SARAS aircraft is ideally suited for transport, pilot training, air ambulance, light cargo carrier and short haul passenger flights.

For Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO): A very fruitful association Cooler for Infrared Camera of INSAT Satellite: CSIR-NAL developed highly polished aluminum mirrors for the passive radioactive coolers used on ISRO’s INSAT series of satellites. These mirrors help to significantly improve the quality of infrared photographs taken from INSAT satellites of the clouds and earth below it.

The Acoustic Test Facility (ATF): ATF is a national test facility for acoustic environmental-qualification testing of satellites, launch vehicle stages and their sub-systems for ISRO. The ATF has so far successfully carried out a large number of acoustic qualification tests on all satellites/sub-systems of ISRO: IRS series, INSAT series & others; for launch vehicle stages/sub-systems: ASLV series, PSLV series and GSLV series. CSIR-NAL has designed & built a state-of-the-art 1500 cu. m acoustic test facility at ISITE, Bangalore, which was inaugurated on April 7, 2011.

Wind Tunnel Testing for ISRO Launch Vehicles: CSIR-NAL has been supporting all the ISRO programmes for wind tunnel testing, and in the last four years a large number of blow-downs have been carried out on RLV-TD, PSLV, GSLV, DMRJ, and HSP

Structural Analyses and Aeroelastic Studies of Launch Vehicles:

Structural analyses and aeroelastic studies of SLV3, ASLV, PSLV, and GSLV launch vehicles have been completed.

Support to the Reusable Launch Vehicle (Technology Development) – RLV TD:

CSIR-NAL has provided extensive support to the RLV-TD program in several niche areas including, wind tunnel testing, airframe aerodynamics, structural analysis, flight dynamics and control.

GSLV under Test

FEM model of RLV

ISRO Satellite of ATF

HANSA-3

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Contribution to Chandrayaan: CSIR-NAL has been providing extensive Wind Tunnel test support to the nation's space and defence programmes through its National Trisonic Aerodynamic Facility. India's pride –Chandrayaan-1 satellite was tested at NAL along with the Eutelsat.

HANSA: CSIR-NAL delivered two Hansa-3 aircrafts to the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). The effort to obtain Civil Aviation Safety Authority of Australia (CASA) certification for Hansa-3 progressed further with completion of additional analysis, structural and flight tests as compliance requirements.

Carbon fibre technology: Carbon fibre polymer matrix composites are being extensively used as light weight structural materials in a large number of materials. The technology, developed by CSIR-NAL for carbon fibres and pregregs has been transferred to M/s Kemrock industries and Exports Limited (KIEL), Vadodra for commercialization. M/s. Kemrock will utilize the know-how to meet the national needs first and then for exports. This assumes importance as this material is banned for supply to India. This will be a beginning towards indigenization of this vital raw material on a large scale, these fibres being used for indigenous modern aircraft manufacture. The Kemrock has set up a plant of capacity of 400 tons per annum.

Carbon composite airframe: CSIR-NAL supplied Carbon Composite Airframe Components/Assemblies for eight Tejas (LCA) LSP Aircrafts to HAL. In-situ hybrid metal/composite repair of a large crack in the port side Main Landing Gear (MLG) Beam of a MiG - 23 trainer aircraft has been carried out successfully. After repair the aircraft was put back for operational use. Further, in-flight measurement of vibration and temperature on a MIG-29 aircraft for Indian Air Force has been done which will help in generating standards for indigenous design of on-board equipment.

Wankel Engine - Powered Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV):

CSIR-NAL in partnership with DRDO (VRDE, ADE) has designed and developed first indigenous Wankel Engine - Powered Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) 'NISHANT' which performed its maiden flight during the year at Kolar, Karnataka. The critical core engine, including the special cylinder composite nickel-silicon carbide anti-wear coating and the special aluminum castings, was designed and developed by CSIR.

Spools of Carbon Fibre

'NISHANT' Ready for Maiden Flight

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Radome for the doppler weather radar (DWR):

CSIR-NAL has designed and built the country's first state-of-the-art 12.88 m dia DWR Mark-II radome and installed it around the 9 m dia DW Radar at BEL, Bangalore site. The radome is built with 66 panels and its joints are randomized and the panel sizes are larger as compared to those in the earlier Mark I radome, which had 146 symmetrical panels. This feature makes the radome electromagnetically more transparent and enhances the electromagnetic performance. The panel thicknesses and flange thicknesses adopted met the safety factors required. A totally new tooling system was exclusively developed for large panel fabrication and the panels were fabricated using the room temperature vacuum bag moulding technique.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) technology for aircraft structures: Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technology has become increasingly important as an approach to increase the safety and reduce the maintenance costs of aircraft structures. The system consists of the FBG sensor instrumentation comprising of FBG interrogator, on-board rugged computer and battery. The system has undergone flight trial for ADE’s unmanned air vehicle NISHANT in June 2010 at Kolar Airfield. Initial analysis of the In-flight data acquired indicates that the system has worked very well and all the important maneuvers have been successfully captured by the embedded FBG sensors during the flight. This is probably the first flight trial of an SHM system on an UAV.

Vacuum enhanced resin infusion technology (VERITy):

CSIR-NAL has developed an economical vacuum enhanced resin infusion technology for processing of cocured composite structures. The process is a novel combination of VARTM (vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding) and autoclave moulding technique. Using this method composite components having high fibre volume fraction (60± 2 %) and low void content (< 1 %) have been successfully made. The main advantages of the VERITy process is that it provides a method to manufacture large and complex cocured composite structural components at a much lower cost (25-30% less as compared to prepreg technology) and achieved with hardly any loss in mechanical properties. This process is production friendly and requires much less energy as compared to the prepreg / autoclave moulding process.

Skin Splice parts and

assembly

DWR Mark-II Radome

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Mark-III Autoclave: CSIR-NAL has designed, developed and commissioned the state of the art indigenous computer controlled high pressure and high temperature autoclave (Mark III). Several innovative features have been incorporated in the autoclave and its systems to meet the stringent requirements of high pressure and high temperature. It has working dimensions of 2 m diameter, 4 m length, operating conditions of 350 degrees temperature and 15 bar pressure. It can be used for development of high temperature composite structural components like the rear fuselage of fighter aircrafts, engine components. So far the autoclaves have been imported from abroad; the indigenous development of autoclave will pave way for manufacturing high end autoclaves in the country.

Metalized CFRP reflectors and feed components for satellite communication

applications: Metalized carbon fibre reflectors (CFRP) with similar properties as the metallic reflectors and being light weight finds application in satellites. Metallic master patterns were fabricated by NAL and a multi-part mould was developed. The resin injection technology for this class of complex shaped isogrid structured components was established. The CFRP brackets developed met the requirements of several qualification tests by Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad. The internal metallization of the corrugated feed horn was achieved by a novel electro-less deposition technique. The vibration tests on the antenna brackets and the reflectivity measurements, made on aluminium coated CFRP components, were found to meet the specifications.

Deployment of mousche using shape memory alloys: Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) Mousche to withstand the full load test has been fabricated. The fore plane or Mousche is an additional aerodynamic control surface. It is attached to the fore body of the Naval version of Light Combat Aircraft (LCA). The Mousche is deployed during landing to improve the landing characteristics of the aircraft using Shape Memory Alloy (SMA).

Active magnetic thrust and radial Bearings:

Vertical centrifugal sodium pumps are used for circulation of coolant in the primary and secondary circuits of fast breeder reactors. The rotor assembly of these pumps is in general supported by conventional rolling element bearing which are cooled by means of a dedicated oil circuit with proper safety features to ensure no oil leak into liquid sodium. One way to eliminate the oil circuit is to employ Active Magnetic radial and thrust Bearings (AMB’s) instead of the existing oil cooled bearing. Radial and

CFRP Reflectors

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thrust AMB to suit an existing small vertical sodium pump had been designed, fabricated, tested and finally retrofitted by CSIR-NAL to the existing vertical pump setup at IGCAR.

Airport Instrumentation:

A visibility measuring system-aiding pilots in landing and take-off operations named Drishti has been developed by CSIR-NAL. The system measures characteristic distances during daytime and night, near runway. It is based on field programmable gate array embedded electronic hardware with web enabled data acquisition software in Lab View environment. Drishti meets all the requirements needed for CAT-I, CAT-II and CAT - III A & B airports. A 75-meter baseline Drishti Model II system was installed at Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi to study the visibility data during the fog season. The system has worked satisfactorily during the fog season and good correlation has been found between the visibility data from the two systems.

Desktop flight simulator (DFS):

A rapid prototyping system called desktop flight simulator (DFS) for flight controller design was developed. The DFS exploits standard x86-based computing platforms running Windows operating system in combination with commercial Computer-Aided Control System Design software (Matlab/Simulink). The users can work using a single integrated environment for all design phases starting from requirement analysis, controller design, flight simulation testing and onboard implementation. A Low cost visualization platform for pilot visual cues and displays have been integrated in the system. DFS has been successfully used for testing of aircraft subsystem models, performance evaluation of an aircraft autopilot, airport runway profile studies etc.

Development of fibre metal laminates: Fibre metal laminates (FML) are hybrids between composite materials and metals. Taking advantage of both the material systems, Carbon Fibre Metal Laminates (CFML) developed at CSIR-NAL is an FML consisting of thin aluminium foil bonded with carbon/epoxy and glass epoxy materials. CFML is proposed for the leading edge of civil aircraft as it possesses superior characteristics in terms of shape retention, energy absorption capability, lightening protection and cost effectiveness. Extensive testing showed that CMFL made by NAL is superior to Aluminum at 60 m/sec impact.

MEMS acoustic sensor for ISRO PSLV flights:

CEERI designed the process steps and fabrication procedure, for micro-electromechanical sensors (MEMS) and supplied the chips, mounted on headers and wire bonded. These devices underwent 2-3 iterations before meeting the specifications. Zinc oxide layer, deposited by reactive sputtering, was sandwiched between a pair of aluminium electrodes and

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separated by a thin dielectric layer of 0.1micron deposited by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) on silicon dioxide. A 25-micron thick silicon diaphragm with cavity was anodically bonded to Pyrex glass. The pressure developed inside the silicon cavity was released through the hole in glass and then a built-in acoustic tunnel was incorporated in the cavity. A patent has been filed on the method for fabricating acoustic tunnel to compensate acoustic pressure using bulk micromachining in MEMS acoustic sensor. The sensor chips were integrated with electronics and housed in a package for sound pressure measurement in launch vehicles of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC).

c) Societal Impact

Air ferry system for societal applications:

A six-seater air ferry system (AAM Rath) for societal applications, using an inexpensive base vessel made up of bamboo material has been developed and tested at the MEG Center, Bangalore. It is powered by a 33hp aero engine, the air ferry has been observed to perform well in water in terms of speed, turning ability, astern characteristics and above all with very good stability features. In addition, a three-seater air ferry system (LAL HAMSA) with an FRP base vessel and a 17hp aero engine, has also been developed and tested. Both the systems employ deflection vanes downstream of the propellers for aerodynamic control to effect left or right turns.

Building 1024 processor & monsoon predictions: CSIR- NAL is building 1024 processor, high performance 10-TF parallel computer along with the Met Code Varsha for weather prediction related to Indian monsoon. The system has fully reconfigurable FPGA based “Floswitch” and PCI card which are integrated with the 256 processor system. Four such modules make the 1024 processor HPC. Endurance test on one 256 processor has been completed successfully. The resolution of Varsha GCM has been enhanced to 40/20 Sq.km and successfully ported to the 256 processor system. Studies were also carried out in various facets of Indian summer monsoon and tropical cyclones over Indian Ocean. Validation studies were done for Varsha forecasts of different resolutions in temporal and spatial scales. Indian summer monsoon rainfall forecasts using Varsha GCM were fairly accurate and well accepted by the national agencies.

Development of cloud seeding materials: A prototype particle burner assembly was developed and tested for sustained seeding as no indigenous state of the art silver iodide generator

Packaged MEMS Acoustic

Sensor

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suitable for ground based cloud seeding is available. A series of calibration experiments were carried out to test the system for sustained seeding with different concentrations of seeding material.

5.2 Agro, Food Processing & Nutrition Technology a) Scientific Excellence

Apomixis: Apomixis, the formation of asexual seeds in plants, leads to populations that are genetically uniform maternal clones. The transfer of apomixis to crop plants holds great promise in plant breeding for fixation of heterozygosity and hybrid vigour because it would allow the propagation of hybrids over successive generations. Apomixis is found naturally in some plant species, but not in food crops. A group of scientists at CSIR-CCMB have demonstrated engineering of a major functional component of apomixis. This finding has very important implications for plant breeding and agriculture as the development of apomixis technology can lead to large increases in yield of up to 20-30% across many of the major food crops such as rice and maize.

Inducing male sterility in plants: A novel gene for inducing reversible male sterility in plants was developed to facilitate the development of F1 hybrid seeds. Microspores are surrounded by tapetum, which is known to provide nutrition to developing microspores especially exine of pollen grains, the main structural components of the pollen wall. The tapetum degenerates during later stages of pollen development. Proper timing of cell death in tapetum is essential for normal microsporogenesis. CSIR-NBRI has identified a novel use of the BECLIN1 gene of Arabidopsis, in inducing male sterility in plants, when expressed in the anther tapetum of tobacco. Over expression of this gene in tapetum cells affected development of pollens, thus conferring male sterility. A patent has been filed on the development.

Stress tolerance mechanism in rice:

Stay green mutants have been identified at CSIR-CCMB that can tolerate prolonged drought and heat conditions in field and show reduced ROS accumulation under heat stress. Genes/alleles involved directly in improving yield and grain quality yield enhancing Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) are being characterized from wild rice. Putative candidate genes have been identified from the wild species. Further, additional genes acquired from wild rice that could be contributing to increased yields in the background of the cultivated Indica rice were identified. The

Pictorial depiction of Apomixis

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knowledgebase developed would be helpful in improving yield and grain quality per se or in various types of stress in rice.

Stress tolerance mechanisms in Arabidopsis:

CSIR-IHBT has cloned the gene of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the enzyme responsible for dismutating superoxide radical, from (Potentilla astrosanguinea), and a Himalayan high altitude alpine plant. SOD was over-expressed in Arabidopsis and the transgenic plants were analysed under varied level of stresses. A significant difference was observed in the rate of germination of wild type and transgenic Arabidopsis under salt stress. The results evidently suggest that manipulation of ROS could provide an effective strategy to improve tolerance to salt stress in plants and the same may be applied to other plants of interest and other stresses of concern.

Key Achievements - Agro, Food Processing & Nutrition Technology

Scientific Excellence

- CSIR-CCMB's apomixis technology has potential to provide increased yield of up to 20-30% across major food crops

- Saffron: protocol for in vitro production of cormlets using corm segments was standardized

Technology Development/Commercialization

- CSIR-CCMB's improved Samba Mahsuri rice, with excellent resistance against X. oryzae, is in commercial cultivation

- CSIR-IHBT's lilium floriculture in Himachal Pradesh increased steadily from 30 ha (1993-94) to 813 ha, with an estimated turnover of Rs. 77.26 crores in 2010-11

- Development of plant growth promoting microbial inoculants by CSIR-NBRI to the tune of 34,32,300 hectares, with a crop production increase worth about Rs. 825 crores

Societal Impact

- Agrotechnology for the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants, developed by CSIR labs, covering 19,205 hectares of land generated rural employment worth Rs. 304 crores- CSIR-CIMAP's awareness camps and field demonstration on medicinal plants benefitted farmers and entrepreneurs through additional income of about Rs. 40,000/- per annum- Agarbatti technology by re-use of temple flowers to help rural poor women generate income of ~ Rs. 2500-3000/- per month

- Self reliance in the area of anti-malarial drug molecule artemisinin at competitive rates developed by CSIR-CIMAP

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Biofertilizer: Efficient phosphate-solubilizing and diazotrophic bacteria with multiple plant growth promoting attributes have shown significant increase in growth of inoculated nursery plants. Several phosphate-solubilizing and diazotrophic microorganisms have been identified at CSIR-NBRI by polyphasic approach towards the development of plant growth promoting microbial inoculants.

Trichoderma:

Phosphate-solubilizing fungi are an important contributor in microbial P-mobilization and would be important possible way to increase available P for plant. Trichoderma koningiopsis NBRI-PR5 showed P solubilization in alkaline and water stress conditions. Phosphate solubilization ability of NBRI-PR5 is found over a pH range of 7-9. Lowering of the broth pH indicates the formation of organic acids as the major mechanism employed by NBRI-PR5. This property might play a role in making available other nutrients to plants by solubilizing them and also improve physio-chemical properties of the soil in the rhizosphere.

Biodiversity Mapping:

Land cover and land use classification of entire Kangra district, Solang Nala in Kullu district, and Bhabha valley in Kinnaur district in Himachal Pradesh have been mapped by CSIR-IHBT. Satellite images and ground verification data of bamboo bearing localities in Kangra, Hamirpur and Una districts of Himachal Pradesh has revealed approximately 6040 acre area under bamboos. For development of the spectral Library of Himalayan flora at CSIR-IHBT, spectral responses of 39 plants were achieved.

Germplasm characterization and diversity analysis: - Tea: CSIR-IHBT carried out DNA fingerprinting of 34 accessions of

Indian tea germplasm and for the first time discovered that eleven genes are involved in biosynthesis of catechin in tea. Regional fingerprints of volatile aroma components and potent odorants of Kangra orthodox black tea have been identified for Geographical Indications. Aroma components have been encapsulated in different matrices for application in perfumery, food and beverages. Resin-based purification and enrichment of catechin gallates and immobilized polyphenol oxidase (PPO)-mediated techniques have been developed for conversion of catechins into theaflavins.

- Bamboo: Genetic structure, diversity and relationships within 224 accessions belonging to five species of major economic importance were inferred from Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers at CSIR-IHBT. The AFLP study detected admixed individuals and will be useful in understanding pattern of diversity, differentiation and gene flow within and between species, which ultimately aid the management strategies of priority bamboo species as well as in

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conservation of overexploited bamboo species. AFLP analysis have shown medium level of genetic diversity and cluster analysis placed majority of species according to existing classification with few exceptions.

- Podophyllum hexandrum: At CSIR-IHBT, AFLP analyses were carried out to elucidate genetic diversity among 93 accessions belonging to 12 population of western Himalaya. A total 429 polymorphic alleles were used for the analysis. The analyzed Jaccard similarity ranged from 32 to 88% within the accessions of the populations. However, few accessions showed close relationship. The analysis of inter population diversity indicated distinct geographical locations with high genetic diversity. Most of the populations showed 80% of the diversity within themselves.

- Ginkgo biloba: Genetic diversity analysis of germplasm growing across the country was analyzed at CSIR-IHBT using AFLP markers. A total of 174 polymorphic bands were obtained from four AFLP primer combinations and the relationship suggested a common source of introduction.

Captive cultivation of medicinal plants:

CSIR-IIIM has identified Grewia asiatica L, (Phalsa), an important berry growing wild in Jammu region for its product development as Nutraceutical. The crop has been brought under captive cultivation.

Epimedium species are widely used in China for pharmaceutical uses. An

indigenous species to Himalayas Epimedium elatum has been brought under captive cultivation at CSIR- IIIM, Srinagar.

Microbial diversity:

- Bacteria: A culture repository has been developed at CSIR-IHBT including psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms and plant endophytes. Several ‘hit cultures’ have also been identified for: β-lactamase inhibition, anti-NIK1 activity, α-glucosidase inhibition, AChE inhibition, and antimicrobial activity against multi-drug resistant clinical strains; and cold active and alkaline resistant proteases and cellulases of industrial importance. Diversity analysis has revealed distinctive pattern of biogeographic distribution of pea root-nodulating bacteria in the Lahaul and Spiti valleys of the Indian trans-Himalayas.

At CSIR-IIIM, the bacterial diversity in the forest soil of Kashmir was investigated through molecular phylogeny. Several bacterial populations in the soil were classified under phyla such as Firmicutes (33.3%), Bacteroidetes (13.3%), Proteobacterium (6.6%), Planctomycete (3.3%), and Deferribacteraceae (3.3%). However, 36.6% of the retrieved bacterial sequences could not be grouped with any phylum/lineage, implying them to be novel groups of bacteria. Two small insert

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metagenomic libraries were also constructed from Apharwath soil/cold desert of Ladkah, and one cosmid metagenomic library Kargil soil, and screened for cellulase, protease and amylase using functional screening assays. Full length sequencing of one protease positive clone, one amylase positive and one cellulase positive clone was done and annotated.

- Plant Viruses: Surveys were undertaken by CSIR-IHBT in H.P. and J&K

to understand the seasonal incidence of Apple mosaic virus (ApMV).. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences with 10 other apple isolates showed maximum and minimum relatedness to Korean (Acc. no. AY125977) and Spanish (Acc..no. U038570) isolates respectively. Variation in amino acid sequences was also observed.

Complete Genome of Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) has been

characterized. Coat protein, movement protein and partial replicase gene from ApMV was characterized in Apple stem grooving virus.

Capsicum frutescens (chilli) were found associated with a begomovirus and a betasatellite like molecule. In phylogenetic analysis, the sequence grouped with an isolate of Papaya leaf curl virus-[Pakistan: 2010] (FM955601) reported from Rhynchosia capitata and Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus-[India:2006] (DQ629102) reported from tomato. The betasatellite showed maximum identity (94%) with chilli leaf curl betasatellite (AM279671) from Pakistan.

Herbarium and Database development:

CSIR-NBRI has digitized taxonomy and biodiversity related data over 17623 herbarium specimens and information on Bryophytes (390); Pteridophytes (580 species); Lichens (652 species); Algae (478 species); Gymnosperms (70 species); Flowering Plants: Pedicularis (85 species); Astragalus (71 species); Citrus & wild relatives (79 species). The laboratory launched two plant diversity databases online. These are PADAP (www.nbri.res.in/padap) & NBRI-LWG VIRTUAL HERBARIUM (www.nbri.res.in/herbarium).

An Information System for flora in Himachal Pradesh himFlorIS was developed which provides information on 1141 plant species regarding landscape elements (LSE), LSE types, physiographic factors, abundance of the species at a particular location, geographical locations of a plant on the map, taxonomic classification of the species along with its photographs and ethno-botanical uses.

Propagation of economically important plants:

- Saffron: At CSIR-IHBT, protocol for in vitro production of cormlets using corm segments was standardized. Approximately one hundred cormlets

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were produced from multiple shoots initiated from the base of a single sprouted bud in contrast to conventional method in which only 3-4 corms per mother corm are produced. The cormlets thus produced were planted in their natural habitat at SKUAST -K Pampore, Srinagar for growth performance evaluation under natural conditions. Non destructive leaf area estimation models of saffron and clary sage were developed for the first time.

- Apple: CSIR-IHBT raised virus free apple root stocks through tissue culture. Multiplex RT-PCR was developed for simultaneous detection of major viruses of apple: Apple mosaic virus, Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, Apple stem pitting virus, Apple stem grooving virus and Apple scar skin viriod. Assay for early detection of pathogens at an early stage causing alternaria plotch and apple scab was also developed.

- Ornamentals: Breeding of ornamental rose is being done at CSIR-IHBT to improve shape, size and colours of flowers. Attempts are also underway to improve perpetual flowering, oil quality, and size of hip for utilization of vitamin C enriched pulp in food industries. The laboratory has developed four new rose root stocks. Breeding and gamma irradiation experiments are in progress for developing new and high yielding varieties of gerbera. Elite disease-free quality planting material of lilium, lisianthus, cymbidium spp, have also been raised through tissue culture. Cultural practices were standardized for propagation of a rare Himalayan medicinally important plant Incarvillea emodi which could also be used as indoor flowering foliage and bedding plant.

- Opium Poppy: Auto-tetraploid lines - Successful induction of polyploidy was achieved at CSIR-NBRI through application of colchicine. The developed auto-tetraploid plants had 44 chromosomes in contrast to control with 22 chromosomes while morphine content showed a significant enhancement from 25% to 50%. Stomatal size and density also confirmed the polyploidization event. Expression analysis of various known genes involved in the biosynthesis of morphinanes showed increased expression in tetraploids.

- High thebaine lines - A variant plant of opium poppy having high thebaine was obtained during an extensive mutation breeding experiment at CSIR-NBRI. Highest thebaine content was observed in stem followed by leaf callus, stem callus and cotyledons. This opens a new vista for the extraction of thebaine at commercial level.

- Stevia: CSIR-IHBT has collected germplam of stevia and developed its agrotechnology. Among 85 genotypes, significant variations were obtained for stevioside, rebaudioside-A and total glycoside contents as well as ratio of rebaudioside-A/stevioside, indicating scope for exploiting these genotypes for crop improvement. Polyploidy induction

Saffron flowers

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was standardized to improve the steviol glycoside content and leaf yield of the plants. Morphological variation in stevia did not affect steviol glycosides.

- Picrorhiza kurrooa: Work at CSIR-IHBT has shown presence of picrosides in leaf tissues, which can serve as potential source of picrosides, thus saving the underground roots and hence the plant. The laboratory has also collected accessions from Kashmir, Uttrakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim and evaluated their performance at two different altitudes. Nursery raising techniques have been standardized and demonstration plot is being maintained in farmer’s field.

Chemical analysis of aromatic plants:

Aroma bearing plants namely Elscholtizia fruticosa, Heracleaum thomsonii, Tanacetum longifolium, Rhododendron anthopogon, Artimisia maritima, Matricaria chamomile, Morina longifolium, Bothricloa pertusa, Jurinea macrocephala, Vitex negundo, Eucalyptus cinerea, Eucalyptus citriodora, Juniper communis, Rosa damascena, Lavender have been investigated for their chemical composition using supercritical CO2 extraction, head space analysis and conventional methods at CSIR-IHBT. The former two methods were found to be more precise.

Development of green approaches for preparation of natural colors from

plant extracts: A green and cost effective process was developed at CSIR-IHBT for preparation of natural colors from plant extracts with multi-fold benefits like non-hygroscopic crystalline nature, reproducibility in production of colors and solubility in both water and alcohol besides improved stability. Promising biological activities including antioxidant activity was observed in some of them. Pilot scale study of one plant has been conducted to obtain brick red natural dye.

Jatropha curcas as source of biodiesel: Superior genotypes have been identified by CSIR-CSMCRI for semi-arid regions of Gujarat through performance trial. Diversity analysis of 25 accessions using EST-SSR (Expressed sequence tags-simple sequence repeats) markers from Jatropha curcas has been done. This will be valuable resource for future genetic studies.

Complete sequence and organisation of Jatropha curcas chloroplast genome has been done at CSIR-NBRI. Study shows that phylogenetic study of plants using only ‘rpo’ genes is as good as study of all protein coding genes taken together.

Genetic improvement of cotton: Genomic technology platforms for allele mining in Gossypium herbaceum for economically important traits have been established by CSIR-NBRI

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through transcriptome sequencing and genome wide expression studies involving seven species. Novel ESTs have been identified from Gossypium herbaceum. Single Sequence Repeat (SSR) enriched genomic library and expressed sequence database have been used for microsatellite markers development in G. herbaceum for the first time. Potential genes were also identified for fiber quality and drought trait in cotton. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and SSR markers of Gossypium hirsutum have been identified. Fourteen genes were validated.

Insecticidal protein molecules and their genes from plants: CSIR-NBRI has isolated and purified to near homogeneity four novel insecticidal proteins from lower plants. Cloning of one gene is in progress while three are done. In addition, two lectin-coding genes, from Allium spp. with very high agglutination property, have been cloned.Bio-activities of crude and purified proteins were tested against Helicoverpa, Spodoptera, cotton aphids and whiteflies.

The laboratory has expressed an Arabidopsis transcription factor, AtMYB12, in tobacco which resulted in a major shift in the phenylpropanoid pathway, leading to several fold higher accumulation of flavonols. The transgenic lines developed resistance against the insect pests, S. litura and H. armigera due to enhanced accumulation of rutin. Study suggests that AtMYB12 can be strategically used for developing safer insect pest resistant transgenic plants. Gene pyramiding is being carried out using AtMYB12 and other genes of flavonid biosynthesis to enhance biosynthesis of specific molecules.

Post harvest biology and biotechnology of fruit, flower and vegetable:

CSIR-NBRI has developed transgenic tomato plants with increased shelf life up to ten days without affecting other attributes of fruit or plant. Transgenic banana plants carrying anti-sense gene constructs of various ripening related genes from banana have been developed and being grown in the fields. Fruits are being analyzed for their ripening behavior and other attributes. In mango, several genes related to aroma and nutritional qualities were isolated in order to understand ripening process in mango. Functional analyses of genes involved in the processes of abscission and senescence are in progress. In rose, the progress of ethylene induced abscission was shown to be associated with programmed cell death like features.

b) Technology Development

Improved Samba Mahsuri: CSIR-CCMB, in collaboration with ICAR-Directorate of Rice Research (DRR), Hyderabad, has used marker assisted technology to develop new variety of Samba Mahsuri rice that exhibits excellent resistance against

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Xanthomonas oryzae, which causes bacterial leaf blight and blast in rice. The variety has been released for commercial cultivation.

Commercialization of floriculture: CSIR-IHBT has introduced and commercialized lilium cultivation in Lahaul & Spiti region of Himachal Pradesh. The laboratory has played a catalytic role in the promotion of commercial floriculture in Himachal Pradesh. The transfer of agrotechnology of lilium in the region was realized by the flower growers through sale of cut flowers worth Rs. 50 lakhs at Delhi flower market. Area under floriculture increased steadily from 30 ha (1993-94) to 813 ha with an estimated turnover of Rs 77.26 crores in 2010-11. Presently, 3000 farmers are engaged in floriculture in Himachal Pradesh.

New varieties:

- Ornamental Plants: CSIR-NBRI developed and released following new

cultivars: o Bougainvillea: Los Banos Variegata, Pixie variegate and Abhimanyu. o Chrysanthemum: Vijay Kiran, NBRI little Pink, NBRI little Orange, NBRI

little Hemant, NBRI little Kusum, NBRI Himanshu, NBRI Kaul and NBRI Khoshoo.

- Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (MAPs): Following new varieties have been

developed and released:

o Chamomile (Chamomila recutita (L.) Rauschert): “CIMAP SAMMOHAK” - high blue oil yielding (6.63kg/ha) variety containing 12.98% Chemuzuline suitable for North Indian plains developed by CSIR-CIMAP

o Lemongrass (Cymbopogon khasianus): “CIMAP SUWARNA” - high oil yielding (200kg/ha) variety contianing citral 80% and suitable for growing under conditions of water stress developed by CSIR-CIMAP

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o Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini var. Motia): “CIMAP HARSH” - high oil yielding (240kg/ha) containing 89% geraniol and suitable for U.P, Bihar, M.P, Maharashtra and South India

- Mint varieties: “CIMAP SARYU” - high oil

yielding variety of Menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) developed by CSIR-CIMAP. It contains 0.84-1.0% oil with average oil yield of 265 -290 kg/ha against 220- 230 kg/ha oil yield of well established mint variety Koshi. The oil of CIMAP-Saryu contains 79-80% menthol

CSIR-IIIM developed “Anant Carvomint”, a new improved l-carvone rich strain of Mentha longifolia (L) and released in South India

Monarda citriodora: A new variety rich in thymol (0.5% Oil with 75-85% thymol) has been released for commercial cultivation by CSIR-CIMAP

- Ashwagandha: “NMITLI-118” developed under NMITLI programme of CSIR and released to the farmers. First phytochemicallly uniform and pharmacologically validated variety has high root yield and high withanolide yield per unit biomass

- Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.): an efficient single recipe in-vitro protocol has been developed by CSIR-IIIM that has enabled faster regeneration of somaclonal variants/calliclones for their evaluation under varied climates and molecular characterization.

Bioinoculants:

CSIR-NBRI has developed abiotic stress tolerant biofertilizer and biopesticides for use as plant growth enhancer and biofungicides. The technology has been transferred to Department of Agriculture, U. P. Govt’s biofertilizer & biopesticide manufacturing units; Biotech International, New Delhi; Gujarat Agri Processing Company Ltd., Gujarat and Balaji Crop Care Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad. Rhizobium and phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) technology was used at U.P. Government’s 17 biofertilizer producing laboratories. The laboratory has also developed Beauveria bassiana spp. based technology package for bio-control of agriculture pests especially Spodoptera and termites in legume crops. The novel microbe isolated from the field is thermostable at higher temperature.

Cultivation of improved Mentha in Tamil Nadu

New variety of ‘Ashwagandha’

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Technology for production of the microbial inoculant Pseudomonas trivialis for application as biofertilizer in agriculture crops was licensed to M/s Multiplex Biotech Pvt Ltd, Bangalore by CSIR-IHBT.

CSIR-IIIM developed technology for bio-degradable crop growth enhancer and solid state fermentation for production of Trichoderma viride as bio-control agent. The technologies have been successfully transferred to Glow Biotech Limited, Aligarh who have launched product named ‘Glowmin’. The institute has also developed technology for organic-zinc fertilizer through fermentation process. It has been successfully transferred to Subhash Fertilizers Pvt Ltd., Jalna and Sri Biotech, Hyderabad. A product by the name Orgo-Zinc has been launched using this technology.

Production of Steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana:

CSIR-IHBT has developed an economically viable, green technology for the production of stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana. The technology is being up scaled from pilot plant to commercial scale having 100kg/batch capacity. The average composition of stevioside and rebaudiosides are 24.9% and 9.7%, respectively. Standardization of physical characteristics of the product is in progress. PCT application has been filed. Patent was filed in USA, Korea and Vietnam.

CSIR-CFTRI has also developed novel process for stevioside production wherein levels of polyphenolics have been reduced, adsorbent can be reused. The process also involves production of pure stevioside extract.

Production of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA):

Fermentation technology for production of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from marine source was developed by CSIR-IIIM and successfully transferred to M/s Avesthagen Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore.

ELISA based diagnostic kits:

CSIR-IHBT has developed ELISA based diagnostic kits for detection of different viruses, namely, Chrysanthemum virus B, Lily symptomless virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, Apple stem pitting virus, Cherry virus A, Prunus ring spot virus, Apple mosaic virus, Carnation mottle virus, Carnation latent virus, Apple stem grooving and Prunus necrotic ringspot virus.

Aescin from Aesculus indica:

A technology has been developed at CSIR-IHBT for production of aescin from the seeds of Aesculus indica at pilot scale with 1-2% yield and >90% w/w purity. The developed extraction process has been licensed to a private industry.

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Garlic bio-oleoresin: CSIR-CFTRI has prepared toxic solvent residues free garlic bio-oleoresin through blending of volatile oil and resin obtained from enzyme pretreated garlic which increases oil yield significantly.

Neutraceutical and dietary supplement for bone health:

CSIR-CDRI developed and licensed the know-how for plant-based nutraceutical and dietary supplement for optimum bone health to M/s Natural Remedies Private Ltd., Bangalore for commercial production. The product would help alleviate the severity of osteoporosis later in life.

Flavourant from Swallowroot: CSIR-CFTRI developed a process for optimizing extraction and isolation of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB) from swallow roots. HMB finds application as a natural flavourant in beverages, dairy products and bakery products.

Ready to eat snack: CSIR-CFTRI developed a process for expanded horse gram to give an acceptable expanded ready-to-eat snack having 'reduced anti-nutritional factors' with improved protein digestibility. The product is crisp, crunchy and shelf stable.

Synthesis of Vanillin: CSIR-NEIST developed a novel process for synthesis of Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde) involving single-step oxidation of ferulate moiety of rice straw in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, manganese sulphate, cupric chloride, sodium acetate, sulphuric acid and water under reflux condition for 1-3 hours.

Extraction of anti-oxidant:

The major colouring principles beta cyanin and beta xanthin present in beet root have been fractionated by CSIR-CFTRI to homogeneity by aqueous two phase extraction. Water soluble amino acid derivatives of curcumin have also been developed. These amino acid derivatives, with high anti oxidant and anti-mutagenic activities, could find potential applications in food and pharma industries.

Processed Food:

In CSIR-CFTRI led development, technology has been developed and transferred to industry for process line for Poory, lemon cutting machine – manual, domestic Chapatti machine, dough sheet extruder. Technology is ready for commercialization for process line for Murukku and Sev, process line for Boondi, continuous roasting/drying unit, process line for food bars, process line for Laddu machine, wet/dry grinder, mini chakki mill, lab lyophilizer, cereal cake machine, coconut grating machine and ready for

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large scale performance for garlic peeling machine, jilebi forming unit, pressure fryer, pulsed electric field system.

Herbal Sindoor:

CSIR-NBRI has developed herbal sindoor using natural dyes and safe food/pharmaceutical grade natural filler material, rendering it safe, ecofriendly without any health hazard.

Transgenic plants:

- Tea: In two independent studies, transgenic tea expressing osmotin / chitinase gene was produced at CSIR-IHBT and independent lines were transferred to soil under contained polyhouse conditions. The osmotin containing transgenic lines were found tolerant to osmotic stress. Transgenic plants transformed with chitinase gene were found to be resistant to feeding by Spodoptera littura larvae.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation of tea using RNAi construct of caffeine synthase (CS) cDNA showed suppressed expression of CSgene and a marked reduction in caffeine and theobromine contents in young shoots. The transformation system can be used for functional analysis of genes in woody and perennial plants.

- Rose: Transgenic plants of Rosa burboniana having osmotin genes were

successfully raised at CSIR-IHBT. Transgenic plants showed higher chlorophyll and relative water content.

- Apple rootstock: Transgenic apple rootstocks have been raised at CSIR-IHBT using leaf explants through Agrobacterium mediated transformation as well as biolistic gun. The transformants tested positive in PCR and dot blot.

- Bamboo: Genetic transformation using somatic embryos of

Dendrocalamus hamiltonii has been performed by both indirect as well as direct approach at CSIR-IHBT. The laboratory is the first to report successful generation of transgenic bamboo containing thaumatin like protein gene against abiotic and biotic stresses through Agrobacterium mediated transformation.

- Potato: In Solanum tuberosum cv. Kufri Giriraj and Kufri Sutlej, protocol

for development of healthy in-vitro shoot cultures suitable for regeneration and genetic transformation studies was developed at CSIR-IHBT. Transgenic lines of TLP (PR5 protein) and PPO has been developed in Kufri Giriraj and SOD, APX and double transgenics of SOD and APX has been developed in Kufri Sutlej. Over expression of tlp gene in potato conferred enhanced tolerance to charcoal rot in potato and had shown delayed symptoms of late blight. Enhanced

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expression of CuZnSOD in Kufri Sutlej had an impact on abiotic stress tolerance like drought and salinity.

c) Societal Impact CSIR-IHBT has established an Arbetorium, Fernery and Bamboo museum as part of dissemination activities. Societal developmental activities were carried out in area of field production and value addition of tea and bamboos plantation, commercial floriculture, horticulture, medicinal and aromatic plants including stevia based on exclusive technologies developed at the institute. Extension activities have helped increase area under cultivation of commercial flower crops from 30 ha (1993-94) to 813 ha with an estimated turnover of Rs 77.26 crores in the current year. Bamboo treatment plant has been installed at CSIR-IHBT. Institute has designed and tested charcoal kiln for converting bamboo into charcoal. Bamboo candies as a new product out of edible bamboo shoots are being tested. These developments will be impacting rural economy in years to come. CSIR-IIIM has developed agrotechnology for the cultivation of medicinal plants which along with quality planting material has been passed on to number of farmers and entrepreneurs. Through extension activities on cultivation of MAPs in different parts of India there is generation of employment especially for rural poor to the tune of 88,168 mandays. At CSIR-NBRI employment oriented commercial gardeners training programmes have been conducted for unemployed, literate and poor rural youth. Farmers have also been trained in floriculture, use of biofertilizers and advanced production technology of flowers. The process of preparing dehydrated floral crafts and simple Ayurvedic and nutraceutical formulations like Giloe Satva, Vasavaleha etc was demonstrated. The laboratory has also been involved in popularization of CSIR-NBRI green technologies using rural schools as Knowledge Dissemination Centres.

Biovillage Programme:

CSIR-CIMAP efforts towards popularization of cultivation, processing, value addition and marketing of medicinal and aromatic plants through hand-holding awareness camps and field demonstrations of crops like lemongrass, vetiver, ashwagandha, mints (both menthol mint and peppermint), citronella, patchouli, geranium, satavar, rosemary and rose in the states of AP, Karnataka, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have helped benefit farmers and entrepreneurs through additional income estimated around Rs 40,000/- per annum.

Demonstration of technologies suitable for rural women like raising

nursery, agarbatti making, gulab jal, vermicompost production from farm

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waste were made and more than 1000 women were trained in these areas. A novel initiative on technology dissemination for re-use of temple flowers for agarbatti making to help rural poor women generate income (2500-3000/- per month) and for protection of the environment has been undertaken by the laboratory at Chandrika Devi Temple, near Lucknow and second at Dewa Sharif Dargah in district Barabanki of Uttar Pradesh. A Women Entrepreneurial Training Facility (WETF) near Chandrika Devi Temple, and two self help groups (SHGs) near Chandrika Devi Temple and Dewa Sharief Dargah have also been set up.

As part of CSIR-CIMAP’s initiative to extend ICT based services for timely

alerts, a SMS based agro-advisory was launched in January 2011 Kisan Mela for farmers cultivating medicinal and aromatic crops. More than 700 farmers have been registered so far and the number is increasing with every training and awareness program.

Catalyzing Industrial Growth:

Production of high quality menthol mint oil based on CSIR-CIMAP's improved variety Kosi had enabled Indian menthol industry to capture world market and acquire number one position in the production and trade. Another menthol rich variety Saryu released in 2010 is likely to improve the prospects of menthol mint production and trade further.

A leading Pharma company IPCA lab contracted farmers trained by CSIR-

CIMAP and also acquired CSIR-CIMAP's consultancy and plant variety CIMAP-Arogya seeds enabling farmers to grow the crop with about 0.8% artemisinin yield. This has opened the avenues of self reliance in the area of anti-malarial drug molecule artemisinin at competitive rates.

5.3 Biology and Biotechnology

a) Scientific Excellence

Human genome variation: CSIR-IGIB in collaboration with the Human Genome Organisation’s (HUGO’s) Pan-Asian SNP Consortium showed that genetic ancestry was highly correlated with ethnic and linguistic groups. There was a clear increase in genetic diversity from northern to southern latitudes. The study also suggested that there was one major inflow of human migration into Asia arising from Southeast Asia, rather than multiple inflows from both southern and northern routes as proposed before. This study further highlights the need for genetic stratification when conducting genetic and pharmacogenomic studies in this continent.

Mapping the Genetic Diversity of India: IGVdb

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In CSIR-IGIB led CSIR initiative of Indian Genome Variation, genetic landscape and diversity across Indian populations was mapped for the first time by coordinated efforts of multiple faculty. This further led to pathbreaking understanding of migration of human populations through India into Southeast Asia. The study reveals that India has a representation of nearly all global populations making it an ideal setting for clinical trials, discovery of disease genes and pharmacogenomics. Human genome sequencing:

CSIR-IGIB has applied the next generation sequencing technology for sequencing an anonymous human DNA sample. Subsequent computational analysis of the sequenced genome dataset has predicted the occurrence of a plethora of Single Nucleotide Variations and insertion and deletion (InDels). Further experimental validations of the computational predictions are in progress.

Genetics of human behaviour:

A nicotine behavioral assay in zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been developed by CSIR-IGIB for genetic screen using gene-breaking transposon mutagenesis. The method has been used to molecularly characterize

Key Achievements -Biology and Biotechnology

Scientific Excellence

- Genetic landscape and diversity across Indian populations mapped for the first time by CSIR-IGIB led initiative; new theory on migration patterns of the populations was established

- Metabolic Engineering through synthetic biology approach undertaken for Azadirachtin and Vinca alkaloid biosynthetic pathways

Technology Development/Commercialization

- A Leishmania-derived RNA Import Complex was shown for the first time internationally to be capable of efficiently delivering functional RNA to mitochondria

- Geno-cluster, a high end bio-informatics applications suite developed indigenously to enhance in-silico drug discovery, transferred to M/s Jalaja Technologies

Societal Impact

- Biodiversity preservation: At LaCONES, a collection of DNA samples of different species (172) of mammals (37), birds (102), reptiles (08) and corals (25) available

- Semen from nilgai, black buck, spotted deer, barasingha, chowsingha, leopard, lion and vulture cryopreserved

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bdav/cct8 and hbog/gabbr1.2 as mutations with altered nicotine response. The combination of this reporter-tagged insertional mutagen approach and zebrafish provides a powerful platform for a rich array of questions amenable to genetic-based scientific inquiry, including the basis of behavior, epigenetics, plasticity, stress, memory, and learning.

Gene regulation:

In an effort to understand the role of repeat sequences in a genome, CSIR-CCMB developed a model that shows repeats to play a regulatory role by contributing to the packaging of the genome during cellular differentiation.

Scientists at CSIR-CCMB have also identified a functionally conserved repressive element by testing the non-coding DNA from the HoxD complex of mouse. The study opens up ways to explore evolutionary developmental biology across the species using functional and comparative genomic approach with the help of Drosophila as a model system of choice. CSIR-CCMB scientists have presented for the first time, evidence for a developmental stage and testis-specific transcription from the male-specific region of the Y (MSY) heterochromatic block. This was the first report of transcription from the Yq12 heterochromatic block and the first report of trans-splicing between a Y chromosomal and an autosomal transcript. The Y chromosome does not recombine with the rest of the genome and, hence, is considered to be genetically isolated. The study also records for the first time Y chromosomal control of an autosomal gene. At CSIR-IGIB, a set of human miRNAs were predicted to bind to the HIV1 nef gene from computational studies. The miRNA was cloned, expressed and demonstrated to target the nef gene. A novel molecule, designed by incorporating the features of modified backbone nucleic acids and ribozymes for degradation of specific miRNAs was developed and tested. The results show that these molecules called antagomiRzymes maybe used to regulate miRNA levels in cultured cells.

Evaluation and Correction of Mitochondrial Dysfuction in Disease:

CSIR-IICB has studied the role of mitochondria in disease and is developing new methods aimed at correcting such dysfunctions. Diseases such as primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), Wilson’s disease, hypertrophic heart induced by hyperthyroidism excess of anti-inflammatory drugs, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes type 2, cancer cell apoptosis and drug resistance, neurodegenerative diseases, disease-causing mitochondrial tRNA mutations, malaria and Helicobacter pylori mediated and non-mediated gastropathy.

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The laboratory has developed a cybrid model for restoration of respiration to ~90% of normal within hours in patients with Kearns Sayre Syndrome. A similar finding was demonstrated with a reactive oxygen species when treated with tagged polycistronic (pc) RNAs, encoding parts of the mitochondrial proteome, bound to a multi-subunit carrier complex. The studies have implications for correction of mitochondrial defects in age-related disorders due to mtDNA mutations.

The mechanism of action of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS)-mediated apoptotic tissue injury has been investigated in vivo. Correlation of the phenomenon with insulin resistance is envisaged.

Peptide engineering:

Group led by CSIR-IICB has designed, synthesized and characterized a number of novel analogs of several naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides. Variants of defensins with improved antimicrobial activity and branched peptide against melanoma and IKK-β with anticancer activity has been demonstrated. Peptide immunogens were formulated for development of malarial vaccine.

Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) has been successfully isolated from Alternaria, serine protease from Curvularialunata and human interferon beta could be expressed in E.coli. A strong candidate for advantageous thrombolysis was investigated by fusion of anti-thrombin domains with domains of streptokinase. Another novel fusion protein has been developed as a biofuel catalyst consisting of the catalytic domains of an endoglucanase from Rhodothermus marinus, an exoglucanase from Cellulomonas fimi and a beta-glucosidase from Streptomyces sp. QM-B814, along with a cellulose-binding domain (CDB) of one of the cellulases of C. fimi.

Molecular regulators of the cytoskeleton:

At CSIR-CCMB, molecules involved in signaling to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics are being studied. The purpose is to identify molecular determinants that regulate cell shape changes that accompany differentiation, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis. Currently, focus is on the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, C3G, which is ubiquitously expressed and functions in multiple signaling pathways. A novel property of C3G has been identified in regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Exploring the role of C3G in regulating cellular plasticity, it has been shown that its overexpression caused extensive morphological changes in highly invasive breast cancer cells. The findings have implications in suppressing metastatic potential of aggressive breast.

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Functional role of nuclear lamin:

CSIR-CCMB is investigating muscle-specific functions for lamin A. Using cultured myoblasts, it has been shown that internal lamins are rearranged during the early stages of muscle differentiation to a uniform, diffuse pattern in a process that is unique to muscle cells and is induced by cyclin D3 and pRb, and interestingly cyclin D3 can bind directly to lamin A. In a novel finding, it has been shown that lamin A mutants induce proteasomal degradation of key nuclear proteins such as heterochromatin proteins by activation of a novel F-box protein, FBXW10 that is a substrate adapter of a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, and two other ubiquitin ligases, RNF123 and HECW2. These findings have important implications for understanding the basis of laminopathies.

Nucleic Acid Delivery: In an effort to understand the molecular basis of peptide-based nucleic acid delivery, CSIR-CCMB adopted a novel design strategy to generate cell-penetrating peptides to overcome various cellular barriers. The strategy enabled efficient introduction of DNA in a cell-specific manner through designed targeting peptide ligands that interact with cell surface receptors overexpressed in certain cancers. These have been validated for its efficacy in vitro by delivering plasmid DNA and shRNA. With this fundamental work in place, the molecular basis of delivery is now being investigated for siRNA delivery. Formulations for nucleic acid delivery have been evolved through in vivo study.

Homologous and heterologous expression of high-value phytoceuticals

(artemisinin, picrosides, morphine, withanolides, podophyllotoxin): CSIR laboratories, namely CSIR-CIMAP, CSIR-IHBT, CSIR-IICB, CSIR-IIIM and CSIR-NBRI have generated differentially annotated ESTs for Artemisia annua covering artemisinin biosynthesis, Papaver somniferum covering morphine and papaverine biosynthesis, genotype Poshita of Withania somnifera containing high Withaferin A in leaf and from chemovariant, Podophylum covering podophyllotoxin biosynthesis and Picrorrhiza kurroa covering picroside biosynthesis. In addition, full length genes including 7 genes of Artemisia annua, 8 genes of Papaver somniferum, 3 genes of Picrorrhiza kurroa, 13 genes belonging to Withania somnifera and 4 genes of Podophyllum hexandrum biosynthetic pathway have been isolated and their functional analysis is in progress.

Transcriptome sequencing of Podophyllum, Picrorhiza, Papaver, Withania has been completed. Bioinformatics analysis of Podophyllum is in progress. In Picrorhiza, all the genes of mevalonate, non-mevalonate, phenylpropanoid pathway were identified including monoterpene synthases. In Papaver, transcriptome of wild type and high papaverine synthesizing mutant (pap1) has been sequenced. All the known genes involved in

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alkaloid biosynthesis were identified. In Withania, to identify complete gene family for SGTs, transcriptome data have been established for root and leaf tissues of three chemotypes Breeding and genomic studies are in progress in Opium poppy to enhance alkaloids in poppy. The regeneration and transformation protocol was developed for Artemisia annuua and Picrorhiza. SGTL1 and SGTL4 of Withania somnifera have been transformed in tobacco and transgenic plants have been analyzed for phenotypic and biochemical changes. An efficient regeneration protocol has been developed for Papaver somniferum through somatic embryogenesis.

Metabolic engineering in Azadirachtin (Neem) and Vinca alkaloid

biosynthetic pathways: Metabolic Engineering through synthetic biology approach was undertaken for Azadirachtin (Neem) and Vinca alkaloid biosynthetic pathways. Analysis of transcriptome sequences of Azadirachtin leaf and seed has led to identification of some seed specific intermediates of the pathway, which would enable identification of related genes and enzymes. A benchmarking platform, called ‘GenomeABC’ was developed for assembling the whole genome data. This platform has several features for creation of a hypothetical genome, generating desired mutations in a genome, option for creating simulated short reads from a genome, facility for mapping of contigs on reference genome and evaluation of quality of assembled genome.

A cDNA library was constructed from young leaves of Catharanthus roseus and sequenced. Analyses of sequence data revealed various genes of the secologanin and vindoline pathways. In another study, the possibility of conversion of 16-methoxytabersonine into 16-methoxy-2, 3- dihydro-3-hydroxytabersonine was analysed using 18 hydratases obtained from the cDNA library.

Mutated TATA-box/TATA binding protein complementation system for regulated transgene expression in tobacco: A two-component expression system was developed by CSIR-NBRI to achieve tightly regulated expression of transgenes in plants. One component functioned as an expression module whereas the other functioned as a regulatory module. The expression module comprised a highly expressing TATA-dependent seed-specific promoter in which the TATA motif in the core promoter was mutated to TGTA. The regulatory module expressed a mutated general transcription factor TBPm(3) that recognized TGTA and initiated transcription. The results show that the TGTA and TBPm(3) combination can be used to achieve high-level tissue-specific expression of TATA-dependent promoters.

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A T9G mutation in the prototype TATA-box TCACTATATATAG determines nucleosome formation and synergy with upstream activator sequences in plant promoters: Studies by CSIR-NBRI on prototype TATA box have shown that transcriptional augmentation with mutation at the ninth position might be because of the loss of a repressive nucleosomal structure on the TATA-box. In agreement with the findings, the promoters containing TATAGATA as identified by genome-wide analysis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are not tightly repressed.

Nanobiology:

Syzygium cumini and Bauhinia variegata were explored for the synthesis of various types of Ag and Au nanoparticles at CSIR-IHBT. The solubility, stability and bioavailability of quercitrin and quercetin were improved by nanoencapsulation on biodegradable PLA (poly lactic acid) nanoparticles with efficiency of 96.7 and 19.4% actual drug loading. High encapsulation efficiency, small size and slow release make quercetin loaded PLA nanoparticles a suitable candidate for development of nanomedicines.

The effect of Cu2+ binding to αA-crystallin:

CSIR-CCMB has identified the Cu2+-binding regions in small heat shock proteins, αA- and αB-crystallin. The multimeric protein αB-crystallin sequesters a very large number of Cu2+ ions. This novel property of αB-crystallin has significance in its protective role in neurodegenerative diseases and cataract. It has also been also shown G98R mutation in αA-crystallin, which causes pre-senile cataract, leads to folding defects. Mixed oligomer formation with wild-type αA- and αB-crystallin, prevents the development of congenital cataract. The studies further showed that synergistic effects of metal ions such as copper and the mutation may cause the onset of cataract at the age of ~16 years.

b) Technology Development

Development of a new method for mitochondrial gene therapy: A Leishmania-derived RNA Import Complex isolated previously at CSIR-IICB was shown for the first time internationally to be capable of efficiently delivering functional RNA to mitochondria. A new protocol for preparation and use of the RNA and carrier complex has been submitted for international patent protection.

Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering of azadirachtin biosynthesis

pathway: CSIR-IICB has developed a benchmarking platform, called ‘GenomeABC’ for assembling the neem whole genome sequence data. The platform has several features that includes; i) creation of a hypothetical genome, ii) generation of desired number of mutation in a genome, iii) option for

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creating simulated short reads from a genome, iv) facility for mapping of contigs on reference genome, v) evaluation of quality of assembled genome. In addition, the platform provides a facility to evaluate the performance of a newly developed assembler in terms of N-50 contig length, percentage of genome covered and percentage of error rate.

Microbial Enzymes for hair removal – Zero Emission Initiative:

CSIR-IICB has produced proteases from the fungus Termitomyces clypeatus to analyze degradation of proteinaceous materials (and other relevant components) in wastes generated at different steps in leather processing. The unhairing efficacy of the proteases in culture medium (without purification) has been successfully tested also at Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai.

New Species:

CSIR-CCMB has isolated a haloalkaliphilic bacterial species, which led to the identification of a novel bacterial genus from a water sample from Lonar Lake, Buldhana district, Maharashtra. This Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium (strain LW1T), named Indibacter alkaliphilus gen. nov. sp. Nov, based on its morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analysis was identified as a novel genus . The bacterium is tolerant to high salinity (8% sodium chloride), high alkalinity (pH 12) and could be used as a potential source for enzymes required for hydrolysis of starch under extreme conditions of salinity and pH.

Geno-Cluster:

Geno-cluster is a high end bio-informatics applications suite developed indigenously to enhance in-silico drug discovery. It is based on concepts of comparative genomics. The tool primarily aims to predict genes, protein functionality and virulence factors. They work in tandem to provide a platform conducive to cutting edge research in the in-silico design of novel drug molecules and vaccines. Highly sophisticated Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are employed to identify genes, non-genes or virulent factors. This technology has been transferred to M/s Jalaja Technologies Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore.

c) Societal impact

Genetic study of wild animals:

CSIR-CCMB has used partial mitochondrial sequences and/ or microsatellite loci for studying genetic diversity among Gir lions, Indian leopard

High end bio-informatics applications

Tiger: DNA Finger Printing

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(Panthera pardus), tigers, Indian wild buffaloes and Viper. It is also working on population based studies on Indian tiger, DNA barcoding of birds of India and sex identification in birds. The laboratory carried out studies pertaining to malaria being a cause for the decline of the Indian White Backed Vulture, avianpox infection in wild birds in India, wildlife forensics.

At LaCONES, a collection of properly quantified and catalogued DNA samples of different species (172) of mammals (37), birds (102), reptiles (08) and corals (25) are available. DNA barcode of each sample is being attempted. In addition, semen from nilgai, black buck, spotted deer, barasingha, chowsingha, leopard, lion and vulture have been cryopreserved. In addition a bank of cell cultures from a number of wild animals has been created, which could be used subsequently as a source of DNA or for somatic cell cloning. Fibroblast cell lines of lion, leopard, spotted deer, barking deer, mouse deer, chowsingha, barasingha, blackbuck, nilgai and bison have been developed using skin biopsy collected either from live or dead animals.

5.4 Chemicals Science & Technology a) Scientific Excellence

A 2D solid-state NMR experiment to resolve overlapping aromatic resonances of thiophene-based nematogens: CSIR-CLRI has carried out a study which demonstrates the feasibility of resolving overlapping 13C chemical shift spectral lines of aromatic rings in a thiophene-based nematogen in the mesophase using a 2D PITANSEMA solid-state NMR method. This technique provided the information about chemical shift values as well as dipolar couplings that are used for determining the orientational order parameter. Large C−H dipolar coupling values measured for thiophene in contrast to phenyl rings suggest that the heterocyclic ring is not part of the molecular axis. Using the order parameter, CSIR has determined the orientation of C−H vectors of the thiophene ring. Therefore, the 2D solid-state NMR can be extended to other types of liquid crystalline materials such as the banana-based mesogens for determining the orientational order and bent angle.

NMR monitoring of chain specific stability in heterotrimeric collagen peptides: A novel use of NMR spectroscopy to investigate the heterotrimeric nature of a collagen model peptide has been developed by CSIR-CLRI. Two distinct peptide chains (A and B) were synthesized to model a site in heterotrimeric basement membrane type IV collagen. For NMR studies, four amino acids in the B chain were labeled with 15N/13C. CD spectroscopy and DSC thermal stability results on a solution with both A and B peptides

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(molar ratio 2A:1B) are consistent with the presence of one heterotrimeric triple-helical molecular species. HSQC experiments on homotrimers of the B peptide show trimer peaks which disappear at temperatures higher than 10°C, while the 2A:1B mixture has trimer peaks with increased stability and altered chemical shifts. The reduction in the number of Leu trimer peaks from three to one and the increased stability of trimer resonances confirm the participation of B chains in an AAB heterotrimer molecule.

Tailored anisotropic magnetic chain structures:

A great deal of research is focused on nanomaterials, particularly those with magnetic properties that can be exploited for the fabrication of ordered one-dimensional (1D) chainlike assemblies. Self-assembly of citrate-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles and hydroxy pyrene trisulfonate (HPTS) catalysed by poly(L-lysine) forms magnetoresponsive fluorescent spheres (MFS) in glutaric dialdehyde (GA) medium. In the presence of a permanent

Key Achievements - Chemical Science and Technology

Scientific Excellence

- Novel industrial synthesis of prostaglandins derivatives such as Misoprostol, Carboprost and Latanoprost developed by CSIR-IICT

- Surface imprinted nanospheres with a potential for recovery of uranium from natural water synthesized

- Core-shell poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-barium ferrite nanocomposites synthesized and characterized for microwave absorption

Technology Development/Commercialization

- Improved process for Heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), a halon substitute, developed and transferred to Mechvac Fabricators

- A novel integrated process for the recovery of sulphate of potash from sulphate-rich bittern developed and licensed to M/S MsArchean Chemicals Industries

Societal Impact

- CSIR-IICT has been certified by Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) as a designated laboratory for the off-site analysis of chemical weapons and their degradation products

- An electrochemical kit that can measure glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in blood, that be used as a table-top device by medical practitioner or patients, developed

- More than one million patients suffering from wound/burn benefitted from the low priced collagen based wound dressings developed by CSIR-CLRI

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magnet then 1D magnetic beaded-chain assemblies are observed to be formed and reported by CSIR-IICT. It was demonstrated that a hierarchical assembly process to integrate functional nano- and molecular units that allows the formation of one-dimensional magnetic beaded-chain structures in a colloidal dispersion.

Silver nanoparticles of variable morphology as novel templates: CSIR-NCL has conducted a study which describes the synthesis of silver nanocrystals within aqueous foams as a template. The study illustrates that aqueous Ag+ ions may be electrostatically complexed with the anionic surfactants aerosol OT (sodium bis-2-ethylhexyl-sulfosuccinate, (AOT) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)) in a highly stable liquid foam. After drainage of the foam, the silver ions are reduced in situ by introducing sodium borohydride into the foam by capillary flow. This leads to the formation of silver nanoparticles of spherical, tape- and sheet-like morphology in the foam. The structure of the foam is extremely complex and presents reaction sites of different spatial extent. The differences in foam reaction–site geometry are believed to be responsible for the morphology variation in the silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles are observed to be extremely stable in solution suggesting that the AOT or SDS molecules stabilize them.

Cobalt (II)-exchanged Zeolite X for catalytic epoxidation of styrene: Styrene oxide is a commercially important intermediate used in the

synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Conventional methods use hazardous chemicals and show poor selectivity for styrene epoxide, leading to the generation of undesirable products. CSIR-CSMCRI has developed a novel catalyst in which alkali and alkaline earth metal cations were introduced into the zeolite catalyst to increase styrene conversion and styrene oxide selectivity. Styrene conversion of >99% with styrene oxide selectivity up to 68% was achieved using NaCoX. Replacing the sodium ions with alkali metal cations increased styrene oxide selectivity from 68% for NaCoX19 to 77% for CsCoX20. Styrene oxide selectivity further increased on replacing the sodium ions with alkaline earth metal cations. The cobalt-exchanged zeolite X catalysts showed similar catalytic activity even after three catalytic reaction cycles.

Mesoporous ceria catalysts and adsorbents for air purification:

Ceria has been of great scientific interest for its potential application in air pollution abatement. CSIR-IIP, for the first time reported development of a novel bimodal mesoporous crystalline ceria having nanometer-sized, pseudo-spherical, monodisperse particles. This mesoporous ceria was prepared using block copolymer templates and non-aqueous solvent. The surface areas, mesopore structure and thermal stabilities of the final product were observed to depend on the gel composition. The material shows very high sorption and catalytic properties for the elimination of

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acetaldehyde compared to semicrystalline mesoporous ceria and non-porous crystalline ceria materials. The material also showed acetaldehyde elimination ability twice as high as that of conventional materials.

Developments in the synthesis of prostaglandins and analogues:

From a biological point of view, prostaglandins are highly active in many systems and they have been implicated in medication of various physiological responses. Naturally occurring PGs, mainly PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2 are potent stimulants of human uterine contractility at any state of pregnancy and also cause cervical ripening and dilatation. CSIR-IICT has developed a novel industrial synthesis of Prostaglandins (PGs) derivatives such as Misoprostol, Carboprost and Latanoprost. Particular attention is paid on the possible use of ionic liquids as solvent medium for the PG synthesis.

Development of a very short gram-scale synthesis of taxotere side-chain:

Taxol has severe water solubility problem for effective drug delivery and therefore requires elaborate secondary treatment. Moreover, the production of taxol from the slow growing yew trees leads to problems of environmental consideration as well as debatibility on the abundance of yew trees. To overcome these problems, intensive search for suitable taxol analogue has been initiated. In recent years, more emphasis is being given on the production of 10-DAB III, from which a wide range of semisynthetic taxol analogues such as taxotere can be made. A viable approach for the production of taxotere from simpler diterpenoid baccatin III, by fixing a synthetic 3-phenylisoserine derived side chain has been reported by CSIR-NEIST. Because of this C-13 side chain, taxotere has become one of the most targeted compounds by the synthetic chemists.

Functionalized MCM-41 and SBA-15 as efficient catalysts for

enantioselective epoxidation of alkenes: Heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts has become an important

strategy for obtaining supported catalysts that retain the active catalytic sites of a homogeneous analogue while at the same time providing advantages of easy separation and recycling of the catalyst. CSIR-CSMCRI has conducted a study involving catalytic enantioselective ring-opening reaction of meso-stilbene oxide and cyclohexene oxide with anilines. The reaction was catalyzed by (S)-(-)-BINOL-Ti complexes at ambient temperature to obtain β-amino alcohols in high yield (95%) and enantio-selectivity (ee, 78%),which was further improved to 98 % by a single recrystallization step. The absolute configuration of representative β-amino alcohols was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The catalyst recovered after first use was recycled four times with retention in its performance.

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Core-shell poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-barium ferrite nanocomposites for microwave absorption: The study carried out by CSIR-NPL reports the complex permittivity, permeability, and microwave absorption properties of core shell type poly (3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene) (PEDOT) nanocomposite with barium ferrite, synthesized by in situ emulsion polymerization, in the 12.4-18 GHz frequency range. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies reveal the formation of core-shell type morphology with ferrite particles (60-80 nm) as the center while the polymer (PEDOT) formulates the outer shell of the composite. The presence of barium ferrite nanoparticles in the polymer matrix includes the magnetic losses, which mainly arise from the magnetic hysteresis, domain-wall displacement, and eddy current loss. The higher dielectric (ε′′ 23.5) and magnetic loss (µ′′ 0.22) contributes to the microwave absorption value of 22.5 dB (>99% attenuation) and are found to increase with the amount of ferrite constituents.

CuMgAl ternary hydrotalcites as catalysts for the hydroxylation of phenol:

Hydrotalcite-like compounds comprise a class of anionic clays or layered double hydroxides that have received increasing attention in recent years because of their diverse applications as ion exchangers, catalysts, catalyst supports and polymer additives. CSIR-CSMCRI reported preparation of CuMgAl ternary hydrotalcites with a (Cu + Mg)/Al atomic ratio of 3.0 and a Cu/Mg atomic ratio of 5.0, 3.0, 1.0, 0.33, and 0.2 involving co-precipitation under low supersaturation. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) of all of the samples showed the pattern characteristic of hydrotalcite without any detectable impurity phases. In situ PXRD studies revealed varying phase evolution processes depending on the concentration of magnesium. Catechol and hydroquinone were the main products observed in the hydroxylation of phenol over these catalysts, with H2O2 as oxidant and H2O as solvent.

Gold-Prussian blue nanocomposite for detection of hydrogen peroxide at

nanomolar levels: Prussian blue and its analogues have been considered interesting materials for reduction of hydrogen peroxide. A one-step electrochemical deposition of gold-Prussian blue (PB) nanocomposite films has been reported by CSIR-CECRI. The catalytic activity of gold nuclei toward the decomposition of ferricyanide to free ferric ions and controlled generation of gold nanoparticles from HAuCl4 solutions during potential cycling are exploited to form these nanocomposites. Concomitant electrochemical formation of both PB and gold phases leads to a “perfect blend”, in which each phase controls the growth of the other. The mechanism of formation and the features that distinguish this approach from others are highlighted.

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Superhydrophobic multiwalled carbon nanotube bucky paper: The “Lotus leaf effect” related to the superhydrophobicity and has attracted tremendous attention from both academia and industry due to its wide applications involving water-repellent and stainless coatings, self-cleaning and antifouling surface designs, and laboratory-on-a-chip devices. CSIR-NIIST has reported superhydrophobic multiwalled carbon nanotube bucky which showed fascinating wetting behavior as a result of an applied electric field. The wetting behaviour could be controlled by changing key variables like ionic strength, nature of electrolyte, and pH of the droplet. More significantly, the droplet behavior can be reversibly switched between superhydrophobic Cassie-Baxter state, to hydrophilic Wenzel state depending on the manner in which the electric field is applied.

Mesoporous zirconium phosphate as efficient solid acid catalyst:

Layered zirconium phosphate (ZrP) is one of the most important solid acid catalysts with the properties of high thermal stability, water tolerant ability and easy sedimentation. However, its low surface area and small interlayer spacing limit its application only to small molecules and the catalytic conversion are very low. To solve this problem, CSIR-CSMCRI has synthesized thermally stable mesoporous ZrP with excellent acidic nature, high surface area (532 m2g-1) and narrow pore size distribution (~2.9 nm) by employing in-situ generated zirconium carbonate as zirconium precursor. The concentration of phosphate in precursor solutions, as well as the calcination temperature, is found to influence the textural properties and acidity of synthesized m-ZrP significantly. High catalytic activity of synthesized m-ZrP is observed towards Friedel-Craft benzylation of benzene and other substituted benzene under solvent free condition.

Novel method for the preparation of A-ring annelated pyridosteroids:

The heterosteroids are of great pharmaceutical importance because of inherent biological activities. Enormous efforts have been made to synthesize A-ring fused heterosteroids with pyrazole, isoxazole, oxazole, pyridine, pyrrole and pyrimidine moieties. Among these, the synthesis of pyridine fused A-ring steroids draws renewed interests in view of the widespread occurrence and biological activity of pyridines in natural products and pharmaceuticals. On the other hand, enamides are synthetically important functionalities that constitute important building blocks of many biologically active compounds. However, steroidal enamides are less intensively studied in comparison to aliphatic or cyclic enamides. A novel method has been developed and reported by CSIR-NEIST for the preparation of A-ring annelated pyridosteroids from the Vilsmeier reaction of enamides in high yields.

A catalytic method for converting vinylic furanoses into cyclopentenones: The conversion of carbohydrates into carbocycles is a very useful strategy

in organic synthesis since it affords functionalized and optically active key

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intermediates for the total synthesis of various types of bioactive molecules. Furthermore, it is also reported as an excellent route to carbasugars, which are of pharmacological interest. A new strategy was developed by CSIR-IICT for the conversion of vinyl-substituted furanose derivatives into the corresponding cyclopentenones. This method appears complementary to the synthesis developed recently using the RCM reaction as the key step, which affords essentially cyclopentenones with a hydrogen on position 2.

Synthesis of delaminated LDH: A facile two step approach: Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are ionic lamellar compounds that consist of positively charged hydroxide sheets and interlayers filled with anions. The possibility of accommodating a variety of metal ions in the cationic layer, the range of physical properties accessible, acid–base properties, and the exfoliation to nanosheets that act as building blocks for nanomaterials has stimulated considerable interest in LDHs. Exfoliated LDHs are extremely small sheets of thickness around 1–5 nm and exhibit novel physical and chemical properties. CSIR-CSMCRI has developed one-step synthesis of carbonate-free nitrate containing LDHs. This was achieved using hexamine hydrolysis at low temperature and the products were delaminated successfully in water. These materials showed total delamination in formamide while restacking behavior depended critically on the medium.

Synthesis of surface imprinted nanospheres for recovery of uranium:

CSIR-NIIST reported imprinted polymer nanospheres by synthesizing quinoline-8-ol functionalized 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane modified silica nanoparticles followed by surface imprinting with 4-VP (4-vinyl pyridine), HEMA (2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) and EGDMA (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as the functional monomers and cross linking agent respectively. The reaction proceeds via cross linking with AIBN (2,2’-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile) as initiator and 2-methoxyethanol as the porogen respectively. Surface imprinted nano spheres synthesized by modified precipitation polymerization method offers higher retention capacity and imprinting coefficients for recovery of uranium from natural waters.

Cytochrome P450 catalyzed chemical reactions: To establish the fundamental factors that govern substrate epoxidation by cytochromes P450 enzymes, a systematic density functional theory study on substrate epoxidation by the active species of P450 enzymes, namely the iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin cation radical oxidant or Compound I was carried out. For the first time, it was shown that the rate constant of substrate epoxidation, and hence the activation energy, correlates with the ionization potential of the substrate as well as with intrinsic electronic properties of the active oxidant such as the polarizability volume. To

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explain these findings, an electron-transfer model for the reaction mechanism is proposed that explains the factors that determine the barrier heights and developed a valence bond (VB) curve crossing mechanism to rationalize the observed trends.

Study on the mechanism of the oxygen activation process in cysteine

dioxygenase enzymes: Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), a vital enzyme for biodegradation of toxic cysteine utilizes molecular oxygen to transfer two oxygen atoms to cysteinate to form cysteine sulfinic acid products. The mechanism for this reaction is currently disputed, with crystallographic studies implicating a persulfenate intermediate in the catalytic cycle. To resolve the dispute, the study was performed by CSIR-IICT on quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations on substrate activation by CDO enzymes using an enzyme monomer and a large QM active region. A stepwise mechanism is proposed whereby the distal oxygen atom of the iron(II)- superoxo complex attacks the sulfur atom of cysteinate to form a ring structure, followed by dioxygen bond breaking and the formation of a sulfoxide bound to an iron(IV)-oxo complex.

b) Technology Development

Heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea) technology: CSIR-IICT has developed an improved process for Heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea)- a halon substitute in fire fighting systems, and transferred to M/S. Mechvac Fabricators (I) Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai. Halons (organic compound containing one or two carbon atoms and halogen atoms) are mainly used to extinguish fires and suppress explosions. These manmade chemicals are estimated to cause nearly 25% of the depletion of ozone layer in the earth's stratosphere. The direct consequence of this reduction in protective stratospheric ozone is an increased amount of harmful UV radiation from the sun reaching the surface of the earth.

Production technology for Zeolite-A for use as detergent builder:

Zeolite-A is used as phosphate substitute builder in detergents. This reduces the pollution of water bodies. On other hand, the phosphates used in detergents can be diverted to manufacture of phosphate based fertilizers for achieving the agro-production. In a way, this would reduce the water contamination and at the same time enhance the food availability. Use of Zeolite-A in detergents will save the phosphates which are manufactured from the imported Rock phosphate. Since phosphate is imported as there are no deposits of Rock phosphates in India, with this substitute, the economic benefits can be accrued. The technology

Manufacturing Plant for Heptafluoropropane

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developed by CSIR-CSMCRI has been transferred to M/S NALCO, Bhubaneswar.

Catalyst for hydrogenation of styrene oxide to 2-phenylethyl alcohol:

2-Phenylethyl alcohol is the main component of rose oils and most widely used in the synthesis of range of perfumery chemicals. The styrene oxide obtained by successful demonstration of environmentally friendly process for the epoxidation of styrene at 1 Kg level was hydrogenated in presence of monometallic and bimetallic catalyst supported on basic inorganic solid supports giving 98% yield of phenyl ethyl alcohol with 98% selectivity at 100 gram level which was successfully transferred to M/S Aquila Organics (P) Ltd., Mumbai by CSIR-CSMCRI.

Novel integrated process for the recovery of

sulphate of potash from sulphate-rich bittern CSIR has developed a novel integrated process for the recovery of sulphate of potash (SOP) from sulphate-rich bittern. The technology developed by CSIR-CSMCRI has been licensed to M/S MsArchean Chemicals Industries, Chennai. The other users can be solar salt manufacturers in the country.

Catalytic process for the manufacture of epichlorohydrin from allyl

chloride: CSIR-NCL has improved and patented TS-1 catalyst for manufacture of epichlorohydrin from allyl chloride. The developed process involves cold extraction for downstream separation of aqueous and organic layer to minimise hydrolysis of ECH at high temperature. The overall conversion of > 99 % and yield of > 95 % is achieved. Basic and detailed engineering package for a 3000 tpa plant completed for a plant to be located at Rayong, Thailand (Aditya Birla Group). Two tons of catalyst (first charge) had been produced and supplied to the plant. It is the first plant of its kind in the world.

High purity salt from sub soil/sea brines:

An innovative route for the recovery of very high purity solar salt with improved whiteness in the field was developed and patented by the CSIR-CSMCRI. The heap washed salt analyzed >99.5% NaCl with highly reduced levels of calcium and sulphate impurities hitherto not achieved in solar salt production. The downstream bittern based products were also of improved quality and whiteness. Under the salt

Manufacture Plant of

epichlorohydrin

View of a Model Salt

Farm

Rann of Kutch: sulphate of potash recovery site

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cluster development program of Industries Commissionerate, Govt. of Gujarat, CSMCRI along with ANANDI a local NGO disseminated the salt upgradation technology at the grass root level. The production of high quality industrial salt from sub-soil/ lake brines of Rajasthan was demonstrated to the marginal medium salt producers. A 10 acre area at NAWA region of Rajasthan was developed into a model salt farm and very high purity salt with >99 % NaCl was produced through the innovative technology of CSIR. The technology has been transferred to M/S. Grasim Industries Ltd, Birlagram, Nagda.

Process Development for Phosphate Binding Polymer:

Patients suffering from chronic kidney diseases, face hyperphosphatemia i.e. higher serum phosphorus levels. Metal salts such as calcium have been administered in the past to bring down serum phosphorus in such patients. Both higher calcium and phosphorus levels in blood serum can result in cardiac and other soft tissue calcifications, renal bone disease. Sevelamer, which is chemically crosslinked polyallyl amine hydrochloride, is a unique calcium-free phosphate binder administered to remove excess calcium. CSIR-NCL has developed a new process for the synthesis of ‘Sevelamer’, the phosphate binding polymer. The patent application filed by the CSIR-NCL was granted US Patent 7388056 on 17 June 2008.

Novel method for recovery of DMSO solvent: Novel method comprising of electrodialysis followed by distillation to separate sodium azide and ammonium chloride along with DMSO from pharmaceutical effluents has been achieved by CSIR-IICT. The technology has been transferred to Astrix Laboratories Ltd., Medal, Andhra Pradesh.

Commissioning of nano filtration plant:

CSIR-IICT have successfully commissioned Commercial nano filtration plant (Six stage process for a feed capacity of 4000 liters per day) at M/S Consolidated Fibres and Chemicals Ltd., Kolkata for recovery of impurity free sodium thiocyanate solvent from aqueous process stream. This process is employed in the production of Acrylic Fiber. Training to the industry personnel on plant operation and membrane maintenance through experiments as well as audio visual presentation was also given as part of the technology transfer agreement.

Catalytic process for fragrance chemicals:

Chemical industry uses reagents for synthesis of intermediates for fragrance chemicals. CSIR-IICT has developed a new process for synthesizing intermediates for fragrance chemicals using supported catalyst. The process knowhow has been transferred to M/s Givaudan, Vernier Switzerland.

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Recovery of nickel from spent catalyst: CSIR-IICT has developed a cost effective process and demonstrated the technology on bench scale (100g) process to recover nickel as nickel carbonate from a spent Raney nickel catalyst. The process knowhow for recovery of nickel from spent Raney nickel catalyst has been transferred to M/S Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Ahmedabad.

Development of polymers to remove cholesterol:

Dietary intake of cholesterol needs to be controlled as excess cholesterol could lead to complications such as cardiovascular diseases, sclerosis of the arteries or strokes. CSIR-NCL has designed polymers that remove cholesterol very effectively. These polymers hold 45 mg of cholesterol per gram of the molecule improving the previously reported best of 17 mg cholesterol. The chemistry used to prepare these special polymers relies on a technique called “molecular imprinting”. Cholesterol is used as a “template” and is surrounded by molecules (called monomers) that are linked up to form the molecularly imprinted polymer. Thus, the polymer is fixed into the shape of the cholesterol and the monomers are precisely arranged so as to recognize cholesterol. After the template is removed, the cavity in the polymer has the shape and the correct arrangement of monomers so as to recognize cholesterol. When this molecularly imprinted polymer is mixed with body fluid containing cholesterol, the cholesterol “docks” perfectly into the cavity in the polymer and is removed along with the polymer.

Preparation of AC@MOF Composite with Enhanced Gas Adsorption

Capacity: A composite material was prepared by incorporating activated carbon into the porous framework of Cu-BTC during synthesis. The methane storage capacity of AC@Cu-BTC is 180 cc/g which is equivalent to 198 v/v considering the packing density. The high capacity of material meets the desired U.S. D.O.E target for methane storage of 180 v/v at 35 bars and 303 K for on board storage. The enhancement is about 80% as compared to that of Cu-BTC which has methane storage capacity 105v/v at 35 bars and 303 K.

An improved catalytic process for the preparation of epoxides from

alkenes: Styrene oxide, which is the target molecule in this process, is an intermediate in the production of several fragrance molecules and drugs. The developed process is based on non-chlorine route as against previously practiced process in the industry. Thus the developed process is environment-friendly. Considering the scale of operation (multi ton per day) which falls in fine-chemicals category and export market, this technology is expected to contribute in employment generation, earns foreign-exchange earning and at the same time by contributing in increasing family income.

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The technology developed by CSIR-CSMCRI has been transferred to M/s Eco-Organics, Rampur (UP).

Production process for calcium carbonate from fertilizer industry:

The calcium carbonate rich byproduct generated in fertilizer industry is creating pollution due to its fine particle size and ammonic smell. By converting this byproduct to value added products such as PCC & ACC these problems can be overcome while the ammonium salts can be recovered and used as fertilizers. The economical benefits can be accrued in terms of reduction in expenditure on waste handling and disposal by adopting the present technology. Also, the recovery of fertilizer component lost along with the waste can generate benefits to the fertilizer manufacturer. The technology has been transferred to M/S Gujarat Narmada Fertilizer Valley Company, Bharuch.

FLUOZX: A composite reagent for on-site estimation of fluoride:

A new analytical reagent has been developed for on-site estimation of fluoride in groundwater in the range of 0-10 mg/l by CSIR-CLRI.

Low-cost bituminous roads from waste plastics and copper slag:

The use of waste plastics and copper slag (CS) in hot bituminous mixes to enhance pavement performance, protect environment and to reduce the cost of road construction has been carried out. Waste plastic modified bitumen (WPMB) has been prepared by adding plastic waste (5% by weight of bitumen) in shredded form with suitable cross-linking agents to 80/100 bitumen and blending for 1 hour at 160°C. Physical properties of WPMB were found to be within the specified limits as per IS: 15462-2004.

Low dust writing chalk:

CSIR-CSMCRI has developed calcium carbonate based superior quality extruded writing chalk having high bulk density, smooth finish, low dust, ability to withstand easy breakage, negligible sensitivity towards moisture, good visibility of writing and easy wiping. Conventional chalk made from calcium sulphate can be replaced by this improved chalk.

Prototype HbA1c meter with the electronic hardware and the sensor

electrode: A novel HbA1c sensor based on non-enzymatic electrochemical analysis of

haemoglobin (Hb) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in a blood sample as ‘one-shot analysis’ has been developed for the first time by CSIR-CECRI. HbA1c measurement is a more reliable indicator of the diabetic state, dispensing the randomness associated with blood glucose estimation. This electrochemical kit, which is simple, inexpensive and patient-friendly, will facilitate efficient management of diabetes mellitus.

13 - 14 March 2008 CCMB Conf.

HbA1c meter

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This pioneering development, resulting from CSIR-Industry collaboration is first of its kind and is being patented. Attempts are underway to commercialize the development, targeting a table-top device for use in medical practitioners’ office as well as a bedside kit for the patients.

A novel wound dressing material:

Amniograft is a cost effective biocompatible wound dressing material, which is prepared by chemically modifying the human aminotic membrane by using suitable cross linker and subsequently drying the resulting product followed by sterilisation. The product developed by CSIR-CLRI and identified as Aminograft, has enormous application for the purpose of management of wounds of various nature. As it is a homograft, the compatibility of the product is higher compared to that of the conventional materials made from the bovine source.

Haemostatic wound healing powder:

CSIR-CLRI has developed a cost effective, biocompatible as well as biodegradable chemically modified fibrin powder, which is prepared by graft copolymerising purified, bleached and masticated fibrin with an acrylic monomer, followed by optional incorporation of drug and subsequent drying and pulverising. The powder has potential use as a dressing aid in the treatment of various wounds of diversified nature including external injury, cut, burn and even ulcers in animal as well as human being. It prevents loss of electrolyte from the wound site and also prevents any infection in the wound. The uniqueness of the process lies in the economical utilisation of crude fibrin, which is otherwise thrown as waste, thereby making wealth out of waste.

Biomaterials for wound care: Natural, non-immunogenic, non-pyrogenic, sterile, temporary biological skin

covered with bacterial barrier properties for burns, open raw wounds and other skin complications with shelf life 2-5 years has been developed by CSIR-CLRI. The important benefits of the new discovery are; faster recovery, single application, immediate pain relief, less likelihood of complications, less time and efforts for the doctor and paramedical staff, reduced need of fluids/electrolytes/albumins lost from the wound, the barrier protection from the infection at wound site, non purchase of multiple antibiotics and saving in the cost of analgesics. First of its kind in India, the collagen based biomaterials are developed at a very competitive and affordable price. More than one million patients suffering from wound/burn have benefitted from this indigenous product in India, especially, in saving the lives of several children during fire accident in Kumbokonam.

Excellent Compatibility of Homograft

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Reconstituted collagen sheet: Reconstituted Collagen sheet (RCS) is non-immunogenic, semitransparent cover, which seals the wound while breathing like skin, thereby healing without scar formation. In CSIR-CLRI, bovine achilles tendon was solubilised by mechanical, enzymatic and chemical treatment and the pure soluble collagen is purified by successive precipitations at acidic/alkaline pH. Unlike collagen sheet, it sticks over the wounds very easily, whereby the progress of wound healing can be monitored easily from outside because of the semi-transparent nature of the sheet. It is an ideal skin substitute for the management of first and second degree of non-infected burns, raw areas caused by release of burns contractures, traumatic loss of skin cover, skin donor sites, amputation sites, chronic skin ulcers, shallow pressure sores and derm abrasion cases. In third degree burns they are useful as a temporary cover after escharectomy/tangential excision. The RCS can be reconstituted into membrane and sponge material.

Plant based reconstituted collagen substratum: The substratum, which contains plant based extracts, has enormous application as biological cover for non-healing ulcers as well as burns. The membrane contains active constituent that can serve as a biological cover and enhance the healing of damaged or burnt or non-healing ulcers. The plant based product contains fibroblast growth factor (FBF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) that can stimulate proliferation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. The membrane contains antimicrobial, antiviral properties to retard or eliminate infectious pathogens. The technology developed by CSIR-CLRI is protected by patent.

Collagen scaffold for controlled drug delivery: The technology developed at CSIR-CLRI relates to a novel collagen scaffold impregnated with antibacterial agent for delivering drug in a controlled manner, thereby reducing the frequency of dressing. The dressing, developed in the form of a scaffold, acts as an osmotic regulator and makes the wound assessment easier by clinicians.

c) Societal impact Innovative uses of chemistry by chemical cluster laboratories of CSIR have

been significantly directed towards development of clean technologies and for employment generation. Many of the processes developed either have the greener route for manufacture or are capable of generating self employment through creation of innovative Small Scale Industry sector. Double fortified salt developed by CSIR is an example of its societal endeavours. CSIR has been involved in upgradation of salt production by agarias in collaboration with ANANDI through Government of Gujarat’s cluster.

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CSIR’s technology of cheap low dust writing chalk is an attempt to help teachers in schools. Calcium sulphate which is conventionally used in chalks has been replaced by calcium carbonate having high density, smooth finish, low dust, ability to withstand easy breakage, moisture-proof, good visibility of writing and easy wiping.

In its efforts to ameliorate existing medical facilities available to all the people in India, CSIR has come out with an electrochemical kit that can measure glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in blood, which is important for control of diabetes. Considering the fact that the number of diabetic patients are increasing in India in geometric numbers, this kit is targeted to be used either as a table-top device for medical practitioner or as a bedside kit for patients.

Crude fibrin, which is otherwise considered waste, has been economically utilized and made into a modified biodegradable chemically modified powder through graft copolymerization and further modification. The resulting powder can be used as a potential dressing aid to various external wounds and injuries to various animals including human beings. Similar to this, collagen based wound dressings developed by CSIR offer faster recovery, immediate pain relief, devoid of complications, having anti-bacterial properties for burn injuries, open raw wounds and other skin diseases. They are low priced and have served the society including saving several lives of children during a fire accident at Kumbokonam, Tamil Nadu.

CSIR-IICT certified as OPCW designated Laboratory:

CSIR-IICT has been certified by Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) as a designated laboratory for the off-site analysis of chemical weapons and their degradation products. IICT is the only Non-Defence lab which has been so designated. Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an international treaty that prohibits production, storage and use of Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) through its verification program. Verification involves on or off-site analysis of samples collected from suspected sites by the inspectors appointed by OPCW. There are 190 member countries and 20 designated laboratories all over world, and CSIR-IICT is one of these. This is a significant contribution of CSIR for the country on the disarmament of the chemical weapons. To achieve the status of designated laboratory, a laboratory must prove its analytical capability to analyze CWAs and related compounds (CRCs) in Official Proficiency Tests (OPTs) conducted by OPCW.

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5.5 Earth System Science a) Scientific Excellence

Quantitative physical and biogeochemical descriptions of three different estuarine systems: CSIR-NIO carried out systematic studies to make a simple description of estuarine systems by making extensive multidisciplinary measurements at different time and spatial scales in Mandovi and Zuari estuarine systems in Goa, Gautami-Godavari system in Andhra Pradesh and Backwaters of Kochi in Kerala. This helped quantify variability in physical, chemical, biological and geological properties and describe quantitative relations in these estuarine ecosystems. These experiments strongly suggest that the monsoon driven estuaries of India do not reach steady state with respect to water and salt balances. These estuarine systems are estimated to be flushed in a few hours and several times during the rainy season due to immense discharge. Biological productivity in estuarine systems increases following freshwater discharge but is subject to sediment load and euphotic depths. Biogeochemistry experiments show that the drainage of land derived organic material makes the estuarine and coastal waters heterotrophic; Goa and Godavari estuarine systems are net heterotrophic during summer monsoon; Cochin estuarine system turned net heterotrophic in recent times due to pollution. Estuarine systems along the east and west coasts of India are also found to behave differently to monsoon forcing.

Time-series observations of circulation and mixing in the Indian EEZ:

To facilitate understanding of remote forcing on the circulation along the Indian coast, CSIR-NIO has been conducting high-quality long time-series data on ocean currents, physical and biogeochemical experiments in the equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO). After delineation of Indian EEZ, the laboratory using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) and current meters, it has been tried to provide the first long-term, direct current measurements in the Indian EEZ. These are the first such measurements in the EEZ which will help in successful forecasting.

State-of-the-art modeling system for the large-scale ocean circulation:

A prediction system for India coastal seas depends upon a single dynamical entity which is a result of both local and remote forcing. CSIR-NIO has prepared modified bathymetric datasets for the Indian Ocean based on both coastal model and basin-scale model. Based on these datasets, a new climatology of temperature and salinity has been developed for the North Indian Ocean. Ultimately this will become a part of World Ocean Atlas. In addition, scientists of this laboratory has developed hybrid numerical model (2-D and 1-D combined) to simulate tidal circulation in the Mandovi-Zuari estuaries.

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Bacterial processes in estuarine and coastal environments:

Bacterial importance in the trophic grid or food web dynamics has been attempted for the first time. Their role in Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur cycling in coastal and estuarine system and their interaction with other biotic and abiotic variables is adding new dimensions to understanding coastal upwelling processes. CSIR-NIO has carried out extensive studies

which show that though the topology of interactions at the primary and secondary level could be essentially similar in intensity and direction in both upwelling and non upwelling ecosystems, there could be a marked difference in the way bacteria wield their influence. Moreover, geographically proximate coastal systems sometimes respond differently due to differences in the topology of interactions.

Atmosphere carbon dioxide sequestration: Accumulation of greenhouse gases, particularly, carbon dioxide has become a global menace. One of the major mitigation measures could be ‘Artificial Sequestration of CO2’ which include either capture of CO2 from the atmosphere and its storage in geological formations or in the deep

Key Achievements -Earth System Science

Scientific Excellence

- Biogeochemical descriptions of three different estuarine systems of India studied; effects on monsoons also estimated

- Study of solar eclipse delineates significant information about ionospheric responses

- Study of the rapid drift of the Indian tectonic plate provides a new dimension to the classical plate tectonics theory

- Occurrence of gas hydrates along the continental margins of India, particularly the Krishna-Godavari offshore basin studied by CSIR-NIO

Technology Development/Commercialization

- A hydrodynamic cavitation based technology for disinfection of ballast water of ship developed by CSIR-NIO

- Portable Analog Seismic Recorder developed by CSIR-CSIO and supplied to India Meteorological Department

Societal Impact

- An outreach program to bring awareness on earthquakes to the masses initiated in 4 districts in Assam

- Deep groundwater exploration conducted in Deccan Basalts which resulted in finding new bore wells for agricultural purposes

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sea, or stimulating the CO2 uptake by the biota both on land (through reforestation) and in the ocean (through ocean fertilization).

CSIR-NIO has conducted Ocean Iron Fertilization (OIF) Experiment (LOHAFEX) in the South Atlantic Ocean during January-March 2009. The results show that supplying iron in the absence of adequate dissolved silicon for diatoms does not build up large biomass due to top-down control by grazers. Since 65% of the Southern Ocean is silica deplete, experiments showed OIF’s potential for sequestering anthropogenic CO2 is substantially smaller than previously believed. A time series station (Candolim Time Series Station; CaTS) since 1997 have been monitored to understand various biogeochemical processes in the coastal Arabian Sea. The data generated allow understanding factors responsible for the occurrence of O2 deficient conditions, their evolution over the annual cycle and their impact on biology and ecology off the west coast of India.

Contributions to Solid Earth Geosciences:

Science and Technology during the last century worked hand-in-hand to provide continually enhanced views of the evolution, structure and dynamics of the Earth’s environment from the fundamental building blocks of matter to the farthermost reaches of the universe. As a result, the understanding of the structure and dynamics of the Planet Earth also has changed dramatically. CSIR-NGRI has developed ability to work in these front areas of earth sciences by generating huge quantity of quality data in diverse geological terrains. This has enabled this laboratory to model these data sets in terms of realistic earth properties and the processes.

The rapid drift of the Indian tectonic plate: CSIR-NGRI has developed a seismic technique “the S-wave receiver function” and used it to estimate, with unprecedented accuracy, the lithospheric thickness of several continents - India, Africa, Antarctica and Australia, which were all part of Gondwanaland. It was found that the cratons in South Africa, Antarctica and Australia are more than 180 km thick, whereas Indian lithosphere is only about 100 km thick, even though the crust is the oldest (Archaean) in age and that the most likely time for India to have lost its continental roots was when a large upwelling of especially hot rock- a mantle plume- hit Gondwanaland during or immediately after its break up, leading to a much faster drift of Indian plate at the rate 18-20 cm/year. The study has appeared in ‘Nature’ and provides a new dimension to the classical plate tectonics theory.

Topography of the

surface in the region of the Indian Ocean and

the fragments of Gondwanaland

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Short term forecasting of earthquakes: Based on precursory foreshock clustering pattern called nucleation, short term forecasts were successfully made by CSIR-NGRI for a number of recently experienced earthquakes, occurred on 30th August 2005, M 4.8; 21st May 2006, M 4.2; 14th October 2007, M 3.4; and 2nd July 2008 M 3.0. Long term precursory variations were observed using the RTL approach which complement the short term forecast efforts. Also, corresponding precursory changes in hydro-chemical constituents in bore wells were observed for some of these earthquakes.

Further joint hypocentral determination using VELEST approach has provided much improved locations with errors confined to one km as well as a new velocity model for the Koyna-Warna region. Waveform modeling has enabled placing tighter constraints on earthquake focal depths resulting in clear demarcation of the seismogenic zones of the moderate earthquakes down to 13 km in Koyna and 4-6 km for Warna.

Estimation of rupture due to earthquake:

Study of the rupture due to earthquakes can lead to estimation of future occurrence of earthquakes. Measurements of crustal deformation using GPS by CSIR-NGRI in the Andaman Nicobar region have helped in (i) estimating the size of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (Mw 9.2) rupture with a length of about 1400 km, width ranging between 100 to 200 km with maximum slip of about 25 m (ii) partitioning the convergence rate between India-Sunda plates in the frontal and back arc (iii) identifying the process of current deformation which is predominantly occurring on further downdip of the coseismic rupture through afterslip mechanism (iv) approximately estimating the earthquake recurrence interval in the region as 410±60 years.

Understanding the present day lithospheric architecture of the Indian

shield: Understanding the deep interior and its linkage with surface processes that underpin the Palaeo and present environment of the region is essential to provide scientific strategies for exploration of mineral resources buried in important geological settings of the country. High resolution seismological and gravity data collected and analyzed by CSIR-NGRI provide clear evidence for distinct crustal and lithospheric character of the Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) and Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC). Absence of high velocity mafic lower crust (>7 km/s) in EDC in contrast to WDC implies either de-lamination of a previously thickened EDC or accretion of two distinct lithospheric blocks along the eastern boundary of the Chitradurga greenstone belt during the late Archaean (2.7 - 2.5 Ga). Evidence for a large topographic relief of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB), variable between 220 and 100 km underneath the Dharwar craton, has been found which signifies manifestation of complex attrition and survival of cratonic roots.

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U-Pb zircon geochronology and geochemistry:

CSIR-NGRI utilized a new U-Pb zircon geochronology and geochemistry in order to reveal the juvenile nature of the oldest known, 3360 Ma tonalities in the WDC. High precession U-Pb baddeleyite age determinations and palaeomagnetic signatures on several mafic dyke swarms in the Dharwar craton have established 2367 Ma and 2210 Ma regional events suggesting existence of large igneous provinces at those times.

Remnant lithospheric fragments:

In order to search new evidence for remnant lithospheric fragments, CSIR-NGRI collected and analyzed open source seismological data obtained from high-resolution imaging from a dense network of broadband stations. This has enabled scientists in tracing the northern limit of the Indian plate further south of the Bangong Nuang suture zone, contrary to previous understanding. The transition zone (660 - 410 km) structure underneath these regions brings out new remnant lithospheric fragments resulting from detachment of thickened roots due to gravity removal.

Generation of three dimensional fractal subsurface structure by Voronoi

tessellation and computation of gravity response of such fractal structure: Domain characterization generated by Voronoi tessellation has a 3-D fractal basin structure and is favorable for oil exploration. In this scheme, the Lp distances are used instead of conventional Euclidian distances, where p represents any real value so that Voronoi domains are not necessarily polygonal. The gravity response computed using this fractal approach has significant advantages in geophysical inversion.

Occurrence of gas hydrates along the continental margins of India, particularly the Krishna-Godavari offshore basin: The presence of gas hydrates along the Indian continental margins has been inferred mainly from the bottom simulating reflection/reflector (BSR) and the gas hydrate stability zone thickness map of India. CSIR-NIO has carried out multidisciplinary investigations in the Krishna-Godavari offshore area along the eastern continental margin of India, which is known for its hydrocarbon potential. Processed multibeam data provided a high-resolution seafloor mosaic with a fine scale geo morphology. Deep tow digital side scan sonar, multi frequency chirp sonar and 3.5 kHz sub-bottom profiler records depict various kinds of gas escape features over the regions where BSRs are prominent. Geochemical analyses of the 5 m-long cores showed a general “decrease” trend in the porewater sulphate concentration, while the gas chemistry revealed an “increase” trend of methane concentration with core depth. Total organic carbon varied from 0.6 to greater than 2.0% and CaC03 from 5.0 to greater than 29%. These observed geophysical, geochemical and microbial proxies suggested the likely presence of gas hydrates in the Krishna-Godavari offshore area.

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Recent drilling work carried out confirmed the presence of massive (greater than 80 m thick) accumulation of gas hydrates, and fully developed gas hydrate system in the Mahanadi offshore area and the Andaman Sea.

Stochastic analytical solution to quantify the earth’s subsurface heat flow: In this method, an analytical closed form solution to mean and variance in heat flow is obtained by solving stochastic heat conduction equation incorporating randomness in the thermal conductivity. The method has a wide range of applications in crustal studies and exploration for oil and gas.

Effect of total Solar Eclipse: Detailed study of solar eclipse delineates significant information about ionospheric responses. In recent past, India witnessed two total solar eclipses- first on 22nd July, 2009, and second on 15th January, 2010. CSIR-NPL studied both the solar eclipses, first one at Bhopal and second one at Thiruvananthapuram for investigation of Ionospheric responses. During the events, the signature of induced gravity waves were detected, which is responsible for intensification of Es-layer electron density over the totality path. Observations of TEC during the Annual Solar Eclipse event show depletion over the eclipse path. Validation of IRI-2007 model against the observed TEC values over Indian region was done. Signature of gravity waves in the troposphere was detected during the solar eclipse of 22 July 2009 at CSIR-NPL.

b) Technology Development

Early breakthrough of injection water: CSIR-NIO has developed a process for identification of early breakthrough of injection water in oil wells utilizing natural Carbon-13 isotope. They have utilized natural carbon-13 isotope for identification of early breakthrough of injection water in oil wells. The contrast in natural carbon isotope ratios of injection water, formation water and produced water from oil wells serve as tracer in the identification of “Early Breakthrough” phenomenon of injection water and its movement.

Technology for disinfection of ballast water of ship:

CSIR-NIO has developed an apparatus for disinfection of ship's ballast water such as sea water based on hydrodynamic cavitation. The disinfection of seawater / ship's ballast water was achieved by hydrodynamic cavitation and the method does not involve use of any chemicals or any chemical reaction. The invented apparatus and method is simple, eco-friendly and can be fitted on to existing intake and discharge systems of any ship with minor modifications. It poses no risk to the health of the ship's crew unlike chemical methods and requires no special

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skill or additional manpower for its operation. The apparatus and method is capable of effectively sterilizing hazardous organisms contained in ballast water stored in a ballast tank.

Geo-Scientific Instrumentation:

CSIR-CSIO has made important strides in the area of Geo-scientific Instrumentation. Snow Moisture Sensor as well as Multi Parameter Probe for the measurement of temperature and hardness inside the snow micro-structure has been developed. Their successful field trials were carried out in and around Manali in association with Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE). The Infra Red (IR) based Snow Surface Temperature Sensor developed involves detection of emitted infrared radiation by snow. Portable Analog Seismic Recorder was also developed and supplied to India Meteorological Department (IMD), New Delhi to meet its requirement for the vital national cause of earthquake monitoring in the country.

c) Societal Impact

Earthquake studies in Northeast India: CSIR-NGRI has prepared maps for certain seismic areas of the Assam region of Northeast India around Kopili lineament. An outreach program to bring awareness to the masses was initiated in 4 districts of Assam. Educational material comprising books, charts and a 20 minute documentary on Earth, Earthquakes and Essentials of Safety was distributed to 30 schools, each in Sonitpur and Nagaon districts. Also scientists from CSIR-NGRI visited several schools and gave lectures on the above aspects.

Western India School Lab Program:

Under the western India schools earthquake Lab Program in Maharashtra, 33 seismographs educational seismometers have been established in schools spread over 7 districts such as Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur, Ratnagiri, Raigad, Latur and Nanded. The idea behind the progarmme is to educate and empower the school children about why earthquakes occur, how they are recorded and the safety measures to be adopted during the event of an earthquake. Training was imparted to school teachers about operation, maintenance of seismometers and analysis of earthquake data. Teachers, in turn, disseminated the information to students in the above schools.

Groundwater Information system:

CSIR-NGRI developed a Groundwater Information system for providing groundwater data regarding water levels, water quality and aquifer mapping

Field Testing of Snow

Sensor

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in Hussainsagar catchment, Greater Hyderabad. This provides handy information on groundwater levels, quality and aquifer geometry. Fresh water acquifers were delineated in groundwater contaminated areas around tannery cluster in Ambur and Ranipet towns. Deep groundwater exploration was conducted in Deccan Basalts which resulted in finding new bore wells. These bore wells are providing copious supply of water for agricultural purposes.

5.6 Ecology & Environment a) Scientific Excellence

Conservation of endangered species: CSIR-CCMB has successfully conducted birth of a live fawn following artificial insemination in an endangered Black buck (Antelope cervicapra) and named it as “Blacky.” The laboratory has also been successful in recovery of gametes from dead wild animals, development of embryos and cryopreservation of embryos as crucial steps in conservation. It has also studied the impact of habitat fragmentation on the demography of lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) populations in the rainforests of Anamalai Hills, Western Ghats, estrus behavior and fecal steroid profiles in the Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) during natural and gonadotropin-induced estrus, development of non-invasive method for detecting pregnancy in Indian wild animals, ultrasonographic monitoring of ovarian follicular development in the blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) and its successful application in artificial insemination.

Exploratory studies on Climate Change and Adaptation of Species

complexes: In a CSIR-IHBT led initiative, ten Long Term Ecological Research Plots (LTERP) have been established in protected areas in western Himalayas. Presently spatial, vegetation and biomass maps using RS-GIS (Remote Sensing - Geographical Information System) technology are being generated to monitor change in the floral diversity. Relevant infrastructure, e.g., FACE, FATI and environmental towers have been established. Environmental towers record environmental and edaphic data e.g. temperature, precipitation, CO2 level, light intensity, and rainfall. The baseline data on phytosociology has been successfully developed.

Effect of arsenic contamination on rice cultivation:

The effect of Arsenic (As) exposure on genome-wide expression was examined in rice (Oryza sativa L., ssp. indica) by CSIR-NBRI. It was also observed that arsenic tolerance in rice has a predominant role in

Infant Blacky with mother

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transcriptional regulation of a set of genes including sulphur assimilation pathway and antioxidant system. Over a period of two years, 89 rice genotypes were cultivated at three different sites with purpose to screen low arsenic rice lines for arsenic contaminated environments. In another study, arsenic accumulation pattern in 12 Indian ferns was evaluated as arsenic hyperaccumulator(s). Potential of Adiantum capillus-veneris was assessed in comparison to Pteris vittataI.

Biodiversity, bioaccumulation and physiological changes in lichens growing

in the vicinity of coal-based thermal power plant of Raebareli district, North India: The lichen diversity assessment carried out around a coal-based thermal power plant by CSIR-NBRI indicated increase in lichen abundance with increased distance from power plant in general. The photosynthetic pigments, protein and heavy metals were estimated in Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl, a common lichen growing around thermal power plant for further inference. Distributions of heavy metals from power plant showed positive

correlation with distance for all directions, however western direction has received better dispersion. Accumulation of Al, Cr, Fe, Pb and Zn in the thallus suppressed the concentrations of pigments like chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, however, enhanced the level of protein. Further, the concentrations of chlorophyll contents in P. cocoes increased

Key Achievements -Ecology and Environment

Scientific Excellence

- CSIR-CCMB's efforts on conservation of endangered species : birth of "Blacky", a live fawn following artificial insemination in Black buck

- Use of genomic tools to address problems related to environmental contamination initiated by CSIR-NEERI

- Super absorbent polymers (SAP) for treatment of waste water developed

Technology Development

- BOD Biosensor, BODSEED and BODBEADS for assessment of water pollution developed by CSIR-IGIB

- Chitin and leaf based composite adsorbent materials, useful for water filters and water treatment plants, launched in the market in partnership with Sud-Chemie

Societal Impact

- Solar energy based electrolytic defluoridation plant was commissioned at a village near Dongargaon, Maharashtra

- Low cost catalysts to control indoor air pollution in rural areas developed

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with the decreasing the distance from the power plant, while protein, carotenoid and phaeophytisation exhibited significant decrease.

Biodegradation of petroleum sludge:

Of 31 bacterial strains isolated from petroleum sludge and oil contaminated sites, 8 strains were found to be potent degraders of petroleum hydrocarbons in vitro conditions in study done at CSIR-NBRI. Besides, three fungal strains (PS8, FA12 and FA20) were also detected to be potential degraders of five ring PAH compound i.e. benzo(k)fluoranthene.

Lead bioaccumulation potential of an aquatic macrophyte Najas indica are related to antioxidant system: CSIR-NBRI has shown that plants of Najas indica bioaccumulated significantly higher amounts of lead when, exposed to varying concentrations of Pb(NO3)2. These plants can therefore find use in phytoremediation of aquatic system highly contaminated by lead due to their metal tolerance characteristics with high concentration factor.

Thiol metabolism play significant role during cadmium detoxification by

Ceratophyllum demersum L.: The level of thiols and activity of related enzymes were investigated in coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) plants to analyze their role in combating the stress caused upon exposure to cadmium (Cd; 0–10 µM) for a duration up to 7 days at CSIR-NBRI. It was observed that under Cd stress, plants adapted to a new metabolic equilibrium of thiols through coordinated synthesis and consumption to combat Cd toxicity and to accumulate it.

Evaluation of toxic potential: CSIR-IITR determined the possible toxic effects of leachates from Municipal Solid Wastes (MSWs) in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ). The study highlighted the toxic potential of MSW leachates and the advantage of Drosophila as a model to evaluate the impact of leachates at organism and cellular levels.

The laboratory has discovered mechanistic insights using differential gene and protein expression profiles to elucidate how xenobiotics exert their potentially damaging effects on target tissues for developing predictive markers for organ damage and developing interventional strategies. In another study, CSIR-IITR also demonstrated the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) most widely used ingredients in sunscreens and cosmetics.

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Delineation of Bioremediation Protocol for High Phosphate Bearing Water Bodies: CSIR-NBRI has developed a qualitative high-throughput method for screening of phosphate accumulating bacteria in microtitre based upon visual and automated observation, for a quick and reliable detection of phosphate-accumulating microorganisms. Efficient phosphate accumulating strains have been screened and identified as Serratia marsecens and Pseudomonas putida. Effect of different abiotic stresses such as pH, temperature and salt has been studied on their phosphate accumulation ability. Genes involved in phosphate metabolism subjected to semi-quantitative reverse transcript analysis revealed differences caused due to efficient uptake of the soluble phosphate. Study has implications in elucidating gene(s) involved in efficient uptake of phosphate.

Value addition to coffee waste:

CSIR-CFTRI has used coffee processing wastes such as coffee pulp, coffee hull and spent coffee for production of mushrooms. It has been observed that the mushrooms produced using these substrates have better nutritional value compared to mushrooms produced using rice straw. No accumulation of caffeine in the fruiting bodies was observed indicating that growing Pleurotus may decaffeinate the substrates as well. This technique opens a new vista for the production of mushrooms that are nutritionally better while contributing to the control of environmental pollution from coffee processing wastes.

Environmental biotechnology:

CSIR-NEERI has been endeavouring to develop a novel / improved bioreactor system for the treatment of mixture of VOCs at higher concentration with varying water solubility. The studies related to improvisation of indicant production from Indigofera plant to enhance yield of natural indigo dye have been carried out. In-situ bioremediation of organochlorine-contaminated soil was demonstrated by combined biosimulation and bioaugmentation strategies, followed by evaluation using a molecular method.

Environmental genomics:

CSIR-NEERI evolved the use of genomic tools to address problems related to environmental contamination. The microbial and functional diversities of effluent treatment plants have been analyzed to improve the efficiency of treatment of wastewater generated in various industries. The hitherto unknown microbial population (non-culturable) of activated biomass has been assessed with bacteria identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA followed by deposition in the public database of GenBank. The metagenomic studies carried out which will lead to unfolding of various biochemical pathways in biodegradation and biotransformation for the first time.

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Environmental materials:

The R&D activities on environmental materials include development of functionalized materials for immobilization of carbonic anhydrase for CO2

sequestration; development of catalytic systems for reduction of nitrate in drinking water; development of catalytic materials for storage and supply of clean hydrogen liquid organic hydrides; development of advanced materials as CO2 removes; and development of novel photocatalytic materials for water splitting reaction. The studies were also carried out in the areas of defluoridation of wastewater by chemically modified adsorbents and by new composite adsorbent material, and CO2

sequestration through biomineralization.

Environmental Monitoring: CSIR-NEERI is operating a nationwide air quality monitoring network to maintain and update the database on Indian air quality. The database enables assessment of long-term air quality trends for health related critical air pollutants. This also forms the basis for air pollution management plans. Stack emission characterization studies and monitoring of gaseous pollutants including VOCs, in indoor and outdoor air have also been carried out for various industries and locations. Monitoring of pesticide residues in groundwater and soil at national level has also been done. The pesticide residue data generated would be instrumental in justifying India’s presence in World Trade Organization (WTO) and in CODEX in foreign trade.

Solids and hazardous waste management:

The R&D activities for assessment and remediation of hazardous waste contaminated areas in and around M/s Union Carbide India Ltd., Bhopal are being carried out. The activities related to remediation of mercury contaminated areas were taken up at Hindustan Unilever Ltd., Kodaikanal. Several databases on municipal solid waste management practices and green house gas emission, including estimation of methane emissions from various landfill sites in the country have been developed. The preventive measures to minimize health hazards with respect to municipal solid waste handling staff were developed.

Wastewater technology:

R&D activities have been undertaken involving development of super absorbent polymers (SAP) for separation of anionic and cationic organic compounds from their aqueous mixtures; development of anaerobic ammonium oxidation process (AAOP) for biological ammonia removal from wastewater; studies on pretreatment of segregated recalcitrant wastewater at Nandesari CETP treating combined wastewater from chemical industries; study of effluent quality parameters discharged from residential, commercial and industrial areas into sewers in various divisions of Delhi

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Jal Board, Delhi; wastewater management for industrial sector in Ludhiana (Punjab); and feasibility study on application of advanced treatment processes for recycling of paper machine effluents at M/s Orient Paper Mills, Amlai.

Environmental impact & risk assessment:

Several environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies have been carried out to identify and evaluate the impacts of activities and delineate environmental management plans (EMP). The environmental risk assessment (ERA) studies assist in identification and evaluation of potential hazards associated with industrial activities enabling suggestion of remedial measures to reduce or eliminate such hazards.

b) Technology Development

BOD Biosensor: BOD Biosensor developed by CSIR-IGIB, is capable of sensing BOD load of all kinds of industrial waste waters with increased detection range and remarkably reduced time of two hours instead of days required in conventional methods. The BOD can be measured instantly as and when the waste water is obtained, thereby making it suitable for on-line monitoring. The shelf life of the developed sensor is over 700 days as against 30-40 days in the available sensors worldwide. The technology is licensed to M/s. Forbes Marshall, Pune.

BODSEED:

BODSEED is a reference seeding material developed by CSIR-IGIB for reproducible BOD analysis. It is validated by Central Pollution Control Board of India and included in Bureau of Indian Standards. It is uploaded on Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India website.

BODBEADS:

BODBEADS, a novel product in the form of beads developed by CSIR-IGIB, has its utility in checking the strength of pollution load (BOD) in waste-waters. It has been validated to replace sewage and other dehydrated seeding materials used in BOD analysis. It is an instant seeding material.

Biotechnological process for neutralizing alkaline beverage industrial waste

water: The know-how developed by CSIR-IGIB provides a process of neutralizing beverage industrial wastewater by a bacterial strain isolated in India, which is capable of bringing down the pH of wastewater from 12.00 to 7.00 units within 1 to 1.5 hours. It has been applied successfully for pilot scale study on waste waters coming from a Multi-National branded beverage plant at 10-12 liters scale for the neutralization of their waste-waters.

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Biological process for reducing contaminants and colour of pulp and paper industrial and tannery effluent and sewage: The know-how developed by CSIR-IGIB provides a biological process for reduction of chemical and biological oxygen demand of industrial effluent and sewage using a mixed bacterial consortium comprising of bacterial strains isolated from natural sources which is capable of reducing chemical and biological oxygen demand of pulp and paper industrial effluent to standard discharge limits.

The laboratory has also developed a novel biological process of AOX removal from pulp and paper industrial waste water by a bacterial strain, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In another development, bacterium strain has been prepared for reduction of colour from pulp mill effluent. The technology has been tested at laboratory level. Bio-bleaching of Kraft pulp has been achieved using microbial consortium comprising a synergistic mixture of ligninolytic bacterial isolates through an environment friendly, safe, and efficient four-step method.

A novel aerobic biological process has also been developed for reduction of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) from pulp mill wastewaters by 10%.

CSIR-IGIB has developed a hybrid technology/process involving electro-chemical process followed by a biological one. The process in totality helps to remove pollutants from tannery industry. The process brings down BOD (600-700 mg/l)/COD (up to 2500 mg/l) within permissible limits in a retention time of 24 hours in batch culture.

Arsenic detection kit (digitized):

A portable and innovative arsenic field kit for detection of arsenic upto 50ppb with digital display for on-site screening of water sources for contamination of arsenic has been developed. The kit is battery operated and can be easily used for field measurement of arsenic. The kit has been subjected to laboratory and field evaluation and is found to be very precise and accurate. It is very sensitive in the range of 10 ppb to 100 ppb, 10 ppb being the WHO standard permissible value for arsenic in drinking water. The water in the areas can be tested with this digital arsenic field kit.

Phytorid technology:

Phytorid technology has been developed which will improve quality of sewage from nullah being disposed of to water bodies. The system is based on the specific plants such as Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpurem), Cattails (Typha spp.), Reeds (Phragmites spp.), Cannas pp.,

Arsenic detection Kit

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Yellow flag iris (Iris pseudocorus) normally found in natural wetlands with filtration and treatment capability. Furthermore, some ornamental as well as flowering plants species such a Golden Dhuranda, Bamboo, Nerium, Colosia, etc. can be used for treatment as well as landscaping purposes. The Phytorid Technology treatment is a subsurface flow type in which wastewater is applied to cell/system filled with porous media such as crushed bricks, gravel and stones.

Low cost flyash based zeolites:

Low cost flyash based zeolites have been developed with reasonably good adsorption capacity (to the tune of 80mg/g at 55oC). 90 to 95% of SiO2 and Al2O3 are amenable for conversion to zeolite precursors. The process is simple, non-tedious and environmentally benign. Developed zeolites have the potential for usage in energy efficient carbon capture systems for industries including thermal and steel power plants.

Composite adsorbent materials:

Chitin based composite adsorbent materials and leaf based composite adsorbent materials for defluoridation and dearsenification of water and wastewater has been developed. These materials will be useful for manufacturers of water filters and water treatment plants. Product has been launched in the market in partnership with Sud-Chemie Ltd.

Remediation of crude oil/ oily sludge contaminated soils:

Technology for bioremediation of oily sludge has been developed. It is demonstrated and implemented at ONGC drill site, Geleky, Jorhat, Assam.

Remediation of metal contaminated water and soils:

Developed technology for chromium extraction from contaminated water using sodium sulphite followed by reduction and precipitation with lime.

Remediation of saline/sodic soils:

Developed organic amendment mediated technology for fast regeneration and establishment of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) plantlets in high sodium polluted alkaline soil.

c) Societal Impact

Solar energy based electrolytic defluoridation plant: Solar energy based electrolytic defluoridation plant has been constructed and commissioned at a fluorite mine of Maharashtra State Mining Corporation, located near village Dongargaon, about 100 km away from Nagpur city. The plant with a designed capacity of 600 L / batch is providing fluoride free safe water to the workers of the fluorite mine. CSIR-NEERI has evolved US EPA assisted water safety plan for Hyderabad

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city and demonstrated UNIDO assisted full scale grey water recycle in Madhya Pradesh.

Low-cost catalysts:

Several low-cost catalysts have been designed and synthesized for the control of CO, VOCs and PM emissions from the solid fuel combustion. These catalysts have been characterized and evaluated for their catalytic activity towards CO, VOCs and PM oxidation with a view to control indoor air pollution in rural areas.

5.7 Energy: Resource & Technology

a) Scientific Excellence

Sea water electrolysis for hydrogen production: Sea water electrolysis could be a promising way to produce hydrogen. However, it results in generation of chlorine which is the preferred reaction over oxygen evolution at the anode. The research was therefore focused on the development of electrode materials with a high selectivity for oxygen evolution. Selective oxidation in sea water electrolysis has been demonstrated by using a cation-selective polymer. A perm-selective membrane (Nafion®) was used which electrostatically repels chloride ions (Cl−) to the electrode surface and thereby enhances oxygen evolution at the anode. The study carried out by CSIR-CECRI suggests that nearly 100% oxygen evolution efficiency could be achieved when using an IrO2/Ti electrode surface-modified by a perm-selective polymer.

Thermally stable organic-inorganic hybrid membrane:

Organic-inorganic hybrid membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and SiO2 have been developed by CSIR-CSMCRI with sulfonic acid groups introduced at the inorganic segment. These membranes were extensively characterized for their morphology, intermolecular interactions, thermal and mechanical stability, physicochemical properties and water uptake studies. Schematic models for acid-catalyzed linear weakly polymeric clusters and for base catalyzed highly branched polymeric clusters were proposed. A higher ion-exchange capacity, permselectivity, and conductivity for the acid-catalyzed hybrid membranes than for the base-catalyzed membranes with the same composition indicated that the former route is suitable for the preparation of ion-exchange membranes.

Nanocrystalline Li4Ti5O12 as high-rate performance Li-Ion battery anode: Novel materials for efficient transport of Li-ions are important for development of electrodes in Li-ion batteries. CSIR-CECRI has reported development of nanocrystalline Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), which crystallizes into a

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cubic spinel-phase by single-step-solution-combustion method in less than one minute. LTO particles thus synthesized are flaky and highly porous in nature with a surface area of 12 m2/g. During their galvanostatic charge-discharge at varying rates, LTO electrodes yield a capacity value close to the theoretical value of 175 mA h/g at C/2 rate. The electrodes also exhibit promising capacity retention with little capacity loss over 100 cycles at varying discharge rates together with attractive discharge-rate capabilities yielding capacity values of 140 mA h/g and 70 mA h/g at 10 and 100 C discharge rates, respectively.

PVA-PSSA membrane with Interpenetrating networks for DMFCs CSIR-CECRI has developed and evaluated novel membrane with interpenetrating networks between poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (styrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) coupled with a high proton conductivity for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). Reduced methanol permeability and improved performance in DMFCs suggest that it could be an alternative to

Key Achievements -Energy: Resource and Technology

Scientific Excellence

- Nanocrystalline Li4Ti5O12 as high-rate performance Li-Ion battery anode developed

- TiO2-MWCNT nanocomposites developed for enhancing conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells

- Hydroprocessing catalysts developed to convert waste soya-oil mixtures with refinery-oil into saturated hydrocarbons

Technology Development/Commercialization

- India’s First Push-button type 300 W Self-supported Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell System fabricated by CSIR-CEERI

- Biomethanation for solid waste disposal developed by CSIR-CLRI implemented in TN for biomethanation of tannery fleshings

- CSIR-IIP's technology based on integration of the Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit with solvent extraction unit, increased profit to the HPCL’s Mumbai refinery to the tune of Rs 87.6 crore per annum

Societal Impact

- CSIR laboratories engaged in providing end-to-end technologies for biodiesel production from Jatropha

- Utilization of Assam and Meghalaya coals in coke making and power sector, and thereby helping in eco-restoration

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Nafion membranes. The maximum proton conductivity of 3.3 10-2 S/cm for the PVA–PSSA blend membrane is observed at 100oC. A peak power density of 90 mW/cm2 at a load current density of 320 mA/cm2 is achieved with the PVA–PSSA membrane compared to a peak power density of 75 mW/cm2 at a load current density of 250 mA/cm2 achieved for DMFC employing Nafion membrane electrolyte under identical conditions.

Nanocomposite polymer electrolyte membrane:

A method was developed by CSIR-CECRI for preparing sulphonated poly (ether-ether-ketone) (SPEEK)-zeolite-zirconium hydrogen phosphate (ZrP) nanocomposite polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) by in situ infiltration and precipitation. This is the first report of the infiltration of zeolites in the pores/cavities created by water soluble surfactant in the polymer electrolyte, for accommodating proton conductor. Extremely low methanol permeability of these PEMs enhanced their selectivity parameter by almost three times at 70 ºC in comparison to Nafion-117 membrane. This indicated suitability of these PEMs is fuel cell applications at moderate temperature. Furthermore, these PEMs can be identified as potential candidate for providing new technological applications in high temperature electrochemical devices including ion separations, water electrolysis, and electro-chemical sensors.

Dye-sensitized solar cells based on ZnO bifunctional nanoflowers loaded

with gold nanoparticles: Development of nanomaterials as electrode materials is being explored extensively by scientific fraternity. CSIR-NCL has reported synthesis of ZnO nanoflowers loaded with gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) by hydrothermal route using mixed precursors under controlled conditions. The dye- sensitized solar cells based on the ZnO nanoflowers with gold NPs show power conversion efficiency of 2.5%, which is considerably higher than that of ZnO nanoflowers without gold NPs. Detailed characterization of those materials have been carried out and reported.

TiO2-MWCNT nanocomposites for enhancing conversion efficiency in dye-

sensitized solar cells: In its continuous effort to find efficient and suitable materials for application in dye-sensitized solar cells, CSIR-NCL has reported development of TiO2-MWCNT nanocomposites. 50% enhancement in the conversion efficiency (4.9-7.37%) is realized in dye- sensitized solar cells using hydrothermally synthesized TiO2-multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites as compared to hydrothermally synthesized TiO2

without MWCNT and Degussa P25. Several characterizations have been employed to reveal the nature of the modification imparted to the MWCNTs under hydrothermal processing conditions and the resulting TiO2-MWCNT conjugation through –COOH groups. Efficient charge transfer in the nanocomposite and efficient electron transport by MWCNT (significantly

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higher incident-photon-to-current conversion efficiency) are suggested to be the possible reasons for the enhancement.

Rutile TiO2 hierarchical nanoneedle flower morphology for dye sensitized

solar cell: Rutile TiO2 has been explored as an electrode material for DSSC applications. CSIR-NCL reported rutile TiO2 nanoneedle flowers (representing concurrent nano-micro hierarchical morphology) with high shape anisotropy ratio, synthesized at room temperature by using a simple and efficient one step electrochemical process of anodic dissolution. The process employs highly acidic bath of perchloric acid (pH < 2) and a large current density on the surface of Titanium foil to form nanostructures. The diameter and length of rutile TiO2 nanoneedle is ~8 nm and 100 nm respectively (aspect ratio >10). Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) configured using such rutile TiO2 flowers have exhibited IPCE of 30% and power conversion efficiency of ~3.6%.

Nafion–Mesoporous Zirconium Phosphate Composite Membrane for PEM

Fuel Cells: Mesoporous Zirconium Phosphate (MZP) acts as surface-functionalised solid-superacid-proton-conducting medium as well as inorganic filler with high affinity to absorb water helping in fast proton transport across the electrolyte membrane suitable for PEFC operation especially at low RH values. Synthesis of MZP by coassembly of a tri-block copolymer, namely pluronic-F127, as a structure-directing agent, and a mixture of zirconium butoxide and phosphorous trichloride as inorganic precursors has been carried out and reported by CSIR-CSMCRI. Nafion–MZP composite membrane is obtained by employing MZP as surface-functionalised solid-super-acid-proton-conducting medium as well as inorganic filler with high affinity to absorb water and fast proton-transport across the electrolyte membrane even under low relative humidity (RH) conditions. On operating the PEFC employing Nafion–MZP membrane electrolyte with hydrogen and air feeds at ambient pressure and a RH value of 18%, a peak power density of 285 mWcm–2 at the optimum temperature (60 °C) was achieved.

Bioelectrocatalysts for power generation:

Acetobacter aceti and Gluconobacter roseus, which are known to be responsible for the spoilage of wine, are studied by CSIR-CECRI for current generation in batch-type microbial biofuel cells. For the first time, it was reported that these two microorganisms do not require mediators for the transfer of electrons to the anode. Three biofuel cells were constructed with two cells containing the pure cultures of each of the microorganisms as the biocatalyst (A-MFC, G-MFC) and the third cell was constructed with the mixed culture of these two microorganisms as the biocatalyst (AG-MFC). The performance of the biofuel cells was evaluated in terms of open circuit voltage (OCV), fuel consumption rate, internal resistance, power

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output, and coulombic efficiency. The mixed culture cell (AG-MFC) was observed to exhibit better overall performance compared to the other cells.

Hierarchial mesoporous zeolites for production of aviation fuel from lipids:

Hierarchical mesoporous molecular sieves with tunable zeolitic crystallinity, acidity and porosity were tailored by CSIR-IIP to develop a single-step process for hydroconversion of triglycerides and free fatty acids obtained from algae and Jatropha seeds. Ni-W catalyst supported on acidic zeolitic ZSM-5 support with hierarchical structure and intra-crystalline mesoporosity with composition similar to that for typical hydrocracking catalyst could yield 40–45% C9–C15 hydrocarbons and high isomerization selectivity (isomer/n-alkane, i/n ~ 2–6) from Jatropha oil. While Ni-Mo catalysts on the same support furnished 40–50% kerosene range hydrocarbons with i/n ~ 3–13. For algal oil feed hydroconversion using sulfided Ni-Mo catalyst supported on high surface area semi-crystalline ZSM-5, unexpectedly high yield of jet-fuel range hydrocarbons (77%) with moderately high isomerization selectivity (i/n = 2.5) could be obtained.

Mesoporous carbon and poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) composite as

catalyst support for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: CSIR-CECRI has developed a process wherein insitu polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene with sol–gel-derived mesoporous carbon (MC) leads to a novel composite. Subsequent impregnation with Pt nanoparticles makes it useful for application in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). The composite exhibits good dispersion and utilization of platinum nanoparticles akin to other commonly used microporous carbon materials, such as carbon black. Pt-supported MC–poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) composite also exhibits promising electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction, which is central to PEFCs. The PEFC with Pt-loaded MC-PEDOT support exhibits 75% of enhancement in its power density in relation to the PEFC with Pt-loaded pristine MC support while operating under identical conditions. It is conjectured that Pt-supported MC–PEDOT composite ameliorates PEFC performance/durability on repetitive potential cycling.

Graphitic carbon as durable cathode-catalyst-support for PEFCs:

Long-term deterioration in the performance of PEFCs is attributed largely to reduction in active area of the platinum catalyst at cathode, usually caused by carbon-support corrosion. It is found that the use of graphitic carbon as cathode catalyst support enhances its long-term stability in relation to non-graphitic carbon. CSIR-CECRI has studied and found that degradation in performance of PEFC with Pt/GrC cathode is found to be around 10% after 70 h of AST as against 77% for Pt/Non-GrC cathode. It is noteworthy that Pt/GrC cathodes can withstand even up to 100 h of AST with nominal effect on their performance. Studies before and after

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AST suggest less deformation in catalyst layer and catalyst particles for Pt/GrC cathodes in comparison to Pt/Non-GrC cathodes.

Catalysts for processing of waste soya-oil and refinery-oil mixtures:

Mesoporous SiO2–Al2O3 and Al2O3 were used as supports to prepare hydrocracking (sulfided Ni–W/SiO2–Al2O3) and hydrotreating (sulfided Ni–Mo/Al2O3) catalysts by CSIR-IIP. These hydroprocessing catalysts were used under typical hydroprocessing conditions to convert waste soya-oil mixtures with refinery-oil into saturated hydrocarbons. The hydrocracking catalyst was more selective for the kerosene range (140–250 °C) hydrocarbons while the less acidic hydrotreating catalyst was more selective for the diesel range (250–380 °C) hydrocarbons. The hydrodeoxygenation pathway for oxygen removal from triglycerides seems to be favored over the hydrotreating catalyst, while decarboxylation + decarbonylation pathway is favored over the hydrocracking catalyst.

b) Technology Development

Commercialization of wax deoiling: Numaligarh Refinery (NRL), a subsidiary of BPCL is setting up a grass root wax deoiling unit using updated (CSIR-IIP)-EIL process know-how. The unit is based on state-of-the-art technology developed by CSIR-IIP. It will process low value wax distillates in a series of steps comprising of fractional crystallization and filtration. The wax facility being set-up by Numaligarh Refinery will have an annual design capacity to produce 50,000 tonnes per annum of food grade paraffin wax and 4500 tonnes of micro crystalline wax by processing two waxy streams, namely MVGO & HVGO.

Technology for revamp of Visbreaking Unit at HPCL-Visakhapatnam

Refinery: There is yet another breakthrough in licensing CSIR-IIP technology. HPCL Management has approved the licensing to revamp their Visbreaking Unit at Vizag Refinery. The revamp involves design, fabrication and installation of internals inside the soaker drum of the Visbreaking Unit. The proposed revamp would modernize this unit in line with the current state-of-the art and would help HPCL to produce higher quality fuel oil while reducing maintenance issues. Extensive work was carried out at IIP both in the pilot plant as well as computational fluid dynamics studies. This state-of-the-art technology has been successfully commercialized.

Technology for Upgrading Fuel Oil Components into Premium Refinery

Products: After adoption of CSIR-IIP’s technology for upgrading fuel oil components into premium refinery products, the integration of the Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Unit with solvent extraction unit have significantly increased

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profit to the HPCL’s Mumbai refinery to the tune of Rs 87.6 crore per annum. CSIR-IIP bagged CSIR Technology award 2009 for developing this technology.

Process Technology for Acetohydroxamic Acid:

CSIR-IICT has developed a techno-economic process for AHA as no adequate method was available to Indian industry. The developed process is unique as no aqueous effluents are formed and solvents used in the process are totally recovered and recycled. Acetohydroxamic Acid (AHA) is used in partitioning of plutonium from the spent nuclear fuel. In view of nuclear agreement, it is mandatory for India to process the spent fuel. In this regard, AHA is an important chemical, which is not indigenously available. The technology is transferred to DAE.

Biomethanation for solid waste disposal:

Solid wastes generated by the leather processing industry are posing a major challenge. Tannery fleshings, the major solid wastes emanating from the beam house of a tannery, are subjected to biomethanation, a process whereby the fleshing is liquefied completely by biological means and the resulting liquefied fleshing is treated in anaerobic reactors to produce biogas. Any anaerobic reactor like UASB reactor can be used for this purpose. Depending on the microbes present in the system, the generated gas may contain methane. The technology developed by CSIR-CLRI has been implemented in Tamil Nadu for biomethanation of tannery fleshings.

India’s First Push-button type 300 W Self-supported Polymer Electrolyte

Membrane Fuel Cell System: A self-supported Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell System comprising of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell stack panel have been fabricated by CSIR-CECRI. The unique feature of the system is that it would deliver power to light bulbs once hydrogen supply is ensured. The stack comprises 12-cell 300W air-cooled PEFC stack operating on hydrogen (in dead end mode) and air is assembled and tested.

Sulphur reduction in the naphtha product obtained by fluid catalytic

cracking: CSIR-IIP has developed an adsorption- based process for desulphurization of Fludized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) gasoline. A unique vapor phase adsorption process has also been developed, which can be integrated with a conventional naphtha hydrodesulphurization (HDS) process to produce ultra low sulphur gasoline (sulphur levels to below 30 ppm with minimum octane loss). A basic engineering process package has been prepared based on an actual naphtha HDS unit operating in an Indian refinery. It will make production of "clean fuel" cheaper and it will be a step towards

India’s First Push-button type 300 W Fuel Cell System

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better environment management with respect to emissions control for refineries.

Biodiesel from Jatropha curcas (Ratanjyot) seeds:

CSIR-CSMCRI has reported a simple and cost-effective process for preparation of Biodiesel from the oil expelled from the seeds of jatropha curcas. The oil cake produced on expelling oil is being developed for its application as manure and pesticides. The oil is treated with alkali to reduce the free fatty acid (FAA) content. The soap cake produced is used for making washing soap. The process includes recovery of glycerol produced. The study concludes in developments of a process that meets all the norms of European specifications (EN 14214).

Quality assessment of Assam and Meghalaya coals:

CSIR labs have carried out Resource Quality Assessment of Assam & Meghalaya coals. This has helped in utilization of these coals in the coke making and power sectors. The mining of high sulphur coals produce Acid Mine Drainage and degrade the environment. The CSIR-CIMFR has developed process (biological & chemical) for management of AMD in the coal mines for eco-restoration.

c) Societal impact

Sustainability of energy technologies depends upon its use of renewables or waste in an environment friendly manner. Many CSIR laboratories have been engaged in developing renewable sources for generation of fuels. Solid wastes generated as effluent from many industries including the leather industry pose a serious threat to the environment. CSIR developed technology wherein, solid wastes generated from the industries are subjected to biomethanation. The solid wastes are liquefied by biological means. The liquefied waste consequently undergoes reaction in anaerobic reactors, like a UASB reactor, producing biogas. Chemical cluster laboratories of CSIR developing processes for conversion of biomass/bio waste into useful fuels. Elite varieties of Jatropha curcus plant have been identified and developed to enhance the profitability of farmers. CSIR laboratories have also been engaged in providing end to end technologies for biodiesel production from Jatropha. It has been able to develop Biodiesel from the oil expelled from Jatropha curcas seeds. The seeds are crushed in mechanical screw type expeller resulting in oil cake which when separated from oil and is used as manure and pesticide. Acid Mine drainage is an environmental hazard at places where high sulphur coal is mined. In yet another effort, CSIR through its Research Quality Assessment of Assam and Meghalaya coals, has developed a

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process for utilization of these coals in coke making and power sector, thereby helping in eco-restoration in these regions.

5.8 Electronics & Instrumentation a) Scientific Excellence

Image processing based smart system for Human Gesture Identification: Basic research was carried out by CSIR-CEERI to realize the natural communication between Human and Machine. Various Human gesture algorithms (i.e. facial and hand) were developed and implemented. These gestures are then used to control a robot to move in certain directions in real time. The human gesture algorithms were developed using high level of image processing, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and statistical methods. These algorithms were then ported on to a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) embedded port for faster speed of control of the robot in real time.

Algorithms for various important 2D generalization processes: Every map, be it two dimensional (2D) or three dimensional (3D) is an abstraction of the reality. The process of abstraction, from the reality to a map, and especially from a complex map to a simpler version of the same map, is called cartographic generalization. When given city map area, consisting of mainly buildings and roads, is viewed at reduced scale, its objects not only become smaller but tend to overlap as the area available for representation is small. Generalization plays an important role to overcome these effects and helps in preserving the required legibility. Under this project, algorithms were developed for three important 2D generalization processes, viz. selection, simplification and aggregation.

Design and development of techniques for Reconfigurable Smart Computing System:

Architecture for a Reconfigurable Application Specific Instruction Processor (RASIP) for software-defined radio (SDR) was designed and developed. The uniqueness of this architecture is its run-time partial reconfiguration support. It gave an efficient hardware utilization ranging from 12.5% and 46.67%. The novelty of this architecture is that it supports user-defined instruction set with simple and maximum number of instructions when compared to others.

Design and development of system level reconfiguration techniques for Reconfigurable Computing Systems:

A methodology for Reconfigurable computing systems (RCS) has been developed using C/C++. Scheduling algorithms have been developed & implemented for RCS. System level reconfiguration techniques have been developed. System Architectural design for RCS has been done. Porting of

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RTOS (VxWorks) onto the PPC 405 with three PRRs has been done for the first time on ML410 development platform which contains Virtex-4 FX 60 FPGA device. This will enhance the design flexibility and potentiality of Reconfigurable Computing System which in turn are useful to achieve the maximum potentiality of the RCS.

Modular re-configurable micro manufacturing systems (MRMMS) for multi-

material desktop manufacturing capabilities: CSIR-CEERI designed and developed variety of basic microstructures (2D and 2.5D) such as lines, circles, cavities-circular and square, arrays of square and cylindrical pillars on copper and Tungsten. These developed structures have ascertained CSIR's capability in building parts for devices such as – tungsten cathode and sub-millimeter structure for square waveguide development. These play key role in terahertz device development in MWT (microwave tubes). The facilities of EDM and nanosecond lasers at CSIR-CMERI are used in the activity.

Key Achievements - Electronics and Instrumentation

Scientific Excellence

- Image processing based smart system for Human Gesture Identification developed by CSIR-CEERI

- High Power Higher Frequency Microwave Tube to meet indigenous needs ,developed by CSIR-CEERI

- Nano-patterning through self-assembly process developed by CSIR may be useful for fabricating nano-arrays for virus detection

Technology Development/Commercialization

- CSIR-CSIO instrumental in developing 6 MV Medical Linac System for cancer therapy

- Portable Pulse Oximeter for prompt recognition of hypoxemia developed by CSIR-CSIO

- A compact and light weight myo-electric arm based on surface mounted device successfully tested at National Institute of the Orthopaedically Handicapped, Kolkata

- Expertise in design and development of new generation terahertz devices such as e-gun established

- CSIR-CSIO's Surgical microscope for cataract surgery enhances a Surgeon’s view of microscopic structures

Societal Impact

- Hand-held reading device developed by CSIR-CSIO for visually impaired persons

- A night Driving Filter with improved Antiglare Optical device for automobiles useful during night driving developed by CSIR-CSIO

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High Power Higher Frequency Microwave Tubes: Microwave tubes are of special class of devices which deliver high power at high frequencies which have strategic importance in addition to having civilian applications for bio-medical sector. The need of various microwave tubes has been compiled after contacting various organizations in the country and, accordingly, a position paper has been prepared by CSIR-CEERI. The design and development of high power microwave tubes are closely comparable to the work carried out in other parts of the world. Significant design capabilities have been developed by procuring state-of-the-art software packages as well as by carrying out in-house development, to meet the indigenous needs.

Nano-patterning through self-assembly process using Atomic Force

Microscopy (AFM): CSIR-CEERI, using dip-pen-nanolithography (DPN) system, has been able to write lines as narrow as 30 nm widths and other pattern using 16-MHA (Mercapto Hexadecanoic Acid) / Au ink-substrate combination. Commercial mica peeled gold films and in-house fabricated substrates have been used in writing experiments, which have been conducted under controlled humidity and temperature conditions. The written patterns have been imaged within the same system in Lateral Force Microscopy (LFM) Mode. These fine lines (nano-gap electrodes) are basic platform for electrical measurements on nano- and molecular structures. The experimental results may be useful for fabricating nano-arrays / templates of 16-MHA for virus detection and may be extended to other bio-molecules.

C-Band 60 W Space TWT:

Flight models of C-Band 60 W Space TWTs, developed jointly by CSIR-CEERI and BEL (based on CSIR-CEERI design), were developed and successfully delivered to ISRO. Desired RF specifications of CW output power of 60 W, gain > 50 dB, TWT efficiency > 50%, and high linearity parameters (AM/PM factor < 3.0 degree/dB, phase shift < 40 degree, and inter-modulation components < -15dBc) were achieved over the frequency band of 3.6 to 4.2 GHz. Full TWTA with EPC developed by SAC, Ahmedabad is qualified for satellite communication.

Ku-Band 140 W Space TWT : Prototype models of Ku-Band 140 W fully

packaged radiation cooled space TWTs were developed jointly by CSIR-CEERI and BEL (based on CSIR-CEERI design) for ISRO. RF specifications of pulsed output power of 140 W, gain > 50 dB,

C-Band 60W Conduction-Cooled Space TWT

Ku-band 140W fully-packaged Radiation-Cooled Space TWT

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TWT efficiency > 50%, have been achieved over the desired frequency band of 10.9 to 11.7 GHz.

Electron Gun Assemblies for 80 W Micro-TWT :

CSIR-CEERI designed and developed compact electron gun assemblies for X-Ku Band, 80 W Micro-TWT for MTRDC (DRDO), Bangalore. The desired electron beam current of 175 mA at beam voltage of 4.3 kV was achieved. The beam diameter was kept 0.9 mm. Four numbers of compact electron gun assemblies meeting full specification were delivered to MTRDC for their Microwave Power Modules (MPM).

1-D Large-Signal Model for Helix TWTs (SUNRAY-1D Code) :

CSIR-CEERI has developed and delivered a model and associated computer code for one-dimensional large signal analysis of a helix TWT for MTRDC (DRDO), Bangalore. The model has been extensively used by MTRDC for their TWT design work.

6 MW peak, 24 kW Average Power S-band Klystron :

A 6 MW peak, 24 kW average power S-band klystron is being d eveloped under sponsorship from BARC, Mumbai. The first prototype tube has successfully produced more than 6.5 MW peak and 3 kW average power at 50 PRF. The tube is currently being conditioned to run at 400 PRF to produce rated average power. The tube is to be used for cargo scanning and other industrial LINAC applications at BARC.

Development of a J-band Miniature Klystron Based Transmitter:

CSIR-CEERI has taken-up development of a J-band miniature klystron based transmitter under sponsorship from DRDO with RCI, Hyderabad as end user. A gun collector test diode and associated pulsed power modules have been developed and characterized as a part of this project. The diode has met the design specifications. Various sub-assemblies of first prototype of complete transmitter have been fabricated and are in the process of integration.

Development of RF Couplers for LEHIPA Project: BARC, Mumbai has sponsored a project on development of high power coaxial and waveguide RF couplers for feeding microwave power to proton accelerators under LEHIPA project. Two coaxial couplers have been successfully developed and delivered to BARC and are being used by them.

Electron Gun assemblies for X-Ku Band 80 W

Micro-TWT

First Prototype of 6 MW Klystron

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Emission Enhancement Coatings on Multi-beam Klystron (MBK) Cathodes : MTRDC (DRDO) supplied conventional MBK cathodes to CSIR-CEERI for emission enhancement by one order of magnitude. The coating was successfully carried out at CSIR-CEERI and the cathodes were supplied to MTRDC for their use.

Development of Multi-ceramic Rectangular RF Window: A project on development of multi-ceramic rectangular RF window was taken-up for the Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar. The window is used to couple microwave power to plasma for heating in a TOKOMAK reactor. This technologically challenging project was successfully completed and two such windows were delivered to IPR meeting the desired specifications.

ZnO-based MEMS Acoustic Sensor: MEMS acoustic sensor chips were developed by CSIR-CEERI for VSSC (ISRO). The chips were space qualified by VSSC. They have been and are bei ng used by VSSC in PSLV systems, including in the launch of the Chandrayaan.

MEMS Absolute Pressure Sensor: CSIR-CEERI has designed and fabricated MEMS based miniature (2.7 mm x 2.7 mm) absolute pressure sensors for LPSC (ISRO). These chips are designed to measure five ranges of pressure : 30, 50, 70, 100 and 300 bar. One thousand chips for each pressure range have been delivered to LPSC (ISRO) along with some representative packaged devices. CSIR-CEERI and ISRO are jointly working on custom packaging of the device.

RF MEMS Switches: CSIR-CEERI has designed and developed Radio Frequency MEMS (RF MEMS) switches for SAC (ISRO), Ahmedabad. These switches developed for C, X and Ku band space communication applications fully meet the desired specifications and have been tested at SAC's test and characterization facility. The devices have completed more than a million on-off cycles - a

national first. Two silicon wafers containing over 200 devices have been delivered to SAC.

MEMS Acoustic Sensor Chip

MEMS Absolute Pressure Sensor

SEM Micrograph of RF MEMS Symmetric

Coated MBK Cathode

Containing 19 Miniature Cathodes

Multi-Ceramic RF

Windows

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LTCC Microhotplate: CSIR-CEERI developed 1.5 W, 5 mm x 5 mm LTCC microhotplates with high temperature stable interconnections for Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL), DRDO. Samples were successfully tested by them in continuous mode operation at different voltages. These samples were integrated in one specimen of the “Toxic gas analyzer” by SSPL. Suspended bridge type microhotplates with gold IDTs on top and platinum heater on back have also been developed and are presently undergoing evaluation.

Special Filter Components Using LTCC : Three-layer LTCC filter (3.57 Ghz), two-layer LTCC filter (1.27 Ghz) and two-layer LTCC power divider components were developed using LTCC technology based on designs provided by SAC (ISRO), Ahmedabad. Five samples of each component were supplied. These have been tested for use in subsystems of communication payloads.

Mask Making Services: Mask fabrication services were provided to IRDE (DRDO) on a regular basis, SSPL (DRDO) for 70 masks, SITAR for 13 masks as well as lapping and polishing of 6” wafers, RRCAT (DAE) for 4 masks, NPOL (DRDO) for 4 masks, BEL for 2 masks, RCI (DRDO) for 50 masks, and Osmania University for a DRDO project for masks and unit processes for SOI wafer.

b) Technology Development

Medical Linac System for Cancer Therapy (6 MV): The Department of Information Technology (DIT) under the aegis of Jai Vigyan National S&T Mission Project initiated the development and deployment of 6 MV integrated medical LINAC (Linear Accelerator). During the first phase of the programme, two machines were developed by CSIR-CSIO and installed at Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Science, Wardha in 2007 and Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai in 2008. The two LINACs have treated many patients. The development of two integrated oncology systems using 6 MV Medical LINAC “Siddharth” and their type approval by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) has given a major boost to the national medical LINAC programme.

Portable Pulse Oximeter: CSIR-CSIO has developed a Pulse Oximeter which is portable, non-invasive device useful to monitor Pulse Rate and Oxygen saturation. It enables prompt recognition of hypoxemia. The unit measures percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen non-invasively and is PC compatible with the data storage back-up of 24 hours. It is equipped with alarm facilities

6 MV Medical LINAC

LTCC Microhotplate

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for high and low limits of SpO2 & pulse rate, probe check, probe slippage from finger & low battery indications. Successful clinical trials were carried out at Department of Anaesthesia, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh.

Hydraulic Artificial Knee Joint:

CSIR-CSIO developed a fixed pivot, hydraulic Artificial Knee Joint has been developed. It consists of two cylinders: One is a master cylinder filled with thin oil and the other is for compensation. When the knee flexes, a piston is pushed up into the oil filled cylinder which results into oil being forced out through the valve openings.

Voice Operated Electronic Hand:

CSIR-CSIO developed Electronic hand with two fingers movement based on Voice Recognition Technique has been developed. It consists of a mechanical hand and voice operated electronic control system. The mechanical hand has two fingers movements with stationary thumb and gripping mechanism. The voice command recognition module is an isolated word recognition system that uses neural network technique for voice pattern matching to recognize correct voice commands.

Myo-electric Arm:

CSIR-CSIO developed a compact and light weight myo-electric arm based on surface mounted device. The mechanical assembly of the arm consists of gripping fingers, palm, wrist and lower portion of upper limb. Other components include Electromyogram (EMG) sensors to pick up muscle signals from the stump of amputee, microcontroller circuitry to process and condition the signals, a dc motor for opening and closing of hand and a glove to provide the cosmetic appeal. It has been tested successfully at National Institute of the Orthopaedically Handicapped (NIOH), Kolkata on the physically challenged persons.

Spoon Feeding Robot System:

CSIR-CSIO developed Mechanical robotic arm has been fabricated using aluminum and brass components, round rotating table having three circular bowls and two 12V DC geared electric motors which itself is supported by four circular studs. The system has four degrees of freedom and six voice commands i.e. Start, Reset, Feed1, Feed2, Feed3 and Stop. Electronic control system based on microcontroller was developed.

Typical Hydraulic Artificial Knee Joint

Pulse Oximeter

Typical Myo-electric Arm

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Hand–Held Reading Machine for Visually Impaired People: A hand-held reading device was developed by CSIR-CSIO for visually impaired persons. The unit comprises a pair of imaging modules with computer interface to operate on C-DAC developed OCR & TTS modules. Some of the features include: flexible number of steps for comfortable reading, software providing seamless merger of consecutive images, keypad for control functions, column handling, power saving, etc

Image processing techniques to measure the pellet size distribution: CSIR-CEERI developed a technology which estimates pellet (of iron ore) size distribution of ores in real time during steel production. Iron ore pellets are used in steel production, instead of ordinary ore, to make the production more reliable and energy efficient. This technology avoids the drawbacks of prevailing manual methods. It gives a fast feedback of pellet size distribution in order to have optimized production rate. The technology is based on the image processing technique which is fast, non-contact, and gives consistent measurement of the pellet size distribution in real time.

Sensor technology and intelligent measurement systems:

CSIR-CEERI has developed many technologies related to sensors. Few of the striking ones are presented below: - E-nose for recognition of tea varieties and different alcohols; - Kit for detection of synthetic milk to delineate the presence of urea,

salt, detergents and combinations of these adulterants; - PC based potentiostat for electrochemical analysis of different

chemicals; and - A Lab facility for characterization of liquid and gas sensors has been

established.

A Night Driving Filter (NDF): CSIR-CSIO has developed a Night Driving Filter which is an improved Antiglare Optical device for automobiles useful during night driving. It is mounted in front of the driver on the automobile’s windshield. The device comprises of a gradient density absorbing film (30-80%) deposited upon glass/plastic substrate by vacuum coating and also having antireflection coating on both surfaces of the substrate. The coating is highly durable and it is first time in the world that the glare is being reduced by this type of filter. The device protects eyes from the blinding glare (excessive visible and UV radiation) produced by the headlights of approaching

Reading Machine for Visually Impaired

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vehicles during night driving. The user trials of the device have been conducted on Ambassador & Maruti Cars, Bus & Truck driven on Chandigarh roads and highways in the night. The reports shows that glare from high beam are reduced to 30 percent and from the low beam to 40 percent.

Process for integrating nano-patterning with micron

size electrodes for single electron transistor structure: CSIR-CEERI’s experimental results demonstrate the integration of nano-writing process with photo- lithographically defined micron size electrodes/pads. This is crucially important for fabrication of nano-gap electrodes and devices such as single electron transistor and molecular devices.

Photonic sensors:

CSIR-CSIO fabricated FBG sensors in a suitable package for structural health monitoring which can be used both for surface mounting on metal specimen as well as embedding them inside the concrete structures. The system has been checked for its performance by installing in experimental civil structure of CSIR-SERC.

A couple of single and multiple FBG sensors fabricated in the laboratory are being evaluated by Electrical Research & Development Association (ERDA), Vadodara for long-term experimentation for detection of hot-spots in high power transformers. CSIR-CSIO provided training to ERDA Scientists for handling and installing these sensors at actual sites.

Apparatus for sieve dimensions: CSIR-NPL has developed an apparatus for measuring sieve dimensions. An Indian Patent (No. 197541) has been granted and the copyright (SW-2353) of the software entitled “Gauge Block Interferometry” has also been obtained.

New generation terahertz devices:

CSIR-CEERI has developed expertise in design and development of high frequency, moderate power and efficient devices based on MEMS / semiconductor and vacuum electronics technologies. These Vacuum Microelectronic Devices (VMDs) for the mm and sub-mm wave devices surmount the limitations of conventional microwave tubes (MWTs) as well as of solid-state devices. Medium power millimeter and sub millimeter wave sources find applications in high data rate communication, electronics materials, spectroscopy, medicine, biosciences, space research and remote sensing.

Night Driving Filter in action

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These devices comprise of electron gun, RF structure and collector with wave guide couplers. The electron gun has been designed and simulated in two-gun design computer simulation tools, such as E-GUN and CST Particle Studio, and qualified for the temperature and emission characteristics. Dispenser cathode has been used as electron emitter, but field emitting surfaces are also being developed. RF structure has been designed as folded waveguide slow-wave structure, which has been simulated for its various cold test parameters, such as transmission, dispersion characteristics, Interaction impedance, and gain. The RF structure fabrication is being explored by wire EDM, micro milling / EDM, X-LIGA. Gun stacks have also been fabricated.

Solid-state versatile pulsar for High-Voltage and High-Power applications:

CSIR-CEERI has designed, developed, fabricated and tested a solid-state pulsar for high-voltage and high-power applications. Provision for independent variation of pulse amplitude, width and repletion rate, make it a versatile source for many pulse power applications and experiments. The basic module is rated for 2.5 kV and 50 A. Experimental prototype with 20 series connected modules is used to generate 50 kV pulse. Pulse width variation from 5 to 50 sec and PRF from 1 Hz to 200 Hz have been achieved. Pulses of positive or negative polarity can be generated by changing the earth connection. The pulsar would be used for characterization of high-power microwave tubes.

Surgical microscope for cataract surgery:

CSIR-CSIO has developed a surgical microscope for cataract surgery. It enhances the Surgeon’s view of microscopic structures (e.g. nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels, lesions), variable object magnification. The opto-mechanical design of the microscope has been perceived specifically to meet the requirements of eye surgical applications like keratoplasty, keratoprothitics and cataract operations. The main feature of the surgical microscope is the special motorized focusing control by the foot paddle. Also to meet the need for high and safe illumination a fiber optical system has been used with switch to change over in case of failure during the operation. The salient features of the microscope include: (i) sufficient large working distance between operation field and Microscope, (ii) a true stereoscopic observation, (iii) good resolution with adequate contrast; (iv) brilliant and uniform illumination of the field of operation and (v) adequate useful magnification range to guarantee a rapid change over from low power to high power. The Microscope has undergone thorough clinical trial in the Ophthalmology Department of Rajendra Hospital, Patiala for three months and the reports have been quite encouraging. The instrument was used for three days

Surgical microscope for cataract surgery

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during an eye camp organized by Shah Satnam Multi Speciality Hospital, Sirsa and forty eight (48) eye cataract operations were performed successfully.

5.9 Engineering Materials, Mining/Minerals & Manufacturing

Technology a) Scientific Excellence

Genesis of phosphorites: CSIR-NGRI carried out extensive work in the offshore regions of the east and west coast of India with evidence of formation of phosphorites by microbial processes. The results suggested that the nodular phosphorites represent phosphate clasts related to phosphate stromatolites formed in intertidal conditions. At high energy conditions, the microbial mats were disintegrated into phosphate clasts and reworked into the shales in the form of nodular phosphorites. This emphasizes the fact that microbial processes play an important role in all the phosphorites and Quaternary phosphorites from the continental margins serve as analogs for ancient phosphorites

Record of early diagenetic conditions through quaternary and formation of authigenic Fe-minerals: Three sediment cores from the eastern Arabian Sea were investigated by CSIR-NIO for better understanding the bottom water oxygen history during the past 140 ka and record of early diagenetic conditions during the last 35 kaBP. The enrichment of redox sensitive elements (Re, U, Cd and Sb) at Marine Isotope Stage 5 (5b and 5d) and glacial termination II indicate suboxic bottom water conditions. Marine Isotope stages 1, 3, 4 and interstadials of Marine Isotope Stage - 5 (5a, 5c, & 5e) were associated with near oxic conditions. The lack of enrichment of Mo and V above crustal abundance and a high Re/Mo (ppm/ppm) ratio (avg. 18.2 X 10-3) suggest that sediments never contained free H2 S during the past 140 ka.

Smart materials development: Smart materials development was done based on phase transition at the morphotropic phase boundary for fast switching action and domain polarization for linear sensing action. Doping of In2O3, Nd2O3 and Al in PZT and PLZT has been investigated with respect to sensitivity and hardness and a touch-free temperature indicated was developed by CSIR-CEERI.

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Optical radiation standards:

CSIR-NPL using correlated photon metrology experimental setup carried out fundamental studies on sub-wavelength interference with pseudo thermal light. This becomes the basis of establishing quantum base for the classical standards of optical radiation. The phenomena of interference and polarization were also studied in both space-time domain and space-frequency domain. Basic research on optical coherence for its application on encoding and information processing was pursued further. Three different compounds namely 5- fluorouracil, Indinavir sulfate and Nelfinavir were chosen for this study. Thermal stability, photo stability and chemical stability were studied as per ICH guidelines. The results suggest that vibrational spectroscopy can be used as a simple, rapid and reliable

Key Achievements -Engineering Materials, Mining/ Minerals & Manufacturing Technology

Scientific Excellence

- CSIR-CMERI's Radar imaging to develop an enhanced fog vision system for collision avoidance

- Hand gesture recognition for sign language with improved real time efficiency and robustness developed

- Biomimetic Payload reactor conceptualized and designed by CSIR-NML

- CSIR-CGCRI's Photonic crystal having very high nonlinearity demonstrated its operation in generating wide band supercontinuum (SC) source required for various applications

Technology Development/Commercialization

- A mine wide communication system developed jointly by CSIR-CEERI and CSIR-CIMFR, installed at North Thisra coal field in Jharia for field trials

- Head Up Display by CSIR-CSIO - a milestone achievement towards self reliance of avionic displays

- Process for recovery of lead from zinc plant residue transferred to M/s Chakradhar Chemicals

- CSIR-CMERI has designed and developed a torpedo shaped AUV capable of operating up to 150 meters depth

- CSIR-CIMFR instrumental in adapting high wall mining technology for Indian geomining conditions

Societal Impact

- Ecofriendly duel powered rickshaw , Soleckshaw, transferred to 4 industries on non exclusive basis for commercialization

- Small hydraulic tractor of 12 HP , PUSHAN designed and developed by CSIR-CMERI

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stability indicating technique to assess the stress stability of pharmaceutical compounds.

Finite Element Method (FEM) for the characterization of a controlled

clearance piston gauge: CSIR-NPL has carried out preliminary study using finite elemental method, of the behavior of a high performance controlled clearance piston gauge in the pressure range up to 1 GPa. The results thus obtained using FEM were compared with the experimental values. FEM analysis shows that the clearance h between piston and cylinder decreases as pj. The gap width also increases along the engagement length from top to bottom due to the increase in pressure distribution in the gap profile. The d remains almost unchanged having average value as 2.21 x 10-6 MPa-1 with measurement uncertainty 6.4 x 10-9 MPa-1 from 400 MPa to 1000 MPa. Consequently, the values of λ are larger in the free deformation mode in comparison to controlled clearance mode.

Fine tuning of the modeling is required to produce consistent results with experimental values, specially the pressure distribution in the gap. The major cause of discrepancy is due to the changing of density and viscosity equations from 300 MPa to 400 MPa. Future emphasis would be focused on to remove such gaps in the methodology and obtain consistent results.

Analysis and design of corrugated long-period gratings in silica-on-silicon planar wave-guides:

A detailed theoretical analysis has been carried out by CSIR-CEERI on the light transmission through a corrugated long-period waveguide grating made in silica-on-silicon planar waveguide is presented. Grating period of ~ 280 m is considered in order to achieve a strong rejection band at the wavelength region of 1.5 m. Phase-matching graphs are studied to find the relationship between the resonance wavelength and the grating period. The effects of the variation of the waveguide and grating parameters on the resonance wavelength are investigated in detail. Polarization-dependence on the waveguide gratings is studied and finally the design is optimized by proper choice of the grating parameters, which results in a polarization-independent rejection band in the operating wavelength region. This type of waveguide gratings has significant potential for various integrated-optic devices and sensing applications.

Visual odometric navigation: One of the main challenges faced by object tracking and environment-modelling techniques is false detections, which may lead to the tracking of wrong object thus misrepresentation of data. Hence, the tracking algorithm of the detected object should also be computationally inexpensive and suitable for real time applications. The study involved how

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GFV, a multidimensional entity encapsulating multiple feature parameters, can uniquely identify dominant features of an object, and increase the detection reliability due to its potential to function consistently in any kind of environment, uninfluenced by view point invariance or extrinsic factors, thus minimizing false alarms. Further a method to determine the 3D position of the object is presented which works on uncalibrated camera images and can be successfully applied to online processes.

Radar imaging to develop an enhanced fog vision system for collision avoidance: Developing an enhanced fog vision system with radio wave to improvise the way outs of severe problems is really a big challenge for researchers. According to Rayleigh scattering Law, direct wave RF signal have high chance of failure to work in such weather for detection of any object. Therefore suitable region in the RF band that can help in detecting objects with proper shape was required. In order to understand the weather effect on radio frequencies for different ranges, analytical & experimental studies were conducted at CSIR-CMERI for object detection using 912 MHz band with successful detection of the persistence of any object coming under the trajectory of a vehicle navigating in indoor and outdoor environment. The developed images are finally transformed to video signal to enable continuous monitoring.

Map-building and map-based self-localization of a mobile robot using

scan-correlation technique: Map based self localization problem based on image matching by cross-correlation method is studied for developing a map based scan matching algorithm for robust pose estimation of a mobile robot in the static environment. A scan is a set of range measurement of the features transformed into a binary image in the environment provided by a laser range finder (LRF). By comparing a scan taken at the current pose of the robot with an existing scan, an estimate of the absolute pose of the robot is obtained. Real world experiments with laboratory robot within the office environment showed that the pose error is small enough to perform navigation tasks.

Obstacle avoidance and navigation of autonomous mobile robot:

A hybrid obstacle avoidance methodology has been studied for autonomous navigation of a mobile robot in an unstructured environment. Decision is taken based on the classical method depending on the environmental scenario where the space between multiple obstacles is measured and the feasibility of passing the robot through any immediate pair of obstacles is examined. In other cases, the decision is taken by the Fuzzy Logic controller. The developed algorithm is simulated and experimentally validated with a mobile robot platform equipped with forward-looking sonar.

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Logarithmic fourier PCA - A new approach to face recognition: Two face recognition algorithms namely Logarithmic Fourier Domain Principal Component Analysis (Log Fourier PCA) and Log fourier PCA with Independent Component Analysis (ICA) which successfully tackles multiple variations of face images are developed. Neural network is used as classifier for both these methods. The Log Fourier PCA method proves to be resilient against illumination variations of the face images. However it is observed that the performance of this method decreases if there are multiple variations. Using ICA as a feature extractor further makes the recognition system robust to multiple parametric variations. Experimental results using Yale, ORL, FERET and PIE database shows that the proposed method Log fourier PCA followed by ICA and Neural network can tackle multiple variations in the face images

Hand gesture recognition for sign language:

A hybrid feature descriptor, which combines the advantages of SURF & Hu Moment Invariant methods, is used as a combined feature set to achieve a good hand gesture recognition rate along with a low time complexity. To further increase the recognition rate and make the recognition system resilient to view-point variations, the concept of derived features from the available feature set is introduced. KNearest Neighbour (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are used for hybrid classification of single signed letter. In addition, finger spelled word recognition using Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for a lexicon-based approach is also proposed. Comparative study of these methods with other popular techniques showed that the real time efficiency and robustness are better.

Age estimation using gender information:

Gender information was used for categorizing age range of a given face image. Appearance parameters (AAM), containing shape and texture variations is used for gender classification which is analyzed with two well known classifiers Neural Networks and Support Vector machines (SVM). Gender classified appearance parameters are fed into male or female age estimator, which classifies age range using Neural Network.

The generalized feature vector (GFV) - A new approach for vision based

navigation of outdoor mobile robot: A new approach termed as Generalized Feature Vector, which essentially encapsulates and uses multiple features for consistent detection is proposed. Detection that relies on a single feature may lead to multiple false alarms or wrong identification. Though primarily applied to vision sensors GFV has the potential to include data obtained from other types of sensors. Experimental analysis of the proposed method showed that the approach is resilient to the extrinsic parametric variations with minimal false alarm. These further showed that the GFV method has tremendous potential in areas like robot navigation, surveillance, remote sensing and many more.

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Shear-improved sub grid stress closure for turbulent channel flows:

A subgrid-scale model pertaining to Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was developed by modifying the standard Smagorinsky model in order to take into account the inhomogeneities of the mean flow. According to this model, the magnitude of mean strain-rate is subtracted from the magnitude of the resolved strain-rate tensor for the calculation of eddy-viscosity. Large eddy simulation of turbulent channel flows at low and moderate Reynolds numbers were performed. The predicted results compare well with the DNS data and results due to dynamic LES closure. The focus of this study has been on the assessment of capabilities of the model pertaining to the description of flow physics for the Reynolds numbers of interest. Also, the results are intended to establish the dominant effects of shear-length-scale near the wall. The simulations highlight other statistical features and turbulence characteristics too in order to broaden the applicability of the model.

Pressure sensitive paints (PSP): Binary PSP coatings developed by CSIR-NAL with thickness less than 60 µm showed an oxygen sensitivity of about 65%. Evaluation of four red phosphor samples for their potential use as reference luminophore in different PSP formulations indicated that the luminescent lifetimes of silicone coatings containing red phosphor materials were not sensitive to temperature in the range of 10 to 60°C. Indigenous CSIR-NAL binary PSP formulation was spray coated for the first time on a large scale model (surface area - 3500 cm2 ) from VSSC in 1.2 m wind tunnel. The calibration coupons were also spray-coated with CSIR-NAL binary PSP. The analysis of results showed that the pressure data obtained with PSP was comparable to that obtained by pressure taps.

NiTi Shape Memory Alloys:

The R&D work on NiTi-based shape memory alloy (SMA) wires was undertaken for further improvement in the properties and also, for a better understanding of the behaviour of the material under application scenario. Actuators for specific applications were designed and fabricated using the SMA wires processed at CSIR-NAL. A novel design concept was used wherein SMA wires were used in the form of tendon. Two such prototype actuators, each capable of operating under a force of 20 kN with displacement up to 14 mm, were designed and fabricated.

Ni+SiC coating on the trochoid of the Wankel Engine:

Al-Si alloy castings are used for functional requirements of the trochoid (rotor housing). This alloy possesses poor wear resistance. CSIR-NAL had taken up the activity of developing wear resistant NALNISIC coating by simple and cost effective method of electrodeposition. The challenges involved in this activity have been: obtaining an adherent coating on Al-Si

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alloy which is a difficult-to-plate material, uniform distribution of SiC particles on the bore of the trochoid and the microhardness of the coating above 450Hv. All the challenges have been successfully met and the coated trochoid housing was fitted in the indigenous proto type rotary engine. Ground level evaluation tests were carried out by CSIR-NAL and ADE, Bangalore. This NALNISIC also find its application in automobile sector.

Development of wear-resistant nanocomposite Ni-Co-CeO2 coatings:

Oxide based composites have an advantage of oxidation stability at high temperatures. In this regard, ceria CeO2, one of the powerful rare earth oxides was incorporated in Ni-Co alloy matrices (Co content 0-28g/l) by electrodeposition method. Its effect on structure and mechanical properties - microhardness, wear resistance was studied. The pin-on-disc wear testing of the various Ni-CeO2 and Ni-Co-CeO2 composite coatings revealed that the least wear loss occurred during the testing of Ni-Co-CeO2 coating obtained from a low Co content. Thus the presence of small amount of Co improves the microhardness and wear resistance, although no reduction in coefficient of friction has been observed. Analysis of the wear products and corrosion behaviour of the coatings is in progress.

Oxide based nanolayered multilayer coatings:

Most of the transition metal nitride based nanolayered multilayer coatings and nanocomposite coatings have limitations for very high temperature applications. In search of newer extrinsic superhard coatings, currently efforts are being directed towards the oxide materials and a combination of oxide/nitride materials. CSIR-NAL has developed nanolayered multilayer coatings consisting of highly stable oxide materials such as Al2O3, Y2O3, ZrO2, etc., which are stable at very high temperatures. The ZrO2 /Al2O3 and ZrO2 /Y2O3 nanolayered multilayer coatings exhibited hardness values as high as 30 and 28 GPa, respectively, which are very high as compared to rule-of-mixture values (15 and 13 GPa, respectively for ZrO2 /Al2O3 and ZrO2 /Y2O3). Furthermore, the ZrO2 /Al2O3 multilayers exhibited very high resistance to plastic deformation with their structural stability up to 1100 °C in air.

High temperature solar absorber coatings:

Sputter deposited coatings for mid- and high- temperature solar selective applications have been developed. Solar selective tandem absorbers of TiAlN/TiAlON/TiAlO were deposited on copper and stainless steel substrates (35x35 mm2) using a semi-industrial magnetron sputtering process. Tandem absorbers deposited on stainless tubes exhibited absorptance of the order of 0.940 and emittance was 0.16. The absorptance of the order of 0.945 and emittance of 0.05 was found on copper substrates. The technology is first of its kind and uses nitrides and oxy-nitrides of transition metals, compositionally stable at higher

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temperatures and could be used for as ideal coating for solar thermal power generation.

Biomimetic pay-load for space capsule of ISRO: To study the effect of microgravity on the biomimetic synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, SRE-1 (Space Capsule Recovery Experiment) was carried out on board. A Biomimetic Payload reactor conceptualized and designed by CSIR-NML. Structural characterization of the nanoparticles synthesized in space manifested the formation of highly ordered bulk structure made from hydroxyapatite nanoparticles having dimensions in the range of 2 nm - 4 nm.

Cast austempered Fe-Mn-Si-ME (microalloying elements) steels:

Investigation was carried out to examine the influence of austempering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a low carbon high silicon (C-0.13%, Si-1.3%, Mn-1%, V-0.08%) cast steels. The microstructures consist of bainitic ferrite and retained austenite in a austempering temperature range 350 to 450°C. The morphology of bainitic ferrite however observed to be changed from lower bainite to upper on increasing austempering temperature. It is observed that UTS decreases but % El increases with increasing austempering temperature. The 400°C austempering temperature exhibited the best combination of mechanical properties at room temperature (UTS-663 MPa, EL-26%). The fracture mechanism dominated by dimple formation and coalesces indicating ductile fracture. With increasing holding time from 30 to 60 mins ductility is decreasing but strength is almost same.

Nanoindentation studies of Tib2 films:

Tib2 is an important ceramic material with many potential applications asthin film. This requires accurate determination of the mechanical properties. The films were deposited by magnetron sputtering and nano indentation technique has been used to measure the mechanical properties such as hardness, modulus and fracture toughness. The properties of Tib2 films on three different substrates such as silicon, glass and steel have been studied to investigate the substrate influence. Four composite hardness models were applied to the experimental data. It was found that model of Korsunsky et.al gave the best fit and result. Fracture toughness of the coatings was evaluated using radial crack method and energy method, which gave comparable results.

Processing of natural resourced hydroxyapatite ceramics from fish scale:

CSIR-CMERI has optimized the processing parameter associated with the preparation of natural resourced ultrafine hydroxyapatite (HAp) powders in

Biomimetic pay-load

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a cost effective way through thermal decomposition of chemically treated fish scale. The optimization of processing calcification temperature of HAp powder was identified through thermal gravimetric analysis and corresponding X-ray diffraction studies. The optimized calcined hydroxyapatite powder derived from fish scale was wet ball milled for several hours and compacted into different shapes at lower pressure (850 kgf/cm2). The green compacts were sintered at different temperature for one hour in dry air atmosphere. The average grain size of sintered samples remains mostly in the submicrometre range and ~91% of theoretical density was achieved even at lower compacting pressure. It is expected to help in development of biodegradable/biocompatible porous scaffolds for applications in tissue engineering.

Plasma processing of materials:

Statistical modeling studies were carried out for the plasma processing to arrive at a optimized process parameters. This has been done through two processes, namely (i) thermal plasma processing for production of TiO2, rich slag & pig iron from ilmenite and (ii) Thermal plasma processing for recovery of metal values from red mud. Basic kinetic studies were carried out on reduction of iron ore by microwave assisted hydrogen plasma for production of pure iron. This study will lead to develop environment friendly low temperature process for production of iron to avoid CO2 emission.

Advanced mineral processing: The modal analysis and liberation characteristics of new types of deposit such as Banded hematite quartzite (BHQ) and Banded hematite jasper (BHJ) present in different parts of India has been carried by Mineral Liberation analyser (MLA) which has opened up a new sight to grind the material to the desired size, which has further helped in beneficiation of the ore. Under the intensive characterization studies, it was thus possible to achieve 65% iron concentrate with ~40% yield. On the other hand, characterization studies of several samples have indicated that there exist certain mixed ores (BHQ-BHJ) type which are not liberated even after grinding to a very fine size.

Bio beneficiation:

In the area of bio-beneficiation, various micro-organisms were applied for the beneficiation of low-grade iron ores and tailings. The study indicated that Aspergillus niger could remove 35.5% alumina and 35.5%silica. In order to investigate the reasons, the studies were also extended to organic acids such as oxalic and citric acid etc and by different bacterial and fungal strains isolated from the tailings. It was established that isolated bacterial from the tailings showed the highest removal of alumina and silica. The mechanism of bacterial and fungal strains involved in the leaching and beneficiation processes of silicate ores and minerals is

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possible due to the Si-O- Si or Al-O frame work cleaved due to microbial action leading to the solubilization or the removal of captions from the crystal lattice of silicate causing the subsequent collapse of silicate lattice structure.

Iron ore tailings: a resource for CO2 sequestration:

Mineral carbonation experiments were carried out to quantify the amount of CO2 absorption in iron ore tailings in the presence of suitable additives with water. The mixture of iron ore tailings exposed to atmospheric condition for 30 days had indicated that one ton of iron ore tailings absorbed 22 kg of CO2 from the atmosphere.

Utilisation of iron ore tailings by phytoremediation technology:

Many of the waste tailings contain various heavy metals in concentrations beyond permissible levels which adversely affect the soil texture and vegetation of that area. A number of economically important plant species have been selected which can act as an efficient tool for phytostabilization of heavy metals present in the iron ore tailings with minimum expenditure possible. Asoca (Saraca asoca), Polang (Calophyllum inophyllum), Bixa (Bixa orellana), Grevillea (Grevillea pteridifolia) were attempted to capture the heavy metal ions present in waste tailings. All the species are found tolerant towards a reasonably high concentration of heavy metals like Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd.

Nanostructured advanced materials:

Submicron SiC powder was prepared using raw rice husk/bamboo leaf in a pot type extended arc plasma reactor. Nano-SiC powder was prepared by in-flight processing of charred rice husk/bamboo leaf. Experiments were carried out for development of thin film using one inch diameter silicon carbide target with varying process parameters like substrate distance (3-5 cm), temperature (800-830 oC) and at constant energy density (0.4J/cm2 ) of the KrF laser pulses at 248 nm for 10-25 mins. Vacuum and gas annealing of these films at high temperature were carried out. Very smooth 3C-SiC thin film with varying thickness (200 to 400nm) and roughness around 1.5nm has been obtained.

In-situ synthesis of Al-TiB2 composite:

Al-TiB2 composite has been In-situ synthesized by casting technique using SHS process. The composite contained 10 wt% TiB2 (size below 2 µm) with fairly uniform distribution of the dispersoid phase. In-situ Cu-TiC particle (size below 5 µm) composite containing 10 and 40% reinforcement phase was synthesized by liquid metallurgy route employing SHS technique. The effect of Al addition on the mode of distribution of the dispersoid phase and other properties was also studied. The composite attained fairly uniform distribution of the TiC particles in the matrix while Al addition led

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to improve mechanical properties and bore homogeneous distribution of the dispersoid phase.

Zinc oxide nanocomposites coated fabrics:

The zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by wet chemical method and ZnO–PMMA nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing the ZnO nanoparticles in solution of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and applied on polyamide fabrics by padding. The aim is to impart superhydrophobicity and UV protection function to the polyamide textile surface and study the functional properties of coated fabrics. The nanofinished polyamide fabrics showed superhydrophobicity of about 163°. The results also showed that the impregnation of fabrics with ZnO–PMMA nanofinishings also enhanced the protection of polyamide fabrics against UV radiation

Hydrothermal synthesis of petal-like alumina flakes:

CSIR-CGCRI synthesized petal-like alumina flakes through a soft solution approach without using any surfactant-based templating agents and organic solvent. It is the new approach for obtaining the stated morphology of alumina with aqua-based precursor materials like aluminum nitrate, urea and water by a single-step hydrothermal process carried out for 6 hours at 170°C. Under the reaction condition, the boehmite particles are formed through the controlled hydrolysis of aluminum nitrate in presence of urea, which transforms to y-A1203 at about 455°C and AI2O3 at about 900°C, the latter is stable up to 1200°C.

Nanoindentation study of microplasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coating: The microplasma sprayed (MPS) hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating on surgical grade SS316L, is an emerging material for bio-ceramic based implant application involving higher reliability. CSIR-CGCRI developed a 200 mm thick MPS-HAp coating on SS316L substrate and characterized by XRD, SEM and FESEM techniques. The local mechanical properties of the coating such as the nano-hardness and Young's modulus were evaluated by nanoindentation technique at various depths in the range of about 170-3000 nm on a polished top surface.

Photonic crystal fibers: CSIR-CGCRI has developed for the first time in India, a special variety of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) having very high nonlinearity and demonstrated its operation in generating wide band supercontinuum (SC) source required for various applications e.g. optical coherence tomography, spectroscopy, metrology etc. In a SC situation, the fibre can change a brief pulse of

SEM picture of a non-

Linear PCF

Visible spectrum

generated from the PCF through femtosecond

pulse pumping

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light (pico or femtosecond) with a narrow range of wavelengths into a spectrum hundreds of times broader and ranging from visible light to the infra-red. SC is one of the most exciting areas of applied physics today and the ability to create it easily will have a significant effect on technology. This has been highlighted on the cover of book “Optics”, Ed. A Ghatak, McGraw Hills, March, 2009.

b) Technology Development

Core Liner: A core liner has been developed which is extensively used for sub-

sampling sediment core samples. It overcomes the drawbacks of the earlier system which was a very tedious process. Accurate pre-determined intervals of sediment samples are achieved with highest accuracy without damaging the sediment using the core liner. As a result, undisturbed sediment sub-sampling could be carried out with highest efficiency.

Communication system for mines:

CSIR-CEERI developed a mine wide communication system consisting of number of base stations and miner kits to keep track of miners working in different areas in mine. The system is a hybrid system in which the communication from the central control room to the base station is wired using RS485 cable and communication between the base stations and the miner kits is wireless based on ZigBee protocol. The system has been installed in field at North Thisra coal field in Jharia for field trials and reported to generate good results.

Design technology of sub-system of Gyrotron:

A triode type Magnetron Injection Gun (MIG) for a 200 kW, 42 GHz Gyrotron has been designed by CSIR-CEERI. Operating voltage of modulating anode is 29 kV and accelerating voltage is 65 kV. Operation mode of this Gyrotron is TE03 and it would be used in a TOKAMAK system for plasma heating. The MIG is designed by using commercially available code EGUN and three in-house developed software codes MIGSYN, GINTMESH and MIGANS.

Head Up Display (HUD): Over the last few years, CSIR-CSIO has designed and developed a number of instruments and components tailoring to the requirements of users like Air Force, Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO) laboratories, etc. Eight cursive units and three raster units of HUD have been developed and supplied to ADA. Recently on 10th January 2011 HUD for Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) was officially handed over by the Defence Minister to induct it in the Indian Air Force (IAF). Since then, stringent qualification tests and extensive flight trials on LCA-Tejas were conducted.

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Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC), Bangalore had accorded the Type Approval for the same. It was a milestone achievement towards self reliance of avionic displays.

An engineering unit of HUD has also been supplied to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited where it has been interfaced with Mission Computer. This was approved by the Regional Centre for Military Airworthiness (RCMA), Chandigarh. All the tests covered under Safety of Flight (SoF) Testing were successfully completed. The airworthy unit has undergone Environmental Stress Screening (ESS) tests after completing the requisite performance evaluation criteria.

Fly-By-Light Tail Rotor Control System:

CSIR-CSIO developed Fly-By-Light Tail Rotor Control System for Advanced Light Helicopter and Design, Development & Supply of Fiber Delivery System for High Power Laser. The system was assembled and delivered to Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL), Chandigarh for test and trials.

Agri-instrumentation:

CSIR-CSIO developed a prototype of the portable tractor mounted instrument for measuring physical properties of soil like salinity, electrical conductivity and monitoring of variation in soil properties has been developed.

The prototype of instrumented system for quantified value of quality of tea based on physical properties (such as color, size and density) as well as aroma and taste of tea has also been designed and developed.

Ion-polymeric metal composites (IPMC) biomimetic actuators:

IPMC based actuator at laboratory scale has been developed. Using biological cells to power the IPMC is the basis of its biological control in operation as an artificial muscle. This novel technique has th e potential to assist cardiac, intestinal, paralysis and ocular patients, among others. Electrical activation of the synthetic biocompatible polymeric materials (artificial muscle) by means of biological cells or nerves could be of great significance for people suffering from various muscular diseases. These are highly efficient and may have far reaching application consequences in biomedical engineering and medicine.

Tele-operated rotary winged flying robot (RWFR): Flying robots, because of their precise maneuverability, are most popular and indispensable air vehicles for search and rescue missions. Flying

(IPMC) biomimetic actuators

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operation has opened up new opportunities to robotically perform field services and tasks like search and rescue, observation and mapping. CSIR-CMERI has designed and developed prototype of Tele-operated Rotary Winged Flying Robot (RWFR) with INS, flight control computer with high-speed digital FPGA card. RWFR can be used for inspection of bridges and aerial surveillance.

Serpentine robot: CSIR-CMERI designed and developed two prototype Serpentine robots. It can slide, glide and slither and could be used in many applications like exploration of hazardous environments, inspection and medical interventions.

Outdoor Mobile Robot (OMR):

A prototype outdoor mobile robot with tracked configuration has been designed and developed. The prototype deigned is primarily a caterpillar type and can be interchangeable to wheeled configuration. Graphite brushed motor is used in the development with a tracked belt transmission. Double sided timer belts are used as tracks. These tracks are guided by flanged timing pulleys.

Vision guided mobile robotic system:

Vision guided mobile robotic system equipped with stereo vision system and Laser range finder has been designed and fabricated. The environmental data acquired by the sensors will be processed by the on board computer. The robot is capable to navigate in specific area for searching of hazardous material. During this searching it will navigate and develop the map of the surrounding simultaneously. For the subsequent search missions the developed maps may be used for map based navigation purpose. The operator can interact with the robotic system with the help of a remote computer, which is connected to the autonomous vehicle by wireless LAN.

Radio frequency quadruple (RFQ) linac:

Besides use in nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics and material science, medium energy ion beams are essential for injection in high energy Linac (Drift tube type) for further increase in energy level. CSIR-CMERI has designed and developed Radio Frequency Quadruple (RFQ) Linac for the first time in the country. The level of development includes the engineering design, system analysis, and development of 40kW, 37MHz RFQ

Serpentine robot

Outdoor Mobile Robot

RFQ linac:

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Linac (3.2m) along with its ion source (ECR) and Beam rebuncher (Linac-RB) with input energy 1.68Kev/u and output energy 97.5 Kev/u. With this development, India became the 2nd nation in Asia, after Japan to have this capability. The other countries in the world who have this capability are USA, Germany, Japan, Israel and France.

Five-axis micro milling machine:

Five axis micro milling machine tools with gantry configuration has been developed which is useful for micro- scale milling and drilling machining operations to generate small sized three dimensional complex geometries efficiently with reduced costs as well as with high resolution. Two rotary axes eliminate the error caused by the re-clamping and are also useful for machining cylindrical shapes without X and Y-axis interpolation; therefore, precise machining can be easily performed. It also helps to improve materials removal rate and improved surface finish.

Braille character recognition using generalized feature vector approach:

A technique has been developed for vision based braille printout quality assessment system. A generalized feature vector approach is used to extract the braille dots from the digital braille print, which is further utilized to measure the dot spacings for examining the printing quality. This helps in providing the necessary feedback to the design team so that they can improve the printer prototypes accordingly. A simple but elegant approach to convert the braille code to running text using single sided and interpoint Braille print is also proposed. It can also be utilized in regenerating braille print from existing ones

Micro-EDM machine: A first generation prototype of Micro–EDM machine has been design and developed by CSIR-CMERI. Micro analysis of debris and its formation process in micro-EDM has been carried out. A parallel spark Micro-EDM process for higher productivity has been developed.

Multipurpose micro scale laser processing machine:

Low power laser processing system capable of performing multiple operations in micro-scale has been designed and developed. This system has been designed in such a way that several operations apart from micro-ablation and sintering could be performed by designing appropriated material feeding system. This system is expected to become unique test bed and low cost solutions of Indian researchers and industries.

5-axis milling machine

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Reconfigurable micro factory test bed: Reconfigurable micro factory test bed has been designed and developed which consists of four workstations to perform four operations namely: µ-milling, µ-turning, µ-EDM and µ-laser ablation. Each workstation is built-in with 3-axis translation features. The z-axis is normally used for feeding tool/energy source. Computer integrated methodology has also been developed for micro part family formation and operation cluster to design reconfigurations.

Development of a portable automated ball indentation (PABI) system for

evaluating mechanical properties of materials: CSIR-NML has designed, developed and fabricated a portable automated ball indentation (PABI) unit for assessing the mechanical properties of exposed components/ old structure. PABI system is capable of measuring yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), true-stress vs. true-plastic-strain curve, strength coefficient (K), strain hardening exponent (n), hardness (BHN) and fracture toughness (KJc). PABI Technology has been transferred to M/s DUCOM Instruments Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore for commercialization. Several organizations like NTPC, BHEL, IOC, BPCL, ARCI etc. showed interest for procurement of developed PABI unit.

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV):

Autonomous underwater vehicles are now considered an important tool for underwater operations, deep-sea mining, exploration and repair operations as well as collection of various scientific data ranging from habitat information of underwater biomass to oceanographic and bathymetric data. CSIR-CMERI has designed and developed a torpedo shaped AUV capable of operating up to 150 meters depth. The unit has 5 controllable degrees of freedom, which are controlled by 5 propellers placed in the various directions of AUV, and equipped with Li-polymer batteries. Advanced controller has been used to control AUV through different paths during various missions. The positional and velocity information of the AUV are monitored using navigational sensors. The payload sensors have been used for seabed mapping and underwater data collection.

Autonomous Intelligent Robotic Wheel Chair:

Two prototypes of wheel chair viz. high-end and low-end models have been developed. Both chairs are differently steered with six wheels configuration to facilitate swiveling about a point through 360°. These have smaller turning radius, capable to take a spin in a narrow corridor, go up

(PABI) system

AUV at Iduki Lake

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slant pavements. It remains stable over all these terrains offering enough maneuverability. On board charging facility has been incorporated by embedding a charger in the wheel chair itself.

Micro Air Vehicle (MAV):

A Micro Air Vehicle weighing 300 gms and of size 300 mm was designed, developed and flight tested. The vehicle is capable of flying autonomously and performing required missions. The MAV could be controlled both manually and autonomously during its flight. The fixed wing MAV carried daylight electro optic (EO) camera as payload. The MAV was able to cruise at 10-12 meters / sec with side winds up to 5 meters per second. Expertise was developed in several areas like low Reynolds number aerodynamics, low speed, low weight mini propellers design and fabrication, thin aerofoil light weight airframes, low speed flight control, microprocessor-based flight control and navigation systems, stabilized payload platforms, telemetry, video surveillance and image processing etc..

Underground Horizontal Boring Machine:

A prototype underground horizontal boring machine with boring diameter - 310 mm and boring length up-to 10 meters has been designed and developed. The machine is capable of making horizontal bores under the ground at any required depth in dry state as well as in wet state. The machine is suitable to carry out the underground services such as laying sewer pipe lines, conduits, electric cables, water pipe lines etc. under building and roads.

Ceramic-based composite panels for application in armors:

Prototype of ceramic-based composite armor panel of dimension 300mm X 300mm X 36mm has been built after several experiments on test panels of ceramic/Aluminum system. The panel has shown its ability to protect 7.62AP bullets. The panels have achieved considerable amount of weight savings and shown the ability to resist multiple hits too.

Pellet size distribution by image processing:

An online system for measurement of pellet sizes was developed using image processing technique. The system was tested at CSIR-CEERI and at M/s Essar Steel Limited, Vishakhapatnam. The test was carried out on pelletizing disk having the speed of 7.16 and 6.62 rpm. The image was captured in real time, from different positions and angles and could able to predict the pellet size.

Ultra high pressure system for food preservation technology:

An ultra high pressure system is designed and developed for food preservation. The system consists of an ultra high pressurizing system of 400 MPa which is connected to a high pressure chamber of approximately 1 liter volume with an internal diameter of 50-60 mm. The 400 MPa high

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pressure chamber which is basically a compound cylinder with shrink fit technology is designed and developed at CSIR- NAL.

Process for making high strength proppants:

Oil exploring companies use high strength proppants in fracturing operations, among others. The process of making high strength proppants is not available in India and hence proppants are imported to meet the country’s requirement. CSIR-NEIST has developed a process for making high strength proppants utilizing native raw material like Bauxite which is abundantly available in India. The proppants thus produced, conform to American Petroleum Institute (API) specifications.

Shortwall mining method for fast liquidation of standing pillars of already

developed board & pillar workings in coal mine: In pursuit of providing a technically efficient and economically viable underground mining technology to the industry which will effectively lead to fast liquidation of standing pillars of already developed board & pillar workings in coal mines, a shortwall mining method has been designed (CSIR-CIMFR) and applied at Balarampur mine, Bishrampur Area, SECL. It is unique in nature and has been initiated for the first time in Asian subcontinent

Highwall mining in India:

Highwall mining is a new technology which can extend the life of opencast mines without disturbing the surface dwellings, and maintaining economy and productivity. This technology is in use in United States and Australia but yet to be introduced in Indian coalfields. It is remotely operated coal mining technology closely related to underground mining machinery. The method comprises extraction of coal from a series of parallel entries driven in the coal seam from the face of the highwall. These entries are unmanned, unsupported and unventilated. CSIR-CIMFR is instrumental in adapting this new technology for Indian geomining conditions by providing scientific extraction design for the first two highwall Mining sites at Ramagundem Opencast Project-II of M/s Singareni Collieries Company Ltd(SCCL) and Quarry SEB and AB, West Bokaro of M/s Tata Steel Ltd (TSL).

Manufacturing technology of bioceramic implants for medical applications:

The technologies for production of ocular implants & hip prostheses have been developed at CSIR-CGCRI. The development finds use as orbital implants and hip joint prosthesis. The developed process is very economical and suitable for industrial production, which makes the implant

Highwall Mining at Ramagundem

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affordable as compared to the imported ones and it is expected to give a trouble free service life over 20-25 years.

Bioactive coating for orthopaedic and dental application:

Bioactive coatings can be used for implants as well as bone and dental fixation. Manufacturing technology for developing bio-active coatings / scaffolds has been developed which is expected to help eliminate infection from donors bones used for grafting.

Bioleaching of low grade sphalerite:

A Process has been developed for bioleaching of low grade sphalerite (Zn,Fe)S, a chief ore of Zn) tailings. Extraction of nanomaterials (Zinc oxides & Zinc sulphides) from such low grade ores using microbes has been developed on 2L Bioreactor. A fungus-based bioleaching approach towards the room-temperature synthesis of extracellur silica (SiO2) nanoparticles from fly ash and TiO2 from Ilmenite (FeTiO3) ore have been carried out.

Development of advanced lightweight components for engineering

applications: Al alloy based metal matrix composites for brake drum applications, closed cell Al foam for automobile crash box applications, Al foam filled bracket for noise & vibration attenuation and functionally graded Al-SiC piston ring & cylinder liners have been designed and developed. Foam filled crash boxes are meant for automobiles where these crash boxes take the impact of collision. It is

used between bumper and chasis. The high energy absorption capability of hybrid structure (foam-filled tube) makes it suitable against deformation by bulkling. Similarly brake drums of diameters 300 mm for four wheelers and 150 mm for two wheelers were fabricated and analysed.

Process for recovery of lead from zinc plant residue:

Huge quantity of leached residue containing lead is generated during the processing of the zinc. The residue containing lead falls under the category of hazardous wastes as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency. Lead, a vital metal, usually goes waste on one hand and poses potential environmental risk, on the other. CSIR-NML developed a simple process for recovery of lead by leaching and cementation process which can be easily refined to obtain pure lead. The development and adaptation of the process is expected not only to ensure sustainability of the various secondary zinc plants but is also environmental safety. More than 99% lead was recovered in the leaching steps with an overall recovery of above 96%. After successful demonstration, the process was transferred to the M/s Chakradhar Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.

Field Testing of Crash Box

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Bio-heap leaching technology for recovery of copper from lean sulphide chalcopyrite ore: Technology to produce 99.9% pure copper metal from the low-grade chalcopyrite ore through bio-heap leaching process has been developed for the first time in India. It would utilize the vast amounts of lean grade ores lying as wastes at the mine site, which otherwise results in ‘Acid Mine Drainage’ causing environmental pollution. The process consists of bacterial heap leaching, bacterial film oxidation, solvent extraction and electrowinning. Bacterial film oxidation (BACFOX) unit has been specially designed to grow microorganisms responsible for leaching of chalcopyrite based copper ore at a faster rate. The copper bearing leach liquor is utilized for recovery of copper through solvent extraction where the metal is concentrated in the copper pregnant electrolyte used for electrowinning of 99.94% pure copper metal.

Development of super-hydrophobic coatings (Sol Gel /Silicone based

coatings) for aerospace applications: Different sprayable coating formulations were developed for preparing self-cleaning superhydrophobic surfaces on large area of glass, metal and painted substrates. Sol-gel hybrid coatings were hydrophobic with water contact angle (WCA) of about 91° whereas nanocomposite coatings exhibited higher WCA. It was found that WCA of the nanocomposite coating was influenced by the concentration of nanoparticles in the sol-gel matrix and the surface morphology of the coating. FESEM images of the nanocomposite coatings have shown that the surface is rough and covered with micro-scale clusters of nanospheres. Silicone-based superhydrophobic coatings have shown thermal stability up to 400°C and better durability than other polymer-based composite coatings. The methods do not involve any expensive equipments or chemicals or tedious processing and can be employed to coat various substrates to create superhydrophobic surfaces.

Development of specialty materials: Materials with enhanced mechanical properties comprising of magnesium alloys were prepared using hot extrusion techniques. Carbon ceramic composites were also developed for high temperature applications.

Amperometric biosensor for dopamine:

An amperometric biosensor for dopamine has been developed. It is based on the enzyme monoamine oxidase immobilized on a glutaraldehyde-activated eggshell membrane that was deposited on a glassy carbon electrode. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) is 0.087 mM. Optimum pH and temperature conditions were obtained at pH 7.0 and 37°C, respectively. The sensor showed a detection limit of 20 µM, a linear range from 50 µM to 250 µM, and a storage stability of ~25 days. In order to further improve the performance, a Nafion coating was applied on the

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electrode surface which gave favorable results with respect to shelf life of the enzyme (~40 days), the limit of detection, and the selectivity over ascorbic acid and uric acid.

Building Materials from H-acid Gypsum:

A process to utilize waste gypsum for manufacturing building materials from H-acid gypsum has been developed. The plaster boards (breaking load: 450-550 N, water absorption: 18-20%, thermal conductivity 0.12-0.18 Kcal/m/hr/oC and bulk density 1000-1100 Kg/m3) and blocks (compressive strength: 2.2-3.5 MPa, bulk density: 1150 Kg/m3) with improved properties conforming to Indian standards were produced from the beneficiated H-acid gypsum.

Porous SiC ceramic material:

Imitation of the fibrous morphology of cellulosic bio-materials in SiC ceramic structure leads to the formation of a bulk porous material that can be used as a substrate for hot gas cleaning. The net-working of converted SiC filaments results in the form of void space (pores) in the final material, while fibrous structure contributes to strength. CSIR- CGCRI developed porous SiC material followed by the fabrication of fibrous tubular shapes. It was the basis of development of a prototype hot gas filter substrate through a biomimetic technique using processed plant bio-structure such as cellulosic material of wood pulp as precursor. Perfect retention of fibrous structure with formation of porous network was obtained in carbon templates as also in SiC ceramics.

Two-phase twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel:

Two-phase TWIP (Ferrite and austenite: 50:50) steel has been developed having a strength of 850MPa and uniform elongation of 30% to counter spring back during rolling of single phase steel.

Geopolymer based products: Durability of geopolymer paste was carried out in deionized water, acid and sea water solution. The optimized paste exhibited superior behaviour than ordinary Portland cement. Bricks have been prepared using this geopolymer paste. The properties of bricks: density 1.92 - 2.1 g/cc, compressive strength 12 -25MPa (7d), 27-32 MPa (28d). Water absorption of samples was 1.785% after 24 hrs in immersed water.

Building blocks from demolition waste:

Building blocks have been developed using demolition wastes. The properties of blocks: density 1679.90 kg/m3, water absorption 2.37% and compressive strength 7.99 N/mm2.

Porus SiC Tube

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Column flotation for processing of iron ore tailings: About 10 million tons of iron ore tailings containing 50-60% iron and significant quantities of alumina and silica are being generated and discarded as slimes in the existing washing plants. CSIR- IMMT established that most of the iron values can be recovered by column flotation technique in the form of high quality fines which can be utilised for pellet making. The institute demonstrated the technology for recovery of additional iron values from tailings of the existing iron ore processing plant to M/s Tata Steel at its Joda mines. Nearly 3 tonne per hour iron ore tailing were processed to recover iron values from 50% Fe in feed to 66% Fe in product with 30% yield. This attempt led to recovery of additional iron values from the tailings and the life of the tailings dam were increased by 30%. Nearly 10% of high grade super fine iron concentrate can be produced, thereby equal amount of high grade iron ore can be conserved.

M/s Tata Steel is in the process of commercialising the technology to recover valuables from slimes. Further, Pilot scale column flotation system (0.5 meter diameter) has been developed and demonstrated at Jindal Power and Steel Limited, Barbil to treat 3 TPH iron ore tailings. The result of the trial run indicates that, it is possible to produce a product with 64-65% Fe from a feed with 48 -52 % Fe at 32-40% wt recovery.

Reclamation of coal mine water:

A process has been developed for the reclamation of coal mine water for the purpose of drinking. A 25000 LPD pilot plant is installed at PB colliery, Dhanbad.

Super hard materials:

CSIR-NML developed a process to fabricate superhard diboride based composites with hardness above 40 GPa by SHS compaction technique. Nano-composite coatings in Si-C-N system fabricated by magnetron sputtering technique exhibit hardness above 44 GPa. These composite coating may be used as protective coatings on electronic and space components.

Amorphous and nanostructured magnetic materials:

An Amorphous and nanostructured magnetic material by rapid solidification technique has been developed. CSIR-NML has designed a melt spinning system which is capable of producing one kg of amorphous ribbons having width of 20-30 mm and thickness of 30 micro meter.

Development of a process for the production of zinc dust:

A process has been developed to produce zinc dust from zinc dross by distillation method using an oil fired volatilization furnace. Several experimental trials were carried out producing zinc dust of 99.7% purity.

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Chemical analysis and sieve analysis of zinc dust produced matches well with the BIS specification of zinc dust.

Production of copper powder from industrial Cu-wastes:

R&D studies have been carried out for the recovery of copper from industrial wastes. A process has been developed to produce value added product in the form of powder of powder metallurgical grade following electrolysis route.

Beneficiation of low-grade iron fines:

Low grade iron ores fines with 55-58% Fe from Orissa-Jharkhand region have been studied to develop concentrate for iron and steel making. It was established that iron ore concentrate with 63-65% Fe at 65-70% yield can be produced for sintering and pelletisation and accordingly a common process flow sheet was developed.

Beneficiation of banded iron formation:

A new beneficiation technology was developed to produce pellet grade concentrate from the low grade iron ores such as Banded hematite quartzite (BHQ) and Banded hematite jasper (BHJ). It was established that, magnetic separation and flotation routes are the possible techniques for converting the low grade material into the valuable product.

Pelletisation technique of iron concentrates:

A process was developed to pelletise beneficiated iron ore fines in combination with blue dust to produce quality pellets by utilising different organic and inorganic binders.

c) Societal Impact:

An eco-friendly dual powered rickshaw (Soleckshaw): Keeping the logistics and disadvantages of a conventional or electric rickshaw in mind, a motor assisted pedal driven pedicab named “Soleckshaw” has been developed. It is a three-wheeled pedicab, rear wheels are driven by manual pedalling and front wheel is driven by Brush Less DC (BLDC) electric hub motor. This pedicab can b e driven by manual pedaling or by BLDC motor or in combination of both. An override mechanism has been used at the center of rear axle resulting in proper turning and better dynamic stability of the vehicle. This vehicle provides driving comfort to the driver and can run for longer distances compared to manual driven cycle rickshaws, resulting in higher earning of rickshaw pullers. The technology has been transferred to 4 industries on non exclusive basis for commercialization.

Soleckshaw

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Post harvest technology centres: CSIR-CMERI in collaboration with NGOs has set up High Efficiency Post Harvest Drying & Processing Centres in the states of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh for post harvest processing of Ginger, Big Cardamom, Turmeric, Chillies etc. More than 10,000 farmers of North East would be able to sell their produce at 20-25% higher price to the processing centers. These centers would generate direct employment to about 300 people. Thus, through this initiative, CSIR is playing a key role in the developmental roadmap of the Indian North East area and has made a rapid tread in augmenting the local economy and providing livelihood to a large population of the area.

Small hydraulic tractor (PUSHAN):

CSIR-CMERI designed and developed a small hydraulic tractor of 12 HP named PUSHAN. It is a multi-utility vehicle and possesses many advantages including easy maneuverability and control. The tractor is suitable for irregular terrain profile, various soil conditions and can be used for cultivation of different crops. In India, the average land holding of majority of the farmers normally does not exceed 4 hectares per farmer. Under such a situation, PUSHAN would be the most appropriate and affordable means of cultivation.

Cereal cake making machine:

CSIR-CMERI developed a cereal cake making machine for producing mid-day meal for anganbari and school children. The ingredients of the cakes are chosen selectively with CFTRI to make sure that the meal provides all the nutrition needed for children. Appropriate hygiene is guaranteed in the choice of material (mostly SS304), which come in contact with the food. The machines are designed in such a way that no sharp corners, fissures or cracks exist, where food particles may adhere after washing. The machine consists of a number of modules, namely a sigma mixer for making semi-solid, highly viscous (having 15% moisture), uniformly mixed dough of corn flour, honey, essential oil etc.

Semi-continuous type biodiesel plant suitable for rural sector:

CSIR-CMERI designed, fabricated, installed and tested two numbers of semi-continuous type biodiesel plants. The plant design is based on process timing and simulation so that all the components can work for the designated time and ultimately produce 600 litre of biodiesel per day (24 hours working basis). The maximum power consumption of the plant

PUSHAN

Post harvest Centre in Arunachal Pradesh

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is 3 kW at peak time. Both the plants have been successfully tested with Jatropha and soybean. The fuel properties of jatropha and soybean biodiesel produced from the plants have been tested and the results obtained are within the limit of American Society for Testing Materials, United States of America, standards. The technology has been transferred to M/s Fabcon Engineers, M/s Best Engg. Technologies, M/s York Steel Fabricators, and M/s Hindustan Bio-Diesel Pvt. Ltd.

Low-cost fish feed pellets:

Technology for low-cost fish feed pellets using by-product (Rice Bran) and nutritious food industry waste materials (Bakery/ Poultry/ Silk-worm/ Slaughter house wastes) has been developed. A small family can undertake this business as a small cottage industry and earn about Rs. 25, 000/- per month.

Recovery of essential oil from waste citrus peels:

The technique is based on hydrodistillation principle; yield of essential oil in the range of 1-2.5% (w/w); and the recovered essential oil can be used as flavour, fragrance, bactericide, insect repellant etc. The technique can be useful for rural masses.

Development of specially designed ceramic-to-ceramic hip-joints:

CSIR-CGCRI has developed new generation ceramic-to-ceramic hip joint prostheses with alumina ceramic head and cup along with metallic shell and INDUS stems. Both shell and stem were also coated with hydroxyapatite (HAp). This was designed to improve surgical convenience and improved contact between the outer metallic shell and bone tissues in addition to structural changes for better load distribution. This design has been introduced for the first time in India for enhancement functional and surgical demands. The developed all ceramic hip prostheses have been successfully operated on a number of patients. Post-operative results were very encouraging. Patients almost came back to their normal-life with much higher compliance.

An extensive database for naturally occurring minerals as water purifier:

CSIR-NML has developed an extensive database on naturally occurring minerals as water purifier has been developed. The database has been posted in an open access web portal www.safewater.in for uses by all. Exclusive pages comprising all relevant information on arsenic and fluoride are being developed keeping in view the requirement of common masses. The portal also contains frequently asked questions (FAQs) on common water quality issues and their redressal.

Semi-continuous biodiesel plant

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Development of iron making process used by tribals of India: CSIR-NML has demonstrated the scaled-up process of ancient iron making with heat recovery system at two tribal sites namely Tribal Cultural Society, Jamshedpur and Technical Training Institute, Bahanaga, Balasore, Orissa. The product of the process is the value added wrought iron, extremely suitable for making decorative items, which has got good export market. The adaptation of this scaled–up process with heat recovery system will raise the income and living standards of tribal and rural artisans of our country and preserve the age old technology of iron making. In order to improve the efficiency, of age old furnace, heat recovery system was designed and incorporated to recover the thermal energy of the exit gases. For the ease of operation and increasing the processes efficiency, the semi-mechanized air blowing system was designed instead of skin made bellows or hand operated blower. The tribal Iron making furnace was scaled - up [5-6 times] and the heat recovery system was fitted to the scaled - up furnace. As a result of heat recovery system, the temperature of air blast increased to more than 120°C which brought about significant improvement in the productivity.

5.10 Pharmaceuticals, Healthcare & Drugs a) Scientific Excellence

Ayurgenomics: In a landmark study, the first of its kind in the world, it has been demonstrated by CSIR-IGIB that normal individuals within the same ethnic population, clustered on the basis of clinical criteria described in Ayurveda, show variations in the basal levels of blood parameters used in routine diagnostic purposes, as well as in basal levels of expression of genes. Links have been found between Prakriti, a fundamental principle of personalized medicine of Ayurveda, and modern genomics for development of predictive and personalized medicine. The study reveals that it is possible to identify groups within normal individuals of the population, who could be predisposed to certain kind of diseases, and which also might respond differently to drugs. Ayurgenomics holds great potential and promise for future predictive and personalized medicine at an affordable cost.

Open source drug discovery (OSDD): OSDD seeks to develop molecules for treatment of tuberculosis in open source mode. It has received overwhelming response in terms of active participation from various institutions and scientific groups of India as well as from abroad. Presently there are more than 2000 contributors in the OSDD web portal which also include contributors from Berkeley, Harvard, IISc, AIIMS, IITs etc. The OSDD distributed virtual library has over 50 institutions and more than 2000 researchers as a part of this initiative.

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A systems biology platform for tuberculosis research has been developed in the first phase. The platform offers a comprehensive resource of annotations, drug information, host pathogen interaction, polymorphism, gene expression and pathways. This platform would be useful for researchers in identifying and assessing drug targets and vaccine candidates. The platform was launched and demonstrated at CSIR-IGIB on Aug 10th, 2007.

New Drug Targets & Therapeutics:

- Schizophrenia: CSIR-IGIB examined 108 (730 SNPs) novel positional candidate genes for association in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder samples from southern India. This has finally led to the identification of one gene that shows association with bipolar disorder. Additionally, in a replication study, evidence for interaction between two dopaminergic pathway genes was obtained in schizophrenia.

- Asthma: CSIR-IGIB scientists demonstrated that Ovalbumin induced experimental allergic asthma in BALB/c mice is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. It also reported the association of mitochondrial structural changes and dysfunction with experimental allergic asthma. These findings may help in the development of novel drug molecules targeting mitochondria for the treatment of asthma.

- Pancreatitis: CSIR-CCMB sequenced the complete lysosomal hydrolase Cathepsin B (CTSB) gene in an adequately powered cohort with a large number of well-characterized patients and healthy controls and identified several variants spread across the gene. This work provides the first human-based evidence for the 30-year-old cathepsin B hypothesis of pancreatitis and suggests CTSB gene as the second candidate gene, after SPINK1 gene, to be involved in the pathogenesis of TCP. Understanding the functional basis of mutations in these genes may help in development of predictive tests for susceptibility to chronic pancreatitis.

- Coronary artery disease (CAD): Several recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported the association of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mainly in the 9p21 region with Coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the association of these SNPs with CAD has not been rigorously tested in Indian population, which accounts for the largest incidences of CAD in the world. Genotyping of six such SNPs identified through GWAS, in 754 individuals (311 angiography-confirmed CAD patients and 443 treadmill test controls) showed that three of these SNPs were significantly associated with CAD even after controlling for the confounding factors such as age, sex, body mass index, homocysteine, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, diet, etc.

- Diabetes mellitus: CSIR-IICB synthesized nearly 400 new molecules based on the selected anti-diabetic drug targets i.e. DPP-IV, PTP1b and GLP-1, alpha-glucosidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, glycogen

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phosphorylase, and aldose reductase and evaluated against their putative targets. Three new molecules showed inhibition against PTP1b, where as nine new molecules showed inhibition against DPP-IV. One of glucose-6-phosphatase and two alpha-glucosidase inhibitors showed antihyperglycaemic activity on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In addition, at CSIR-CDRI eight promising antidiabetic molecules were further explored for their in vivo efficacy. Transcriptomic analysis has revealed a novel mechanism of action of compound S-001-469 for which US patent has been granted. Pharmacokinetic and stability studies have been completed in two new NCEs.

INDICO (Indian Diabetes Consortium), a network of clinicians and researchers from major research laboratories from all over India has been established. An in silico disease gene prediction method for type 2 diabetes has been developed. At CSIR-IGIB Genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 2500 participants from North India belonging to Indo-European ethnicity has indicated that new genes and pathways are involved in the patho-physiology of type 2 diabetes in Indians. Genetic methylation studies have suggested that at least twelve genes have six fold differences in methylation levels and these differentially methylated genes belong to important pathways related to type 2 diabetes.

- New anti-platelet agents: CSIR-CDRI has identified novel anti-platelet

synthetic molecules that prevent platelet collagen interaction. Among them anti-platelet compound S-007-867 offered significant protection against collagen-epinephrine induced thrombosis in mice and ferric chloride induced arterial thrombosis and arterio-venous shunt thrombosis in rats. The CSIR-CDRI compound S-007-867 thus seems to be a potential candidate for the antithrombotic drug development due to its specific inference with collagen mediated platelet adhesion and activation.

- Cancer immunotherapy: In order to understand the exact mechanism of reaction trimeric form tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibition, CSIR-IIIM performed in silico studies on the target TNF-alpha involving docking studies on both the dimeric and trimeric forms of TNF-alpha. It has been shown that the inhibitor functions actively by interacting with TNF-alpha trimer to promote the dissociation of a subunit to form TNF-alpha dimer (pre-dissociation dependent) and once this dimer is formed, the ligand binds to it in such a fashion that it prevents the target from returning to its active (trimeric) form.

Three pure and two synthetic compounds having anti-cell proliferation activity were identified as potential anti-cancer compounds. In addition, one derivative of previously active scaffold has shown higher activity than the parent. Further, novel anti-cancer targets such as Hsp90c, Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) proteins Cdc20 and UbcH10, NME2, Staurosporine, a protein kinase-C inhibitor from Streptomyces sp.,

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human C/EBPs, in particular hC/EBPα, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 have been identified. For the first time, total synthesis of (+)-varitriol, an antitumor natural product from sea has been achieved. This methodology can be applied for the construction of novel isomers and analogues of this natural product to evaluate their anticancer activity to obtain better biological activity profile.

New Drug targets & therapeutics for parasitic and microbial diseases:

- Leishmaniasis: CSIR-IICB invented a non-recombinant membrane antigen and diagnostic kit for detection of visceral Leishmaniasis. The kit provides a non-recombinant membrane antigen (LAg) obtained directly from promastigotes of Leishmania donovani strain AG83, wherein the said membrane antigen (LAg) being characterized by a complex of 25-35 polypeptides having molecular mass in the range of 18 - 155KDa and having sensitivity and specificity in the range of 95 - 100% to anti-Leishmanial IgG antibodies is present in the serum of patient suffering from Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) or post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL).

Key Achievements -Pharmaceuticals, Healthcare & Drugs

Scientific Excellence

- Ayurgenomics, a new arena linking Ayurveda with modern genomics developed

- SysBorg, a systems biology platform for TB developed under OSDD

- INDICO (Indian Diabetes Consortium), a network of clinicians and researchers from across the country established

Technology Development/Commercialization

- A bioavailability enhanced formulation , Risorine for TB launched; has reduced cost of Rifampicin - Isoniazide containing formulation by 23%

- Technology transfer of Clot Specific Streptokinase and New Generation Clot buster to Nostrum Pharmaceuticals, USA; contract valued at ~Rs. 750.00 crores

- CSIR-IICB's Prostalyn, an herbal formulation for the treatment and remedy of Prostate problem, marketed M/s. East India Pharmaceutical Works

- Biphasic calcium phosphate nano-bioceramic for dental and orthopaedic applications developed by CSIR-NML marketed as 'Sybograph' and 'Eugraph'

Societal Impact

- Technology transferred to M/s MV Health Care for ‘Diastep’, a footwear for diabetics

- CSIR-CDRI organized Health Awareness Programmes for rural schools; held in the Barabanki district in 2010 and 2011

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Two new chemical prototypes (Azole and Chalcone derivatives) were identified as novel antileishmania compounds at CSIR-CDRI. Two novel drug targets, Pteridine reductase1 (PTR1) and Trypanothione reductase (TR) were validated as novel leishmaniacidal inhibitors. Further, in vitro screening models based on reporter genes GFP/luciferase tagged L. donovani were established for identification of new hit molecules. A recombinant PPG (proteophosphoglycan) molecule was purified and characterized for elucidation of its immunobiological function so as to undertake its preclinical development as a vaccine.

- Tuberculosis: CSIR-IIIM research work shows that anti-TB drugs remain

targeted at hepatocytes and the endothelium of the bile ducts leading to altered serum profile. Mild hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperuricemia were the other pathologies observed. The results do not suggest any noticeable toxicity by rifampicin and pyrazinamide individually, but the effect seems to aggravate in presence of isoniazid. It has been suggested that the underlying mechanism of toxicity is related to: disruption of membrane integrity and function; imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant balance; bio-activation mediated by cytochrome P450 2E1; and abnormal rise in intracellular calcium. It is an attempt to access the biochemical, hematological, cellular and histological changes that occur due to daily administration of anti-TB drugs either alone or in combinations (i) rifampicin + isoniazid and (ii) rifampicin + isoniazid +pyrazinamide.

- Malaria: At CSIR-CDRI, Plasmodium falciparum transketolase has been characterized as a potential drug target for identification of novel antimalarial inhibitors. Apicoplast gyrase has been validated as a drug target. Studies on DNA organization of the apicoplast genome of the malaria parasite have provided the first functional characterization of an apicomplexan HU protein and give additional evidence for red algal ancestry of the apicoplast. Bacterial translation inhibitors have been demonstrated to have apicoplast-specific effects on elongation factors leading to parasite growth inhibition. Pf metallo-protease has been identified as a rhoptry associated protein putatively involved in invasion.

Phase I single escalating dose studies for the antimalarial compound CDRI 97/78 has been completed. Preclinical regulatory toxicity, safety pharmacology and pharmacokinetic studies with another antimalarial compound 99/411 completed. A third lead compound CDRI S-007-1263 has been identified for preclinical development as a new antimalarial drug and its efficacy studies have been completed against rodent in vivo models.

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- Filaria: Filarial hexokinase has been characterized as a novel drug target for selection of new inhibitors. Immunogenicity studies have been conducted with liposomized preparations of Brugia malayi recombinant Myosin for vaccination.

Development of novel contraceptives:

New spermicides have been rationally designed by CSIR-CDRI for selectively targeting human sperm in vagina to ensure safe contraception. The ability of these novel spermicides to kill sperm almost instantaneously at innocuously low concentration that spares cervico-vaginal cells and Lactobacilli, indicates their worth as improved active ingredients for vaginal contraceptive preparations.

Synthesis of bioactive compounds using green methodologies:

A new methodology for direct synthesis of biologically and synthetically important α-arylaldehydes bearing electron donating or halogen groups from arylalkenes using only N-halosuccinimide and phase transfer catalyst has been developed in aqueous conditions. The protocol not only dispensed with the use of transition metal catalysts, but also furnished a promising platform for hitherto unkown organocatalytic enantioselective oxidation of arylalkenes.

Further new one pot approach involving Knoevenagel-decarboxylation-Heck sequence for the direct olefination of benzaldehydes into biologically/industrially important hydroxy functionalized oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)s as well as for first concise and efficient synthesis of a potent protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)1B inhibitors (antidiabeticdrug candidate) in 75% yield as compared to previously reported seven step approach (yield 11.5%) has been developed.

New bioactive molecules from medicinal plants: The existing anti-asthmatic drugs, particularly steroids have many side effects. This is an acutely felt need to develop certain non-steroidal anti-asthmatic drugs preferably from natural sources. CSIR-IGIB isolated a novel water soluble murine homolog of pituitary tumour apoptosis gene (mPTAG) from leaves of Punica granatum. This new lead molecule from a natural source is useful for development of new, safer and more effective drugs for treating asthma.

Based on an elite variety of W. somnifera, developed at CSIR-IIIM a standardized formulation using both leaf and root extracts has been developed containing withaferin-A and withanolide-A in equal proportions. Withaferin exhibited anticancer activity, while withanolide up-regulated Th1 immunity. The formulation (WSF) has been found to be highly cytotoxic in a panel of human cancer cell lines, caused cell death through induction of apoptosis. It was found highly safe in chronic toxicity when given at doses

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of 2000 mg/kg b. wt for six months. The formulation is suggested to be a potent therapeutic agent in several debilitating diseases like cancer, tuberculosis and HIV. Currently, it is being positioned as anti-cancer immunotherapeutic agent.

Plant-based antifungal formulations/molecules for topical protective

application (Dermatitis): At CSIR-NBRI, two plant extracts (NBRL-01-01-A2 and NBRL-03-01a-A2) were identified with maximum activity (21 mm and 18 mm) against Candida albicans and NBRL-03-02a-A2 showed maximum activity (24 mm) against Trichophyton rubrum.

New method for synthesis of thalidomide, anti-angiogenic N-benzothaizol substituted phthalimide analogues and β-amino carbonyl compounds: CSIR-IHBT has developed new environment friendly, very efficient methods for rapid one pot synthesis of thalidomide (45-55% yield) and N-benzothaizol substituted phthalimide analogues. The analogues showed potent anti-angiogenic activity. Thalidomide is a well known anticancer drug which is also used in the treatment of leprosy and immunomodulatory disorders.

Synthesis of 3-(2,4-Cyclohexanone)-propyl carboxylic acid ethyl ester

(CHPC): A new protocol has been developed by CSIR-IHBT for the synthesis of 3-(2,4-cyclohexanone)-propyl carboxylic acid ethyl ester (CHPC) in a one-pot regio-selective process. CHPC which contains cyclohexane-1,3-dione basic unit has been found as a very important starting material of several natural products, bioactive alkaloid, acridine dione type heterocycles, polyphenols and unnatural aminoacid synthesis. Most of the potent herbicidal and pesticidal active molecules contain cyclohexane-1,3-dione derivatives. Research in this area for several other related derivatives synthesis has huge industrial as well as academic interest.

b) Technology Development

Risorine: CSIR-IIIM, Jammu, has discovered a piperine based bio-availability enhancer through concerted and sustained research which ultimately led to a drug formulation ‘RISORINE’. Risorine is a combination of Rifampicin-200 mg, Isoniazid-300 mg and Piperine-10 mg. Bioavailability studies have shown that Rifampicin 200 mg combined with piperine has same bioavailability as plain Rifampicin 450 mg. Its commercialization has reduced cost of Rifampicin - Isoniazide containing formulation by

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23%. Reduced dosage of Rifampicin will lead to lesser side effects and enhanced patient compliance making it more potent weapon in fight against tuberculosis.

Anti-thrombolytic molecules:

The Streptokinase developed by CSIR-IMTech being a recombinant protein does not have any traces of Streptolysin or Streptodornase (which are usually harmful) associated with natural streptokinase. This technology would bring down the prices of clot busters significantly. M/s Shasun Drugs & Chemicals through M/s Lupin Pharmaceuticals and M/s Alembic Chemicals launched the product recently. The medicine is highly affordable and eliminates the need for tPA which is highly expensive. A team of CSIR-IMTech scientists has also designed a state-of-the-art clot buster protein (Clot Specific Streptokinase) which shows strong promise as a ‘clot-specific’ thrombolytic drug. The technology package for the new thrombolytic has been transferred to a US firm (Nostrum Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA) and primate studies for toxicological safety and efficacy have successfully been completed, validating the proof-of-concept of this molecule.

CSIR-IMTech has developed new generation of clot-busters. These New Generation Clot-buster(s) comprise clinically beneficial thrombolytic molecules with enhanced half lives so that lower doses can be given in a single- shot bolus (a tremendous benefit of great clinical significance) as well as target (fibrin/clot) specificity. In addition, these have the property of thrombin inactivation in situ, that is, at the site of vascular injury to thwart re-occlusion, a major problem limiting present-day clot busters. CSIR-IMTech had signed on Nov. 24, 2010 a technology transfer agreement with Nostrum Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA on “know-how for the production of new generation clot-buster(s)”. The value of the contract was approx. Rs. 750.00 crores (milestone payment) plus royalty.

Caerulomycin A:

CSIR-IMTech isolated a bipyridyl compound from a novel species of actinomycetes Actinoalloteichus spitiensis from the Himalayan region which inhibits the proliferation of activated lymphocytes, especially CD4 T cells (both Th1 and Th2) and B cells, which are the cornerstone of adaptive immunity. It also suppresses the production of cytokines. Further, it delays the onset of rejection of skin allografts in mice. The bioactive compound is identified and characterized as Caerulomycin A. The molecule is of immense interest because it exhibits better immunosuppression than the drugs that are currently in clinical use. The molecule will have use in the

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survival of transplants and treatment of autoimmune diseases.The technology has been licensed to M/s Nostrum Pharmaceuticals, USA for further development and commercialization.

Memory Enhancer:

CSIR-CDRI has developed Bacosides Enriched Standardised Extract of Bacopa - a single plant based unique natural memory enhancer formulation and patented its technology. BESEB (“Bacosides Enriched Standardized Extract of Bacopa”) from the herb Bacopa monniera which is commonly known as Brahmi. The results of the clinical trials conducted by CSIR-CDRI in India and also in Australia prove that it is good for the prevention and early treatment of dementia. The formulation is useful for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children, Age Associated Memory Impairment (AAMI) in elderly persons as well as for those with stress, tension, anxiety and to improve the memory.

BESEB is successfully commercialized and its efficacy has been established. It has been licensed to M/s Lumen Marketing Co., Chennai for manufacturing and marketing. Lumen is selling the product under different brand names with its business associates mainly as Memo Plus Gold in Malaysia, Philippines & Singapore, Keenmind & Membac in Australia & New Zealand and Memory Perfect in France & Germany. Lumen and Zaar Distributors Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi joined hands for extensive marketing of the product in India as Memory Sure. It will soon to be available in Thailand, Indonesia, SAARC countries, the UAE and CIS.

New contraceptives:

CSIR-IICB developed a pharmaceutical composition which has virucidal and spermicidal activity. Acaciaside-B (Ac-B) has emerged as a prospective candidate molecule for prevention of HIV infection along with potential for use as/in vaginal contraceptive/ formulation. It possesses anti-HIV property at a tolerably low concentration, is non-mutagenic and does not harm the niche of Lactobacilli.

Centchroman is the world’s first nonsteroidal oral contraceptive. It is a weak estrogen and a potent antiestrogen with a high therapeutic index. It is marketed by M/s Hindustan Latex Ltd under the trade name, ‘Saheli’’. An improved, economical, safe, environmental friendly process for production of Dl-Centchroman was developed by CSIR-CDRI and transferred to M/s Hindustan Latex Life Care Ltd., Thiruvananthapuram.

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Herbal formulation for prostrate: CSIR-IICB has developed an herbal formulation for the treatment and remedy of Prostate problem. The technology has been licensed to M/s. East India Pharmaceutical Works Ltd., Kolkata. Using CSIR-IICB technology, the company has started marketing this drug under the name Prostalyn. Prostalyn inhibits abnormal proliferation within the prostate gland and relieves urinary symptoms associated with prostate megaly. This leads to a decrease in its size, improved urinary flow rate, more complete emptying of the bladder, decreased urine retention and relief from the symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia.

Staphylokinase:

A recombinant strain has been developed for high level intracellular production of Staphylokinase in E. coli at CSIR-IMTECH. A high-efficiency facile two step protocol for purification of staphylokinase has also been developed. The complete technological package for the production for recombinant staphylokinase has been transferred to M/S Strides Arcolab Ltd., Bangalore.

Diagnostic kits: CSIR-IICB invented a non-recombinant membrane antigen and diagnostic kit for detection of visceral Leishmaniasis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnostic kit, developed by CSIR-CDRI and licensed to Biotron Health care Ltd., Mumbai, was launched in February, 2008.

Anti-inflammatory molecule:

CSIR-IGIB synthesized novel anti- inflammatory heterocyclic acid esters of Pyridin-2-yl sulfanyl compounds and characterized it in collaboration with NEIST. These compounds were found to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activities with respect to inhibition of adhesion of neutrophils, isolated from human peripheral blood, onto the surface of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) as a result of inhibition of the cytokine-stimulated expression of cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1. Most effective compound, RS-Z, significantly alleviated in mice the inflammation mediated by excessive leukocyte infiltration leading to inflammatory condition or disorders such as acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, ischemia-hyperfusion etc.

Anti-Dementia molecule:

Single molecule from plant source having preventive and therapeutic indications for memory disorders like age related dementia has been identified and studied at CSIR-IIIM. The know-how is ready to be transferred to industry.

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Anti-ulcer formulation:

Herbal formulation is based on single plant extract (free flowing dry powder). In vitro experimental evidence indicated that the product is a strong inhibitor of gastric proton pump activity and is specific anti H pylori type. The knowhow is ready to be transferred to industry.

A polyherbal formulation having antiulcer activity has been identified and studied. Complete preclinical and toxicity study report has been provided to Arya Vaidya Sala, Kotakkal, and they are working with the formulation.

Chemical analysis and toxicity studies of eight herbo-mineral formulations:

The physico-chemical analysis of eight herbo-minerals namely Arogya Vardhini Vati, Kajjali Yoga, Makara Dhwaja, Ras Sindoor, Ras Manikya, Maha Laxmi Vilasras, Vasant Kusumakar ras and Maha Yograj Gugglu have been done by various available methods such as XRD, IR, UV-VIS, AAS, SEM, TEM, XPS(ESCA), ICP-MS/ ICP-AES, particle size. Acute toxicity, sub-acute toxicity and 90 days chronic toxicity were also taken up on all the eight herbo-minerals. These are definitive and most comprehensive studies ever carried out.

Antihypertensive:

Antihypertensive activity for longer duration without any significant effect on heart rate of the active molecule has been established which acts through inhibition of ACE. CMC etc are being studied to file IND. The lead is under development as botanical as per USFDA along with CRISM, USA.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

An extract (RE-4) with antiarthritic activity using CIA model (M/S Piramal Life Sciences, Mumbai) and TNF-alpha inhibitory activity has been identified. The single dose acute safety studies have been carried out. RE4 was found to be safe upto 2 gm/kg. The lead has been developed in collaboration with M/s NPIL, Mumbai.

c) Societal Impact

CSIR has set incredible benchmarks in making the health care affordable for the common man. But for technologies from the CSIR the once costliest drugs could not have become the globally cheapest; consistently working on affordable life saving drug development for the poor at a global level, CSIR has developed several processes and know-how. Some of them are anti malarial drugs, namely, Elubaquine & Arteether, and hepatitis B vaccine, anti-HIV cocktail etc.

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Footwear for diabetics: CSIR-CLRI designed special footwear suitable for low-risk diabetic patients. A specially derived angle of slant has been provided in the sole to give the ‘rocker’ effect which is essentially used to offload pressure from the plantar surface of the feet. The upper has been designed to take special care of fluctuations in foot volume and is provided with adjustable fasteners. The back is rigid with a counter stiffener for limiting joint mobility. The vital role of the footwear is very well described through the biomechanics of diabetic foot. The technology has been transferred to M/s MV Health Care and product has been named as ‘Diastep’.

Holistic Health Education Programme for Rural Schools:

CSIR-CDRI organized a two-day Health Awareness Programme during 1-2 December 2010 at Govt. Inter College Baroli-Jata, District Barabanki (U.P.). Continuing the programme, the laboratory, in collaboration with Chief Medical Officer, Barabanki and CHC Baroli, organized a two-day “Health Camp” on 23-24 Dec. 2010 at the above college. Another such camp was organized by the institute at Disha Public School, Matee, District Barabanki on 25th March 2011.

Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL):

Documentation of the rich knowledge, of various traditional systems of medicine has become imperative to safeguard its sovereignty and to protect it from being misappropriated in the form of patents on non-original innovations. This has been a matter of national concern. The project TKDL was initiated in the year 2001. TKDL provides information on traditional knowledge existing in the country, in languages and format understandable by patent examiners at International Patent Offices (IPOs), so as to prevent the grant of wrong patents. TKDL thus, acts as a bridge between the traditional knowledge information existing in local languages and the patent examiners at IPOs.

The project TKDL involves documentation of the traditional knowledge available in public domain in the form of existing literature related to Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Yoga, in digitized format in five international languages which are English, German, French, Japanese and Spanish. Traditional Knowledge Resource Classification (TKRC), an innovative structured classification system for the purpose of systematic arrangement, dissemination and retrieval has been evolved for about 25,000 subgroups against few subgroups that was available in earlier version of the International Patent Classification (IPC), related to medicinal plants, minerals, animal resources, effects and diseases, methods of preparations, mode of administration, etc.

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5.11 Housing, Road & Construction a) Scientific Excellence

Dehydrating agents and strength enhancers in making gypsum plasters for use in weather resistant binders, boards & blocks: The effect of strength enhancers on the properties of gypsum plaster at different pH, effect of admixtures using alkali and alkali sulphates, carbonates and chlorides on the setting time and compressive strength & microstructure of the gypsum plaster was investigated at pH 4 to12. It was observed that physical properties of gypsum plaster are related to pH and maximum enhancement of strength and retardation factor can be achieved at pH 7.0 due to formation of euhedral, prismatic and needle shaped crystals of sharp edges and interlocking habit. The morphology of the hardened gypsum plaster was found to change according to variation in the pH as well as nature of the admixture added. Significant enhancement in strength of hemihydrate plaster (56%) was achieved with Kl2SO4.

Fluorogypsum binder: Fluorogypsum binder was prepared by blending it (80-85%) with granulated blast furnace slag and activators and tested as per IS: 4031-1981. The chemistry of the process revealed that alumino-siliceous granulated slag and other materials blended with fluorogypsum (CaSO4(II)) produce cementitious products (CSH, C3A.3CaSO4.32H2O) on mixing with water. These hydraulic products filled up voids and pores in gypsum crystals and make it water-resistant and give high strength. These hydration products are also confirmed by DTA and SEM. The durability of binder has been studied by its performance in water and by accelerating aging i.e. alternate wetting and drying as well as by heating and cooling cycles at temperatures in the range of 27-500C.

Control of building fungi with selected phytochemicals: The volatile essential oils from Citrus limon, C. paradishi, C. sinensis, C. aurantifolia and C. reticulata were isolated from hydro distillation through a Clevenger’s Apparatus. Citrus essential oils were evaluated for their antifungal potency against building fungi. Of the five essential oils of Citrus, Citrus aurantifolia and C. reticulata exhibited significant antifungal potency against building fungi. A series of fused heterocycle pyrazolo pyrimidine derivatives; N1-nicotinoyl-4-(sulpha/substituted phenylazo)-1, 2-diazole-4, 6 dimethyl pyrimidine-5-one has been synthesized. The compounds were screened for antifungal activity against building fungi. Most of the compounds exhibited significant antifungal activity against building fungi

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Development of probabilistic seismic hazard map of India:

In order to obtain the specification of hazard level at bed rock from that of at the source, attenuation relationship is the primary requirement. The map of India showing epicentres has been digitized from the Indian Standard IS1893:2002 and superimposed it with the fault data obtained from the Seismotectonic atlas. This map would be used for determination of b-values (hazard potential) and to carry out Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) of India. Results of PSHA will be useful for rational design

of structures, leading to building of safe and economical habitat and, also help in identification of regions to be focused upon for site microzonation studies. This would be useful for significant minimization of loss of life and property, and thereby all concerned, by helping in realizing well engineered structures against seismic ground motion.

Liquefaction hazard mapping of Chandigarh region based on site

characterization: For new construction activity in any city, it is important that engineers have adequate information regarding liquefaction potential level of soil and the related methods for its mitigation. CSIR-CBRI has carried out a series of liquefaction analyses to evaluate the factor of safety based on the local soil conditions at different depths in various sectors. The study would be useful for planners/engineers to know the liquefaction

Key Achievements - Housing, Road and Construction

Scientific Excellence

- Probabilistic seismic hazard map of India developed

- Dynamic stability of spent fuel trays under seismic excitations studied

Technology Development/Commercialization

- Remote structural health monitoring (RSHM) of civil structures developed for the first time in India

- CSIR-CRRI provided technical know-how in preparation of standards and specifications, published by MoSRTH and IRC

- Process know-how on rice husk plastic wood developed by CSIR-CBRI transferred to M/s Shivaye Namah Manufacturing Co

Societal Impact

- A foldable and transportable twin house unit based on natural fiber composite developed

- ~3 lakh cost-effective housing units constructed using CSIR-CRRI's innovative construction materials and technologies

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susceptibility of Chandigarh city for better earthquake disaster management.

Alpha plaster & cementitious binders from non-traditional materials:

For ceramic industry, dentistry and structural boards, there is a need of high strength plaster. Normal â-plaster, popularly called plaster of Paris, has low strength and medium density. The á-plaster variety of plaster gives high strength and longer life of use. Thus, CSIR-CBRI has developed á-plaster by autoclaving selenite gypsum powder (passing 150 micron) in the presence of several admixtures. The calcined gypsum slurry was immediately filtered and dried at 130°C. It was found that on using sodium succinate (0.25%) at 35 psi steam pressure for a period of 2 hr, the á-plaster obtained had a compressive strength of 25-30 MPa, setting time of 8-10 minutes and bulk density of 1.40-1.50 g/cc. SEM studies showed formation of needles, and columnar and prismatic crystals of broadened surface.

Slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) design for use in underground reinforced hardened shelters: SIFCON structural elements possess better properties as compared to their counterparts built using conventional reinforced concrete. Construction of underground hardened shelter requires prefabrication of various structural components at factory for better quality control. For transporting these structural components to the required site, weight of each element is a major concern. Normal RCC construction requires larger thickness and highly congested reinforcement to resists the blast loading. The study was carried out to throw more light on the design and construction aspects of underground reinforced hardened shelters, using SIFCON. It was found that use of SIFCON material resulted in complete elimination of rebar and also in significant reduction in the thickness of the shell for construction of underground reinforced hardened shelters.

Performance evaluation studies on a full-scale composite antenna cabin

prototype: Performance evaluation studies on a full-scale ‘Composite Antenna Cabin Prototype’ under extreme shock loads were carried out in the three orthogonal directions namely vertical, horizontal and longitudinal for the first time in the world using a newly developed experimental facility. The shock loading adopted in the vertical direction consisted of applying a specific number of half sine shock pulses of 25g magnitude and 6milli second duration. Similarly, the shock loading adopted in the horizontal

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and longitudinal directions consisted of applying a specific number of half-sine shock pulses of 12g magnitude and 6milli second duration.

Seismic performance evaluation of chimney and cooling tower:

Elasto plastic dynamic analysis of chimney and cooling tower subjected to seismic load have been carried out. Appropriate procedures have been developed for carrying out seismic performance evaluation of chimney and cooling tower. Guidelines have been developed for wind induced magnification factor due to interference between two chimneys

Dynamic stability of spent fuel trays under seismic excitations:

Storage and stacking of spent fuel trays are critical to the proper functioning of a nuclear plant. The stability of these trays and the methodology adopted for their stacking play a crucial role in their seismic performance. Towards evaluating the seismic performance of spent fuel tray assemblies, a series of tests were conducted CSIR-SERC. The outcome of the test will be crucial in determining the following design parameters for stacking the fuel trays: (a) Maximum number of trays that could be stacked ensuring stability of trays under earthquake motion; (b) Peak ground acceleration of ground motion that could be withstood by the tray stack; and (c) Minimum distance between rows of trays so that the rows do not move asynchronously and hit each other under seismic motions.

Transmission line towers:

Tests were conducted on the complete spectrum of semi-rigid connections, namely endplate connection, single web angle, double web angle, top seat-angle with and without web angles connections under static loading to study the connection characteristics. A simplified design approach using the provisions of IS: 800 (2007) was evolved for endplate connection. The results were used to evaluate the frye-morris model which is suggested in IS:800 (2007). Using the test results and the parametric studies carried out, an improved model is proposed for the endplate, double web angle and top seat angle connection. The provision for tension member design in the revised IS: 800 (2007) was evaluated by conducting test on steel tension specimens.

Use of mono-pole structures for transmission lines:

Analytical & experimental studies conducted to study structural behavior of Mono-poles for maximum bolt force, stress concentration at openings & buckling of base plate stiffeners. Based on the R&D studies carried out, BIS entrusted to CSIR-SERC for developing “BIS Code of Practice for Mono-Poles”.

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b) Technology Development

Remote structural health monitoring (RSHM) of civil structures: RSHM technology has been developed for long-term monitoring of civil structures for the first time in India and one of the very few available internationally. Salient features of the RSHM technology developed are: Simultaneous monitoring of a number of structures geographically located at different places; A versatile platform to acquire data from assorted sensors / integrate different data acquisition units; Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and Radio Frequency (RF) are used to remotely transfer data from the instrumented structure to the monitoring station; operate in any mode of communication, i.e. RF/PSTN/GSM, send alarm messages (SMS) in case of any abnormal event, integration with other data acquisition devices, and data synthesis/reduction to reduce data transmission load

Quality assurance of Commonwealth Games

Village: CSIR-CBRI has completed prestigious assignment for quality assurance of the construction work of Commonwealth Games Village for the Commonwealth Games held in Delhi in 2010 for Delhi Development Authority (DDA).

Re-engineering of Pamban Bridge:

Southern Railway referred a problem of strengthening of the existing navigational span of the Pamban Bridge to take up broad gauge traffic by converting it from the existing metre gauge. The steel bridge was old (period of construction: 1911 to 1913), and was always exposed to marine environment, wherein corrosion levels could only be vaguely established. Appropriate modelling of the bridge – A finite element model – was developed and the stress resultants determined for the existing meter gauge (MG) loading by CSIR-SERC, Chennai. The technological interventions helped Southern Railways to convert the bridge from meter gauge to broad gauge and the bridge has now opened for the traffic.

FBG based sensors technology for health monitoring application of

aerospace and civil structures: FBG based sensors technology has been established for health monitoring application of aerospace and civil structures. Sensors have been embedded in CFRP composite structure and also in concrete structures

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and performance evaluation of sensors in embedded condition has been carried out. FBG sensors have been supplied to ISAC, ISRO for health monitoring of satellite structures at ground stations.

Code of practice/standards/specifications for roads:

CSIR-CRRI provided technical know-how in preparation of standards and specifications, published by MoSRTH and IRC, which then get implemented onto the field. CRRI contributes towards new knowledge development. Following codes have been prepared/ developed: - Specification of Paving Bitumen (IS: 73-2006) by Bureau of Indian

Standards (BIS). - Specification for Precast Concrete Blocks for Paving (IS 15658:2006) by

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). - Code of Practice for Tack Coat and Prime Coat Applications (Approved

by Flexible Pavements Committee of IRC). - Construction of Slurry Sealing and Micro-surfacing (Revised draft

submitted to Flexible Pavements Committee of IRC).

Road safety audit manual: A ‘Road Safety Audit Manual’ has been prepared which is useful for decision-makers, engineers and technicians of the Indian road sector, irrespective of whether they work at National, State, District or Local level. The manual covers the stages of road safety audit i.e., during feasibility study, completion of preliminary design, completion of detailed design, construction stages, pre-opening and on existing roads. It specifies the salient features and principles for safer road designs with safe environment to warn, guide, inform and control the driver on the road.

Hand held device for in-situ stress measurement in concrete structures:

Hand held device for in-Situ Stress Measurement in Concrete Structures has been developed. The novelty of the device resides in determination of in-situ stress in concrete surface directly in ‘in-service’ concrete structures and thus avails the post-strain data analysis. The device is simple to operate and mainly meant for field engineers/technicians. The device is a simple and powerful tool for health monitoring and safety auditing of civil engineering structures.

Blast resistant design of explosive storage structures:

Laced reinforced concrete (LRC) has been developed as an alternative construction material. It has high rotational capacity and confinement for explosive storage structures. Blast resistant design of explosive storage structures using LRC has been developed. The Design is unique and not available in public domain. It was demonstrated up to 75 T NEC.

Building bricks using iron ore tailings:

High quality building bricks were prepared from iron ore tailing with the addition of fly ash. The bricks acquire sufficient strength in about 20 days

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under atmospheric curing. The strength developed by cementation of iron tailings is satisfactory for manufacture of building brick.

Wood without trees – Rice husk plastic wood:

Rice husk plastic wood has been developed as an alternative of natural wood. The salient features of extruded sheets/profiles are: wood like surface appearance, termite resistant, carpenter friendly, biologically durable, recyclable and meets the requirements of National Building Code (NBC 2005, Sec 3, Timber). The typical applications includes: door and window profiles, frames, decking, fencing, lumber, furniture and other industrial applications. Process know-how developed by CSIR-CBRI has transferred to M/s Shivaye Namah Manufacturing Company Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

c) Societal Impact

Instant house made of natural fiber composite: A foldable and transportable twin house unit having foldable side walls, foldable end walls and foldable roof panels, which, in their unfolded condition, form a rectangular configuration, has been developed. It also includes a frame structure erected using three numbers gable frame and twelve numbers horizontal member by a hinged joint. This expandable, portable twin house unit can be transported in the load bed of a truck. There is a provision for foundation of instant house. When the sheet panels are unfolded and are disposed in an upright position, various forms of covers may be mounted on the edges of the frame panels using nut and bolts to form a shelter. There is provision of levelling of house using levelling screws mounted on the frame itself to help in maintaining an even level even on rough ground. A floor can be added as an additional part of the structure, which is at full strength when set up flat on the ground.

Low cost housing units: About 3 lakh cost-effective housing units have been constructed across

the country using innovative construction materials and technologies developed by CSIR-CBRI by construction agencies like State Housing Boards, Development Authorities, State PWDs, CPWD, Military Engineering Services, Building Centers, Industrial Houses, NGOs, Private Builders etc. both in rural and urban areas.

Cost effective foundation for low rise buildings in hilly areas:

A detailed survey in the topography and weak soil of the hilly areas (Dev Prayag) has been carried out by CSIR-CBRI. A detailed design methodology has been developed for cost effective foundation for low rise buildings.

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Performance evaluation of existing structures: Performance evaluation of existing structures is an important task for

better management of special structures in a scientific and rational way. This study will result in better decision making to maintain, preserve and enhance the costly and essential infrastructure of our country. The knowledge generated from the project is expected to result in safe and durable structures with enhanced life expectancies. This will benefit the society by way of protecting the housing and infrastructure systems.

Vulnerability analysis of buildings and structures against earthquakes:

Probabilistic seismic hazard map of India has been developed, which can be used for determination of b-values (hazard potential) and carry out Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). Results of PSHA will be useful for rational design of structures, leading to building of safe and economical habitat and, thereby development of national economy. The PSHA map so developed would also help in identification of regions to be focused upon for site microzonation studies. This would useful for significant minimization of loss of life and property by helping in realizing well engineered structures against seismic ground motion, and will also be useful for Codal Committees, designers, insurance agencies, and people involved in land use planning.

5.12 Information Technology: Resources and Products a) Generation of New Knowledge: Several modelling tasks that include forecast have been carried out, that generated new knowledge.

Novel algorithm for Skillful Station-scale Forecasts has been developed and validated by CSIR C-MMACS for 12 stations all over India.

Model Configuration and Algorithm for Advance Forecasting of Monsoon has been developed to forecast date of onset of monsoon rainfall.

Dynamic Forecast Model for Air Pollution over Delhi has been developed at CSIR C-MMACS and validated for four species: Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respiratory Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), NO2 and SO2. The model has been validated against daily observed data from Central Pollution Control Board of India, and tested and calibrated for different parameters.

3-D coupled physical-biological-chemical prognostic models for biogeochemical cycles in the north Indian Ocean are developed to understand the spatial and temporal variation of primary productivity and carbon flux in the north Indian Ocean .The role of biology on the spatio-temporal distribution of pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity in

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the upper layers of the Indian Ocean and air-sea fluxes of CO2 has been elucidated from a set of carefully designed simulation experiments. These simulations along with observations made in the Indian JGOFS programme have been used to close the carbon budget in a box in the Arabian Sea.

Inverse model based on Bayesian concepts was developed to use high precision measurement of CO2 to estimate carbon fluxes from Asia robustly. This information will be of great value when we negotiate treaties for CO2 mitigation.

Codes have been developed for optimal network design of CO2 measurement stations using the genetic algorithm to minimize errors in carbon flux estimations.

Cryptographic key generation/exchange protocols for secure communication have been developed for security analysis and design of chaotic synchronization.

Models have been developed to study the dynamics and rheology of periodically forced dilute and semi-dilute suspensions of slender rods and spheroids in simple shear flow which revealed that chaotic dynamics at the micro level shows chaotic rheological behaviour at the macro level.

Finite element modeling of composite laminated structures, smart structural materials, impact response and damage in curved composite laminates, static and free vibration under mesh distortion and also error analysis for

Key Achievements - Information Technology: Resources and Products

Scientific Excellence

- Model Configuration and Algorithm for Advance Forecasting of Monsoon developed

- Dynamic Forecast Model for Air Pollution over Delhi developed

Technology Development

- The 7th fastest computer in the country established : High Performance Computing (HPC) facility at C-MMACS augmented by installing a 96 node HPC cluster based on Intel Xeon 5670 processor

- TKDL database has been established for 2.47 lakh medicinal formulations ; 34 million pages of documentation of traditional knowledge in patent searchable format

Societal Impact

- Weather Informatics for Precision Agriculture initiated through a collaborative effort with Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre

- National Knowledge Resource Consortium formed to provide access to e-resources

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an unsymmetrical finite element. Implementation of a state-of-the-art four-noded shell element, benchmarking, validation and verification of FINEART package is a notable contribution.

Deformation Modeling in Indian subcontinent to model the inter-seismic slip along the buried dislocations in Indian Himalayas, co-seismic slip and rupture in A and N island due to Sumatra earthquake and post-seismic slip and progression of rupture in this region

Microzonation of urban areas and mega cities (Delhi, Ahmedabad and Anjar) based on site effects due to far and near sources, ground motion modeling and simulation. Both deterministic hazard map and seismic hazard map using Bayesian approach has been given for the Indian subcontinent

Precipitable water vapor (PWV) derived from the delay suffered by GNSS signal has been modeled for a four year period to give the Spatial Variability function of water vapor over the Indian subcontinent.

In the areas of Patinformatics, CSIR URDIP has developed few tools such as PatEasy (tool for patent downloading and extraction from free patent databases), PatEx (Useful for routine activity involving patents for duplicate removal, formatting and counts using Excel)

India S&T 2008: Under India S&T 2008 project, mapping of current levels of knowledge, competence, capabilities and various other facets impacting S&T outputs of the country was carried out. The report prepared by CSIR-NISTADS brought out under 6 themes covers public policies, instruments supporting S&T development along with series of salient S&T indicators. This research report provides important insights into multiple modes of the functioning of Indian S&T system. The report provides important comparative policies, the directions of S&T and the dynamics of S&T linkages with the Indian economy and society. Much broadened S&T 2010 report is expected to be released shortly.

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment in R&D on Indian Production and R&D system: The study report covers 706 firms bringing FDI in India for R&D during the year 2003-2009. The report provides detailed analysis of main sectors and hubs of FDI and its impact on national innovation system.

Status of India in S&T as reflected in its publication output in Scopus database (1996-2006): The report compares India’s publication growth rate and global publications share with select leading countries. It reports publication productivity- geographical region-wise and characteristics of high productive institutions, scientists and papers. The report is good tool for science policy planners and researchers for measuring progress in S&T.

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b) Establishment of Knowledge Infrastructure:

CSIR HPC Facility: The High Performance Computing (HPC) facility at C-MMACS has been augmented by installing a 96 node HPC cluster based on Intel Xeon 5670 processor with partial support from CSIR NAL. The system consists of 1152 processor cores with 2.3 TB of main memory distributed across 96 nodes. It also has 30 TB of luster based parallel file system for fast IO. The system has a peak performance of 13.5 Teraflops and has been listed as the 7th fastest supercomputer in the country (Jun 2011).

CSIR Climate Observation and Modeling Network (CSIR-COMoN) is a unique

knowledge infrastructure developed by CSIR-CMMACS. It comprises of 30 meteorological towers with multi-level and sub-surface observations, COMoN covers locations from the Himalayas to the North-east to Cochin with resource-sharing participation by multiple agencies.

URDIP has created several specialized value added databases

- A database of patents issued to CSIR since its inception has been prepared and has been web-enabled (www.patestate.com). It is updated regularly

- A database of patents on Medicinal Plants has been prepared for Indian Medicinal Plant Board, along with IHBT.

- A database of the patents on crop plants, forestry trees, animals, aquatic bio-resources and microorganisms has been prepared for DBT.

- A database on Metallopharmaceuticals - A database on bioactive molecules and their bioevaluation data

(including clinical trials and toxicity) - A database on Enzyme Inhibitors along with their physico-chemical

properties for all enzymes (4200) covered by Enzyme Commission

URDIP has created Open Access Compliant Digital Library of Indian Theses Using Eprints (http://eprints.csirexplorations.com/) and CSIR-Central -A Centralized Harvester Service for Institutional Repositories setup at CSIR Institutes (http://oa.csirexplorations.com/)

c) Database Creation and Archival: Main aim is to protect and prevent misappropriation of Traditional Knowledge of India.

TKDL database has been established for 2.47 lakh medicinal formulations and the database is of the size of 34 million A4 sized pages. By the end of the current plan period (up to March 2012), the total number of formulations is likely to cross 2.50 lakh. TKDL is being

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created in five international languages which are English, French, German, Spanish and Japanese from the codified texts.

Video films have been made for 300 Yoga techniques which will be incorporated into the TKDL database along with the details of the prior art.

The access to the TKDL database has been given to European Patent Office in February 2009, Indian Patent Office in July 2009, German Patent Office in October 2009, United States Patent and Trademarks Office in November 2009, United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office in February 2010, Canadian Intellectual Property Office in September 2010, IP Australia in January, 2011 and Japan Patent Office in April 2011 under non-disclosure agreement for the purposes of search and examination for preventing the grant of wrong patents at the International Patent Offices.

Under the Global Biopiracy Watch System for monitoring the misappropriation of Traditional Knowledge, the numbers of patent applications examined in different International Patent offices so far are over 12000 and the numbers of third party observations submitted are 520. So far, in the case of 71 patent applications of the pharma companies of United States, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, China, etc. the inventions seeking grant of patent have been either set aside or the patent application has been withdrawn by the applicant or the patent application has been declared as dead patent due to the evidence submitted from the TKDL. It is likely that more patent applications will be withdrawn/cancelled in due course of time.

There has been considerable coverage of the project in the international and national media. For example, there were 42,75 and 47 coverage in the international and national media during 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Some of the coverage was in The Washington Post, Guardian, London Telegraph, Time, Nature, BBC News, Cambodian Times, Gulf Times, Yahoo News, Rediff news, Live Mint, Times of India, The Hindustan Times, Hindustan, India Today, Economic Times, Financial Express, etc. A simple google search on TKDL gives about 200,000 hits.

Training was imparted to the Patent examiners and other officials from different national and international organizations who seek to get trained in the usage of TKDL database. Training was imparted to Patent Examiners from United States Patent and Trademark Office in November, 2010, and also officials from Thailand in July 2009 and Malaysia in May 2010.

World Intellectual Property Organization including the global community has recognized India’s leadership in the area of Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional Knowledge. WIPO in collaboration with CSIR organized an international conference on utilization of TKDL established by India as a model for protection of traditional knowledge, which was held in New Delhi in March 2011 where 35 countries rich in traditional

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knowledge participated to understand the methodology for creation of TKDL and to apply such model for protection of Traditional Knowledge in their own country.

With respect to Value addition to the database on medicinal plants data has been collected for 2600 species on correct botanical names, 1600 for morphological descriptors, 1740 plants for pharmacology, 2498 plants for cytology, identification of active chemical constituents for 1600 species and the structures have been saved in image format, 1850 plants for utilization, 850 plants for pharmacognosy, toxicology data for 1580 plant species including those used in treatment of poisoning with 3D structures of 850 chemical constituents; the portal is in the process of development. The value addition to the database on 2600 medicinal plants is likely to be completed by March 2012. The database would be a valuable data for carrying out intensive research in medicinal plants used in traditional medicine system for discovery of new medicines.

In a networking mode, Tribal Knowledge from secondary sources has been collected on plant utilization for therapeutic purposes from the following states - Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Assam and Chattishgarh and 51,000 data sheets have been completed.

Data on about 2000 Traditional cuisines have been collected and entered into the database and would be completed by March 2012. Popularization of such foods is also being done so that nutritive, palatable and less expensive food preparations are known to masses.

d) Knowledge Dissemination and Outreach:

Under industrialisation and outreach programs following technologies have been transferred / co-opted by industry / state agencies.

Development of indigenous cloud seeding system

Cloud seeding system is one effective tool for precipitation (rain) enhancement. While its use has increased within the country, Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) Dispensers are neither manufactured nor marketed in India. CSIR-CMMACS has indigenously designed and tested CCN dispenser for ground based cloud seeding. In addition material for cloud seeding has also been developed.

Weather Informatics for Precision Agriculture:

Even a single episode of avoiding unnecessary irrigation can save up to `.30 crores for a farmer base of 1 lakh. In a pioneering effort, Hobli-level forecasting of rainfall over Karnataka has been initiated through a collaborative effort with Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (KSNDMC). The project is being implemented in a resource-sharing environment; while KSNDMC is providing funds for generating the forecasts

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and their web management, CSIR C-MMACS is providing domain expertise as well as High Performance Computing. The two institutions also share resources in generating high-precision observations, and ground-based cloud seeding for precipitation enhancement.

Multi-scale, Site-specific Forecasts for Precision Agriculture: Precision agriculture requires site-specific multi-scale forecasts for decision support at various stages, from crop choice to irrigation schedule and post-harvest management. A pioneering pilot project in collaboration with M/s. EID Parry in precision agriculture has been initiated over four locations in Tamil Nadu at sites provided by EID Parry; the two teams also share resources in generating high-precision observations, and field testing of precision agriculture.

Weather, Environment and Climate Informatics:

A platform for weather informatics is being developed with industrial partners.

URDIP has a MOU with TIFAC to train Women- IPR Scholars under Women Scientists scheme and has successfully completed 3 annual batches besides number of programs for corporate / other groups.

URDIP, in collaboration with Society for Information Science (SIS) held an International conference on Recent Trends in Patinformatics at Pune in December 2009. This conference was attended by 175+ delegates from research institutions, Indian as well as multinational companies all working in the area of Patinformatics. In conjunction with the conference, training workshops and tutorials were held on searching, analysis, tools and business practices.

e) Value Added Knowledge based Services and Products:

Web-based information services: o URDIP has provided value added information services in the area of

Patinformatics, Phytoinformatics and Toxinformatics to wide array of clients including start-up companies, SMEs, Research Institutes within and outside CSIR, large Indian Corporate and Multinational Corporations. URDIP’s research output is used as input by R&D, legal, new business development and multifunctional corporate teams for Research and Business Planning.

o In order to help Indian Patent Office to clear the backlog of patent applications, a MOU was signed between CSIR-URDIP and IPO to start a pilot programme under which URDIP will prepare prior-art-search reports for pending patent applications. URDIP has set-up a dedicated team to service the requirement of IPO. This activity was started from August/September 2010 and till now, URDIP has completed prior-art-

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search reports for 800 + patent applications. A separate Portal to manage IP applications with four Indian patent offices has been developed and deployed.

Access to e-resources:

- CSIR-NISCAIR publishes 19 journals of international repute, covering almost all the major disciplines of science and technology. These 19 journals include 17 research and two abstracting journals, namely Indian Science Abstract (ISA) and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Abstracts (MAPA). In addition, under ‘e-consortium’ project, access to all CSIR information resources (electronic journals) is provided to all students and researchers free of cost. The Consortium has agreements with 34 international publishers for enabling online access to 6000+ electronic journals and databases that have played a contributory role in CSIR advancing in its research and IPR output. The project also conducts training & awareness workshops on the online products and specialized databases to enhance the search skill/ capabilities of CSIR users.

- Consortium is renamed as ‘National Knowledge Resource Consortium (NKRC)’ keeping in view that consortium of all research organizations of the country is needed and CSIR through NISCAIR should lead and work towards achieving this goal. Institutes under Department of Science & Technology joined the consortium to avail access to the e-resources for the benefit of their users. This has expanded the user base, share of resources, added weight to negotiation power and as a result yielded better pricing for subscribed e-Resources in CSIR & DST. Other major consortia in the country are working in cooperation with NKRC to form a National consortium of consortia.

5.13 Leather a) Scientific Excellence

Removal of Cr (VI) by electrochemical reduction: Removal of Cr (VI), an environmentally hazardous heavy metal, from aqueous solutions by electrochemical reduction has been studied using steel rods connected in unipolar mode. A study undertaken by CSIR-NML, revealed that only NaCl is effective in arresting the passivation of electrodes by Cr (VI). The rate of conversion of Cr (VI) to chromite is fast at higher current densities and the sludge is contaminated with more iron oxide. Though chromite is a predominant species, other products such as Cr2O3& Fe2O3 are also formed during the process. At low current densities the electrochemical reduction of Cr (VI) was observed to be initially under current control and turns to diffusion control after certain time.

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Fungal Protease for application in Leather Processing: Environmental pollution is a major concern for leather industry growth. Attention of scientists is now focussed on developing viable alternative technology for pre-tanning process using enzymes. CSIR-CLRI conducted a study on fungal strain of Paecilomyces lilacinus is grown in conventional solid-state fermentation medium under controlled conditions. The resulting mass is dried and pulverised. The proteolytic enzyme is extracted by solvent extraction method. The enzyme is water soluble and hence finds wider application in various aqueous based processing industries. The study concludes that the enzyme has potential application as soaking agent, depilant as well as bates in tanning industry.

Biomaterials from leather industry by-products:

A series of novel choline based salts, some of which can be described as ionic liquids, are prepared and evaluated for their biocompatibility. These salts when combined with collagenous biomaterials exhibit good cell viability and adhesion properties as required for biomedical implant applications. In the present study CSIR-CLRI has synthesized a number of novel choline salts, based on other anions from the ''Generally Recognized as Safe'' list or known Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, including choline lactate (CL), choline levulinate (CLu), and choline tartarate (CT). These have then been used as replacements for the most commonly used chemical crosslinkers for collagen, such as GA, to reduce the toxicity of collagen based biomaterials. Overall these results show that these choline based salts, in particular those based on the levulinate and tartarate anions, can be useful for biomedical implant applications.

Key Achievements - Leather

Scientific Excellence

- Biomaterials useful for biomedical implant applications developed from leather industry by-products

- Therapeutic footwear useful to reduce new ulceration and consequently the amputation rate in the diabetic population developed

Technology Development/Commercialization

- Technology developed by CSIR-CLRI relates to a series of in plant measures for removal of Total Dissolved Solids in tannery effluents

- CSIR-CLRI's technology on formaldehyde free synthetic tanning agent was transferred to M/s Balmer Lawrie and Co. Ltd.

Societal Impact

- CSIR’s various initiatives such as salt less tanning, enzyme based pre-tanning operations, and pickle less tanning to enhance ecofriendly leather processing

- Eco-benign option for dehairing of hides and skins for tanning industry developed

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Biocompatible collagen fibres as value added by-product from leather industry: In its endeavours to develop value added products, CSIR-CLRI carried a study on development of biocompatibility of collagen fibres. Type I and III collagens form the natural framework of the heart, and decellularized heart tissue revealed a fine weave of three dimensionally arranged collagen fibers. To mimic this structure for the fabrication of a cardiac patch, a process has been devised, by CSIR, to extract solid atelopeptide collagen from bovine tendon while preserving its inherent tensile properties. Unlike chemical/enzymatic methods, which involve cellular disruption or reconstitution, this microbial collagen extraction process helps to get pure collagen fibres with their native properties intact. There is economy of extraction time, hence enhancement of productivity. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal that the biocompatible fibers could be woven as a fleece to get a three-dimensional scaffold with good mechanical strength,, suitable for tissue engineering applications such as a cardiac patch.

Study on different types of footwear insoles for the diabetic neuropathic foot: CSIR-CLRI took an initiative to compare the effectiveness of different types of footwear insoles in the diabetic neuropathic foot. A sample of 241 consecutive diabetic patients were included in the study. Patients who were using therapeutic footwear showed lower foot pressure (group 1, 6.9 _ 3.6; group 2, 6.2 _ 3.9; and group 3, 6.8 _ 6.1 kPa; P _ 0.0001), while those who used the nontherapeutic footwear showed an increased foot pressure (group 4, 40.7_20.5 kPa; P _ 0.008). The occurrence of new lesions was also significantly lower in this group. The study revealed that therapeutic footwear is useful to reduce new ulceration and consequently the amputation rate in the diabetic population.

b) Technology Development

Synthetic Tanning Agents –Alutan & Alcrotan: Alutan and Alcrotan are two mineral synthetic tanning agents (syntans) which at the time of their development had no international equivalents. Alcrotan is an innovative light fast syntan based on chromium and aluminium, and ensured uptake of more than 90% of chromium and aluminium. Alutan is an aluminium based syntan with irreversible binding of aluminium (III) (which affords fuller leathers making suede processing easy with colour richness. By combining Alutan with basic chromium sulfate in tanning a zero waste closed-loop tanning methodology has become a reality. These two high performance tanning agents improved the quality of leather and reduced the environmental problems. The technology developed by CLRI has been transferred toM/s Balmer Lawrie and Co. Ltd., Chennai.

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Formaldehyde Free Synthetic Tanning Agent: Conventional synthetic tanning agents employed in leather processing are

predominantly based on phenol-formaldehyde condensation products. It has been found by several research groups that the free formaldehyde in such products is beyond permissible levels for safe use. As an alternate, a multi functional matrix with sulfonated aromatic compound, free of formaldehyde has been developed, which is first of its kind in the world. In the leather industries, use of these syntans in tanning enhances the uptake of chromium to above 93%. The syntans provides a means for pickle free chrome tanning thereby reducing the total dissolved solids in the effluent. The presence of this syntan enables a reduction in the offer of filling syntans in wet finishing 30-40%. The technology developed by CSIR-CLRI has been transferred toM/s Balmer Lawrie and Co. Ltd., Chennai.

Removal of TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) in tannery effluents:

The issue relating to the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in tannery effluents has been of major environmental concern. The effluents having very high TDS affect the ground water adversely and considering this, the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) has set a limit of 2100 ppm in treated effluents. The technology developed by CSIR-CLRI relates to a series of in plant measures involving a combination of different eco-benign technological options like less salt/ salt less curing, enzyme based pre-tanning operations, recycling of pickle liquor, pickle less tanning. Potential for reduction of TDS through these measures has been quantified.

Chrome recovery and reuse:

One of the cleaner processing options recommended is that the chrome which is let out in the effluent of Leather industry, may be recovered for reuse to ensure not only economy of usage of chrome, but also effective management of this toxic substance. The methodology involves precipitation of chrome with an alkali, whereby the supernatant liquor is separated, allowing the resulting precipitate to settle down. This precipitate is treated with sulfuric acid again to get the BCS, which can be reused. Commercial polyelectrolytes are used for further facilitation of chrome precipitation. The technology has been under implemented in large number of commercial tanneries. It has shown that it is possible to recover about 98-99% of chrome. The cost of installation of the plant can be recovered in 12-24 months depending on the scale of operation. Paddle based process for small tanneries, batch type process for medium and large tanneries and semi-continuous plants for common chrome recovery plants have been standardized.

Less salt curing system:

The CSIR-CLRI technology provides an option to replace a substantial amount of salt with other agents like boric acid, biocide for the purpose of curing of raw hides and skins. Whereas the enormous amount of salt

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(about 40% on raw weight) used in conventional method of curing contributes to a large extent for the environmental pollution relating to Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), this technology does not employ more than 5% salt, thereby providing an eco-benign method for curing of raw hides and skins. The process has been investigated using goatskins. It has been found effective in field testing, carried out in one of the tanneries.

Lime free fibre opening: The technology developed by CSIR-CLRI relates to the use of bio-product in order to avoid lime, which is conventionally used for the purpose of fibre opening of pelts. When coupled with lime free unhairing, this technology offers possibilities of direct pickling without resorting to deliming after fleshing. The technology has been found to be effective for all the substrates – cow, buffalo, goat, sheep. Finished leathers processed through such fibre opening technique were found to be comparable with conventionally processed leathers in all aspects.

Ammonia free deliming of skins/hides:

The process developed by CSIR-CLRI is an eco-friendly option for deliming of hides/skins which involves passing carbon-di-oxide while agitating the deliming bath, at a temperature of 30-34oC. The process has enormous potential, especially in view of the emerging stringent regulation in certain countries against the use of ammonium salt, which is conventionally used for the purpose of deliming.

c) Societal impact

Leather industry has a strong connectivity with the large population at the grass root level. Any development with regard to animal flaying, carcass skinning, skin/hide preservation, processing and shoe making under unorganised sector directly affects the masses. On other hand, this industry is notorious for polluting environment. Leather industry, from serious environmental polluter, is slowly emerging as an eco-benign industry through CSIR’s various initiatives like salt less tanning, enzyme based pre-tanning operations, pickle less tanning, etc. The leather industry has been producing high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels in its effluents. It was unable to conform to the pollution control standards due to the high use of salt during curing and pickling, a major pollutant in tannery effluents. Replacement of salt by other agents like boric acid, biocide for the purpose of curing is another option which CSIR has undertaken in its efforts towards a sustainable environment. CSIR has developed an eco-benign option for dehairing of hides and skins for tanning industry. Enzymes, extracted from both plant and animal sources are used in the process of dehairing, thereby eliminating the traditional use of lime/ sulphide. Lime free fibre opening of pelts is another option

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which CSIR has exercised on all substrates in order to minimize the level of pollution. Further to this, research initiative in CSIR has provided a technology on Pickle Free Chrome tanning Process without sacrificing the quality of the end-product.

5.14 Metrology a) Technologies Developed

Teleclock: CSIR-NPL continues to disseminate standard time and frequency signals (STFS) via geostationary satellite INSAT with an accuracy of 10 s. Further, it has started a new time service by transmitting digital time data via telephone network in name of Teleclock service. This is quite different from the usual dial-up service in other countries. This unique service can be accessed by the landline telephone as well as by the mobile telephone network. Both types of receivers have been developed by NPL. It is an inexpensive, simple and mobile accessibility of Standard Time is unique and is not yet available elsewhere. The new version of Teleclock receiver i.e. Mobile Teleclock developed by CSIR-NPL was formally launched on 28th July 2009.

Two Way Satellite Time & Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT):

This experiment is one of the most precise techniques to compare the time & frequency of two clocks. One can compare clocks within an accuracy of one or two nanoseconds with a resolution capability of sub-nanosecond through the two way technique. A new scheme has been worked out to link NICT and PTB through AM-2 satellite (parked at 80oE). It is also necessary network to establish a link with NICT & NMIJ (Japan), PTB (Germany), NIM & NTSC (China), KRISS (Korea) and TL (Taiwan). In order to establish the link, necessary equipments have been procured for uplink and downlink in Ku-band. One may get GPS Time in a single satellite mode technique in addition to 4 or more satellites-mode. The single satellite-technique demands the precise knowledge of GPS antenna in advance as it is necessary to feed the co-ordinates of the antenna into the GPS receiver for its operation in this mode.

Cesium Fountain: CSIR-NPL has been developing a cesium atomic

fountain primary frequency standard. The Physics package of the fountain is completely assembled and the overall vacuum in the flight region is better than 10-9 Torr. The developed optical set-up delivers six cooling and two detection beams via

Teleclock

Cs-Fountain

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single mode polarization maintaining fibers to the physics package. At the output end of the fibers, the beams are collimated with home- made beam expanders and give out the desired beam size and polarization. Scientists of CSIR-NPL succeeded in trapping Cs atoms in the magneto-optical trap (MOT) and characterized them to measure the number of atoms, temperature and size of the cloud. They are able to trap about 107 atoms and cool them to about 6 µK by both MOT and polarization gradient cooling (PGC) and launch them up by moving molasses method. The fountain action has been demonstrated by launching the atoms up to 1.1 m up and detection of the return signal by measuring the fluorescence.

Length and Dimension Standards:

Technology for angle metrology using autocollimator accompanied with reflector has been developed by CSIR-NPL for the calibration of angle generating instruments (i.e. Tilting tables, Sine bars, Rotary table) and angle measuring instruments (i.e. Electronic level, Autocollimator). It replaces such hitherto known reflector. The developed device enhances the resolution of the autocollimator which in turn improved the uncertainty of corresponding measurement.

Temperature Standards:

CSIR-NPL HAS extended the calibration range of temperature standards from existing 1100 ºC to 1600 ºC. An uncertainty figure of ±1 C to ±1.5 C have been achieved. For the purpose, two different thermocouples viz: 10% Rh-Pt/Pt (Type-S) and 13% Rh-Pt/Pt (Type-R) were used. A 3-Zone heating high temperature block furnaces being used for the traceability of temperature by NABL accredited laboratories and user industries.

Josephson Voltage Standard: CSIR-NPL has established an automatic 10 Volt JVS system (it is the first

such system in India). It is based on ‘Quantum Phenomena’ (Josephson

Key Achievements - Metrology

Technology Development/Commercialization

- Mobile Teleclock developed by CSIR-NPL formally launched

- Technology for angle metrology developed for the calibration of angle generating instruments

- An automatic 10 Volt JVS system established by CSIR-NPL

- An automatic high precision Direct Current Comparator Bridge (DCC) for the measurement of high precision resistance traceable to Quantum Hall Resistance established: first such system in India

- ‘Legal Metrology Act-2009’. As per the Law which comes into force since 1st April, 2011, all the activities related to National Standards are the sole responsibility of CSIR- National Physical Laboratory.

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Effect) given by the relation 2eVn = nhf, Where n= 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ---; Vn = quantized voltage; f= frequency of irradiation; h=Planck’s constant; e= electron charge. This forms the basis for standard of the unit of ‘Volt’ in India at par to international level. The uncertainty in measurement of Zener Reference Standards is ± 350 nV at k=2 (inclusive of noise of Zener) at 10V level as per the ISO/IEC 17025:2005.

DC Standards:

CSIR-NPL has also established an automatic high precision Direct Current Comparator Bridge (DCC) for the measurement of high precision resistance traceable to Quantum Hall Resistance (based on quantum phenomena). It is the first such system in India and very few in the world which can measure 0.1 µ directly to traceable 1 and its Measurement Capability: 0.1 µ to 130 k ( 4.0 ppm (base) or better for 10-7:1)

Force Calibrating Machine: Regional Reference Standard Laboratories are not fully equipped with modern and updated calibrating instruments /equipments as per the NABL standards. CSIR-NPL designed, developed and fabricated a simple, portable and user friendly force calibrating machine up to 50 kN, which can be used for calibration of class I force proving instruments. It helped Regional Reference Standard Laboratories in upgrading its calibration capability. This machine works on the principle of force comparison using a double acting hydraulic-piston cylinder applying simultaneously the force on theodicy and the reference force transducer in series.

Proficiency Testing Articles:

CSIR-NPL coordinated and completed three proficiency testing articles. (i) NABL-Pressure-PT005 was organized for the laboratories having measurement capabilities better than 0.25% and coarse than 0.05% of full scale using digital pressure calibrator as an artifact in the pressure ranges 7 – 70 MPa. 23 laboratories participated. (ii) NABL-Pressure-PT006 has been organized for the laboratories having measurement capabilities coarse than 0.25 % of full scale using pressure dial gauge as an artifact in the pressure range 10–70 MPa. 17 laboratories participated. Of the total 159 measurement results reported, 135 (84.91 %)are in good agreement with the results of the reference laboratory, CSIR-NPL. (iii) NABL-Pressure - PT007 has been organized for the laboratories having measurement capabilities coarse than 0.25 % of full scale using pressure dial gauge as an artifact in the pressure range 6 – 60 MPa. 17 laboratories participated. Out of the total 117 measurement results reported, 95 (81.2%)are found in good agreement. Overall, the results are considered to be reasonably good, being the first proficiency testing for most of the participating laboratories.

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Legal Metrology Act: This act has been passed which comes into force from 1st April 2011. As per this Law all the activities related to National Standards are the sole responsibility of CSIR- National Physical Laboratory.

5.15 Rural Development, Weaker Sections, Women & North-East

a) Income Augmentation: The 11th Plan saw many activities, several satisfying outcomes, and many new starts that will be reaped in the 12th Plan and beyond in the CSIR projects on Value-added agriculture. CSIR actions in the field were through kisan melas, training camps, workshops and technology demonstrations. Through our actions on the ground we directly met, discussed and trained over 25,000 farmers. Women workers and tribal farmers were our especial concern during these training programs. We were able to bring nearly 200,000 ha under cultivation for a range of CSIR technologies relating to khus, sisal, ashwangandha, mentha, citronella, lemon-grass, and seaweed, varieties of tea, curcuma, bamboo, medicinal and aromatic plants, sericulture and cut flowers. CSIR scientists were seen from coastal seaweed farming in Tamilnadu to tea gardens in Assam and Mizoram, from sodic waste lands to mountainous terrains. We distributed seedlings, slips and spawn packets in the tens of lakhs. CSIR technologies were able to create nearly 50 million man-days of employment, the overwhelming ‘winner’ being the cultivation of Mentha arvensis farmed over 150,000 ha and created 40 million man-days of employment, followed by the 1 million man-days of employment in cut flowers. Cut flowers generated Rs. 50 lakhs in the Delhi flower market whilst CSIR forced flow driers fabricated by a small engineering concerns generated Rs. 50 lakhs in 4 years. The incomes of over 100,000 farmers were raised from between 10 to 25% and more than 1,300 self-help groups benefitted from the trainings. Most impressive were the gains that the salt small scale manufacturers saw, in some cases adding between Rs. 1 to 1.5 lakhs to their annual income. CSIR instituted structures to ensure sustainability of its actions through centers for sisal, post-harvesting in the NE region, mushroom spawning, and distillation units. Our most abiding ‘structure’ however promises to be the one from the IT generation – Rural Information Technology centers, SAMADHAN KENDRA, inaugurated by the President of India, promises to be an important resource of current information on site-specific agro-issues. This area will be further supported in the 12th Plan by a CSIR-800 Information Portal that will allow the full spectrum of stake-holders to transparently exchange and learn of progress of their projects.

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i. Value Added Agriculture: Considering the importance value added products in our country, CSIR laboratories devoted maximum energy on developing suitable value added products from agriculture so as to help augment the income of famers and salt workers. The major achievements under this sub theme are as follows:

Utilizing Sisal: - An improved Raspador machine for extraction of quality sisal fibre has

been developed. Know how to make yarn and buffing wheel from Sisal fibre have been developed. Both the products would help the small famers/ entrepreneurs to generate income utilizing the sisal fibre. Under the project Sisal Resources Centers have been established at 12 villages and 153 farmers have already started generating additional income.

Strategic Medicinal and Industrial Plants based technologies:

- The biovillage programme on Khus has been strengthened in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar with more than 1100 farmers covering an area of more than 150 ha. Demonstration of technologies suitable for rural women like raising nursery, agarbatti making, gulab jal, vermicompost production from farm waste were made and more than 1000 women were trained in these areas. During 2007-11, five Kisan Melas were organized in Lucknow and Pantnagar where about 7000 farmers from 15 states participated. During this period, 69 one day awareness camps/ training programmes were organized, benefiting about 15000 farmers and entrepreneurs. During the period 9 improved distillations were also erected in the farmers fields. Essential oils and products worth Rs. 1000 crores were produced in the country as a result of popularization of agro-technologies including plant varieties developed by CIMAP.

- Cultivation of Mentha arvensis alone has generated employment to the tune of about 4 crore man-days in the rural sector covering more than 1,50,000 ha under systematic cultivation which is integrated into crop rotations involving a range of food crops.

- During the period area under Ashwagandha increased to 505 ha with around 200 farmers cultivating this crop in drought prone areas of Anantpur, Nalgonda and Kurnool districts of AP. Citronella and lemongrass became extremely popular among the tribal farmers of Araku valley in Vishakapatanam district with more than 786 farmers cultivating citronella over 1450 ha. During the period 12000 slips of Citronella (Bio-13) and 1,75,000 slips of lemongrass (Krishna) were distributed free to 126 tribal farmers.

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Post harvest centers at Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh: - One post harvest processing center at Mizoram and two at Arunachal

Pradesh have been established. These centres would provide direct employment to about 300 people and augment income of about 10,000 farmers by 20-25%.

Seaweeds for coastal fisher folk:

- Know-how for economically valuable cultivation for the seaweed Kappaphyus alvarezii has been developed. This seaweed is being commercially cultivated by >800 SHGs in Tamilnadu. Each member involved in seaweed cultivation is earning on an average Rs 4000-5000/- per month for a period of 8 months in a year

- The seaweed also yields bio energy products along with co-generation of bio fertilizer. Accordingly offshore cultivation of this alga for above mentioned objective is proposed to be pursued.

Tea Farm mechanization:

- A protocol on “Tea Farm Mechanization Culture” has been developed for the benefit of local tea planters. Comparative techno-economic details on manual and mechanized farm operations in tea plantation have been worked out.

- 755 workers engaged in tea plantations have been trained and benefitted through 44 trainings and demonstration programs on tea mechanized operations of Dharamshala, Palampur, Bir and Baijnath regions in Himachal Pradesh. Moreover, 2 self help groups were formed to manage their tea gardens through cooperative system by machines.

- Self Help Group Zhikar, Dharamshala, Self Help Group Bir, Kangra, tea planters of Kangra and adjoining district Mandi of Himachal Pradesh and Tea Board of India Palampur branch Tea are ready for adoption of Tea Farm Mechanization. Tea Board of India Palampur (HP) unit and Tea Co-operative Factory Palampur (HP) have prepared a project for funding by Tea Board of India, Kolkata for total farm mechanization of 500 hectare tea gardens in Palampur region with the technical assistance of CSIR-IHBT.

Advisory services for production of quality tea:

- The advisory services have led to consistent improvement in quality & productivity of Kangra tea and revival of dilapidated Kangra tea plantations. About 3,500 jobs have been created for workers in the tea gardens round the year. Further about 2,000 small growers in rural & remote locations have benefited from these advisory services. The crop production in the state by has also increased by about 10%.

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Virus free Apple, Plum and Cherry: - The 37 varieties and 9 rootstocks of apple, 3 varieties of cherry and 3

varieties of Plum has been maintained virus free at CSIR-IHBT germplasm field, collected from different parts of Kashmir, Solan and Palampur.

- In order to propagate the same, awareness generation programs have been arranged for growers and nurserymen to plant/produce virus free plants through popular articles, programs on national TV network and on campus training.

- Through tissue culture industries, quality planting materials (90,000 plants) have been distributed to farmers covering an area of about 90 ha. Its impact will be realized in future.

Curcuma and Hedychium cultivation in agro-forestry system:

- Under the project about 25 ha area has been brought under cultivation of medicinal crops Curcuma aromatica and Hedychium spicatum, which would provide additional income to farmers. About 500 persons have been trained and provided quality planting material of the characterized target crops.

Utilization of local plant raw material for attractive returns:

- A process for the production of Aescin and Lutein at pilot scale has been standardized. Demonstration of production of essential oils from wild growing Aromatic species & production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) and demonstration of preparation of herbal shampoo composition from local resources has been done for enabling famers in production of value added products from of some of the abundantly available plants in western Himalayan region like Morraya koenigii (karripeta), Acorus calamus, wild appricoat, Aesculus indica.

Promotion and Utilization of Bamboos:

- A large number of edible bamboos raised and rooted and rhizomed plants have been provided to farmers / foresters. Production of better quality of bamboo charcoal (16% better recovery) has also been demonstrated to them.

- The farmers have been trained in making new products using young bamboo shoots like Bamboo RTS (Ready to Serve) drink, Bamboo Squash, Bamboo Syrup, Intermediate Moisture Foods (IMF) rings of bamboos and Bamboo preserve and bamboo candy. Efforts under project brought about 200 ha of land under bamboo cultivation in HP and adjoining states.

- A state of the art bamboo museum has also been established at CSIR-IHBT for continuous training purposes.

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Promotion of cultivation of medicinal, aromatic and other high valued crops: - Approximately 500 ha additional area has been brought under

cultivation Medicinal, Aromatic Plants & Dye Plants (MADPs). The major crops are Damask rose, Lavender, Wild marigold, Stevia, Muskbala, Rosemary, Scented Geranium, Large cardamom etc.

- About 0.50 lakhs working man months have been generated on account of production of Damask rose, Lavender, Wild marigold, Stevia, Muskbala, Rosemary, Scented Geranium, Large cardamom etc. Training conducted to impart new know-how on MADPs to the farmers/ growers.

- An e-information management system has been evolved and being managed for effective market linkages, information and liaison purposes.

Transfer of cut flower and virus tested planting material production:

- Advisory services provided for maintaining approx 83 ha area under commercial cut flower crops like lilium, chrysanthemum, bird of paradise, alstroemeria, gladiolus, marigold, agapanthus, gerbera and carnation.

- Efforts have resulted into generation of about 2.97 lakhs working man months in rural sector. Training and awareness programs conducted for about 700 farmers from Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir on commercially important cut flower crops and low cost poly-housing technology.

- An additional area of about 8.8 ha has been brought under commercial flower crops. The agro technologies of commercially important cut flower crops transferred to entrepreneurs/ NGOs and government departments of Himachal Pradesh. Through the sale of newly introduced lilium cut flowers, the farmers of Lahual & Spiti realized about Rs. 50 lakhs in Delhi flower market.

Sericulture promotion in North East states of India (Assam and Manipur):

- Terminalia chebula (Helica) based product called “Muga Heal 1” released for the control of ‘flacherie’ disease in muga silkworm and enhanced silk production. A low cost incubation chamber provided for hatching of eggs and rearing of silkworm during summer.

- Disease management in host plant of silkworm with special reference to mulberry (fungal, nematodes and bacterial diseases) has been transferred to farmers’ along with measures to be adopted for bio control & usage of medicinal plants for control of various diseases of Muga, Eri, Tassar and Mulberry silkworms. The knowhow for early identification and control of Alternaria tenuessima in mulberry and their control measures have been made available to farmers.

- Technology transferred to 259 cluster beneficiaries/farmers and 53 self help groups of Assam and Manipur. Established Pupal Oil extraction

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plants one each in Manipur and Assam. Total employment generation 19,500 in this plan.

Samadhan Kendra -A rural Information Technology Center for farmers:

- Established 4 Samadhan Kendra at East and West Godavari districts with the help of local NGOs. The Samadhan Kendras provide useful information on pest disease management, seed management, and optimum fertilizer doses. For benefit of farmers, this portal also contains information about relevant govt. schemes, subsidies/ loans, public health centers, colleges and schools.

- Each Samadhan Kendra is catering to the needs of about 20 villages in and around its location. It is estimated that a total population of one lakh will be benefitted by each centre.

- 70,000 mango farmers have benefited in Chittoor District by the effective role played by Samadhan Kendra in disseminating the day to day price for the mango crop without the intervention of the middle men or the commission agents. Samadhan also helped the vegetables and fruits farming community (Horticulture crops).

- During the year 2010-11, 43042 visitors have visited the four Samadhan centers of west Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh with different queries pertaining to agriculture, horticulture, bank loans, educational details and other information.

- Samadhan Kendra is integral part of the India Development Gateway (InDG) Portal, launched by her Excellency the President of India Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil on 4th July 2008 at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi.

Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Bio-Pesticides, Bio-fertilizers in J&K:

- High yield varieties of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (MAPs) suitable for Jammu & Kashmir have been developed and Good Planting Material for MAPs of targeted species of Jammu & Kashmir was provided to hundreds of farmers to cover about 350 hectare area under cultivation in Jammu & Kashmir.

- Microbial bio-pesticides, bio-fertilizers and mosquito larvicides also developed and transferred to farmers. The project activities helped in creation of employment of about 90000 man days.

Utilization of Sodic wastelands and dry flower/cut flower technologies:

- Eight extension bulletins published on project activities for promotion of CSIR-NBRI Green Technologies. Field demonstrations carried out at NBRI farm sites and other fields for reclamation of sodic wastelands, energy plantation, nursery technology, floriculture (marigold & tuberose), medicinal and aromatic plants, natural dyes (Bixa), vermi-composting & NADEP, Herbal Garden.

- Technology detailed provided to 16 schools for further disseminating the information as Knowledge Dissemination Centre. A High-tech Poly

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House established at NBRI for Gerbera cultivation as model for high-tech floriculture.

- Use of bio-fertilizers was also popularized, especially phosphate solubilizing bacteria, large scale availability of biofertilizers through demo plots at farmers fields. About 100 unemployed educated rural youth were trained on professional gardening in one month exhaustive training programme.

- Conducted orientation trainings for farmers about project activities, exhaustive training on identified components was imparted to selected beneficiaries (~500).

- Herb Gardens have been established and carried out awareness programs & trainings for school children (~1000) of the schools identified as Knowledge Dissemination Centres. The beneficiaries were also provided free services of sodic soil testing and reclamation technology for sodic wastelands, free advisory service on agronomic management of sodic wastelands.

Design and development of mobile essential oil extraction units:

- A mobile essential oil distillation unit having 2 q/batch capacity has been designed and fabricated for distillation of aromatic crops. This unit is truck mounted and can reach the remote areas where the aromatic crop can be distilled fresh without loss of essential oil that might occur during transportation to the central processing facility in the conventional systems.

- Demonstrations are being carried out Time to time in the remote rural areas of Himachal Pradesh to create awareness among farmers on essential oil production.

Aromatic plants and Mushroom Cultivation Promotion in North East:

- About 370 ha of fallow land, shifting cultivation (Jhum) area degraded forest land and other cultivated land have been brought under cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic plants. 8 mushroom spawn production units for supplying quality material for mushroom cultivation and 8 Aromatic plant processing unit were established at different corners of the region, which supplied 4.5 seedlings of quality aromatic plants planting material and 5000 packets spawn for growing Mushroom to farmers.

- The technology for production of value added products viz. deodorants, incense sticks, utilization of de-oiled biomass for organic manure have been transferred to farmers/ entrepreneurs.

Mobile essential oil

distillation unit

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Reverse flow natural convection driers: - The reverse flow natural convection drying process & driers for

different agricultural products such as ball & cup copra, pappad, ground nut, raisins and mango bar have been developed.

- The private engineering fabricator for cup copra dryer has fabricated and sold 320 dryers during a period of 4 years (2007-11). A survey revealed that the entrepreneurs are using these dryers not only for copra making but also for drying various articles such as herbal medicines, chillies, wooden (carved) articles etc. Over a period 4 years, the revenue generation comes to > Rs 50 Lakhs.

ii. Waste to Wealth:

Better recovery and utilization of fallen animal carcasses: - A new mechanical device has been developed by CLRI for lifting and

flaying the carcasses which prevents any damage to hides. Additionally an improved and efficient meat cooker has also been developed and provided for demonstration.

- The timely recovery and utilization of carcasses utilizing CLRI technology would not only result in cleaner environment, recovery of more number of hides with better quality but also enable higher value addition to carcass by-product.

- The three workshops organised in Gujarat and one organized in Uttar Pradesh, extended technical help to NGO’s and co-operative societies and would help them in not only improving their quality of life but also help in augmenting their income.

Improved Rural Tanning:

- Developed the technologies like improved rural Bag Tanning (Eastern India Tanning), conversion of wet blue to finest leather and improved method for sole leather. These technologies would helps in improvement of working conditions of the artisans, leather colour and yield and thus ultimate help in improving economic returns. The technologies have been transferred to the rural artisan in Rajasthan and leather Co-operative societies in Gujarat and trained 200 artisans in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

- CLRI got the “Bharat Jyothy Award” by Indian international friendship society New Delhi on 07.01.2011 for contributions to the improvement of rural tanning.

Innovative Materials for Kolhapuri Footwear:

- Alternate newer materials in place of Bag tanned leathers have been developed. The advantageous features of newer materials for the development of Kolhapuri footwear are of higher degree of comfort parameters, availability of materials in abundance, ease to handle, fashion oriented and are bio-friendly, ecologically compatible.

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- While the uniqueness of Kolhapuri footwear has been preserved particularly in the process such as braiding, woven of fibres, etc., the bottom preparation of Kolhapuri footwear has been engineered with the blending of mechanization for resulting towards enhanced productivity deliverables.

- The specialty of improved technology imparted in rural folk is primarily on the conservation of waste into wealth. The leather scraps being discarded as wastes from shoe industries have been utilized as the basic materials for the fabrication of upper components of footwear. This technology would help upgrade the quality parameters of product, upgrade the productivity gains and finally backup for increased income generation for the artisan families.

North East Ethnic Designs data bank for footwear:

- Under this ethnic design of North East have been documented and a data base has been prepared. These designs have potential to generate handsome returns to the leather artisans in the North East. One Ethnic design lab has also been established which would continue to serve as a resource center for the leather artisans of the North East.

Environmentally safe Natural dyes for rural handloom sectors: - Design, fabrication and installation of prototype for extraction of

natural dry from plant resources (Terminalia catappa, Tectona grandis, Artocarpus heterophyllus &root bark of Morinda citrofolia) @ 10 Kg/day capacity, using solvents has been completed as per laboratory studies carried out. The prototype plant is yet to operate with different materials to study its performance.

Recovery of Bio-flavors from damaged cull fruits and biomass:

- A lab scale process for recovery of essential oils from waste citrus fruits and peel wastes (lemon, orange, sweet orange, gal-gal) by cold press method potentially suitable for rural people has been developed and transferred to four entrepreneurs.

iii. Energy Efficiency:

A cook stove prototype for rural domestic applications has been developed. The stove would improve the cooking conditions and also help in improving cooking efficiency.

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iv. Quality Salt for Marginal Salt Producers:

CSIR-CSMCRI patented technology helps in production of high purity solar salt with reduced levels of impurities and meeting the requirements of BIS specifications. This quality salt is fetching premium price of 200-250% to the salt workers.

825 marginal salt producers in Gujarat are now producing good quality industrial salt and each one is earning an additional income of Rs 1-1.5 lakhs over and above regular income. 80 salt producers in Rajasthan and 20 small scale producers in Orissa have benefited through the above program.

The technologies were transferred to the marginal/ small scale salt producers in collaboration with SEWA, ANANDI, AHRM (NGO’s) and Salt Dept Govt. of India, industries departments Govt. of Gujarat, Govt. of Rajasthan and Govt. of Orissa.

CSIR-CSMCRI bagged CSIR Rural technology award-2008 for this technology. Moreover, several Govt. agencies/departments have come forward with full support and partial financial assistances for further dissemination of the technology. Salt Dept of India is also collaborating with CSIR in the development.

b) Improvement in Quality of Life: CSIR technologies played an instrumental role in improving quality of life for thousands of people. Some CSIR activities have achieved extremely satisfying results, and many others are expected to go a big way in the 12th Plan and beyond. In the area of affordable housing and dissemination of CSIR Rural Technologies, the projects have made considerable progress and are ready for launching on mega scale. The technologies on Potable water have made significant impact and transfer of the technology and utility of the product growing on a faster scale. CSIR actions in the field were through, training camps, workshops and demonstrations in the area of affordable housing, rural technologies and earthquake disaster preparedness to reach to 10 million people CSIR technologies were not only able to provide safe drinking water by providing site/location specific technologies but also have provided lucrative business opportunities to more than 200 entrepreneurs. More than 100 million lit/day of treated drinking water is being supplied through these technologies.

CSIR instituted media to ensure sustainability of its actions through publishing, Journal of Rural Technology, CSIR Rural Gallery and a film on CSIR Rural technologies. A dedicated website on CSIR Rural technologies and CSIR 800 for effective outreach is in progress.

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i. Affordable Housing in Rural Areas: Project activities included preparation of working manuals for field implementation on: (i) Prefabricated walling and roofing elements, (ii) Earthquake resistant quality construction and (iii) Improved rural mud housing technologies. About 1200 engineers, 600 masons, 20 entrepreneurs and NGOs, have been provided training on appropriate rural housing technologies, which helped in gaining acceptability of CBRI technologies by over 20 govt. depts, NGOs and 10 industries. Construction of over 1500 houses in and around Delhi and many other housing schemes in other parts of the countries is being carried out utilizing such CBRI technologies. Massive awareness drive conducted though exhibitions, manuals, pamphlets, news papers, training programs and website have been undertaken to reach over 10 million people through various means. Apart from creating awareness, the abovementioned CBRI technologies have been transferred to 3 NGOs and 4 Govt. depts for implementation in mass housing projects. ii. Potable Water

Terafil Water Filter: - Under the project 12 technology packages on low cost Terafil drinking

water purification have been developed and commercialized. For the popularization of the technology 10 demonstrations, 5 Workshop-cum-Training for mass production, use & maintenance have been organized at CSIR-IMMT.

- Considering the utility of the technology in view stand-alone Terafil water purification technology is being disseminated in Karnataka under Bharat Nirman Yojana.

- The Terafil filter technology has become very popular among entrepreneurs, so far about 160 entrepreneurs have already acquired the technology and it is estimated that about 100 million lit/day Terafil treated drinking water is being supplied in the country.

Electrochemical Technologies for Drinking water:

- Electrochemical De-fluoridator: A 100-liter per hour capacity electrolyser has been designed based on the data obtained from laboratory scale experiments. The unit consisting of power source, water collection and

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settling tank and sludge collection tank have been transferred for commercial production.

- Electrochemical De-arsenator: A 100-liter per hour capacity electrolyser has been designed based on the data obtained from laboratory scale experiments. The unit consisting of power source, water collection and settling tank and sludge collection tank has been fabricated and demonstrated

- Electrochemical hypochlorite generator: A 100g/h capacity electrolyser to produce hypochlorite from dilute chloride solution has been designed and fabricated. Spacers have been provided in order to prevent the short circuiting and to keep the electrodes at a desired gap. The unit has been fabricated and demonstrated.

- Electrochemical Ozone generator: A Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) based ozone generator has been developed and ready for commercialization.

- Water Purification domestic units for Arsenic and Fluoride removal - A macroporous treated resin has been developed for the selective

removal of arsenic from water in the presence of other ions. The resin performs well over a wide pH range and removes both the forms (As+3 and As+5) from water. This resin can be reused after its regeneration. Similarly a resin containing amino methyl phosphoric acid type functional groups developed for the selective removal of fluoride from the water in ammonium form.

- Developed domestic dearsenification/ deflouridation have been installed in the arsenic/ fluoride affected areas of the country. Each unit can produce 25LPH arsenic/ fluoride free water. People were well trained about the operation and maintenance of domestic units.

- Similarly community scale units to produce 200 LPH arsenic free water are going to be installed in arsenic affected areas shortly.

- An arsenic testing kit to detect arsenic, semi-quantitatively in water has also been developed and distributed to the people. The kits have been found performing consistently, over a period of 18 months. Each arsenic test cost Rs 3, in comparison to the commercial kit test cost of about Rs 70.

Utilization of natural minerals for providing safe drinking water:

- An exhaustive database on the possible usage of a wide range of naturally occurring minerals (in the state of Jharkhand) having potential as water purifiers have been created.

- The extensive database has been launched as an open access web portal (www.safewater.in) also. The portal has valuable knowledgebase for negotiating various water quality issues intended for direct consumption of common masses.

- The portal has two dedicated pages on arsenic and fluoride where relevant information on the cause and redressal has been posted in

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Hindi, Bangla, Oriya, Telugu and other regional languages as appropriate.

Study of Various Common Hereditary Disorders and their Genetic Analysis:

- Provided support for purchase of equipments to establish a Rural centre. This centre would help in identification of the genetic disorders at Jaunpur as Rural Centre of Genome Foundation(a non-profit organization) and expected to prevent the genetic disorders through prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling. The recurring support is being provided by DST.

iii. Earthquake Preparedness in North East focusing Kopili Lineament:

The seismological station network (9 Broad Band seismological stations) have been operationlized and 7 seismological stations connected by VSAT to Central receiving station located at CSIR-NGRI for carrying out analysis of earthquakes recorded with in the network. The Seismicity map of the Kopili lineament has been prepared.

The knowledge about why earthquakes occur and the precautions to be taken in the event of an earthquake have been published and distributed as educational material (12 Charts and booklet) to about 500 school children of the region. Seismic Hazard maps of the central part of Assam are also under preparation

iv. Dissemination and Showcasing of CSIR Rural Technologies:

Journal of Rural Technology: Facilitated the publication of ~ 200 research papers of scientists from CSIR and other institutes on latest rural technologies. The translation of abstracts in Hindi done, for benefit of the NGO`s and Rural Entrepreneurs and 1000 copies of the journal distributed to NGOs, KVKs and other rural development organizations /institutes as gratis. A good database of latest rural technologies has been created.

CSIR Rural Gallery: A unique and single place created where all available

CSIR Rural Technologies are displayed. The gallery is highly useful for the visitors to understand the CSIR strength in the area of Rural Development. 40 visits have already been arranged. Around 1800 people comprising of KVKs, NGO`s and Rural entrepreneurs have already got opportunity to visit the gallery and understand about CSIR Rural Technologies.

Workshops and Training Programs: 3 national level workshops have been

organized for the wide dissemination of CSIR rural technologies at various parts of our country. All the three workshops benefitted ~ 500 participants to understand about CSIR Rural Technologies. CSIR scientists demonstrated and made efforts for technology transfer during these workshops.

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Training programs on low-cost building materials, carcass utilization and sisal fiber technologies have also been organized covering 129 participants (villagers, self help groups, NGOs, Entrepreneurs and Tribal farmers) for income generation.

Film on CSIR Rural Technologies has been distributed to around 100

participants during CSIR Technology Social Entrepreneur Meet held on August 16, 2010 and 100 copies distributed to various CSIR labs and rural development institutes.

A dedicated website on CSIR Rural Technologies and CSIR 800 have been

made for effective outreach of the CSIR rural technologies and its widespread use by society.

5.16 Water: Resources & Technology a) Scientific Excellence

Remediation of phosphate-contaminated water by electrocoagulation: Scientists are looking for alternative ways for remediation of contaminated water. A study was conducted by CSIR-CECRI to develop an electrocoagulation process for the remediation of phosphate-contaminated water using aluminium, aluminium alloy and mild steel as the anodes and stainless steel as the cathode. Various parameters like effect of anode materials, pH, concentration of phosphate, current density, temperature and co-existing ions, adsorption capacity, etc. were studied using both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The adsorption of phosphate preferably fitting the Langmuir adsorption isotherm suggests monolayer coverage of adsorbed molecules. The results showed that the maximum removal efficiency of 99% was achieved with aluminium alloy anode at a current density of 0.2 A dm−2, at a pH of 7.0. The adsorption process was observed to follow second-order kinetics.

Water disinfection/purification and waste water reclamation by novel hollow fibre membranes: CSIR-CSMCRI, in its endeavours has spun defect-free hollow fibre membranes using PSF, PANMA, PES, PVDF and blends of PSF & PANMA polymers, characterized and evaluated the performance of follow fibre membrances. The performance of mebrances were improved by surface modification and characterization of PANMA, PSF, and PANMA-PSF blends. Antifouling properties of the surface modified PANMA fibers have also been carried out and studied. HF membrane based Device for point of use & hand pressure operated portable (about 1.5 kg weight) devices which do not require electricity and operates by connecting to the tap from about 3 meters height water reservoir has been developed. Hollow fiber based

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systems for water purification, reclamation from sewage and dye effluents and clarification of sea weed extract has thus been demonstrated.

Electrochemical degradation of specialty chemical industry effluent: Conventional wastewater treatment techniques are inefficient to manage large quantities of refractory organics discharged by specialty chemical industries. A comparative study of overall performance of the basic electrochemical reactor configurations such as batch, batch recirculation and continuous recycle reactors, in removing the organic part of wastewater from a medium-scale, specialty chemical industry was carried out by CSIR-CECRI. The effects of current density, supporting electrolyte concentration, electrolysis duration and fluid flow rate on the pollutant removal and energy consumption performances were critically evaluated. Study revealed that continuous recycle reactor is of better configuration, because of its flexibility of operation.

Key Achievements - Water Scientific Excellence

- An electrocoagulation process for the remediation of phosphate-contaminated water developed by CSIR-CECRI

- Hollow fiber based systems for water purification, reclamation from sewage and dye effluents demonstrated

Technology Development

- Technology of Chemo Autotrophic Activated Carbon (CAACO) System for waste water treatment transferred to multiple industries

- High flux hollow fibre ultrafiltration membranes based technology transferred to M/S Uniqflux Membrane

Societal Impact

- CSIR-IMMT's Terafil Water Filter, a low cost device to filter impure water, in use by thousands of households across many states

- An indigenous simple portable and compact, chemical-less device to purify drinking water developed

- Technology for monitoring and maintenance of critical parameters of rural RO plants by online auto-control developed by CSIR-CEERI

- CSIR-CSMCRI's Bus-mounted RO plant served flood affected Bihar and storm-affected West Bengal (Peak output ~60000 litres per day)

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b) Technology Development

Chemo Autotrophic Activated Carbon (CAACO) System for Waste water treatment: This technology developed by CSIR-CECRI consists of an integrated system of biological and chemical oxidation carried out in a single hybrid reactor packed with activated carbon based redox resin. The process involves anaerobic treatment of the waste water followed by wet air oxidation using activated carbon which contains Chemo Autotrophic bacteria in immobilized state. Oxygen required for the oxidation of organics is facilitated by supplying air from the bottom of the reactor. The treatment eliminates about 92% of suspended solids, 98% BOD, 85% COD, 100% sulfide, 100% odour with high degree of performance consistency. Another major advantage of the system is near neutral pH of the processed liquor that facilitates easy disposal of the processed water.

The technology has been successfully implemented in several tanneries for treatment of the tannery effluents and also in multiple textile units. The technology has also been found to be suitable for treating domestic sewage and has already been commercialized nad licensed to M/s United Bleachers, Mettupalayam, M/s India Dyeing Pvt. Ltd, Erode, M/s Shuttleweaves, Karur and M/s Celebrity, Chennai.

High flux hollow fibre ultrafiltration membranes:

This technology relates to the development of high flux hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane and the point-of-use filtration unit for water purification and disinfection. The developed membrane has an active layer with pore size which effectively reject pathogens and other bacteria from contaminated water while allowing the passage of water to produce biologically pure water for drinking at a desirable rate (25-200 liters/m2.h). The hollow fiber membrane with interpenetrated structure prepared from a blend of polysulfone and a copolymer of acrylonitrile and methacrylic acid is advantageous over the membranes made either from polysulfone or the copolymer alone in terms of durability, strength, elasticity, smoothness, flux, separation efficiency, fouling resistance properties.

Using the hollow fiber membranes a point-of-use water filtration unit that does not require electricity has been developed which produce 150-300 ml/min product water when attached to a tap from overhead tank of about 3 meters height. This technology developed by CSIR-CSMCRI has been transferred to M/S Uniqflux Membrane LLP, Pune.

Production of Ultra pure water using indigenously developed interpolymer

ion exchange membranes: CSIR-CSMCRI has developed a interpolymer ion exchange membrane based technology for production of ultrapure water. Understandably, the

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technology has an application in the field of pharmaceutical industries, semi-conductor industries etc. This technology for ultra pure water (Resistivity-18.2 mega ohm cm) will help the country in saving its valuable foreign exchange. The cost of the know-how and the unit is very competitive in the international market. The technology has been transferred to M/S Infusil India Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore.

Animal powered device for brackish water desalination:

CSIR-CSMCRI has developed a unique water desalination system, which uses animal energy to energize the high-pressure pump for desalting brackish water by RO process. The technology is specially useful for deployment during the disasters when power supply is cut off or not available. Water desalination system having animal power as prime mover consists of speed increaser, high-pressure pump and membrane modules. The above system can produce 300-500 LPH product water for feed water TDS (total dissolved solids) in the range 3000-5000 ppm.

Membrane based portable water purifier with squeezable hand operated

rubber bulb for pressure generation: CSIR-CSMCRI has developed a simple, compact and an inexpensive device that requires no electricity, effectively removes micro-organisms (bacteria, warms, spores, parasites) turbidity, colloids, etc., from drinking water without the addition of chemicals. The device contains anti-fouling hollow fibre ultrafiltration membranes and is capable of removing microorganisms and turbid particles by physical removal process. It is capable of producing pure drinking water in the range of 75–100 ml/min at very low pressure. It has immense potential for use in remote rural areas where electricity availability is poor and safe drinking water is not easily accessible, disaster-prone areas where safe drinking water is often non-existent even though untreated or contaminated water is readily available. It is also ideal for places and areas which are not connected to central water supplies. Further, the unit can be carried during travel for use as personal safe drinking water production unit.

Development of domestic and community model electrochemical de-

arsenator: One of the major challenges facing mankind today is to provide clean water to a vast majority of the population around the world. The chronic toxic effects of the excessive intake of arsenic results in several health problems (e.g.cancer) in humans. Arsenic contaminated water found in the aquifers and surface waters in the Bengal Basin. CSIR-CSMCRI has developed a cost effect and low operating cost, simple and efficient electrochemical method for removal of arsenic. The electrochemical technique for operation in rural areas where electricity is not available has a solar panel attached to the unit. The Electrochemical de-arsenator

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removes both arsenite and arsenate. The system is simple and efficient with low capital and operating costs.

UASB technology complete with sulfur recovery plant:

The Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) technology has been well known for treating wastewater primarily because of its low sludge production and less requirement of energy as well as area. The major advantage of this technology is its potential to generate energy. However, this technology technology could not be used for treating tannery waste water due to its high sulfate content, which results in generation of methane gas, contaminated with hydrogen sulphide. An improved system was developed whereby the sulfate is completely removed as elemental sulfur and the treatment of the tannery waste water is carried out in conventional UASB reactor, thereby generating energy. This system ensures removal of COD and sulfate TDS by 60% and 90% respectively. A number of plants have been established based on this CSIR-CLRI Technology.

Demonstration of treatment technology for coal mine water:

The presence of water at mining sites create a range of operational and stability problems and require an effective water management strategy to avoid slope stability problems, oxidation of sulfides and corrosion of mining machineries and equipments. Mining by its nature consumes as well as diverts water and in this process pollute the water resources of the nearby areas. During the mining operation, huge quantities of water is pumped out from mine sumps and pits to provide working face and facilitate safe mining without any beneficial uses and making these areas as a water deficit. CSIR-CIMFR has installed and demonstrated water treatment technology which not only fulfil the requirement of drinking water in Pootkee area of Jharia but avoid the contamination of nearby fresh water resources due to pumping and drainage of the mine water.

c) Societal impact

Many habitats in India are affected by low water availability or its quality for human consumption and use. The water quality is affected by high TDS, Arsenic, Fluorides, pesticides, micro-organism, etc. The poor quality of water severely impacts the health of people, especially those with low acess to quality water or medical help. To address these issues faced by large population, India has launched mission programs for provision of safe-drinking drinking water for ‘one and all’. However, the country still has to go long way to develop better management of water resources including quality potable water. CSIR laboratories have been continuously striving for developing end-to-end solution for water problem. The objectives of many of these endeavours were to provide safe drinking water through efficient and low cost water treatment technologies.

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Development of an interpolymer ion exchange membrane, high flux hollow fibre filtration membranes have been beneficial to produce ultrapure water while removing suspended solids and other impurities. An indigenous simple portable and compact device developed by CSIR is able to remove different types of microorganisms, turbidity and colloids from drinking water without the use of any chemicals. This is expected to serve remote rural areas where electricity availability is poor and in disaster prone areas where either potable water is absent or contaminated. The water table is decreasing at alarming rate due to rapid increase in water consumption due to industrialization. This has further increased the concentration of heavy metals, resulting in pollution. An electrochemical de-arsenator developed by CSIR utilizes low capital and operating cost removes both arsenite and arsenate from aquifers and surface waters in the Bengal basin. In yet another development with societal implications, CSIR has developed resin-based domestic units for removal of arsenic from drinking water along with cost-effective kits for monitoring of arsenic levels. Waste water management is another area in which CSIR has actively looked into. Mining operations entail pumping of huge amounts of water from mines which might pollute nearby fresh water resources. CSIR has installed and demonstrated water treatment technology near Jharia in Jharkhand which have not only fulfilled drinking water requirements of the people but also prevented contamination from drainage of mine water. Domestic sewage treatment has already been commercially operational through CSIR’s Chemo Autotrophic Activated Carbon (CAACO) system whereby a single hybrid reactor serves as an integrated system of chemical and biological oxidation to treat waste water. Management of solid waste from reject water of defluoridation plants is an area of concern. CSIR has developed a process for removal of fluoride from waste.

The contributions of CSIR towards provisioning of safe drinking water are commendable and reflected in the technologies that are delivered for the benefit of society. CSIR laboratories has set up of first community scale solar RO desalination plant in Kotri, Rajasthan with subsequent development of power boosting through V-trough for improved cost-effectiveness. Desalination of highly saline brines using diesel engine waste heat has been developed by CSIR. Setting up of a 20 MLD RO plant for desalination of lignite mine water in Nagaur, Rajasthan has been developed by CSIR. 20 RO plants in Afghanistan and 12-stage seawater RO plant in Kenya besides setting up of many RO plants in India are some of the important initiatives that CSIR labs have taken. CSIR had also contributed in the aftermath of natural calamities including Kosi flood and Cyclone Aila by providing fresh drinking water in these affected areas.

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Terafil Water Filter: Terafil Water Filter, developed by CSIR-IMMT, is a low cost device to filter impure water into clean drinking water. The filter is developed to cater the needs for clean drinking water, especially when the water is rich in sediments, suspended particles, iron and certain micro-organisms causing water borne diseases. The filter is already in use by thousands of households in the state of Orissa, Karnataka, Meghalaya & few other states in various forms.

TERAFIL is a burnt red clay (terracotta) porous media, without any chemicals, and is used for filtration and treatment of water for drinking. . The dough of the mixture is sintered at high temperature in a low cost coal / wood fired furnace to make the terracotta disc porous. These pores are not connected with each other, and are separated by very thin clay walls which are semi-permeable in nature. The thin clay walls contain large numbers of ultra-fine capillary openings. A set of pores are connected by these ultra-fine capillaries only. Iron rich or high turbid raw water can be filtered and treated to get clean drinking water. Nearly 99% of turbidity, 95-100% of micro-organisms, 90-95% of soluble iron, colour, bad odour etc. are effectively removed from the raw water by filtration through the Terafil disc.

Water purification:

An iron removal plant of 5000 LPD capacity has been installed at Sikkim Science Centre, at Gangtok, in Sept. 2009. The plant is a pilot scale demonstration of ceramic membrane based iron removal plant implemented by CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata under the supervision of Sikkim State Council for Science & Technology. This is also the sixteenth pilot plant scale demonstration plant set up in the north eastern region of India. 13 more Iron Removal Plants are in the process of installation in various parts of Nagaland during 2010-11.

Grey water treatment and reuse:

CSIR-NEERI developed a simple method for treatment of grey water and to reuse systems at institutional and household levels. The grey water reuse systems collect, treat and reuse bathroom water (shower/non toilet/black water) for flushing of toilets. Grey water treatment plants constructed in the institutions particularly in residential schools (ashrams) mainly consist of sedimentation or settling unit and filters. Process of sedimentation allows removal of suspended solids by gravity and natural aggregation of the particles without use of coagulants. The concept has been extended to the households to treat

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and recycle grey water. This system also consists of sedimentation and filtration and possible reuse of treated grey water includes toilet flushing and irrigation.

Appropriate automation Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants:

In order to provide safe drinking water, RO plants have been installed in various villages by many agencies including government and NGOs. However its quality has to be monitored continuously. CSIR-CEERI has developed a technology that monitors all critical parameters of the RO plant and maintains all parameters by auto-control in online-mode. The automation covers not only condition of membrane but also that of the complete RO plant. It also has a unique feature to remotely monitor the functioning of the plant through web from any place.

Domestic Drinking Water Defluoridation Unit “NEERMAL”:

CSIR-NEERI has designed and developed Drinking Water Defluoridation Unit “NEERMAL” for domestic use. It uses capacity adsorbent and works on gravity flow. No electricity is required for its operation.

Ultrapure water from tap water for electronic and medical industry:

CSIR-CSMCRI has developed an indigenous cost effective reverse osmosis (RO)- Electro-deionization (EDI) system for the production of ultrapure water from tap water at the rate of 10-12 litre per hour. The resistivity of 18.2 M W.cm at 25°C has been achieved and the technology has been licensed for commercialization.

Bus-mounted RO Plant:

CSMCRI has developed mobile RO plant i.e. a RO plant for water filtration mounted on a bus. It can deliver drinking water maximum at the rate of 60000 litres per day. The bus was pressed into service in the devastating flood hit areas in the state of Bihar. It had delivered drinking water to the flood affected people through army camps who were monitoring the rehabilitation programme. The bus also helped Aila-affected people in West Bengal.

6. National S&T Human Resource Development The pivotal role played by CSIR towards creating, maintaining and replenishing the pool of trained human resource has helped generate a pool of S&T manpower in the country. It is the pool that research institutions, academia and industry tap to meet their need of trained S&T manpower. CSIR role in producing these bench level workers in Science distinguishes it from other funding agencies. The goal is achieved by awarding fellowships and associateships for pursuing

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doctoral and postdoctoral research; research grants to do state-of-art R&D, and recognizing excellence through the prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize and CSIR Young Scientist Award for in-house excellence and Prof GN Ramachandarn Gold Medal for excellence in inter-disciplinary biological sciences.

Over the years, the CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) and eligibility for Lectureship has established enormous credibility gauged from the simple fact that NET qualification has become a benchmark for selecting candidates for scientific projects, faculty positions and admission to PhD programme. During 11th plan, the scope of NET was extended by shifting the scheme from non-plan budget to plan budget and by doubling the number of JRF in 11th Five Year Plan period in comparigen to the number in the 10th Five Year Plan period. A total of 19579 Junior Research Fellowships have been awarded by the year 2010-11, out of which 6900 have been passed on to UGC on its request. 2986 Senior Research Fellowships-Direct, 762 Research Associateships (RA) and 484 Senior Research Associateships (SRA) have also been awarded during the period. During 2007-08 to 2010-11, 96 Fellowships have been awarded under the SPMF Scheme to identify and nurture budding young scientific talent and 200 Fellowships under the Trans-disciplinary fellowship scheme, which has been successful in attracting students to work in specialized niche areas where boundaries between disciplines are transcended and knowledge and perspectives from different disciplines are integrated. Around 125 JRF-GATE fellowships have been awarded each year to do research in engineering and pharmaceutical sciences. Under Extramural research Programme, a total of 1262 General Schemes, 193 Emeritus Schemes and 55 Sponsored Schemes have been granted to scientists, academicians to facilitate research in universities and R&D institutions. Twenty four (24) new schemes on (i) Natural hazards to ensure disaster preparedness; and (ii) Biomolecules, have been awarded under the Scheme "Emerging, Critical and Thrust Areas". 65 scientists were conferred with the prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prizes for their excellence in science and technology by the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India and 38 CSIR scientists were recognized with the CSIR-Young Scientist Awards for in-house excellence in science and technology.

CSIR-Nehru Science Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Scheme has been instituted to identify promising young researchers with innovative ideas and provide them with training and research opportunities in niche areas of basic science, engineering, medicine and agriculture. The scheme aims at facilitating their transition from mentored to independent research career. Since its inception in 2008, 23 CSIR-Nehru Science PDFs have been awarded. The Technology-Led Entrepreneurship Programme conducted specially for research scholars’ has

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helped in inculcating the spirit of technological entrepreneurship in research scholars. By the year 2010-11, about 400 research scholars from universities and R&D institutions have benefitted from the programme. 3726 research fellows were recommended to present their research findings in international conferences abroad and 3720 proposals from universities, R&D institutions, scientific societies, etc. were recommended for organizing national/international conferences.

Fifteen (15) fellowships were awarded under CSIR-NIF Fellowship Scheme to strengthen R&D linkages between the scientific institutions and the grass root innovations and traditional knowledge holders. Under the CPYLS scheme, about 1000 students visited CSIR laboratories each year to discover science as an exciting, rewarding and fulfilling career. CSIR laboratories have been entrusted to implement the scheme on “Faculty training and motivation and adoption of schools and colleges” to promote interest, excitement and excellence in science education in school and colleges.

7. Intellectual Property and Technology Management

The CSIR scheme on Intellectual Property and Technology Management was conceived "to maximise the benefits to CSIR from its intellectual capital by stimulating higher levels of innovation through a judicious system of rewards, ensuring timely and effective legal protection for its IP and leveraging and forging strategic alliances for enhancing the value of and from its IP".

In a landmark achievement in 2008 -09, CSIR was granted 703 patents in India and 344 patents abroad, the highest by any single scientific agency. The accomplishment was greeted with two important recognitions:

CSIR received the citation and memento from Minister of Commerce &

Industry, Government of India on WIPO Day, April 26, 2010 for being granted highest no of patents (528) in the year 2009.

CSIR also received ‘Thomson Reuters Innovation Award-2010’ in the category of Hi-Tech-Academic on November 2010 from Mr. Sam Pitroda. The award winners were decided by analyzing their innovation through patented technology as recorded in Thomson Reuters patent information services. Criteria for award include the number of patents, the efficiency of innovation and the impact of innovation as measured by patent citations.

In the intellectually property front, CSIR has made itself favorably benchmarked with leading international organizations. Using the benchmark of patents granted in the US and PCT publications, CSIR ranks the highest amongst organizations like CNRS-France, Max Planck-Germany, Riken-Japan, CSIRO-Australia, CSIR-South

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Africa & Chinese Academy. The average number of US patents granted per year to CSIR-India during the period 2002-03 to 2010-11 has been 105 patents as compared to 81 to CNRS, France. Other organizations were granted US patents with annual average in the range of 3-42. The average no. of PCT applications published for CSIR-India during 2002-03 to 2010-11 has been 100, in comparison to CNRS-France that has 279 PCT applications published and for other organizations the average no. of PCT applications published ranged from 7 to 71.

8. R&D Management Support A good R&D organization needs effective R&D Management Support System which comprises of nine major components viz. R&D strategy, Project Management, Intellectual Property Management, Talent Management, Sourcing, Regulatory and Compliance, R&D operations, Portfolio Management, and Innovation Management. For CSIR, this support system has been provided by CSIR Headquarters, which acts as a ‘hub and spoke system’. CSIR’s R&D Management Support System deals with Project Management, Talent Management, Collaboration with National Innovation Foundation (NIF) to help grass-root innovators with S&T interventions, Business Development, International Scientific Collaborations and Science Dissemination. During Eleventh Five Year Plan Period following achievements have been witnessed.

Project Management: A total of one hundred projects, under categories of suprainstitutional, Network, Inter-agency, Facility Creation and Headquarters Coordinated Projects, have been formulated and are at various stages of implementation. These projects were monitored regularly by Task Forces, Research Councils of respective laboratories and Sectoral Monitoring Committees. Most of the projects are on schedule and are on the verge of completion except a few ones which are being allowed to spillover in XII Five Year Plan. Significant achievements of the projects have been provided elsewhere.

Talent Management: It is being done by its dedicated training centre

known as Human Resource Development Centre located at Ghaziabad. It made an agreement with Fore School of Management, New Delhi, NIIT Ltd, New Delhi and Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad for conducting research projects in human resource management, developing newer skills/competency in management etc. Around 200 training programmes for various target audiences have been conducted. The training programmes cover a wide range of topics such as ‘Leadership Development Programmes’, ‘Knowledge Management’, ‘Mentoring as a Management tool’, ‘Self Effectiveness at the Workplace’, ‘Work Life Balance for Women Scientists’ etc.

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Collaboration with NIF: CSIR, in order to boost the grass root innovations

in India, joined hands with NIF, Ahmadabad for validation/ value addition to grass root innovators/ traditional health practitioners. Significant value addition were provided to a number of innovations namely ‘Auto Compression Sprayer’, ‘Agro-Machinery’ etc.

Business Development: Continuous collaboration has been maintained with

Indian as well as International industries. CSIR has negotiated an umbrella agreement for R&D collaboration with MeadWest Vaco Corporation, Master R&D Agreement with Chan Test Corporation, Pepsico Inc, Proctor & Gamble, Agency for Promotion of European Research, etc.

International Scientific Collaboration: CSIR maintained its international

scientific linkages through two modes: bilateral and multilateral. In bilateral mode it has carried out many scientific activities such as, workshops, formulation of projects, bilateral visits etc with many countries like Canada, China, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Nepal, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America and Vietnam. CSIR has multilateral Co-operation with the European Union and Third World Academy of Sciences.

Science Dissemination: CSIR continued its image building exercise and

dissemination of its scientific and technological achievements through print media, electronic media and exhibitions. One of biggest events of science dissemination was organizing the ‘CSIR-Technofest 2010’ during India International Trade Fair, 2010. It has been a great success. CSIR presented its knowledgebase in the Technofest through 15 themes. Over 130 industries participated which was visited by over half a million people. CSIR also organized as the part of the Technofest, various R&D specific theme sessions which discussed in a focused manner the status of technology in the respective domains, future road map. CSIR bagged Gold medal for display in CSIR Technofest 2010. The award was in the category of Public Sector Undertakings, EPCS, Community Boards and Banks.

9. New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative

CSIR manages and provides end-to-end R&D management support to a far-sighted programme named New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI). The programme looks beyond today’s technology and thus seeks to build, capture and retain for India a leadership position by synergizing the best competencies of publicly funded R&D institutions, academia and private industry.

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The strategy adopted for NMITLI is to obtain an inverse risk investment profile, i.e., low investment, high-risk technology areas (with global leadership potential) with investments increasing as developments take place and the projects move up on the innovation curve with reduction in risks. The NMITLI has able to make significant impact on our county’s “Innovation Ecosystem”. The first and foremost achievement has been in bringing a paradigm shift in the way R&D is pursued in the country. NMITLI has been able to provide a platform and inculcate the need for the doyens of science and technology from both academia and industry to come together and work for a joint goal in a time bound manner. During the XIth Plan period over fifty projects were being implemented. Over 150 publications and seventy two patents emanated from the projects. As new initiative under NMITLI, synergies have been attempted with different departments of Government of India. Projects on mesoscale modeling and biofuel from marine microalgae are being co-financed with the Department of Science & Technology. Another initiative was part-funding by Indian industry. In initiative for production of hybrid seeds with improved yields and resistance to insect pests using novel approaches, the industry partners are part funding the project. The programme can also be credited to have initiated transformation of few starts up companies with not so good financial results into established ones. The mere support of NMITLI to their projects had given them credibility in the market place. The examples are Avesthagen, Strand Genomics, Xcyton. Further, such stabilization has generated significant employment in these companies. Brief details of the achievements are presented below:

Sugarcane Bio-refinery: NMITLI for the first time has proposed the concept of “Sugarcane Bio-refinery” and pursued with time bound projects. The main objective of the concept is to derive the industrial products from renewable resources. India is the second largest producer of sugarcane, about 300 million metric ton, which in turn generates nearly 90 million metric ton of bagasse. A large quantity of bagasse is currently used as fuel. Conceptually, these raw materials could be used for a variety of products, besides sugar.

NMITLI had initiated focused project for establishing feasibility for fractionating the components of sugarcane bagasse, i.e., cellulose,

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hemicellulose, and lignins in highly pure form. An elegant process with good recoveries of the products was developed and demonstrated at a pilot scale. This process is generic in nature and can be adopted for other cellulosic raw materials. Cellulose so generated can then be converted into cellulose esters, which are useful as biodegradable polymers. Lignin is converted into lignin sulphonate, which finds application as cement binder. Cellulose and hemicellulose can also be converted into sugars (enzymatically) and then fermented to derive biofuel (Ethanol). Ethanol then can become a raw material for a variety of industrial chemicals. Technology has been transferred to Godavari Biorefineries Limited, Mumbai for Rs.6.5 crore and 3% royalty. Rs.1.50 crore has been received. The company is raising Rs.500 crore from the market to set up a 30000-50000 TPA capacity plant to produce chemicals from bagasse, first time in the world.

Lactic acid and lactic acid based polymers-establishment of 300 TPA pilot

plant for lactic acid production: A cost effective commercially viable process for producing highly pure lactic acid from sugarcane juice, with an impurity profile that matches polymer grade lactic acid (for preparation of biodegradable polymers) has been developed The pilot plant for manufacturing of 1.0 kg/ hour of pure L-lactic acid (99% purity) has been commissioned at NCL, Pune. Highly pure lactic acid was successfully used for various applications like food additives, preparing films and fibers (used for non-toxic biodegradable packaging material).

M/s Godavari Bio refineries Ltd. have commissioned a 300TPA pilot plant for production of lactic acid based on CSIR technology. When commercialized, this will give global leadership to the country.

Conversion of Bio-glycerol into value added chemicals:

Process for conversion of Bioglycerol into 1, 2 Propane diol has been developed. A pilot plant is under erection.

Biotechnology for Leather - Towards Cleaner Processing:

Eliminating pollution from tanneries is a grand challenge before the scientific community. Leather making involves use of large amounts of industrial chemicals. A large number of the processes involve ‘do-undo’ operations resulting in severe environmental pollution. The world is compelled to follow this highly polluting

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‘Chemical Route’ in the absence of any alternatives. For the first time in the world, NMITLI has developed environment friendly bioprocesses for leather processing. The technology has been demonstrated at in-house CLRI Tannery and in the tanneries of industrial houses. Five industries have shown interest in the commercialization of the technology. The products are expected to hit the market by the end of current year. This development would significantly reduce pollution and is thus poised to change globally, the face of a highly polluting industry forever.

Molecular diagnostic kits for Eye infection:

Ocular infections are leading cause of ocular morbidity and if untreated can progress to loss of vision. Treatment of infection depends on the pathogen. And specific therapy saves people from blindness. Most popular and well accepted method is microbial culture and smears. However, culturing takes long time, results are available for making treatment decisions. Beyond the very critical time after 72 hours by which time more than 60% patients lose vision. Moreover due to paucity of the sample, culture is successful only in less than 10% of the cases. Considering the importance of the problem, CSIR mounted a project on “Novel molecular diagnostics for eye diseases and low vision enhancement devices” under NMITLI. In the project, 24 signature genes of 14 pathogens were detected on DNA Chip. The test System is named as Syndrome Evaluation System or SES. This one SES will simultaneously detect in one sample and one single test all the 15 pathogens that are known to cause dangerous eye infections.

The products have been launched on 22nd September 2007 at Bangalore by CSIR in a function organised by the Industry partner XCyton Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd. For the purpose of convenience and to reduce the cost, the pathogen detection has been subdivided into four components viz. i) Keratoconjunctivitis, ii) Uveitis, iii) Retinitis and iv) Endophthalmitis. This development had altered the paradigm of management of the ophthalmic emergency called Endophthalmitis. In a study on outcomes, performed at Arvind Eye Hospital by XCyton it was shown that the SES had saved eyes of the patients and the over all cost benefit was immense in comparison to all conventional microbiological investigations employed in this study.

The SES has paved way for further developments in the areas of critical life threatening and disabling infections of Acute Encephalitis and Sepsis under the aegis of NMITLI. These developments on completion of clinical studies will put India on the World map of Molecular Diagnostics.

Bioprocessing breakthrough in leather

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SES AES (Acute Encephalitic Syndrome) SES Sepsis & SES Antibiotic

Resistance: Critical infections such as AES and Sepsis cause severe mortality in first 72 hours of admission in to hospital. Beyond 72 hrs. these may result in permanent disabilities in the form of paralysis, sensory loss, epilepsy, mental retardation and selective functional defects such as loss of speech in case of AES and Chronic Kidney failure, arthritis and residual lung damage in case of sepsis. The key to the successful management of these diseases is precise identification of the organism so as to effectively administer antimicrobials.

AES is frequently caused by thirteen different RNA viruses, six different DNA viruses, one parasite, four bacteria and three fungi. CSIR in association with XCyton’s has developed Syndrome Evaluation System to detect all these agents by subjecting a patient sample to a single test. The whole procedure takes about 7 hrs of lab processing as a result allowing for the diagnosis to be made on the same day where the patient with encephalitis is admitted to the hospital, thereby making appropriate therapeutic decision happen during the “Golden Hour”. SES AES in comparison with an elaborate algorithm of 47 tests had shown enhancement of the detection by 52%. Large majority of the additional cases detected are eminently treatable thus proving that SES can save lives.

Sepsis affects a million people annually. SES Sepsis is able to detect and recognise eighteen different bacteria by species and two species of fungi. SES Sepsis had been evaluated in comparison with bacterial and fungal culture and found to detect organisms in more than 70% of the cases while Culture recognized only 11% of the cases. SES recognized polymicrobial and fungal infections very efficiently while cultures failed to do so. SES used early in Sepsis saves lives and prevents the cases deteriorating to severe sepsis and septic shock.

Production of Docosahexanoic Acid (DHA):

CSIR has developed a technology for the production of DHA from fermentation of thraustochytrids species SC-1. The technology has been developed at 50 liter fermentation scale and yield as well as percentage of DHA in the product is commercially viable. A technology transfer agreement was signed with the industrial partner-Avesthagen, Bangalore on July 2, 2007 for further up scaling and commercialization of technology. As per terms and conditions, the company will pay a lumpsum of Rs.1.5 crore (in installments) and royalty of 1% on sales of the product for a period of 10 years or for patent period (if IPR secured) whichever is later. The company has paid a lumpsum of Rs.50 lakh to CSIR (partners). The technology has been demonstrated and transferred to industrial partner

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for commercialization. Industry has launched the products in the market at limited scale.

Design and development of environmentally secure rare earth based

colorants for surface coating applications: CSIR has developed inorganic pigments having colors ranging from brick red to dark brown based on oxides of cerium, praseodymium and titanium as viable alternatives to the existing toxic red pigments. Developed yellow inorganic pigments comprising praseodymium, oxides of transition metals selected from molybdenum, titanium, zirconium and combinations. Cloning of sulfite reductase (dsr) genes from sulfate reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio sp. into E. coli and production of orange red pigment identified as cerium sulfide by X-Ray diffraction analysis has been accomplished. Thus, the rare earth (cerium) based colorant could be produced through environmentally secure microbial route. Brown, yellow, green color pigments from mixed rare earths were also prepared. Nano-sized ceria oxichloride was synthesized by solution combustion method as precursors for the sulfudisation.

One of the industrial partners, M/s. IREL, Mumbai showed interest in setting up a pilot plant for brown and yellow color pigments. Accordingly, an agreement has been signed between CSIR-CLRI, Chennai and IREL, Mumbai for up-scaling the PROCESS initially to produce brown pigment at pilot scale. The work on this is in progress.

Development of intelligent video surveillance server (IVSS) system:

A complete intelligent video surveillance server (IVSS) system has been developed and commercialized. The IVSS system was designed around five core themes: scalable, distributed, standards based, intelligent and networked. Unique low complexity and cost effective video algorithms developed that are accurate and can run real time on standard platform. The system has open architecture supporting a combination of analog, IP and wireless camera and the solution can be licensed independently on in combination to original equipment manufactures (OEMs) and System integrators

The IVSS system consists of three key components: (i) Platform: Intelligent

video encoder, Hybrid digital video recorder, high definition video decoder, server &Open Network Video Interface Forum (ONVIF) Stack; (ii) Analytics: Video analytics algorithms and (iii) Management Software: Surveillance manager, Network video recorder. Developed ONVIF 1.02 (Open Network Video Interface Forum) standards compliant software stack for both the

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camera and management server has been licensed to 3 international customers namely, SmartG, Australia, LG Innotek, South Korea and Wision Shenzen, China.

Development of Indigenous dental implant system

The medical implants are natural and synthetic material implanted in human body to assist various functions and at times to put in order the deficiency/deformity occurred. A novel, cost effective, user friendly screw type dental implant system has been designed and fabricated that provides solutions for all edentulous situations including a missing tooth or multiple missing teeth. The dental implant system comprises of three components namely-Dental implant fixture, Multifunctional component and the Abutment screw. The screw shape dental implant fixture with external surface has buttress threads on the body and micro threads at the collar of particular dimensions. This combination provides advantages of improved biomechanics at the implant abutment interface, self-tapping nature to the implant and minimizes the stresses at the crest of the bone leading to decrease resorption of crestal bone during the implant functioning thus ensuring long-term implant stability. The multifunctional component of the system serves the purpose of implant mount, impression analog and final abutment. In addition the multifunctional component has a single prosthetic platform so that one component is compatible with different implant dimensions. Thus the multifunctional component minimizes the inventory needed for the implant system and allows easy handling of the system. (United States Patent Application 20110117522, Published on May 19, 2011)

The dental implant system comprising of titanium implant, abutment and screws were designed and machined under the project and after successful animal trials are now undergoing human trial at Maulana Azad Medical College and Hospital, Delhi. Ten implants have already been placed. Of these, seven cases were completed with final prosthesis after 16 weeks of regular follow up. No signs of early failure, cytotoxic reaction, perimplant mucocitis or periimplantitis were observed.

Development of an integrated micro PCR system with In-situ Identification:

CSIR in association with Bigtec has developed a handheld, battery operated microPCR with real-time detection. The system consists of a PDA running an application, a handheld unit housing the control electronics, a disposable chip with integrated temperature control elements and optical detection system for real time monitoring. Several prototypes were developed. Now the microPCR device

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(nanodgxTM) has been upgraded to dual wavelength detection system, enabling internal positive control based HBV qPCR. This duplex reaction on single chip avoids false negative results due to sample inhibition or reagent/chip malfunctioning. The primers/probe has been developed compatible for the duplexed reaction (IPC +HBV) and the system has been validated for sensitivity, specificity, quantitative linear range and reproducibility. Comparative evaluation using clinical specimens has been done at CMC, Vellore against Qiagen Artus HBV qPCR kit. Good correlation was observed between two assays, when analyzed by Bland-Altman plot method comparison charts. A further evaluation at CMC against Abbott HBV qPCR is also being organized.

Evaluation at PGIMER, Chandigarh and AIIMS, New Delhi would be initiated in August 2011. An independent freedom to operate (FTO) study has been conducted to ensure absence of IP issues with respect to chip, device and biology used for this assay. Industry will apply for a CE Mark for the kit by September 2011. Tooling for large scale manufacturing has commenced. The company is close to tying up distribution of the HBV assay so that this will dovetail into the manufacturing scale-up and regulatory clearance.

Design and development of innovative cushion bonded/rigid bonded

organic, cerametallic and ceramic cookies & clutch discs: The project was evolved for developing new

and innovative designs of clutch discs by eliminating rivets and introducing new concept of simultaneous cushioning and adhesive bonding in clutch disc to extend the life of the clutch with 100% utilization of expensive friction material. The cushioning between friction material and carrier plate ensures ensure smooth engagement, offers better load & heat distribution, results in stable fade and friction characteristics, control on take up of drive, reduces inertia of drive plat which results in extended synchromesh life; fast gear shifts and fuel savings. Process and manufacturing technology for: (i) Cushion bonded adhesive formulation (capable of withstanding temperature up to 175 ºC); (ii) Cerametallic/ Ceramic Rigid bonded adhesive formulation (capable of withstanding temperature up to 250 - 300 ºC); (iii) Iron based cerametallic cookies; (iv) Ceramic cookies with chopped fibres; and (v) Duel sintered buttons have been developed under the project.

Integrated micro PCR system

Cerametallic and ceramic cookies & clutch discs

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Lysostaphin - A Novel Biotherapeutic Molecule for Staphylococcus Infections: The rise in resistance to current antibiotic treatment has made the standard treatment for Staphylococcus aureus infectionless reliable. Lysostaphin, a 27-kDa-glycylglycine endopeptidase produced by Staphylococcus simulans, with its rapid and unique mechanism of action of cleaving the penta-glycine bridges linking the peptidoglycans in their cell wall, has the potential to substitute and /or to augment antibiotics as the first line of treatment for S. aureus infections. The development of pure recombinant lysostaphin free from pre-pro lysostaphin has provided an opportunity to assess its efficacy against drug resistant Staphylococcus aureas infections. The development of pure recombinant lysostaphin was patented in several countries. IND directed studies viz., chemistry, manufacturing, control, efficacy, stability, safety pharmacology and toxicology have established its efficacy and safety. The IND application filed for Lysostaphin has been cleared and Phase-I clinical trials completed. Currently the formulation is in phase-II clinical studies.

Refining and strengthening monsoon and weather prediction based on

mesoscale modeling: Modelling and forecasting of rains and extreme weather

events, particularly in the tropics are extremely difficult., Because of overbearing impact on agriculture, social and economic effects on large population, their prediction becomes all the more important for a country like India.

The science of monsoons is complex and requires multidisciplinary approach. The current Indian practice and capability in monsoon prediction involves either the use of empirical models to make macro-level predictions, or the use of synoptic general circulation models, or using imported regional codes (software) - which are often optimized to work best only in the mid latitude regions. In order to overcome this deficiency, a project on modeling of monsoon related predictions was initiated under the NMITLI programme. With the development of an integrated hardware/software system, more reliable weather prediction over the tropical regions, has been demonstrated. The hardware comprises a powerful 128-Processor supercomputer based on dual Pentium boards and in-house developed communication devices customized for meteorological applications. It has been tested and is presently operational at National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bangalore. The software, Varsha 1.0 code incorporating the relevant features for tropical regions has been ported on the machine.

Before treatment

After treatment

Mesoscale modeling

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New Plant Variety

Ashwagandha:

Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is used in more than 200 ayurvedic, siddha, unani and other herbal formulations in India, indicated as antiarthritic, anticancer, immunomodulatory, aphrodisiac, diuretic, restorative and rejuvenative. However, systematic collection of the germplasm had never been attempted inconsonance with pharmocological studies.

Under a NMITLI project effort was made to collect the Ashwagandha germplasm, which resulted into collection of 150 independent accessions from various geographical locations, with many of them having contrasting chemotypes. Efforts are underway to explore the pharmacological activities of selected chemotypes and individual molecule to identify the best chemotype for adaptogenic activity which could then be passed on to the farmers for commercial cultivation.

Leads Based Drug Development and Genetic Improvement of

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)—Herbal anti-stroke IND development: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) , the Indian Ginseng, is a well known plant having remarkable medicinal properties as mentioned in Indian Ayurveda was further explored to national advantage under NMITLI scheme. Under the Phase II project on “Pharmacological and genomic investigations on Ashwagandha”, five chemotypes namely NMITLI 101, NMITLI 108, NMITLI 118, NMITLI 128, NMITLI 135 and a phytochemical hybrid (NMITLI 101 X NMITLI 135) were developed. Of these varieties NMITLI 118 has high withanolide A content and showed the antistroke activity while the rest were good immunomodulators. The variety, NMITLI 118 was released to the farmers by the then Hon’ble Minister of State for S&T and Earth Science Mr. Prithiviraj Chavan on CSIR Foundation day held in the year 2009. A monograph on Ashwagandha was also released on this day that includes the entire R&D carried out under the project.

The development of new drugs for stroke that can treat patients is an

important issue. In this context, the identified leads, NMITLI-118R and 101L from Ashwagandha phase II project, hold great promise as these have preventive and curative effect 6 hr post ischemic insult in focal cerebral ischemia rat model.

The phase III project that initiated in the year 2010 aims at detailed pharmacological and genomic studies on Ashwagandha to take forward the major research findings and leads that emerged from the previous phase

Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha)

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of the project. The key focus of this project is now on (i) Anti-stroke and immunomodulatory pharamacology of Ashwagandha extracts especially NMITLI 118 and NMITLI 101 as well as pure molecules in IND mode product development and (ii) Genetic improvement of the plant with respect to pharmacologically targeted molecules.

Novel Therapy for Management of Sepsis; Phase II clinical trials completed:

Sepsis is the culmination of complex interactions between the infecting microorganism and the host immune system. Normally the host response prevails in containing and eliminating the pathogenic threat. The excessive and or sustained response leads to sepsis (systemic inflammatory response). Current management of sepsis includes broad spectrum antibiotics and supportive care to maintain oxygenation, systolic blood pressure (more than 65 mm of Hg), central venous pressure (8-12 mm of Hg), hematocrit (more than 30%).

CSIR in association with Cadila Pharmaceuticals, NII, IISC and PGI Chandigarh has developed Mw as novel therapy for management of sepsis. The human studies (Phase IIa, safety using 3 doses) were conducted at PGI, Chandigarh showed encouraging results with improvement in different organ functions mainly Lung, liver, kidney and fever.

Development of a 500 kW low cost horizontal axis wind turbine:

A 500 kW wind turbine has been designed, developed and commissioned at Sangeeth wind farm, Kethanur, Coimbatore. The unit is specifically designed for Indian conditions of low/moderate wind speeds and dusty environment. The wind turbine blade profiles has been specially designed by an `inverse design process’ and are not turbine blade profiles available in the open domain. The unit is designed in such a way that costly yaw control and pitch control system are not required and thus reduces operational difficulties. The unit is provided with guyed tilted tower which reduces maintenance cost and shut down time of the windmill.

Herbal based preparations for degenerative disorders: Diabetes,

Osteoarthritis (OA) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Common hepatic disorders: For each of the degenerative disease being studied, as an initial step, in consultation with vaidyacharyas, the relevant herbs comprising of thumb plants, synergistic plants and anupana plants have been identified. For Arthritis, five herbal formulations have been developed with Shunti and Guduchi as platform plants. The other variants are Amalaki, Ashwagandha and Gokshura. In the hepatocellular protection component, three herbal formulations have been developed using eleven plants with triphala and

Horizontal axis wind turbine

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trikatu as platform plant formulations. For diabetes, two formulations have been developed, one using Curcumin and Amalaki and the other comprising mamejawa.

Standardized and well-characterized formulations were developed using GMP facilities. Preclinical studies on in-vitro and in-vivo experimental models have been completed. Simultaneously, Phase I studies relating to safety and pharmacological effects on human volunteers have been conducted which proved their safety. The formulations were also concurrently subjected to Phase II-B randomized, double blind clinical studies to test their efficacy. Phase II and Phase III studies have been completed. Initial results have shown the formulations to be effective as adjuvant therapy with conventional drugs. The results are being analyzed further on the basis of reverse pharmacology correlates and prakruti. The project has resulted in scientifically validated, standardized novel herbal formulations(s) for the above-mentioned degenerative disorders.

New Research Initiatives:

Development of an in silico systems biology based models for understanding Indian skin physiology and to predict the effect of chemical perturbations on skin: Skin has extensive interface between biotic and abiotic factors and provides an excellent window to study the organization and function of an organ during normal conditions as well as in altered conditions due to diseases and applied cosmetics. Dermatological conditions that results in pathological states are well known owing to frequent exposure to harsh, polluted external environments, contact with irritants or allergens, metabolic disorders or hereditary susceptibility of an individual. The use of cosmoceuticals for treatment of skin disorders or improvement of skin complexion is thus very common and has an exponentially growing market.

CSIR is taking a multi-centric initiative that proposes to integrate current knowledge of the biological pathways, effectors and chemical modulators on skin by using literature mining tools and create a massive, new set of large scale genomic data including transcriptome analyses generated using small molecules, drugs, cosmetic ingredients on Indian skin types. Furthermore, by developing new mathematical and graphical user interface, the genomic data would be integrated with literature information and predictive models would be developed. This initiative would help in the establishment of computational simulation of skin pathways and would be available to examine the effect of small molecules and other perturbations on skin. Thus the project is envisaged to be comprehensive and provide tremendous opportunity for the cosmetics and pharmaceutical markets.

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Novel approaches for production of hybrid seeds with characteristics of improved insect resistance and higher yield: As part of new initiative under NMITLI programme for strengthening synergy among academia and industry, CSIR has taken an endeavour to develop hybrid seeds in rice and cotton using existing knowledge on molecular approaches and tools for genetic improvement of yield parameters and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses.

One of the major constraints to large-scale commercial cultivation of good quality hybrid rice in India is low levels of heterosis since all commercially released rice hybrids in the country are based on a single cytoplasmic source i.e. WA. To overcome the aforementioned limitation through enhancing the level of heterosis and deploying alternative sources of male sterility and fertility restoration for hybrid seed production forms the core objective of the project.

In case of rice, for the first time germplasm collected from different places

had been brought to one place and grouped according to their period of maturity. Based on morphological data and molecular mapping with 40 SSR markers, hybrids were developed. Sixteen of the most promising hybrids have been shortlisted for multi-location trials. Rice transformation protocol has been standardized. For yield improvement in rice, male sterile lines and restorer lines are being generated through insertion of barnase/barstar system. For the purpose, two novel tapetum specific promoters have been isolated and characterized. Gene constructs with tapetum specific promoters and barnase/barstar system are being tested for rice transformation. In cotton, two lectin genes from different plants and two cry genes have been isolated, characterized and identified for imparting resistance to major pests, namely, lepidopteran insects, aphids, jassids and white flies. Transgenic cotton lines with cry genes are being raised and tested. Anther-specific promoters in cotton have been isolated. Cotton transformation using barnase/barstar system is in progress for yield improvement. Through heterosis breeding, divergent cotton lines have been selected based on morphology and combining ability. Hybrids developed showed better performance than the two best bt check hybrids.

Biofuel from Marine Microalgae:

In an effort to circumvent the ‘fuel versus food’ controversy with respect to biofuel production, and explore biofuel resource base other than food crops, CSIR under its NMITLI programme is implementing project on Biofuel from Marine Microalgae that seeks to develop a viable and scalable process for generation of biofuel from Indian marine algae and in the

Rice plantation

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process, ascertain ground realities of algal biodiesel production through generation of primary data. Aligning to its initiative of collaborating with other scientific departments/ministries for joint funding in projects, the project is co-financed by the Ministry of Earth Sciences.

In an important milestone in the project, a regular diesel (Tavera) vehicle under full load condition was successfully test-driven on B20 biodiesel prepared from mats of microalgae found growing naturally in the west coast of India. The demonstration has established the road-worthiness of microalgal biodiesel.

Development of Caerulomycins as novel immunosuppressive agents to

prevent organ rejection after transplantation and to address various autoimmune and allergic disorders: Successful organ transplantation requires effective physiological and pharmacological intervention of the immune system of an organ recipient. One approach to intervention of immune response in an organ transplant recipient, especially a recipient targeted for an allogenic graft, is by the use of immunosuppressive drugs. There are several types of immunosuppressive drugs available for use in reducing organ rejection in transplantation but all suffer from some drawbacks. Cyclosporins (The major drug) have provided significant benefits in organ transplantation, these are non-specific immunosuppressives. Desirable immune reactions may be reduced against foreign antigens. Tolerated dosages do not provide complete suppression of rejection response. Thus, immunologic reactions to transplanted tissue are not totally impeded, requiring concomitant treatment with prednisone, methylprednisolone, and / or other immunosuppression agents, including monoclonal antibodies such as anti-CD3 or anti-CD5/CD7. Cyclosporins can produce severe side effects in many organ recipients, and show host-variable effects on the liver, kidney, the central nervous system and gastro-intestinal tract.

CSIR-IMTech, Chandigarh has discovered new set of molecules- Caerulomycins. Caerulomycin Ainhibits the proliferation of activated lymphocytes, especially CD4+ T cells (both Th1 and Th2) and B cells, which are the cornerstone of adaptive immunity. It also suppresses the production of IL-2, IL-12, IL-4 and IFN-. Further, it delays the onset of rejection of skin allografts in mice. This indicates that Caerulomycin A has implication in transplantation biology. Caerulomycin A is being developed into a potent immunosuppressive drug in association with M/s EnEm Nostrum Private Limited, Mumbai. Partners are generating library of compounds around CaeA and screening them for better activities. Toxicology studies with lead molecules are on.

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10. Setting Up of Innovation Complexes CSIR during the Mid-Term Appraisal of the Eleventh Five Year Plan, resolved to set up multi-location Innovation Complexes. The CSIR Innovation Complexes were proposed to undertake translational research in identified areas in partnership with industry/research institutions and academia. Also, endeavour through them was to not only achieve “Cross flow of innovation” but “make innovation drive” the emergence of new ideas and development of them through trans-disciplinary inputs. The Innovation Complexes had been envisaged to be propelled from a strategy evolving around characteristics of: Co-creation as a resource for developing technological solutions for critical

needs of industry and society; Crowd sourcing as a model for trans (industry) cluster collaborations for

developing products, technology, new application and service models; and Fourth paradigm as a delivery model for fostering systemic approaches which

address technological sub systems, societal needs and framework conditions.

The Innovation Complexes were designed to have a common set of framework-based objectives as follows: Catalyzing Innovation Eco-system in the region of their operation; Incubating platform technologies in the identified areas; Acting as a hub for web-organization of CSIR led Team India Consortium; Incubating entrepreneurs and new spin-offs including those from CSIR Tech; Supporting network of business, research institutes, universities, and local

government through innovation packaging activities; Nurturing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the designated

fields through innovative inputs; Acting as an open innovation hub for futuristic technologies; Establishing innovation tool rooms, design centres and fab-labs; and Facilitating creation of trans-disciplinary human resources in niche technology

areas to develop future/next generation entrepreneurs; Creating solutions for continuous commercial exploitation of projects; Executing projects for products, technologies, new applications and service

models. During the Plan period, process was initiated for setting up three Innovation Complexes at Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai. The Complex at Chennai was specifically mandated to focus on green infrastructure and innovative engineering; the one at Kolkata was specifically mandated to focus on clean energy, innovative products and biomedical applications; and the one at Mumbai was specifically mandated to focus upon developing drugs and therapeutics from novel sources.

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Twelfth Five Year Plan Programmes

1. Focus and Strategies The Twelfth Five Year Plan of CSIR focuses on:

Achieving science and engineering leadership; developing innovative technological solutions; practicing open innovation initiatives; developing and nurturing human resource in trans-disciplinary areas; facilitating science based entrepreneurship; and enabling socio-economic transformation through appropriate S&T intervention.

In view of attaining the above focus, CSIR proposes many new initiatives and envisages to adopt strategies that are goal focused - attaining the identified goals; process focused - building and streamlining organizational processes; growth focused - achieving organizational growth; and competitive advantage focused - achieving competitive advantage over peers.

As a proactive measure to focus its R&D efforts, CSIR envisages to

introduce 12 schemes during the Twelfth Plan, up from the 6 schemes resorted to so far.

1.1 Twelfth Five Year Plan Initiatives The initiatives are summarized below: 1.1.1 Setting up of New Institutions

CSIR has been consolidating on its core strengths. In doing so, it has been shredding the old (Laboratories were reduced from 40 in number to 37) but has not added the new Laboratories. Enhancing R&D capacity through new institutions focused upon trans-disciplinary science and engineering has thus been considered to be a key determinant for achieving leadership. CSIR envisages setting up five new institutes during the Twelfth Five Year Plan both in physical and virtual mode. These institutes include: CSIR-Institute of Synthetic and Systems Biology (CSIR-ISSB); CSIR-Institute of Fourth Paradigm (CSIR-4PI); CSIR-Institute of Bio-

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Mimetic Materials (CSIR-IBMM); CSIR-Network Institute of Solar Energy (CSIR-NISE); and CSIR-Network Institute of Manufacturing Technology (CSIR-NIMT).

1.1.2 R&D in Clusters through National Laboratories

During the Eleventh Plan, CSIR has categorized its R&D programmes across seven clusters. The Twelfth Plan envisages strengthening and streamlining the cluster approach substantially. Programmes of the National Laboratories in the 12th Five Year Plan would be undertaken across six clusters namely Biological Science, Chemical Science, Engineering Science, Information Science and Physical Science. There is a specific focus on Human Resource Development in cluster mode. The projects have been formulated to encompass intra-cluster, inter-cluster and trans-cluster entities covering the domains of mega projects, large mission projects, supra-institutional network projects, cross cluster projects, facility creation/augmentation projects and other small projects.

1.1.3 Open Innovation

CSIR is building up open innovation as a key vehicle for delivering S&T output to the public at large. CSIR during the Eleventh Plan has achieved significant success through its Open Source Drug Discovery (OSDD) initiative. Open Innovation has been identified as a major platform during the Twelfth Plan. It shall cover an expanded version of the OSDD programme (encompassing Open Source Drug Discovery, Open Source Drug Delivery, Open Source Drug Development and Open Source Disease Diagnostics); and Science 2.0, an initiative for open innovation and knowledge-ware development through crowd sourcing.

1.1.4 Building Excellence

CSIR during the Twelfth Plan envisages building excellence. Well focused initiative to pursue innovative ideas and embark upon high-risk, high-impact projects thus would be pursued to traverse, untraversed paths and open up newer vistas. Programmes under this category include EMPOWER (Encouraging and Motivating Pursuit of World Class Exploratory Research), RISK (Research Initiative to Scale New Knowledgebase) and U-Excel (Unit for Excellence).

1.1.5 New R&D Paradigms

As a measure to deviate from the traditional paradigms of research, CSIR during the Twelfth Plan aims to put in place three unique initiatives to

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inculcate innovation and entrepreneurship by connecting with the counterparts and stakeholders externally. These include: o The Grand Challenge Initiative – that would focus on solving unsolved

problems or providing a comprehensive solution to an enduring national problem. It will help in creating new core competence in the CSIR system; or create leadership in a new domain in trans-disciplinary/inter-disciplinary science that would position CSIR globally;

o The CSIR Initiative for Inverted Innovation – a unique paradigm where

children / young engineers invent, CSIR laboratories mentor and industries commercialize;

o CSIR Initiative on Participative Science and Participatory Technology

Development – an initiative to pursue Research and Development that would provide mutual benefits to all the stakeholders participating in the scheme; inclusive innovation can be achieved; translational research can be carried out; a fluid team with like-minded people can be involved; and the scientific outcome can be effectively leveraged.

1.1.6 Innovation Complexes

CSIR during the Mid Term Appraisal had resolved to bolster its translational research capability through establishment of Innovation Complexes at strategic locations across the country. The Innovation Complexes are envisaged to consolidate and sustain the value chain of R&D within the CSIR; consolidate the CSIR brand and make CSIR R&D accessible to society at large; catalyze regionally balanced economic development; and promote entrepreneurial culture among the scientific community. During the Twelfth Plan period, CSIR would endeavour to operationalize twelve such Complexes all over the country (including the three Complexes that would be initiated during the Eleventh Plan itself as trans-Plan initiatives).

1.1.7 CSIR Centres for Cooperative Research: CSIR-Academia,

CSIR-R&D Institutes, CSIR-Industry

The Centres would focus on collaborative R&D in the identified domains through desired networking. They would be state-of-the-art set ups and work in a fluid networked organization mode. The R&D in such centres would be in domains such as healthcare, secondary agriculture, civil aviation and green transportation, sustainable energy and infrastructure engineering. It is envisaged that these centres would help develop seamless linkages between CSIR and Academic institution (identified); CSIR and R&D institution (identified); and CSIR and industry (identified).

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1.1.8 CSIR Outreach Centres

CSIR during the 12th Five Year Plan envisages to set up CSIR Outreach Centres that would essentially function in partnership with stakeholders. The focus is on new stats and other such states where CSIR has no presence (such as Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Sikkim, etc.) The broad objectives of the Outreach Centres could be the following: o Act as demonstration centres for CSIR technologies; o Act as vehicles to promote CSIR technologies to the stakeholders and

public at large; o Act as field stations and technology validation centres for CSIR; o Act as a platform for in-sourcing stakeholders’ expectations and ideas

on identified CSIR R&D; and o Catalyze faster adoption of technologies.

CSIR Outreach Centres are envisaged to be operated and managed

through CSIR-people partnership mode (CPP), and implemented either through mobile kiosks or pre-fabricated self-inclusive containers placed at identified locations.

The Centres would also have close coordination and networking with the

Cluster Innovation Centres of the NInC-CSIR initiative. 1.1.9 Initiative for Scale Up and Validation of Leads

In order to ensure that the various leads developed as a result of R&D in CSIR labs attains fruition, CSIR has resolved to upgrade an activity for scale-up and validation of leads towards product/process development into an independent initiative having a distinct budget line.

1.1.10 CSIR Initiative for North Eastern States, Lakshadweep and

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

In its endeavour to align with the national approach to achieve faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth of the country, CSIR during the Twelfth Plan would focus on special eco-regions of the country and facilitate its sustainable development through S&T intervention. The North Eastern region and the islands of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar have been chosen in this regard. CSIR’s efforts would include promoting innovation and CSIR 800 programmes for the north eastern states and undertake S&T intervention towards disaster mitigation and sustainable development of the coral reefs in the Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

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1.1.11 R&D Infrastructure Creation and Refurbishment

Increase in the number of research programmes and the number of scientist calls for a corresponding increase in R&D infrastructure. This includes building new facilities; advanced workplace design; building ancillary facilities such as animal house, test range, fab-labs etc.

1.1.12 Civil Infrastructure Building and Refurbishment

During the Twelfth Plan, it is proposed to continue with this initiative so as to spruce up CSIR laboratories to substantially high standards such as green building. The building of civil infrastructure would also cover increasing the number of staff quarters, student hostels, guest houses and other fringe facilities. Initiatives would be undertaken to renovate and improve the existing staff quarters, hostels, guest houses etc.

1.1.13 National S&T Human Resource Development

CSIR envisages continuing its endeavour of strengthening S&T human resources in the country through fellowships at various levels. In addition during the Twelfth Plan, it is envisaged to introduce novel fellowship programmes such as hand-holding support to dyslexic children; provision of analytical ability based fellowships to secondary school students and provision of junior research fellowships to foreign students for pursuing higher studies in India.

1.1.14 Intellectual Property and Technology Management

CSIR continues to remain at the fountainhead of innovation through ownership of a large number of patents. During the Twelfth Plan period, the efforts to consolidate this IP portfolio further would be continued.

1.1.15 R&D Management Support

The programme on R&D Management Support comprises of four components namely International Collaboration, Planning and R&D Management, collaborative activities with the National Innovation Foundation, and Science Dissemination. The entire programme is proposed to be strengthened considerably during the Twelfth Plan period.

The International Collaboration activities would cover domains of establishing bilateral and multilateral linkages in identified sectors of S&T, setting up joint centres of excellence in countries like Vietnam, Malaysia, USA and Oman; establishing joint innovation centres with Israel, Sweden

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and Czech Republic; area specific involvement in global mega-science initiatives; and aligning CSIR 800 programmes for African countries. The initiative would also lay adequate emphasis on HRD.

In the domain of Planning and R&D Management, new initiatives would

include: o Establishment of an Apex Cluster Planning Facilitation Programme that

would maintain an end-to-end information base on R&D domains being pursued by the Clusters; track and document global policy changes; scan progress of national mission initiatives and align CSIR role in such settings; coordinate and implement multi-tiered project monitoring in clusters and at the Council of CSIR Clusters and catalyze development of inter-cluster and trans-cluster programmes.

o Establishment of a Network Initiative for Strategic Planning; and o Establishment of a Virtual Centre for Research Resources.

Adequate emphasis on crowd sourcing approaches to planning would be

given.

Science dissemination programmes would comprise of building up of the CSIR brand and popularization of science among the public at large.

1.1.16 New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative

(NMITLI)

The NMITLI has been among one of the successful programmes of CSIR during the Eleventh Plan. The programme is envisaged to be strengthened and broadened further during the Twelfth Plan by the following approach:

o Post NMITLI Projects o Funding with industry (50:50 Initiative) o Co-financing with Venture Capital funds o NMITLI innovation centers o Acquisition of early stage relevant knowledge / IP for portfolio building.

1.2 Ongoing Commitments of the Eleventh Five Year Plan

As a result of massive repositioning of CSIR during the Mid Term Appraisal of the Eleventh Plan, a number of programmes have been either formulated as trans-Plan initiatives or could not be completed within the stipulated time frame. Such ongoing commitments from the Eleventh Plan shall make up a substantial budget during the Twelfth Plan and thereby have been provided separately as before. CSIR also resolved to continue its initiative of creating, nurturing and sustaining the core knowledge

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frontier by providing support to laboratories to sharpen their core competency.

1.3 Budget Requirement The total budget requirement CSIR (including for a national programme namely National Civil Aircraft Development) for 12th Five Year Plan is as below:

(` In crore) S.No. Scheme / Budget Head 2012-17

1 National Laboratories 23500.00 1.1 National Laboratories Cluster & Trans-Cluster

Activities 14950.00

1.1.1 National Laboratories: Biological Science Cluster 4500.00 1.1.2 National Laboratories: Chemical Science Cluster 4000.00 1.1.3 National Laboratories: Engineering Science Cluster 3000.00 1.1.4 National Laboratories: Information Science Cluster 1450.00 1.1.5 National Laboratories: Physical Science Cluster 2000.00 1.2 National Laboratories: Setting up of New Institutes 3000.00 1.2.1 CSIR-Institute of Synthetic and Systems Biology

(CSIR-ISSB) 800.00

1.2.2 CSIR-Fourth Paradigm Institute(CSIR-4PI) 600.00 1.2.3 CSIR-Institute of Bio-Mimetic Materials (CSIR-IBMM) 600.00 1.2.4 CSIR-Network Institute of Solar Energy (CSIR-NISE) 500.00 1.2.5 CSIR-Network Institute of Manufacturing

Technology (CSIR-NIMT) 500.00

1.3 Creating, Nurturing and Sustaining the Core Knowledge Frontier

1250.00

1.4 Human Resource Development Centre 100.00 1.5 Ongoing Commitment from 11th Plan 600.00 1.6 Building Excellence 800.00 1.7 CSIR Outreach Centres 300.00 1.8 CSIR Special Centres for North Eastern States,

Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar Islands 250.00

1.9 Scale-Up and Validation of Leads towards product/process development

400.00

1.10 R&D Facility Creation and Refurbishment 750.00 1.11 Energy Efficient Green Campus Development 1100.00

2 National S&T Human Resource Development 2200.00 3 Intellectual Property & Technology Management 400.00 4 R&D Management Support 400.00

4.1 Planning and R&D Management 50.00 4.2 Collaboration with National Innovation Foundation 100.00 4.3 International S&T Collaboration 150.00

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4.4 Science Dissemination 100.00 5 New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership

Initiative 800.00

6 Innovation Complexes 1500.00 7 CSIR - 800 Scheme 1200.00 8 CSIR Scheme for Open Innovation 1700.00

8.1 OSDD Programmes & DOCS Programme 1400.00 8.2 Science 3.0: Open Innovation, Crowdsourcing and

Open Source Knowledgeware 300.00

9 CSIR Initiative on Inclusive, Participative and Collaborative R&D

1500.00

9.1 Grand Challenge Initiative 400.00 9.2 CSIR Scheme on Inverted Innovation 200.00 9.3 CSIR Scheme on Participative Science and

Participatory Technology Development 300.00

9.4 CSIR Centres for Collaborative Research : CSIR - Academia; CSIR - R&D Institutions; CSIR - Industry

600.00

10 National Programme National Civil Aircraft Development (NCAD)

Programme 5000.00

CSIR TOTAL 38200.00