Ts°d Lp®j Õû\

10Bm YÏl×

jkpo;

gapw;rpf; fl;lfk;

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jkpo; Kjy; jhs;jkpo; Kjy; jhs;jkpo; Kjy; jhs;jkpo; Kjy; jhs;jkpo; Kjy; jhs;

nra;Al; gFjpnra;Al; gFjpnra;Al; gFjpnra;Al; gFjpnra;Al; gFjpxU kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpil. tpdh vz; : 01 - 12 Kba.xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpil. tpdh vz; : 01 - 12 Kba.xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpil. tpdh vz; : 01 - 12 Kba.xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpil. tpdh vz; : 01 - 12 Kba.xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpil. tpdh vz; : 01 - 12 Kba.chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf.chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf.chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf.chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf.chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf.

1. ‘,izapy;iy Kg;ghYf;F ,e;epyj;Nj” vdg; ghbath;.m. ghujpahh; M. Rujh ,. ghujpjhrd;

2. jpUf;Fwisg; Nghw;wpg; ghLk; E}y;.m. ehy;th; ehd;kzp khiy M. jpUts;Stkhiy ,. ,ul;il kzpkhiy

3. kUe;Jg; nghUs;fspd; ngahpy; mike;j ,U E}y;fs;m. jpUf;Fws;> ed;D}y; M. jphpfLfk;> Vyhjp ,. ew;wpiz> mfehD}W

4. neQ;iras;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;W ghbath;m. ftpkzp M. ghujpjhrd; ,. ghujpahh;

5. ,sq;Nfhtbfs;____ ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jth;m. Nrho M.Nru ,. ghz;ba

6. FLk;g tpsf;F ______gilg;GfSs; xd;Wm. ghujpahh; M. ghujpjhrd; ,. Rujh

7. ruRtjp me;jhjp____ ,aw;wpa E}y;fSs; xd;Wm. fk;gh; M. xl;lf; $j;jh; ,. GfNoe;jp

8. fk;giug; Gue;jth;______m. xsitahh; M. GfNoe;jp ,. rilag;g ts;sy;

9. ‘gj;jpr; Rit edp nrhl;lg; ghba ftp tyt’ vdg; ghbath;_______m.ng. Re;judhh; M. kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; ,. ftpQh; nt. ,uhkypq;fdhh;

10. ‘mhpatw;Ws; vy;yhk; mhpJ” Ngzpj; jkuhf; nfhsy;m. rpwpath; M. nghpahh; ,. cwtpdh;

11. ew;wpiziaj; njhFg;gpj;jth;_______m. gd;dhL je;j khwd; tOjp M. ,sk; ngUtOjp ,. cf;fpug; ngUtOjp

12. jpwdwpe;J Njh;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;bath;_______m. md;Gs;s ngw;Nwhh; M. Mh;tKs;s ez;gh; ,. %j;j mwpTilahh;

13. ‘ehkhh;f;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk;’ vd;Dk; ghly;_______mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy vdg; ghlj; J}z;baJ.m.ghujpjhrid M. Rujhit ,. ghujpahiu

14. Nfoy; vd;gjd; nghUs;________m. vUik M. Gyp ,. gd;wp

15. nea;jy; fypiag; ghbath;________m.Xuk;Nghfpahh; M. fgpyh; ,. ey;ye;Jtdhh;

16. giz vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs;m. muR M. My; ,. %q;fpy;

17. FyNrfuho;thh; ghly; _______njhFg;gpy; cs;sJ.m. jpUtpaw;gh M. Kjyhapuk; ,. nghpa jpUnkhop

18. fypj;njhif _____ E}y;fSs; xd;W.m.gj;Jg;ghl;L M. vl;Lj;njhif ,. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F

II. Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpid epug;Gf:Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpid epug;Gf:Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpid epug;Gf:Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpid epug;Gf:Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpid epug;Gf:1. khzpf;fthrfh; fl;ba Nfhtpy; jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; cs;sJ.2. [p.A. Nghg; jpUthrfj;ij Mq;fpy nkhopapy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.3. jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhh; xU thrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhh;.4. xOf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; Nkd;ik ,Of;fj;jpd; va;Jth; va;jhg; gop.5. Vyhjpia ,aw;wpath; fzpNkjhtpahh;.6. ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak; vd;gd rpyg;gjpfhuKk; kzpNkfiyAk; MFk;.7. fk;guhkazk; MW fhz;lq;fis cilaJ.8. ‘mhp’ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; new;fjph;.

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9. GwehD}W vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; xd;W.10. Nrf;fpohh; ngUkhd; mUspaJ nghpaGuhzk;.11. Nghypg;Gyth;fisj; jiyapy; Fl;Lgth; mjptPuuhk ghz;bad;.12. Nghypg;Gyth;fs; ngUftplhky; nrtpia mWg;gth; tpy;ypg;Gj;J}uhd; .13. ehy;tifg; ghf;fSk; taYf;F tug;Gfsha; mike;Js;sd.14. mwdPDk; ,d;gKk; <Dk; jpwdwpe;J jPjpd;wp te;j nghUs;.15. Kjypyhh;f;F Cjpak; ,y;iy.16. jhz;lf Nte;jh; vd miof;fg;gLgth; jpUehTf;furh;.17. ckWg;Gytiu Mjhpj;j ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp.18. fyk;gfk; 96 (njhz;Z}w;whW) tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W.

nra;As;gFjp - 1 tpdh vz; : 21 - 27nra;As;gFjp - 1 tpdh vz; : 21 - 27nra;As;gFjp - 1 tpdh vz; : 21 - 27nra;As;gFjp - 1 tpdh vz; : 21 - 27nra;As;gFjp - 1 tpdh vz; : 21 - 27FWtpdhf;fs;:FWtpdhf;fs;:FWtpdhf;fs;:FWtpdhf;fs;:FWtpdhf;fs;:

1. ed;wpf;F tpj;jhtJ vJ?ey;y xOf;fk;

2. vd;Wk; ,Lk;ig jUtJ vJ?vd;Wk; ,Lk;ig jUtk; jPnahOf;fk;.

3. xOf;fj;jpdhy; va;JtJ vJ?,Of;fj;jpdhy; va;JtJ vJ?1. Nkd;ik2. ngUk; gop

4. Qhyk; fUjpDk; if$Lk; vg;NghJ?fhykwpe;J> ,lj;NjhL nray;gl;lhy; nghUe;jp> cyifNa mila tpUk;gpDk; if $Lk;.

5. Cf;fKilahd; xLf;fk; vjidg; Nghd;wJ?Ml;Lf;fplh gifiaj; jhf;Ftjw;Fg; gpd;thq;Fk; jd;ikiag; Nghd;wJ.

6. xOf;fkpd;ikahy; Vw;gLk; Fw;wq;fs; ahit?xOf;fk; jtWjyhy; tUk; Fw;wj;jpid ed;F czh;e ;j kdtypik kpf;Nfhh; me;j

xOf;fj;jpypUe;J rpwpJk; tpyfkhl;lhh;.7. fhyk; mwpe;J nray;gLtJ vt;thW?

jFe;j fUtpfNshL> Vw;w fhyj;ijAk; mwpe;J nray;gl;lhy; nra;tjw;F mhpa nray;fs;vitAk; ,y;iy.

8. nfhf;if ctikahff; fhl;b ts;Sth; tpsf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ?tha;g;G fpilf;fhj NghJ mikjpahf fhj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. chpa fhyk; te;jJk; nfhf;ifg;

Nghy; tpiue;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.9. jpUts;StUf;F toq;Fk; NtW ngah;fs; ahit?

1. Kjw;ghtyh; 2. nja;tg;Gyth; 3. nre;ehg;Nghjhh; 4. ngUehtyh;10. $if> fhf;if - ,tw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; $wp> ts;Sth; tpsf;FtJ ahJ?

jd;dpYk; typa Nfhl;lhidf; fhf;if gfypy; nty;Yk;. mJNghy> jd;dpYk; typikahdgiftiuf; fhykwpe;J nty;y Ntz;Lk;.

11. Vyhjp - E}w;Fwpg;G vOJf.1. gjpnzz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; VyhjpAk; xd;W.2. ,e;E}y; jkpOf;F mUkUe;J3. ,ytq;fk;> rpWehtw;G+> Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp> cly;Nehiag; Nghf;Fk;.4. ,e;E}ypd; ew;fUj;Jfs; fw;Nghhpd; mwpahikia mfw;Wk;.

12. gopapyh kd;ddha; tho;gtdpd; gz;Gfshff; fzpNkjhtpahh; Fwpg;gpLtd ahit?1. gpwh;f;Fg; gzpe;Jk; 2. ey;topapy; ele;Jk; 3. khz;Gila rhd;Nwhh; mwpTiufisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;4. Ez;zwpT E}y;fis Muha;jy;

13. rpyk;G czh;j;Jk;; %d;W cz;ikfs; ahit?1. murpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mwk; $w;whFk;2. ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;Njhh; Vj;Jth;3. Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk;.

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14. ‘ew;wpuk; gluhf; nfhw;if Nte;Nj’ - ahh; ahhplk; $wpaJ?fz;zfp> ghz;ba kd;ddplk; $wpaJ

15. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; ahit?1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; 2. kzpNkfiy 3.rPtfrpe;jhkzp 4. tisahgjp 5. Fz;lyNfrp

16. jkpoh; vjw;F ehzplTk; Ntz;Lk;?tWikapdhy; jkpod; xUtd; fy;tp fw;f Kbahj epiy Vw;gLkhdhy; ,q;Fs;Nshh; ehzplNtz;Lk;.

17. ghNte;jh; gilg;Gfs; ahit?1. FLk;g tpsf;F 2. ,Uz;l tPL 3.jkpopaf;fk; 4. ghz;bad; ghpR

18. Ffdpd; Ntz;L Nfhs; ahJ?1. ,t;TyF midj;jpw;Fk; nry;tk; Nghd;wtNd !2. jq;fis ,j;jtf; Nfhyj;jpy; ghh;j;j vd;dpU fz;fisAk; vLf;f Kbahj epiyapy; cs;sfs;td; ehd;3. kdj;JaNuhL vd;dpUg;gplk; nry;yj; JzpNad;4. jq;fSf;F Ntz;ba njhz;L nra;Ntd;

19. ‘md;Gs ,dp ehk; Xh; Ith;fs; csuhNdhk; - ahh; ahhplk; $wpaJ? ,uhkgpuhd; Ffdplk; $wpaJ.

20. ifAiwg; nghUs;fshff; nfhz;L nrd;wd vit? ahUf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;whd;?m. NjDk; kPDk; nfhz;L nrd;whd;. M. ,uhkgpuhDf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;whd;.

21. rhd;Nwhh; ahUld; Nrh;th;?rhd;Nwhh; rhd;NwhUld; Nrh;th;

22. GwehD}W - Fwpg;G vOJf.1. Gwk; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fs; nfhz;lJ2. rq;ffhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiy> kd;dh;fspd; tPuk;> nfhil> Gfo;> ntw;wpfs; gw;wpf; $WtJ.

23. te;jth; thrPfh; vd mwpe;jJk; mg;G+jpabfs; vd;d nra;jhh;?1. jd; jiyNky; if Ftpj;J tzq;fpdhh;2. nrhw;fs; jLkhwplTk;> fz;fspy; fz;fs; ngUfpl> cly; rpyph;f;fg; G+kpapy; tPo;e;J tzq;fpdhh;.

24. ‘,g;NghJ ,q;F mtd; cjthd;’ -ahh; ahhplk; $wpaJ?mg;G+jpabfs; jpUehTf;furhplk; $wpaJ

25. mg;G+jpabfs; vt;nttw;Wf;nfy;yhk; jpUehTf;fuR vdg; ngahpl;lhh;?mg;G+jpabfs; jk;kplk; cs;s 1.msitfs; 2. kf;fs; 3. vUikfs; 4. epiwNfhy; 5. gRf;fs;

26. tay;jUk; tpisTfshfj jkpo;tpL J}J $Wtd ahit?1. mwk; 2. nghUs; 3. ,d;gk; 4. tPL

27. Nghypg;Gyth;fisj; jz;bg;Nghh; ahth;?1. gps;isg; ghz;bad; 2. tpy;ypg;Gj;J}h; Mo;thh; 3. xl;lf; $j;jd;

28. nrhy; Vh; coth; ahh;? ehw;fuzj;J Vh;fs; vit?1. nrhy; Vh; coth; Gyth;fs;2. kdk;> Gj;jp> rpj;jk;> mfq;fhuk; vd;gd ehw;fuzq;fs; MFk;.

29. ahUf;Fg; giftuhYk; jPq;F nra;a ,ayhJ?mwptpw; rpwe;j nghpNahiur; rhh;e;J elg;gth;f;Fg; gifth; nra;af;$ba jPq;F ahnjhd;Wk;

,y;iy.30. gifik ,Uisg; Nghf;FtJ vJ vd ts;Sth; $Wfpwhh;?

nry;tk; vd;Wk; mizah tpsf;F mjid cilath; epidj;j ,lq;fSf;nfy;yhk; nrd;W>gifik vd;Dk; ,Uisg; Nghf;Fk;.

31. Njthuk; - nghUs; vOJf.1.Nj + thuk; vdg; gphpf;Fk;NghJ nja;tj; jd;ikAila ,irg;ghly;fs2.Nj +Muk; vdg;gphpf;Fk; NghJ nja;tj;jpw;Fr; #l;lg;ngWk; ghkhiy vd;Wk; $Wth;.

32. rptngUkhd; vj;jd;ikad;?vtUf;Fk; Ml;glhjj; jd;ikAilatd; rq;fud;.

33. tdj;jpy; thOk; tpyq;Ffshfr; rPwhg;Guhzk; Fwpg;gpLtd ahit?fhl;nlUik> gd;wp> fub> fiykhd;> rpq;fk;> ahid Kjypad.

34. rPwhg; Guhzj;jpy; rpq;fk; vdg; nghUs; jUk; NtW nrhw;fs; ahit?

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rpq;fk; vdg; nghUs; jUk; NtW nrhw;fs; klq;fy;> Nfrhp MfpadthFk;.35. Gyp trdpj;j glyj;jpd; %yk; ePawpAk; mwk; ahJ?

1. cyfpYs;s caphpdq;fs; midj;Jk; xd;nwdf; fUJfpd;w mUshsh;fs; Kd; nfhbacaphpdq;fSk; gzpe;J elf;Fk;.

36. fyk;gf E}y;fSs; Kjy; E}y; vJ?ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;.

37. ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; ahh; kPJ ghlg; ngw;wJ?.gy;yt kd;dd; %d;whk; ee;jpth;kd;.

38. fyk;gf cWg;Gfs; ehd;fid vOJf.mk;khid> Fwk;> kwk;> jtk;

39. Mw;Wjy; vd;gJ ahJ?,y;yw tho;tpy; tUe;jp> te;jth;f;F cjTjy;.

40. Mo;thh;fs; ghba ghly;fspd; njhFg;gpd; ngah; vd;d?ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jk;

nra;As; gFjp 2 tpdh vz; 35 - 39.nra;As; gFjp 2 tpdh vz; 35 - 39.nra;As; gFjp 2 tpdh vz; 35 - 39.nra;As; gFjp 2 tpdh vz; 35 - 39.nra;As; gFjp 2 tpdh vz; 35 - 39.

rpWtpdhf;fs;: ehd;F kjpg;ngz;fs;:rpWtpdhf;fs;: ehd;F kjpg;ngz;fs;:rpWtpdhf;fs;: ehd;F kjpg;ngz;fs;:rpWtpdhf;fs;: ehd;F kjpg;ngz;fs;:rpWtpdhf;fs;: ehd;F kjpg;ngz;fs;:1. khzpf;f thrfh; ,iwtdplk; vt;thW Ntz;Lfpwhh;?

vy;yhk; cila ngUkhNd1. ehd; cd;ghy; Ngud;G nfhz;ljd; fhuzkhf cly; rpyph;j;Njd; cs;sk; eLq;fpNdd;2. eWkzk; fkOk; cd; jpUtbfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> jiyNky; ifFtpj;J tzq;fpNdd;.3. fz;fspy; ePh; ngUFkhW cs;sk; tUe;j cUfpNdd;4. ngha;g;nghUis tpyf;fp> nka;g;nghUshfpa cd;id epidj;J Jjpj;Njd;.5. ‘nty;f nty;f’ vd cd; mUk;ngUk; nray;fisAk; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;Njd;6. ,j;jifa xOf;fj;jpidf; iftpNld;.7. vdNt cd; mbath;fSs; xUtdhf vd;id Vw;Wf; nfhs;thahf”vd;W Ntz;Lfpwhh;.

2. fhykwpjy; Njitgw;wp vOJf.1. Nfhl;lhd;> fhf;ifiaf; fhl;bYk; typikAilaJ.2. MapDk; Nfhl;lhDf;Fg; gfypy; fz; njhpahJ.3. mf;fhykwpe;J fhf;if mjid nty;Yk;.4. mijg;Nghy jk;kpYk; typik kpf;f giftiuf; fhykwpe;J Nghhpl;lhy; vspjpy; nty;yyhk;.

3. jkpo;nkhop tsh;r;rp miltjw;F ghujpjhrd; $Wk; top tiffs; ahit?1. gy;NtW Jiw E}y;fSk; jkpopy; ntsp tu Ntz;Lk;.2. me;E}y;fis ahUila cjtpAk; ,d;wpj; jhNk gbj;J mwpAk; tz;zk; vspa jkpopy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.3. jkpopd; ngUikapid kjq;fspy; Nrh;f;ff; $lhJ4. vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; ,ytr E}y; epiyaq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.5. jkpopd; ngUikfisf; $WtjpNyNa fhyk; fopj;Njhk;6. Fiwfis ePf;fpg; GJikifisg; gilj;Njhkh? ,y;iy cyfpd; xspkpf;f nkhopahfj; jkpio tsh;g;Nghk; thhPh;.

4. tpUj;j khjtiu Nehf;fp ,uhkd; $wpaJ vd;d?1. Ffd;> jhd; nfhz;L te;j NjidAk;> kPidAk; Vw;FkhW Ntz;bdhd;.2. ,uhkd;> Kdpth;fis Nehf;fp cs;sj;J md;G Kjph;tpdhy; vOe;j ghptpd; fhuzkhff; Ffd; nfhz;L te;j ,g;nghUs;fs; fpilj;jw;fhpad mKjj;ijtplr; rpwe;jd. ,it vj;jifadtha; ,Ug;gpDk;> md;G fye;jJ vdpy; J}a;ikahditNa> vk; Nghd;Nwhh;f;Fk; chpad Mifahy; ,dpikahd ,it ehq;fs; tpUk;gp cz;ljw;F rkk; vd;whh;.

5. fk;guhkhazk; - rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.1. ,uhkdJ tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; E}y; ,uhkhazk; vdg;gl;lJ.2. tlnkhopapy; thd;kPfpg; Gyth; vOjpaijj; jOtpj; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;lJ.3. fk;gh; ,aw;wpa ,uhkhazk;> fk;guhkhazk; vdg;gl;lJ.4. fk;gh;> jhk; ,aw;wpa E}Yf;F ,uhkhtjhuk; vdg; ngahpl;lhh;.

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,e;E}ypd; rpwg;Gf;fUjpAk; jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;Gf; fUjpAk; jkpOf;Ff; fjp vd ,t;tpU E}y;fisAk;$Wth;. ghyfhz;lk; mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muz;a fhz;lk;>fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;> Re;ju fhz;lk;>Aj;jfhz;lk; vd MW fhz;lq;fis cilaJ.

6. rhd;Nwhh; el;Gf;F ctikahff; $wg;gLtd ahit?m. nghd;Dk; gtsKk; > Kj;Jk; khzpf;fKk; Njhd;Wk; ,lq;fshy; NtWgl;lhYk; khiyahff;Nfhh;j;J kjpg;G kpf;f mzpfydhf mikf;Fk; NghJ> jk;Ks; xUq;F NrUk; jd;ikAilaJ mijg;NghyM.rhd;Nwhh;fs; vd;Wk; rhd;Nwhh; gf;fNk ,Ug;gh;. rhd;whz;ik ,y;yhjth; jPath; gf;fNk Nrh;th;.

7. jz;zPh;g; ge;jiyf; fz;L ehTf;furh; tpag;Gwf; fhuzk; vd;d? mg;G+jpabfshhplk; mth; ahJtpdtpdhh;?m.jz;zPh;g; ge;jypy; jk; ngah; ,Uf;ff; fz;L tpag;Gw;whh;.M. mg;G+jpabfsplk; ‘fq;ifiar; rilKbapy; jhq;fpa rptngUkhdpd; mbahh;fSf;fhfCnuy;iyapy;> ePtph; itj;j jz;zPh;g; ge;jypy; ck;ngah; vOjhky; NtW xUth; ngah; vOjpafhuznkd;d? ‘nrhy;tPuhf” vd;W Fw;wkw;wtuhfpa jpUehTf;furh; tpdtpdhh;.

8. nghpahuJ ,yf;fzk; ahJ?m. mwnewpia mwpe;J mwptpy; njspe;j Kjph;r;rpAilNahh; el;gpid Muha;e;jwpe;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.M. jkf;F te;Js;s Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;fp ,dp> NkYk; Jd;gk; tuhjthW Kd;djhfNt fhf;Fk;jd;ik cilahiug; Nghw;wp el;ghf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

9. nghUsPl;Lk; newpapidj; jpUts;Sth; vq;qdk; $Wfpwhh;?m. gpwUf;Fj; jPq;fpd;wp ey;topapy; <l;ba nghUs;> mwj;jpidAk; nfhLf;Fk; ,d;gj;jpidAk; jUk;.M. mUSk; md;Gk; nghUe;jhky; gpw topapy; tUk; nry;tj;jpidg; gw;whky; ePf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.,. muRhpikahy; te;j nghUSk;> kf;fs; topahfj; jUk; nghUSk; giftiu ntd;W nfhz;ljpiwg; nghUSk; murDf;Fhpa nghUs;fshFk;.

10. Gypapd; nfhLQ;nray;fs; gw;wp ckWg;Gyth; $Wtd ahit?m. GypahdJ $h;ikahd efq;fis cila rpq;ff; $l;lq;fs; md;wp> kw;w tpyq;Ffspd; ,iwr;rpiacz;Zk;.M. nghpa gidNghYk; Jk;gpf;ifapidAk; %d;W kjq;fisAila ahidfspd; nfhk;Gfisg;gpbj;J ,Oj;J> mtw;wpd; khh;gpidf; fPwp FUjpapidf; Fbj;J cwq;fhJ epd;W> mhpa nghpakiyfSk; mjpUkhW ,biaf; fhl;bYk; mjpfkhf Koq;Fk;.

11. fyk;gfk; Fwpg;G tiuf.1.njhz;Zw;whW rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffSs; xd;W.2. gytifg; nghUs;fisg; gw;wpg; gytifg; ghly;fisf; fye;J ,aw;wg;ngWk; E}y; fyk;gfk; vdg;gLk;.3. gjpndl;L cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ. fyk; + gfk;. fyk; = gd;dpnuz;L> gfk; = MW.4. GwtFg;G> mk;khid> fhh;> Cry;> ,uq;fy;> kwk;>jio> jtk;> rpe;J> ghz;> iff;fpis> J}J> tz;L>Fwk;> fhyk;> khjq;fp> fsp> rk;gpujk; - fyk;gfk; vdg; ngah; te;jJ.

12. FyNrfu Mo;thh; jpUtpj;Jtf;Nfhl;L ,iwtdplk; Ntz;LtJ ahJ?kPd;fs; ePe;Jfpd;w tay;fs; #o;e;j tpj;Jtf; Nfhl;by; cs;s ngUkhNd! eP vdf;Fj; jpUtUs;Ghpatpy;iy vd;whYk;> cd;idNa milf;fykhfg; GFNtd;. md;wp vdf;F NtW xUgw;WjYkpy;iy.kd;dtd; xUtd; nrq;Nfhy; Kiw jtwpj; Jd;GWj;jpdhYk;> mtDila Ml;rpiaNa vjph;Nehf;fptho;fpd;w Fbkf;fisg; Nghy> ehd; cd; jpUtbfisNa vz;zpf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;.

13. ‘rhjidg; G+f;fs;’ vd;W vtw;iw ,se;jpiuad; Rl;Lfpwhh;?m. ,d;W Xa;ntLj;J ehis nry;yyhk; vd;W vz;zpdhy;> Xh; ,uTf;Fs; topjlj;jpy; vd;ndd;dNeUNkh gzpia Kbj;J Xa;T ngWf> jk;gp ,dpf;Fk; nra;jpfs; cd; kdj;jpy; te;J FtpAk;.M.nrbfs; G+g;gjw;F Kd; Xa;ntLg;gjpy;iy nrbapd; ntw;wp G+tpy; cs;sijg; Nghy;> cd;ntw;wpfshy; Jd;gq;fs; ahTk; XbtpLk;.

8

tpdh vz; : 45. nra;As; tpdh tpiltpdh vz; : 45. nra;As; tpdh tpiltpdh vz; : 45. nra;As; tpdh tpiltpdh vz; : 45. nra;As; tpdh tpiltpdh vz; : 45. nra;As; tpdh tpil1. fPo;f;fhZk; ghliyg; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f:

Fl;bf; nrtpaWj;Jf; fl;bj; jiyfnsy;yhk;ntl;bf;fisgwpf;f Nkyha;j;J}h; - fl;btsh;e;jid ghy; Ke;jphpif thiof;fdpaha;f;fpsh;e;jfUk; gha;ehspNfuj;J - ,sq;fdpaha;f;1. ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ? - jkpo; tpL J}J2. ,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah; ngah; ahJ? - Mrphpah; ngah; mwpatpy;iy3. ,g;ghlypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws; mbnaJiffis vLj;J vOJf. Fl;br; tsh;e;jid ntl;bf; fpsh;e;j4. nrtpaWj;J - gphpj;J vOJf. nrtp + mWj;J5. ehspNfuk; nghUs; jUf. Njq;fha;

2. jpj;jpf;Fe; njs;sKjha; njs;sKjpd; NkyhdKj;jpf; fdpNa vd; Kj;jkpNo - Gj;jpf;Fs;cz;zg; gLe;NjNd cd;Ndh Lte;Jiuf;Fk;tpz;zg;gk; cz;L tpsk;gf;Nfs;1. ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; vJ? jkpo;tpLJ}J2. Kj;jkpo; - ,j;njhifr; nrhy;iy tphpj;njOJf.%d;W jkpo; : ,aw;wkpo;> ,irj;jkpo;> ehlfj;jkpo;.3. ,g;ghlypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s mbnaJiffis vLj;njOJf. jpj;jpf;Fe; cz;zg; Kj;jpf; tpz;zg;gk;4.cte;Jiuf;Fk; gphpj;njOJf. cte;J + ciuf;Fk;5. tpsk;gf;Nfs; nghUs; jUf. nrhy;;tijf; Nfl;ghahf

3. mhpah rdKdf;Nf ahdhy; - cdf;Fr;rhpahUk; cz;Nlh jkpNo - tphpthh;jpfo;gh xU ehd;FQ; nra;As; tuk;ghfg;Gfo;gh tpdq;fs;kilg;Nghf;fh1. ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ? jkpo; tpL J}J2. mhpahrdk; nghUs; jUf. m. rpq;fhjdk;3. ,g;ghlypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s mbnaJiffis vLj;njOJf.mhpah jpfo;ghrhpahUk; Gfo;gh4. ghtpdq;fs; - gphpj;J vOJf. gh+,dq;fs;5. taypd; tug;Gfshff; $wg;gLtd ahit?ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> tQ;rpg;gh> fypg;gh Mfpa ehd;Fk; taypd; tug;GfshFk;.

4. ey;Nyhpdhy; nra;As; ehw;fuzj; Njh;g+l;br;nrhy;Nyh; coth; njhFj;jPz;b - ey;ynewpehNy tpijah edptpijj;J ehw;nghUSk;NkNy gyd;ngwr;nra; tpf;Fehs;1. ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; vJ? jkpo;tpLJ}J2. ey;Nyhpdhy; - gphpj;J vOJf. ed;ik + Vhpdhy;3. nrhy;Nyh; coth; ahh;? Gyth;fs;

9

4. ehw;fuzj;J Vh;fs; ahit? kdk;> Gj;jp> rpj;jk;> mfq;fhuk; Mfpa ehd;Fk; ehw;fuzj;J Vh;fs; MFk;.5. ,g;ghlypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s mbnaJiffis vLj;njOJf.

ey;Nyhp> ehNy> nrhy;Nyh;> NkNy.5. epjpjU ftpifAk; epykfs; chpikAk;

,itpit Ail ee;jpkjpapyp murh; epd; kyub gzpfpyh;thdfk; Ms;thNu1. ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; vJ? ee;jpfyk;gfk;2. ftpif vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? Fil3. kyub vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G ahJ? ctikj;njhif4. ,g;ghlypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s Nkhidfis vLj;njOJf. epjpjU - epykfs; kjpapyh - kyub5. thdfk; Ms;thNu - vth;? mwptpy;yhj murh;

6. kPd;Nehf;Fk; ePs;tay;#o; tpj;Jf;Nfhl; lk;kh vd;ghNdhf;fh ahfpYKd; gw;wy;yhy; gw;wpy;Nyd;jhNdhfh njj;Jauk; nra;jpbDk; jhh;Nte;jd;Nfhdhf;fp thOk; FbNghd; wpUe;NjNd1. ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; ahJ? ehyhapuj; jpt;ag; gpuge;jk;2. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahh;? FyNrfu Mo;thh;3. Nfhdhf;fp - gphpj;J vOJf. Nfhd;+Nehf;fp4. jhh;Nte;jd; - nghUs; jUf. khiyazpe;j murd;5. thOk; Fb - ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G jUf. nganur;rk;

7. ghj;jdjhf; nfhz;lgps;isg; ghz;bad; - tpy;yp xl;lf;$j;jdpth; fy;yhJ Nfhl;bnfhSk; - rPj;ijaiuf;Fl;br; nrtpaWj;Jf; $l;bj; jiyfnsy;yhk;ntl;bf; fisgwpf;f Nkyha;j;J}u; - fl;b1. ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; vJ? jkpo; tpLJ}J2. ,g;ghlypy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Gyth;fs; ahth;? mjptPuuhk ghz;bad;> tpy;ypGj;J}uhh;> xl;lf;$j;jh;3. nrtpaWj;J - gphpj;J vOJf. nrtp+mWj;J4. rPj;ijah; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? fPohdth;5. ,g;ghlypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s mbnaJiffis vOj;J vOJf. ghj;jdjh Fl;br; $j;jdpth; ntl;bf;

8. mwpntdg; gLtJ Ngijahh; nrhy; Nehd;wy;nrwpntdg;gLtJ $wpaJ kwhmikepiwnadg; gLtJ kiwgpwh; mwpahikKiwnadg; gLtJ fz;NzhlhJ caph;ntsty;nghiwnadg; gLtJ Nghw;whiug; nghWj;jy;1. ,g;ghly; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s E}y; vJ? fypj;njhif2. ,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;? ey;ye;Jtdhh;3. mwpntdg;gLtJ ahJ? mwptpy;yhjth;fspd; nrhy;iyg; nghWj;jy;4. nghiw vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? nghWik5. nghWj;jy; vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G ahJ? njhopw;ngah;

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9. nghq;Ffly; fy;kpjg;gpw; Nghe;NjWk; mth; ngUikmq;fzh;jk; Gtdj;jpy; mwpahjhh; ahUsNukq;ykhk; jpUNtlj; Jldpd;wpt; tifnkhope;jPh;vq;FiwtPh; ePh;jhk;ahh; ,ak;Gnkd ,ak;gpdhh;1. ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; vJ? nghpa Guhzk;2. ,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;? Nrf;fpohh;3. Gtdk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? cyfk;4. ,g;ghlypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws; mbnaJiffis vLj;njOJf. nghq;Ffly;> mq;fzh;j k;5. nghq;Ffly; - ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G jUf. tpidj;njhif

10. ehkhh;f;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk; ekid mQ;Nrhk;eufj;jpy; ,lh;g;gNlhk; eliy ,y;Nyhk;Vkhg;Nghk; gpzpawpNahk; gzpNthk; my;Nyhk;,d;gNk ve;ehSk; Jd;gk; ,y;iy1. ,g;ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y; vJ? Njthuk;2. ,g;ghlypd; Mrphpah; ahh;? jpUehTf;furh;3. Vkhg;G vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? ghJfhg;G4. gpzpwpNthk; - gphpj;J vOJf. gpzp+mwpNthk; - gpzpaspNahk;.5. gzpNthk; vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G jUf. jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W

neLtpdh - nra;As; gFjp tpdh vz; : 47neLtpdh - nra;As; gFjp tpdh vz; : 47neLtpdh - nra;As; gFjp tpdh vz; : 47neLtpdh - nra;As; gFjp tpdh vz; : 47neLtpdh - nra;As; gFjp tpdh vz; : 47fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F gj;J thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilasp:fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F gj;J thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilasp:fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F gj;J thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilasp:fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F gj;J thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilasp:fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F gj;J thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilasp:

1. Njuh kd;dh vd tpspj;Jf; fz;zfp $wpad ahit?1. Gwhtpd; Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;fpatd; rpgp kd;dd;2. gRtpd; Jauk; Nghf;f jd; kfidNa Njh;r;rf;fuj;jpy; ,l;Lf; nfhd;wtd; kDePjpr;Nrhod;3. ePjp jtwhj kd;dh;fs; gpwe;j Gfhh; efuk; ehd; gpwe;j Ch;.4. khrhj;Jtd; kfd; Nfhtyid kzk; Ghpe;Njd;5. Co;tpidg; gadhy; vd; fhw;rpyk;gpid tpw;f Kad;W cd;dhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;Nlhd;.

2. fz;zfpf;Fk; ghz;ba kd;dd; neLQ;nropaDf;Fk; ,ilNa ele;j epfo;it ciuahlyhfmikj;J vOJf.ghz;bad; : ifapy; rpyk;Gk; fz;zpy; ePUkhf vd; Kd;Nd te;J epw;Fk; ngz;Nz eP ahh;?fz;zfp : Muha;e;J mwpe;J ePjp toq;fhj kd;dNd! Gwhtpd; Jah; Nghf;fpa rpgp kd;dDk; gRtpd;

Jah; Nghf;fpa kDePjpr;NrhoDk; Mz;l Gfhh; efuNk vd; Ch;. vd; fhy; rpyk;G tpw;fKad;W cd;dhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l Nfhtyd; kidtp ehd;. fz;zfp vd;gJ vd;ngah;.

ghz;bad;: fs;tidf; nfhiy nra;jy; nfhLq;Nfhyd;W ; murePjpfz;zfp : mwnewpapy; epy;yh murNd! vd; fhy; rpyk;G khzpf;fg; guy;fisf; nfhz;lJ.ghz;bad;: eP $wpaJ ed;W. vk;Kila rpyk;gpd; guy;fs; Kj;Jf;fNs ( ahuq;Nf NfhtydplkpUe;J

ifg;gw;wpa rpyk;gpidf; nfhz;L thUq;fs;)3. nghpahiu Jizahff; nfhs;tjd; ,yf;fzk;> mjdhy; tUk; rpwg;G> nghpahh; Jizapy;yh top

Vw;gLk; ,opT Mfpad Fwpj;J ts;Sth; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fsij; njhFj;njOJf.,yf;fzk;:1. mwptpy; njspe;j nghpNahuJ el;gpid Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy; NTz;Lk;.2. Jd;gk; tUKd; fhf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;l nghpahiu el;ghf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.rpwg;G:3. nghpahiug; Nghw;wp cwthff; nfhs;SjNy fpilj;jw;fhpa nry;tkhFk;.

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4. jk;ikf; fhl;bYk; mwptpy; rpwe;j nghpNahiu cwtpduha; Vw;W elj;jNy typikfSs; vy;yhk;rpwe;j typik MFk;.5. jf;f topfis Muha;e;J $Wk; nghpNahh;fisj; Njh;e;J el;ghf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.,opT:6. Fw;wk; fz;l ,lj;J ,bj;Jj; jpUj;Jk; nghpNahhpd; Jizapy;yh murd;. jd;idf; nfLf;Fk;gifth; ,y;yhkNy jhNd nfLthd;.7. KjyPL ,y;yhj tzpfh;f;F mjdhy; tUk; Cjpak; xd;Wk; ,y;iy. mJNghy; jk;ikj; jhq;fpf;fhg;ghw;w nghpNahh; ,y;yhjhh; epyj;J tho ,ayhJ.8. ey;yth; xUthpd; el;igf; iftpLtJ> gyiug; gifj;Jf; nfhs;tij tplg; gd;klq;F jPik jUk;.

4. nghUspdJ rpwg;G> nghUsPl;Lk; newp> nghUsPl;Ltjhy; Vw;gLk; gad;fs; Fwpj;J ts;Sth; $Wk;fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;njOJf.1. nghUs; cs;stiuNa ,t;Tyfk; xU nghUl;lhf kjpf;Fk;2. nry;tk; ,y;yhjtiu vy;NyhUk; ,fo;th;; nry;tk; cs;stiu vy;NyhUk; rpwg;gpg;gh;.nghUsPl;Lk; newp:4. gpwUf;Fj; jPq;fpd;wp ey;y topapy; Nrh;j;j nghUs; mwj;ijAk; ,d;gj;ijAk; jUk;.5. mUSk; md;Gk; ,y;yhky; gpw topapy; tUk; nry;tj;ij ePf;f Ntz;Lk;.6.muR chpikahy; te;j nghUs; kf;fs; thpahfj; jUk;nghUs; giftid ntw;wp nfhz;L ngw;wnghUs; murDf;F chpait.gad;fs;:7. md;G vd;Dk; jha; ngw;w mUs; vd;Dk; Foe;ij> nghUs; vd;Dk; tsh;g;Gj; jhahy; tshf;fg;gLk;.8. jd; ifapy; xU nghUis itj;Jf; nfhz;L xU nraiyj; njhlq;Fjy; kiy cr;rpapy; epd;Wahidr;rz;il ghh;g;gJ Nghd;wjhFk;.9. nghUisj; Njbr; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mJNt gifthpd; nrUf;fpid mWf;Fk; $h;ikahd MAjk;.10. rpwe;j nghUis ey;topapy; Nrh;j;jtUf;F mwKk; ,d;gKk; xU Nruf; fpilf;Fk;.tpdh vz; : 49kdg;ghlg; gFjp midj;Jk; gbj;Jg; gapw;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

gFjp - 3gFjp - 3gFjp - 3gFjp - 3gFjp - 3tpdh vz; : 13 ypUe;J 16 tiutpdh vz; : 13 ypUe;J 16 tiutpdh vz; : 13 ypUe;J 16 tiutpdh vz; : 13 ypUe;J 16 tiutpdh vz; : 13 ypUe;J 16 tiu

nghUj;Jf:nghUj;Jf:nghUj;Jf:nghUj;Jf:nghUj;Jf:I. nrhy; nghUs;

1.tpiu - cly;2. foy; - ngUfp3. jJk;gp - kzk;4. nka; - mzpfyd;tpil : 1. kzk; 2. mzpfyd; 3. ngUfp 4. cly;

II. nrhy; nghUs;1. Gfhh;fhz;lk; - 13 fhijfs;2. kJiuf; fhz;lk; - 7 fhijfs;3. tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; - 10fhijfs;tpil : 1. 10 fhijfs; 2. 13 fhijfs; 3. 7 fhijfs;

III. nrhy; nghUs;1. ,lh; - epyT2. ehtha; - Jd;gk;3. ,iw - glF4. ,e;J - jiytd;tpil: 1. Jd;gk; 2. glF 3. jiytd; 4. epyT

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IV. nrhy; nghUs;1. nrW - gidNahiyg; ngl;b2. tpj;J - GJtUtha;3. ahzh; - tpij4. tl;b - tay;tpil: 1. tay; 2. tpij 3. GJtUtha; 4. gidNahiyg; ngl;b

V. nrhy; - nghUs;1. Nkjp - rptd;2. re;jk; - vUik3. Nfhjpy; - moF4. mq;fzh; - Fw;wkpy;yhjtpil: 1. vUik 2. moF 3. Fw;wkpy;yhj 4. rptd;

VI. nrhy; nghUs;1. fhd; - fub2. cOit - rpq;fk;3. klq;fy; - Gyp4. vz;F - fhLtpil: 1.fhL 2. Gyp 3. rpq;fk; 4. fub

VII. nrhy; - nghUs;1. gz;G - $wpaJ kwh mik2. md;G - Ngijahh; nrhy; Nehd;wy;3. mwpT - jd; fpis nrwh mik4. nrwpT - ghlwpe;J xOFjy;tpil:1. ghlwpe;J xOFjy; 2. jd;fpis nrwh mik 3. Ngijahh; nrhy; Nehd;wy;4. $wpaJ kwh mik

tpdh vz; : 1 - 12 (ciueil)tpdh vz; : 1 - 12 (ciueil)tpdh vz; : 1 - 12 (ciueil)tpdh vz; : 1 - 12 (ciueil)tpdh vz; : 1 - 12 (ciueil)chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf:chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf:chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf:chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf:chpa tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf:

1. ,d;iwa kJiuapy; _______ jkpo;r; rq;fk; ,Ue;jJ.1.%d;whk; 2. ,uz;lhk; 3. Kjyhk;

2. gjpdhW nrt;tpay; jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ nrk;nkhop vdf; $wpath;.1. jpU.tp.f 2. c.Nt.rh 3. ghthzh;

3. ngz; mbik Mdjw;F chpa fhuzq;fs; xd;W _____ ,y;yhik.1. thf;Fhpik 2. Ngr;Rhpik 3. nrhj;Jhpik

4. murpd; midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; ngz;fs; gzpahw;Wk; NghJ ek; rKjhaj;jpy; Gul;rp Vw;gLk; vd;wth;1. jpU.tp.f 2. nghpahh; 3. ghujpjhrd;

5. Kk;igapy; mk;Ngj;fh; rpwpJ fhyk; _______ Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;.1. thzpftpay; 2. mwptpay; 3. nghUspay;

6. mk;Ngj;fUf;F ,e;jpa muR toq;fpa tpUJ_______1. gj;k= 2. ghujuj;dh 3. gj;k tpG+\d;

7. Ez;zpa E}y; gy fw;wth;f;Nf mike;j mhpa fiy ______1. Xtpaf;fiy 2. ,irf;fiy 3. Ngr;Rf;fiy

8. Nkilg; Ngr;rpy; kf;fis <h;j;jth; _______1. NguwpQh; mz;zh 2. K. tujuhrdhh; 3. jpU.tp.f

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9. ‘gz;nzhL jkpnohg;gha;” vdj; njhlq;fk; ghly; ,lk;ngWk; E}y;1. jpUthrk; 2. jpUf;Fws; 3. Njthuk;

10. cyfk; vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy; _________ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; mbahfg; gpwe;jJ1. cyF 2.cyT 3. csJ

11. jkpoh;fs; epyj;ij _____tifahfg; gphpj;Jf; fhl;bapUf;fpwhh;fs;.1. %d;W 2. MW 3. Ie;J

12. fhe;jpabfs; _______ ehlfj;ijg; ghh;j;J cz;ikNa Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;W cWjp G+z;lhh;.1. rputzgpJh;gj;jp 2. mhpr;re;jpud; 3. gf;jg; gpufyhjd;

13. giftdplKk; md;G fhl;L vdf; $wpa E}y; ______1.gftj; fPij 2. ed;D}y; 3. iggps;

14. mwnewpahfg; Nghw;wg;gl Ntz;bait______1.Mlk;guk;> tPz;nryT 2.vspik> rpf;fdk; 3. md;G> mUs;

15. ‘cynfyhk; czh;e;J Xjw;fhpatd;” vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y;1. fe;jGuhzk; 2. rPwhg;Guhzk; 3. nghpa Guhzk;

16. ts;syhhpd; ,aw;ngah; _______1. rk;ge;jh; 2. ,uhkypq;fh; 3. jhAkhdth;

17. ngUk;ghyhd gzpfSf;F mbg;gil jFjp1. gj;jhk; tFg;G 2. gd;dpuz;lhk; tFg;G 3.vl;lhk; tFg;G

18. ‘tpuy;fs; gj;Jk; %yjdk;’ vd;Dk; ghlypd; Mrphpah;________1. ghujpahh; 2.ghujpjhrd; 3. jhuhghujp

gFjp - 2gFjp - 2gFjp - 2gFjp - 2gFjp - 2NNNNNfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf:fhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf:fhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf:fhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf:fhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf:

1. jkpoh; kdpj tho;it mfk; Gwk; vdg; gphpj;jdh;.2. Fkhp fz;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; kdpjd; Ngrpa nkhop jkpo;nkhop3. jkpo; kpfTk; gz;gl;l nkhopnadf; $wpa nkhopapay; mwpQh; khf;R Ky;yh; Mthh;.4. jkpoh;fsplk; ,d;W gutpAs;s ngUNeha; xd;W cz;L.5. nghpahh; r%f Kuz;fis vjph;j;jth;; %lf;fUj;Jfis Kl;lWj;jth;.6. ntWk; Ngr;Rf;Fk; Nkilg; Ngr;Rf;Fk; NtWghL cz;L.7. Ngr;R Kbtpy; RUf;fj;ijf; $wpf; fUj;jpid epiy ehl;b Kbj;jy;8. ebg;ghw;wy; kpf;ftiuAk; ebg;igf; fw;Wj; jUgtiuAk; ,af;Feh; vd miog;gh;.9. glg;gpbg;Gf; fUtpia efh;j;Jk; tz;bapy; nghUj;JtJk; cz;L.10. ,aq;FU glq;fs; ghh;g;gjw;F Ntbf;ifahf ,Uf;Fk;.11. ,ny%hpahit kdpj ehfhpfj; njhl;by; vd;gh;.12. jdf;Ftikapy;yh xU jdp ,dk; jkpo; ,dk;.13. fhe;jpabfs; rputz gpJh;gj;jp vd;Dk; ehlf E}iyg; gbj;jhh;.14. jpUf;Fwis nkhop ngah;j;j cUrpa mwpQh; jhy;Rjha;15. ,uhkypq;fh; rj;jpa jUkr; rhiyia epWtpa ,lk; tlY}h;.16. ,uhkypq;fh; jkpo; nkhopNa ,wthj epiy jUk; vd;W fUjpdhh;.17. rq;f fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; fly; fle;J nry;yf; $lhJ.18. ehs;NjhWk; fy;tpapy; GJg;GJj;Jiwfs; cUthfpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.19. fhtyh; ,uhZtk; Nghd;w gzpfSf;F clw;$W Njh;Tk; vOj;Jj; Njh;Tk; cz;L.

gFjp - 3 tpdh vz; 13-16gFjp - 3 tpdh vz; 13-16gFjp - 3 tpdh vz; 13-16gFjp - 3 tpdh vz; 13-16gFjp - 3 tpdh vz; 13-16nghUj;Jf:nghUj;Jf:nghUj;Jf:nghUj;Jf:nghUj;Jf:

VIII. 1.<];l;kd; - xUth; kl;Lk; ghh;f;Fk; glf;fUtp2. vbrd; - glr;RUs;

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3. vl;th;L gphpl;R - fUj;Jg;glk;4. thyl; b];dp - ,af;fg;glk;tpil:<];l;kd; - glr;RUs;vbrd; - xUth; kl;Lk; ghh;f;Fk; fUtpvl;th;L ik gphpl;R - ,af;fg;glk;thy;l; b];dp - fUj;Jg;glk;

IX. 1. rj;jpa Nrhjid - jpUts;Sth;2. gftj; fPij - fpwpj;Jt rka E}y;3. jpUf;Fws; - fhe;jpabfs;4. iggps; - ,e;J rka E}y;tpil :rj;jpa Nrhjid - fhe;jpabfs;gftj;fPij - ,e;J rka E}y;jpUf;Fws; - jpUts;Sth;iggps; - fpwpj;Jt rka E}y;

X. 1.tpidNa Mlth;f;Faph; - jhuhghujp2. Ke;ePh; tof;fk; kf^ c Nthby;iy - FWe;njhif3. clk;ig tsh;j;Njd; caph; tsh;j;Njd; - njhy;fhg;gpah;4. tpuy;fs; gj;Jk; %yjdk; - jpU%yh;tpil:tpidNa Mlth;f;Faph; - FWe;njhifKe;ePh; tof;fk; kf^ c Nthby;iy - njhy;fhg;gpah;clk;ig tsh;j;Njd; caph; tsh;j;NjNd - jpU%yh;tpuy;fs; gj;Jk; %yjdk; - jhuhghujp

gFjp - 4gFjp - 4gFjp - 4gFjp - 4gFjp - 4tpilf;Nfw;w tpdhj;njhlh; mikf;f: tpdh vz; 17-20.tpilf;Nfw;w tpdhj;njhlh; mikf;f: tpdh vz; 17-20.tpilf;Nfw;w tpdhj;njhlh; mikf;f: tpdh vz; 17-20.tpilf;Nfw;w tpdhj;njhlh; mikf;f: tpdh vz; 17-20.tpilf;Nfw;w tpdhj;njhlh; mikf;f: tpdh vz; 17-20.

1. ngz;fs; chpik ngw;Wg; GJ cyifg; gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpath; nghpahh;.tpil: nghpah vij tpUk;gpdhh;?

2. nghpahh; ngz;Zhpikf;F CW tpistpf;Fk; gioa ek;gpf;iffis Vw;f kWj;jhh;?tpil: nghpahh; vij Vw;f kWj;jhh;?

3. nra;jpg; glq;fs; thapyhf epfo;Tfis ek; ,Ug;gplj;jpNyNa fz;L fspf;fyhk;.m. vg;glq;fs; thapyhf epfo;Tfis ek; ,Ug;gplj;jpNyNa fz;Lfspf;fyhk;?(m)tpil: M. epfo;Tfis ehk; vjd; thapayhf fz;L fspf;fyhk;?

4. jpiuauq;Ffspy; jpiug;glk; fhl;l xsp xypg; glf;fUtp gad;gLfpd;wJ.tpil: jpiuauq;Ffspy; jpiug;glk; fhl;l vf;fUtp gad;gLfpd;wJ?

5. jpiug;glk; vLg;gjidtplr; nra;jpg;glk; vLg;gJ fbdkhd gzpahFk;.tpil: vg;glk; vLg;gJ fbdkhd gzpahFk;?

6. jkpoh;fs; muG ehl;LlDk; atd ehl;LlDk; thzpfj; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;.tpil: ahUld; jkpoh;fs; thzpfj; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;?

7. tpdhj; njhlh; mikf;f:fhe;jpabfs;> gy Nfhb kf;fspd; gl;bdpiag; Nghf;Fk; tho;thjhuk; fjh; vd;W fUjpdhh;.tpil: fhe;jpabfs; vij tho;thjhuk; vd;W fUjpdhh;?

8. ,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; ehl;Lg;gw;Wk;> nkhopg;gw;Wk;> nja;tg; gw;Wk; tsUk; tifapy; fy;tp

15

mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.tpil: ,isQh;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; fy;tp vt;thW mikjy; Ntz;Lk;?

9. ,sq;fiyg; gl;lk; ngw;wth;fs;> ,sq;fiy fy;tpapay; gl;lk; ngw;wpUe;jhy; gl;ljhhp Mrphpah; gzpapy;Nruyhk;.tpil: gl;ljhhp Mrphpah; gzpapy; ahh; Nruyhk;?

10. njhopy; El;gg; gapyfj;jpy; gapy;Nthh;f;F epiwa Ntiy tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd.tpil: vg;gapyfj;jpy; gapy;Nthh;f;Fepiwa Ntiy tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd?

gphpT - gphpT - gphpT - gphpT - gphpT - IIgFjp - 1gFjp - 1gFjp - 1gFjp - 1gFjp - 1

ciueil : FWtpdh ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdh vz; : 28 - 34ciueil : FWtpdh ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdh vz; : 28 - 34ciueil : FWtpdh ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdh vz; : 28 - 34ciueil : FWtpdh ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdh vz; : 28 - 34ciueil : FWtpdh ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdh vz; : 28 - 34fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F %d;W thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f:fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F %d;W thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f:fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F %d;W thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f:fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F %d;W thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f:fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F %d;W thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f:

1. cyfpy; cs;s nkhopfSs; ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz tsKila nkhopfs; vj;jid?tpil : %thapuk;

2. njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpj;J Kidth; vkpNdh $WtJ ahJ?‘,d;iwa nkhopapay; ty;Yeh;fs; Ngzpg; gpd;gw;wj;jf;f top Kiwfisj; njhy;fhg;gpak;” $wpAs;sJvd vkpNdh $Wfpd;whh;.

3. nghpahhpd; ngz; tpLjiyr; rpe;jidfis vt;thW gFf;fyhk;?1. mbg;gilj; Njitfs; 2. mfw;wg;gl Ntz;bait

4. mk;Ngj;fhh; vq;F vg;NghJ gpwe;jhh;?kuhl;ba khepyj;jpy; nfhq;fz; rpw;W}hpy; 1891 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; jpq;fs; 14 Mk; ehs; gpwe;jhh;.

5. mk;Ngj;fhpd; ngw;Nwhh; ahth;?,uhk;[p rf;ghy;> gPkhgha;

6. mk;Ngj;fUf;F ‘gPk;’ vd ngah; itf;f fhuzk; vd;d?kfhghujg; gPkidg; NghyNt jd; kfDk; vtUk; mirf;f Kbahj tPudhf tu Ntz;Lk; vd;wvz;zj;jpy; gPk; vdg;ngah; #l;bdhh;.

7. gPkhuht; jk; ngaiu mk;Ngj;fhh; vd khw;wpf; nfhs;sf; fhuzk; ahJ?jk; Mrphpah; Nky; nfhz;l gw;wpd; fhuzkha; mk;Ngj;fh; vd;W khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.

8. mk;Ngj;fh; Fwpj;J NeU Gfo;e;J $wpaJ ahJ?Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpNyNa kpfg;nghpa jdpahs; E}yfj;ij mikj;j ngUik ,tiuNa rhUk; vd;WNeU $wpdhh;.

9. Nkilg; Ngr;rpy; kf;fis <h;j;j ehy;th; ahh;?1. jpU.tp.f 2. mwpQh; mz;zh 3. uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is 4. ghujpahh; 5. Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh;

10. Ngr;rpd; Kf;$Wfs; ahit?1. vLj;jy; 2. njhLj;jy; 3. Kbj;jy;

11. nkhop khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?xU nkhopg;glj;ij kw;w nkhopapy; khw;wpaikf;Fk; Kiwia nkhop khw;wk; vd;gh;

12. fy;tpg; glq;fs; thapyhf ehk; mwptd ahit?gy tif tpyq;Ffspd; tho;f;if gd;dhl;L kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw Nehpy; fhz Kbahg; gy,lq;fisg; gw;wpa fhl;rpfis ehk; mwpayhk;.

13. nfhLq;flyhy; nfhs;sg;gl;l jkpofg; gFjpfs; ahit?1. Fkhp kiy 2. g‡WspahW

14. Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; E}y;fs; ahit?1. gl;bdg; ghiy 2. kJiuf; fhQ;rp

15. Qhyk; - ngah;f; fhuzk; $Wf.Qhy; vd;why; njhq;Fjy; vd;gJ nghUs;. vt;tpj gw;Wf;NfhLkpd;wp mz;lntspapy; cyfk;

njhq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

16

16. fhe;jpabfisf; fth;e;j F[uhj; ghlypd; fUj;J ahJ?‘jhfhj;jpw;F ePh; jUtjpy; xd;Wkpy;iy; jPik nra;jth;f;Fk; ed;ikNa nra;; mjpy; jhd;cz;ikg;nghUz;ik cz;L vd;whh;.

17. fhe;jpabfSf;F ,sk; gUtj;jpNyNa ,ay;gha; mike;j cah;gz;Gfs; ahit?1. md;G 2. cz;ik 3. cWjp 4. ,d;dhnra;ahik MFk;.

18. fhe;jpabfspd; mwtopg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; cUthd ,af;fq;fs; ahit?1. fjh; ,af;fk; 2. kJtpyf;F 3. jPz;lhik xopg;G

19. vtw;iw mw newpahfg; Nghw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W fhe;jpabfs; $wpdhh;?1. vspik 2. rpf;fdk;

20. ,uhkypq;fh; vq;F vg;NghJ gpwe;jhh;?flY}h; khtl;lk; rpjk;guk; tl;lj;jpy;> kUJ}hpy; 5.10.1823 ,y; ,uhikah rpd;dk;ik ,izah;f;F5 Mk; kfthf ,uhkypq;fh; gpwe;jhh;.

21. rj;jpa jUkr;rhiyapy; ts;syhh; nra;j njhz;L ahJ?rhjp kj NtWghL ,d;wpg; grpj;Njhh;f;F vy;yhk; cztpLk; njhz;ilr; nra;jhh;.

22. xt;nthUtUk; Fiwe;jJ vf;fy;tpj; jFjpapidg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;?+2 - fy;tpj; jFjpapidg; ngWjy; Ngz;Lk;.

23. jw;NghJ tsh;e;J tUk; ,uz;L njhopy; El;gj; Jiwfs; ahit?1. caphpj; njhopy; El;gj;Jiw 2. Ez;zpay; njhopy; El;gj;Jiw

24. gl;lg;gbg;Gfspy; vitNaDk; ehd;fis vOJf.jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> ,sq;fiy (gp.V) mwptpay;> fzpjk; ,sq;fiy (gp. v];.]p)

25. ,ilepiy Mrphpah; gapw;rp Fwpj;J vOJf.Nky;epiyf;fy;tp Njh;r;rp ngw;wth;fs;> ,ilepiy Mrphpah; fy;tpg; gapw;rp ,uz;L Mz;Lfs;

gbj;Jj; Njh;r;rp ngWtJld;> Mrphpah; jFjpj; Njh;tpYk; Njh;;r;rp ngw;why; ,ilepiy Mrphpauhfg;gzpapy; Nruyhk;.

gFjp - 2gFjp - 2gFjp - 2gFjp - 2gFjp - 2ciueil rpWtpdh ehd;F kjpg;ngz; tpdh vz; : 40 - 44ciueil rpWtpdh ehd;F kjpg;ngz; tpdh vz; : 40 - 44ciueil rpWtpdh ehd;F kjpg;ngz; tpdh vz; : 40 - 44ciueil rpWtpdh ehd;F kjpg;ngz; tpdh vz; : 40 - 44ciueil rpWtpdh ehd;F kjpg;ngz; tpdh vz; : 40 - 44

fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F MW thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilasp:fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F MW thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilasp:fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F MW thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilasp:fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F MW thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilasp:fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F MW thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilasp:1. jkpo; nkhopapd; jdpj;jd;ikfis vOJf.

1. jkpo; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk;> vd;fpw Kg;ngUk; gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ.2. jkpoh; mfk;> Gwk; vd tho;tpaYf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jdh;3. ,wth ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz tsKilaJ.4. goikAk;> ngUikAk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

2. nkhopf;Fhpa nrt;tpay; jd;ikfs; ahit?1. njhd;ik> Kd;ik> Ez;ik>jpz;ik> vz;ik> xz;ik> ,dpik> jdpik> ,sik> tsik> jha;ik>J}a;ik> Kk;ik> nrk;ik> ,ad;ik> tpad;ik MFk;.

3. kzf;nfhil Fwpj;Jg; nghpahh; $Wtd ahit?jkpoh;fsplk; ,d;W gutpAs;s ngUNeha; xd;W cz;L. mJNt kzf;nfhil ngw;Nwhh; gyh; jk;kfdpd; fy;tpf;fhfg; gzk; nrytopg;gjidj; jq;fs; flikiar; Nrh;e;jJ vdf; fUjhJ> mijVNjh xU njhopypy; Nghl;l KjyPlhfNt fUjpdh;. me;j KjyPl;il tl;bAld; Nrh;j;Nj mtDf;Ftug;Nghfpd;w kidtp %yk; ngWtNj kzf;nfhil MFk;.

4. mk;Ngj;fh; ngw;w fy;tpj; jFjpfs; ahit?mk;Ngj;fh; 1908 ,y; vy;gpd;];ld; gs;spapy; jk; cah; epiyg;gs;spg; gbg;ig Kbj;jhh;. 1912 ,y;gk;gha; vy;gpd;];ld; fy;Y}hpapy; ,sq;fiyg; gl;lk; ngw;whh;.1915 ,y; mnkhpf;ff; nfhyk;gpahgy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; KJfiyg; gl;lk;>1916y;,y; ,yz;ldpy; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kidth; gl;lKk;>mwptpaypy; KJfiy> ghhp];lh; gl;lKk; ngw;whh;.

5. Ngr;rpid Kbf;Fk; Kiwfs; rpytw;iw vOJf.

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Ngr;ir Kbf;Fk; NghJ jhd; Ngr;rhsh; jkJ fUj;ij tw;GWj;jTk;> Nfl;Nghh; kdjpy; gjpAkhWRUf;fpf; $wTk; $Lk; RUf;fj;ijf; $wp Kbj;jy;> ghuhl;b Kbj;jy; ftpijiaf; $wp Kbj;jy;>czh;r;rpiaj; J}z;Lk; Kiwapy; Kbj;jy;. rpwe;j Ngr;rhsh; vg;gb Kbj;jhYk; moFwNt mikAk;.

6. fUj;Jg;glk; gw;wp tpsf;F vOJf.fUj;Jg;glk; mikf;fj; njhlq;fpath; ‘thy;l; b];dp’ vd;gth; Mthh;. mth; Xtpah;. xNu nraiyf;

Fwpf;Fk; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd glq;fis tiuthh;. xd;Wf;nfhd;W rpwpJ rpwpjhf khWtdthf,Uf;Fk;. xt;nthU fhl;rpapYk; tUk; tptuq;fisAk;> gpd;dzpiaAk; jdpj;jdpahf vOjp xspGFk;nry;Yyha;L jfl;by; jPl;b jpiug;gl glg;gpbg;Gf; fUtpiaf; nfhz;L ,g;glq;fisg; glkhf;Fth;.fijf;Nfw;g xypg;gjpitAk; nra;th;. glk; vOJtjw;F gjpyhfg; nghk;ikfisf; nfhz;Lk; glk;jahhpf;fpd;wdh;.

7. fly; thzpfk; Fwpj;J vOJf.fly; thzpfj;jpy; jkpoh; rpwe;jpUe;jdh;. gz;ilj; jkpofj;jpy; JiwKfg; gl;bdq;fs; gytpUe;jd.G+k;Gfhh; tzpfh; thOk; efukha; ,Ue;jJ. fpwpj;J gpwg;gjw;F Kd;Ng fpNuf;fk;> cNuhkhGhp> vfpg;JMfpa ehLfSf;F mhprpAk;> kapy; NjhifAk; re;jdKk; jkpofj;jpypUe;J mDg;gg;gl;ld. murd;rhykDf;F ahidj; je;jKk; thridg;nghUs;fSk; jkpofj;jpypUe;J mDg;gg;gl;ld.jkpoh;fSf;Fr;rhtf ehl;Lld; fly; thzpfj; njhlh;G ,Ue;jJ.

8. mZ gw;wpa fk;ghpd; fUj;J ahJ?,d;iwa mwptpay; mZitg; gpsf;fTk; Nrh;f;fTk; KbAk; vd Ma;e;jpUf;fpwJ. xsit ‘mZitj;Jisj;J Vo; fliyg; Gfl;b’ vd;W nrhy;fpwhh;. ‘Xh; mZtpidr; rj $wpl;l NfhzpDk; csd;’vdf; fk;gUk; $Wth;. ,jd; %yk; mZr; Nrh;g;Gk; mZg; gphpg;Gk; gw;wpa fUj;Jfs; md;Nw mUk;gpd.

9. fhe;jpabfisf; fth;e;j ehlfk; vJ? tpsf;Ff.mhpr;re;jpu ehlfk; cz;ikia kl;LNk NgRk; murd; mhpr;re;jpuid>xU ngha; Ngr itf;f Ntz;Lk;vd;gjw;fhfNt gy ,d;dy;fSf;F cs;shf;Ffpwhh;. Kdpth; tpRthkpj;jpuh;. mjdhy; mhpr;re;jpud;ehl;ilAk; kidtpiaAk; xNu kfidAk; ,of;fpd;whd;. RLfhl;by; gzpGhpfpd;whd;. Kdpth;gy;NtW ,d;dy;fis ,ioj;Jk; ngha; nrhy;Nyd; vd;w kWnkhop $wpdhd;. mtdJ tha;ikiaehlfk; thapyhf czh;e;j fhe;jp jhk; xU rj;jpathdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd cWjp G+z;lhh;.

10. ,uhkypq;fiu ‘cj;jk kdpjh;’ vd;W jpfk;gu rhkpahh; Nghw;wpa epfo;r;rpia vOJf?jpUnthw;wpA+h;r; rd;djp tPjpapy; xU tPl;Lj; jpz;izapy; cl;fhh;e;jpUe;j jpfk;gurhkpahh;> mt;topapy;nry;Yk; kdpjh;fisf; fz;L ‘mNjh khL NghfpwJ; ML NghfpwJ; eha; NghfpwJ ;ehp NghfpwJ;vd;W mtuth;fspd; Fzj; jd;ikf; Nfw;g tpyq;Ffspd; ngah;fshy; $Wthh;. Mdhy; ,uhkypq;fh;mt;topNa nrd;w NghJ ,Njh Xh; cj;jk kdpjh; Nghfpwhh; vd;W $wpdhh;.

11. Rj;j rd;khh;f;f Nehf;fq;fs; ehd;fpid vOJf?,iwtd;xUtNd> mtd; xsp tbthdtd;> ,iwtid mila rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f rq;fj;ijtlY}hpy; epWtpdhh;. rhjp kj rka ,d NtWghL $lhJ. vt;TapiuAk; nfhy;yf; $lhJ. Gyhy;cz;zy; $lhJ. vy;yh caph;fisAk; jk; caph; Nghy; vz;Zjy; Ntz;Lk;. kf;fs; midtiuAkcld; gpwg;gha; Nerpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

12. njhopy; El;g fy;tp Fwpj;J vOJf?gj;jhk; tFg;gpy; Njh;r;rp ngw;wth;fs; jhq;fs; ngw;w cah; kjpg;ngz;fSf;F Vw;gg; gy;NtW njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}hpfspy; Nrh;e;J gapyyhk;. nghwpapay; Jiwfspy; cs;sit Nghy; gy;NtW Jiwfs;,jpYk; cz;L. ,tw;wpy; Nrh;e;J gbg;gth;fSf;F ,f;fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW njhopy; rhh;e;j Ntiytha;g;Gfs; ngWtjw;F tha;g;G cz;L.

13. ,uhZtk; fhty; Kjypa gzpfspy; Nrh;tjw;fhd $Wfs; ahit?Kjypy; clw;$W Njh;T eilngWk;. jpU%yh; thf;fpw;Nfw;g Kiwahd clw;gapw;rp %yk; ey;y cly;jFjp ngw;wth;fs; vOj;Jj; Njh;tpYk; ntw;wp ngWtNj ,jw;Fhpa jFjpf; $whFk;. ,tw;wpy; Njh;r;rpngw;wth;fNs ,g;gzpapy; Nruyhk;.

18

gphpT - gphpT - gphpT - gphpT - gphpT - IVtpdh vz; : 46tpdh vz; : 46tpdh vz; : 46tpdh vz; : 46tpdh vz; : 46

I. fPo;f;fhZk; ciug;gFjpiag;gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp:fPo;f;fhZk; ciug;gFjpiag;gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp:fPo;f;fhZk; ciug;gFjpiag;gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp:fPo;f;fhZk; ciug;gFjpiag;gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp:fPo;f;fhZk; ciug;gFjpiag;gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp:1. ‘xOf;fk; caphpDk; Xk;gg;gLk;’ vd;Dk; ts;Sth; tha; nkhopia ed;Fzh;e;jth; nghpahh;. xU ehL

tsj;Jld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; me;ehl;L kf;fs; midtUk; xj;j xOf;fKilath;fshf ,Uj;jy;xOf;fnkd;gJk; fw;ngd;gJk; ngz;fSf;F kl;Lk; vd;wpy;yhky; Mz; ngz; ,Ughyhh;f;Fk;nghJthFk; vd;gJ mth; jk; fUj;J. nghpahh; r%f Kuz;fis; vjph;j;jth; %lf;fUj;JfisKl;lWj;jth;; njhiy Nehf;F ghh;itAilath;; gFj;jwpTf;Fg; nghUe;jhjtw;iw mWj;Jvjph;j;jth; ; r%f khw;wj;ij tpUk;gpath;; ngz;fNs r%fj;jpd; fz;fs; vdf; fUjpath;. ngz;fismbikj;jisapypUe;J kPl;lth; nghpahh; topfhl;Ljyhy; jkpofk; ,d;W jiyepkph;e;J epw;fpwJ.tpdhf;fs;:1. nghpahh; vij vjph;j;jhh;?tpil: r%f Kuz;fis vjph;j;jhh;.

2. r%fj;jpd; fz;fs; vd;W nghpahh; ahiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;?ngz;fs; r%fj;jpd; fz;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

3. xOf;fk; ahUf;Fg; nghJthdJ vd;whh; nghpahh;?Mz;> ngz; ,UtUf;Fk; nghJthdJ vd;whh; nghpahh;.

4. xOf;fk; Fwpj;J ts;Sth; $WtJ ahJ?xOf;fk; caphpDk; Xk;gg;gLk; vd;whh;.

5. nghpahh; vg;ghh;itAilath;? njhiy Nehf;Fg; ghh;itAilath;.II. mk;Ngj;fh; Nkiy ehLfspy; fy;tp gapd;w NghJ Gfo; tha;e;j Nguhrphpah; gyUld; el;Gf;

nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,th; vOjpa ‘,e;jpahtpd; Njrpag; gq;F tPjk;’ vd;Dk; E}iyg; nghUshjhuj;Jiwapd; rpwe;j E}yff; fUjpg; nghUspay; ty;Yeh;fSk; Nguhrphpah;fSk; nghpJk; kjpj;Jg;Nghw;wpdhh;fs;. nghUspaypy; ngUk; Gyik ngw;W tpsq;fpajhy; gy;NtW nghUshjhr; rpf;fy;fismZfpAk; EZfpAk; Muha;e;J ghh;f;f mtuhy; ,ad;wJ; njhopy; Jiwapy; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpg;ngw GJg;GJf; fUj;Jfis ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;.tpdhf;fs; - tpilfs;:

1. mk;Ngj;fh; vq;F fy;tp gapd;whh;?Nkiy ehLfspy;

2. mth; ahUld; el;Gf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;?Gfo; tha;e;j Nguhrphpah;fSld;

3. mth; vOjpa E}ypd; ngah; vd;d?‘,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa gq;F tPjk;”

4. mth; vjpy; ngUk; Gyik ngw;W tpsq;fpdhh;?nghUspay;

5. njhopy;Jiwapy; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp ngw vij ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;?GJg;GJf; fUj;Jfis ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;.

III. xspg;glk; vLf;Fk; Kiwia 1830 Mk; Mz;L fz;L gpbj;j gpd;dh;> vl;th;L ikgphpl;R vd;wMq;fpNyah; Kjypy; XLk; Fjpiuia ,af;fg;glkhf vLj;J ntw;wp ngw;whh;. <];l;kd; vd;ghh;glr;RUs; cUthf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.vbrd; glr;RUs; cUthf;Fk; Kiwiaf;fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. vbrd; xUth; kl;Lk; ghh;f;Fk; glf; fUtpia fz;L gpbj;jhh;. gpuhd;rp]; nrd;fpd;R vd;w mnkhpf;fh; 1894 ,y; hpr;kz;l; vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,af;fg; glj;ijg; gyUk; ghh;f;Fk; tifapy;tbtikj;jhh;. Gjpa gl tPo;j;jpfs; cUthf ,tUila fUj;JfNs mbg;gilahf mike;jd.tpdhf;fs; - tpilfs;:

1. xspg;glk; vLf;Fk; Kiwia ve;j fz;L gpbj;jdh;?1830

2. XLk; Fjpiuia ,af;fg;glkhf vLj;jth; ahh;?‘vl;th;L ik gphpl;R”

19

3. glr;RUs; cUthf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fz;L gpbj;jth; ahh;?<];l;kd;

4. ,af;fg; glj;ij tbtikj;jth; ahh;?gpuhd;rp]; nrd;fpd;R

5. ve;j Mz;L ,af;fg; glj;ij tbtikj;jhh;?1894neLtpdhf;fs;: ciueil tpdh vz; : 48neLtpdhf;fs;: ciueil tpdh vz; : 48neLtpdhf;fs;: ciueil tpdh vz; : 48neLtpdhf;fs;: ciueil tpdh vz; : 48neLtpdhf;fs;: ciueil tpdh vz; : 48

1. ngz; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilj; Njitfshfg; nghpahh; $wpAs;stw;iwj; njhFj;J vOJf.ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilj; Njitfisg; ngz;fy;tp> ngz;Zhpik> nrhj;Jhpik>muRg;gzp vd tifg;gLj;jpg; nghpahh; $wpAs;shh;.ngz; fy;tp: ngz;fs; fy;tp ngWtJ> mth;fspd; chpik kl;Lkd;W mth;fSf;F cyfg; gbg;Gk;Muha;r;rpg; gbg;Gk; jhuskha;f; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.ngz;Zhpik: goikahd %l ek;gpf;iffs;> Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; Mfpad ngz;Zhpikf;Fg;ngUe;jilfshFk;. mth;fs; chpik ngw;Wg; GJ cyifg; gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.nrhj;Jhpik: ngz;fSf;Fr; nrhj;Jhpik nfhLj;J tpl;lhy; mth;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk; midj;Jtpjkhd mbikj;jdq;fSk; xope;JtpLk;.muRg;gzp : Mz;fisg;Nghy> murpd; midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; ngz;fs; gzpahw;w tha;g;gspf;fNtz;Lk;. mg;gbr; nra;jhy; rKjhaj;jpy; Gul;rp Vw;gLk; vd;whh;.

2. mk;Ngj;fh; vj;jifa ,e;jpahit mikf;f tpUk;gpdhh;?mk;Ngj;fh; ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy Mjpf;fk; ePq;fp kf;fshl;rp kyh;e;jpl Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fuy; nfhLj;jhh;.%l ek;gpf;iffSk; jPa gof;fq;fSk; mhpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j ,e;jpar; rKjhaj;jpy; rkg;gLj;jg;Nghuhbdhh;. vq;F rkj;Jtk; kWf;fg;gLfpwNjh mq;Nf kdpj Neak; kiwe;J tpLk; vd;gijczh;e;jhh;. mwpahikNa kf;fspd; my;yy; midj;jpw;Fk; %y fhuzkhFk;. ,e;jpag; nghUshjhutsh;r;rpf;fhfg; gy;NtW rpf;fy;fis Muha;e;Jmhpa fUj;Jfis ntspapl;llhh;. ,e;jpah FbauRehlhf tpsq;Ftjw;Fhpa ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij tFj;jspj;jhh;. Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;>rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;Dk; %d;Wk; ,e;jpar; rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;wk; jUtd. MfNt ,e;jpar; rKjhaj;jpy;,it %d;Wk; nropj;jpl tpUk;gpdhh;.

3. jpiug;glk; vLj;jYf;F Njitahd Maj;jg; gzpfis njhFj;njOJf?tho;tpw;Fr; rpwg;igAk; caph;g;iaAk; jUtJ fiy. mtw;Ws; jpiug;glf;fiy rpwe;jJ. cyfpy;

gy;NtW nkhopfs; ,Ug;gpDk; kf;fs; midtUk; vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; cyf nkhop> jpiug;glk;mJ cjL NgRk; nkhopad;;W> cs;sj;jhy; Ngrp czh;r;rpahy; cUthFk; nkhop. jpiug;glk;vLf;fg;gLKd;> jpiug;glf; fijiaAk;> fij khe;jiuAk; Njh;T nra;th;. gpd;dh;f; fij> ciuahly;ghly; Kjypatw;iw Maj;jg;gLj;Jth;. ebfh; ebifah;> Njhoh;> Njhopah; gzpahsh;fs; vd ebfh;fs;Njh;T nra;ag;gLth;> mth;fSf;F Vw;w cilfs; tbtikf;fg;gLk;> ,irthd Fuy; ,y;yhjtUf;FNtnwhUth; Fuy; ju KbAk;. ebfh;fspd; ebg;igAk;> ghLk; ghly;fisAk; ciuahly;fisAk;xypg;gjpT nra;th;> ciuahlypy; vOk; xyp miyfs; xU Ez;nzhyp ngUf;fpiaj; jhf;Fk;.Ez;nzhyp ngUf;fp xypaiyfspd; kpd;mjph;Tfshf;Fk;. me;j kpd; mjph;Tfs; ngUf;fg;gl;LxUtif tpsf;fpDs; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd. me;j kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fj; jf;fthW tpsf;fpd; xspkhWk;. ,e;j xsp mjph;T> glr;RUspd; tpspk;gpYs;s gFjpapy; tpOe;J mq;F m‡J xypg;ghijiaNjhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

4. jkpod; mwptpaypd; Kd;Ndhb vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.Nguz;lj; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;J Nkiy ehl;lth; mz;ikf; fhykhf Muha;e;J tUfpd;wdh;. cyfk;

cUz;ilahdJ vdg; gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; jhd; Nkiy ehl;lth; fz;lwpe;jdh;. ,r;nra;jpfis‘mz;lg; gFjpapd; cz;ilg; gpwf;fk;’ vdj; jpUthrfk; NgRfpwJ. Rw;Wjy; vd;fpw cyT vd;Dk;nrhy;ybahf ‘cyfk;’ vdg; ngahpl;ldh; jkpoh;. me;juj;jpy; njhq;Ftjhy; ‘Qhyk;’ vdf; $wpdh;.thdpy; fhw;wpy;yhg; gFjp cz;L vd;gijAk; ‘twpJ epiy,a fhyKk;’ vd;Dk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;thp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. tpkhdp ,y;yhj thD}h;jpia gz;ilj; jkpoh; nrYj;jpaij ‘tytd; VththD}h;jp’ vd;Dk; Gwg;ghly; thp njhptpf;fpwJ.

fUk;G gpopAk; ve;jpuk; Fwpj;Jg; gjpw;Wg; gj;Jk;> ve;jpuf; fpzW> nghwpahy; ,yf;fpa ahid

20

Fwpj;Jg; ngUq;fijAk; NgRtjpypUe;J jkpohpd; nghwpapay; mwpT Gyg;gLk;. fdpktpay; gw;wpanra;jpia kzpNkfiy Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. jkpoh; jhk; tho;e;j epyj;ij ItiffshfTk; epwk; Ritjd;ikfspd; mbg;gilapy; nrk;kz; epyk; cth;epyk; fsh; epyk; vd %tiffshfTk; gphpj;jdh;.mZitf; Fwpj;J xsitahUk; fk;gUk; NgRfpd;wdh;. ePhpay; jj;Jtk;> kUj;Jtk; Fwpj;Jg; gyE}y;fs; cs;sd.nghpa GuhzKk;> fk;guhkhazKk;> kzp NkfiyAk; mWit kUj;Jtr; nra;jpfisf; $Wfpd;wd.

5. fiy mwptpay; fy;tp> rpWnjhopy; fy;tp Fwpj;J tpthpf;f.Nkdpiyf; fy;tpapy; Njh;r;rp ngw;Wj; njhopw;fy;tp gapy ,ayhjth;fs;> fiy mwptpay; fy;Y}hpfspy;Nrh;e;J fzpjk;> ,aw;gpay; Ntjpapay; tpyq;fpay;> nghUspay;> tuyhW fzf;Fg;gjptpay;>fzpg;nghwpapay;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; thzpftpay; Kjypa gphpTfspy; Nrh;e;J ,sq;fiyg; gl;lKk;KJfiyg; gl;lKk; ngwyhk;. ,sq;fiyg; gl;lk; ngw;Nwhh; fy;tpapay; fy;Y}hpapy; Nrh;e;J,sq;fy;tpapay; gl;lk; ngw;W gl;ljhhp Mrphpah; gzpapy; Nruyhk;. muRj; Njh;thizaq;fs;>tq;fpj;Jiw> MAs; fhg;gPl;Lj;Jiw tzpfj;Jiw elj;Jk; Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfis vOjp ntw;wp ngw;WNtiy tha;g;Gfisg; ngwyhk;.rpW njhopy; fy;tp : gj;jhk; tFg;gpy; Njh;r;rp ngw;wth;fs;> ngwhjth;fs; njhopw; gapw;rp epWtdq;fspy;Nrh;e;J Xuhz;L(m.) <uhz;L gapw;rp ngw;W gzpapy; Nruyhk;.fk;kpah;> filry; gpbg;gth;> fl;ll tiuthsh; epy msitahsh;> jr;rh; Kjyhd gbg;Gfspy; gapw;rpiag;ngwyhk;.,ae;jpuk;> thfdk;> njhiyf;fhl;rp> Fsp&l;b> fzpdp gOJ ghh;f;Fk; gbg;Gfspy; Nruyhk;.muRg; gzpf;fhff; fhj;jpuhky; Ranjhopy; njhlq;f tha;g;Gz;L. Ranjhopy; njhlq;Ftjw;F topfhl;Ljy;fs; gapw;rpfs; flDjtpfis muR mspf;fpwJ.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

21

jkpo; ,uz;lhk; jhs;jkpo; ,uz;lhk; jhs;jkpo; ,uz;lhk; jhs;jkpo; ,uz;lhk; jhs;jkpo; ,uz;lhk; jhs;nkhopg; gapw;rpfs; (jkpo; ,uz;lhk; jhs;)

jkpo; ,uhz;lhk; jhspy; Nfs;tp vz; 11 Kjy; 20 tiu xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fSs; xd;wpid rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fSs; xd;wpid rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fSs; xd;wpid rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fSs; xd;wpid rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fSs; xd;wpid rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.

tpil : ck;ikj; njhiffspy; tUk; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.v.fh. = fha; + fdp = fha;fdp

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fSs; xd;wpid rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fSs; xd;wpid rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fSs; xd;wpid rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fSs; xd;wpid rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fSs; xd;wpid rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.tpil : me;j> ,e;j> ve;j vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd;tUk; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.

v.fh. = me;j + Nfhtpy; = me;jf; Nfhtpy;3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . ngW - ,r;nrhy;iy tpidnar;rkhf;Ff.ngW - ,r;nrhy;iy tpidnar;rkhf;Ff.ngW - ,r;nrhy;iy tpidnar;rkhf;Ff.ngW - ,r;nrhy;iy tpidnar;rkhf;Ff.ngW - ,r;nrhy;iy tpidnar;rkhf;Ff.

tpil = ngw;W4 .4 .4 .4 .4 . XL - ,r;nrhy;iy tpidnar;rkhf;Ff.XL - ,r;nrhy;iy tpidnar;rkhf;Ff.XL - ,r;nrhy;iy tpidnar;rkhf;Ff.XL - ,r;nrhy;iy tpidnar;rkhf;Ff.XL - ,r;nrhy;iy tpidnar;rkhf;Ff.

tpil = Xb5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . ngW - ,r;nrhy;iy nganur;rkhf;Ff.ngW - ,r;nrhy;iy nganur;rkhf;Ff.ngW - ,r;nrhy;iy nganur;rkhf;Ff.ngW - ,r;nrhy;iy nganur;rkhf;Ff.ngW - ,r;nrhy;iy nganur;rkhf;Ff.

tpil = ngw;w.6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . XL - ,r;nrhy;iy nganur;rkhf;Ff.XL - ,r;nrhy;iy nganur;rkhf;Ff.XL - ,r;nrhy;iy nganur;rkhf;Ff.XL - ,r;nrhy;iy nganur;rkhf;Ff.XL - ,r;nrhy;iy nganur;rkhf;Ff.

tpil = Xba.7 .7 .7 .7 .7 . njhliu khw;wp mikf;f.njhliu khw;wp mikf;f.njhliu khw;wp mikf;f.njhliu khw;wp mikf;f.njhliu khw;wp mikf;f.

1. jpUf;Fwis midtUk; mwpth; - tpdhj; njhluhf mikf;f.tpil : jpUf;Fwis midtUk; mwptNuh?

2. ,kakiy kpfTk; caukhdJ - czh;r;rpj; njhluhf khw;W.tpil : vd;Nd> ,kakiyapd; cauk; !

3. ,sikapy; fy; - nra;jpj; njhluhf mikf;f.tpil : ,sikapy; fw;fNtz;Lk;.

4. fpsp fy;yhy; mbg;gl;lJ - czh;r;rpj; njhluhf khw;W.tpil : me;Njh> fpsp fy;yhy; mbg;gl;L tpl;lNj !

8 .8 .8 .8 .8 . re;jpg;gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.re;jpg;gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.re;jpg;gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.re;jpg;gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.re;jpg;gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.1. chpikf; Fuy; nfhLj;j ey;Nyhh;fis jhd; ehk; rPh;jpUj;j nrk;ky;fs; vd rpe;ij kfpo

ghuhl;LfpNwhk;.tpil : chpik Fuy; nfhLj;j ey;Nyhh;fisj; jhd; ehk; rPh;jpUj;jr; nrk;ky;fs;

vd rpe;ij kfpo ghuhl;LfpNwhk;.2. NkilNgr;R kpFe;j gaid ju ty;yJ.

tpil : Nkilg; Ngr;R kpFe;j gaidj; juty;yJ.3. fapw;W fl;bypy; jd;id kwe;J cwq;fpdhd;.

tpil : fapw;Wf; fl;bypy; jd;id kwe;J cwq;fpdhd;.4. ViofSf;F nghUs; ngwhky; thjhb ePjp ngw;W je;jhh;.

tpil : ViofSf;Fg; nghUs; ngwhky; thjhb ePjp ngw;Wj; je;jhh;.9 .9 .9 .9 .9 . gpwnkhop nrhw;fSf;Fhpa jkpo; nkhop nrhw;fis vOJf.gpwnkhop nrhw;fSf;Fhpa jkpo; nkhop nrhw;fis vOJf.gpwnkhop nrhw;fSf;Fhpa jkpo; nkhop nrhw;fis vOJf.gpwnkhop nrhw;fSf;Fhpa jkpo; nkhop nrhw;fis vOJf.gpwnkhop nrhw;fSf;Fhpa jkpo; nkhop nrhw;fis vOJf.

1. ehd; ,e;j fhNy[pd; Xy;L ];^lz;l;.tpil : ehd; ,e;jf; fy;Y}hpapd; Kd;dhs; khztd;.

2. ,k;khh;f;fj;jpy; ahj;jpiu nry;Yq;fs;.tpil : ,g;ghijapy; ahj;jpiu nry;Yq;fs;.

3. ,e;j \h;l; kpfTk; fh];l;ypahdJ.tpil : ,e;j rl;il kpfTk; tpiy kjpg;Gs;sJ.

4. N\j;jpuq;fs; NjhWk; nrd;W tpf;fpufq;fis topgLf.

tpil : Gz;zpaj;jye;NjhWk; nrd;W flTs; rpiyfis topgLf.

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5. ehis elf;f tpUf;Fk; Nkl;rpy; ,e;jpah fz;bg;ghf tpd; nra;Ak;.

tpil : ehis elf;ftpUf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpah fz;bg;ghf ntw;wp ngWk;.

10 .10 .10 .10 .10 . ctikia nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf.ctikia nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf.ctikia nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf.ctikia nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf.ctikia nrhw;nwhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf.

1. gRkuj;jhzpia Nghytpil : vdJ Mrphpah; fw;gpf;Fk; ghlq;fs; gRkuj;jhzpNghy kdjpy; gjpe;jJ.

2. Fd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;F Nghytpil : Gul;rpj; jiyth; vk;.[p. Mh; Gfo; Fd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;F Nghy cyf

nkq;Fk; gutpAs;sJ.3. kyUk; kzKk; Nghy

tpil : ehk; ey;y ez;gh;fSld; gofpdhy; kyUk; kzKk; Nghy ek; tho;f;ifkzf;Fk;.

4. flypy; fiuj;j ngUq;fhak; Nghytpil : jPa ez;gh;fSf;F ehk; nrhy;Yk; mwpTiu flypy; fiuj;j ngUq;fhak;

Nghy tPzhfpj; jhd; NghFk;.11 .11 .11 .11 .11 . tOcr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJ.tOcr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJ.tOcr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJ.tOcr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJ.tOcr; nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJ.

1. tyJ gf;fr; Rtw;wpy; vOjhNj.tpil : tyg;gf;fr; Rthpy; vOjhNj.

2. mtd; tPz; rpyT nra;fpwhd;.tpil : mtd; tPz; nryT nra;fpwhd;.

3. ,d;dpf;F xU fpNyh mtuf;fh thq;fp te;Njd;.tpil : ,d;iwf;F xU fpNyh mtiuf;fha; thq;fp te;Njd;.

12 .12 .12 .12 .12 . xUik gd;ik gpio ePf;fp vOJf.xUik gd;ik gpio ePf;fp vOJf.xUik gd;ik gpio ePf;fp vOJf.xUik gd;ik gpio ePf;fp vOJf.xUik gd;ik gpio ePf;fp vOJf.1. mtd; ftpQd; md;W.

tpil : mtd; ftpQd; my;yd;.2. ngz;fs; ngw Ntz;baJ ngz;fy;tp> ngz;Zhpik> nrhj;Jhpik.

tpil : ngz;fs; ngw Ntz;bad ngz;fy;tp ngz;Zhpik> nrhj;Jhpik3. mth; ifapy; Nfhg;Gfs; ,Ue;jJ.

tpil : mth; ifapy; Nfhg;Gfs; ,Ue;jd.4. jpiuauq;Ffspy; jpiug;glk; fhl;l xsp> xyp glf;fUtp vd;w fUtp gad;gLfpd;wd.

tpil : jpiuauq;Ffspy; jpiug;glk; fhl;l xsp xyp glf;fUtp vd;w fUtpgad;gLfpwJ.

5. NgUe;Jfs; XlhJ.tpil : NgUe;Jfs; Xlh.

13 .13 .13 .13 .13 . ,yf;fz Fwpg;G jUf.,yf;fz Fwpg;G jUf.,yf;fz Fwpg;G jUf.,yf;fz Fwpg;G jUf.,yf;fz Fwpg;G jUf.

1. ngha;ah tpsf;Fva;jhg; gopgopapy;yh kd;dd; <W nfl;l vjph;kiw nganur;rk;thuhg; nghUshf;fk;Njuh kd;dhnrynthopah top.

2. fhf;ftUfjUf tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;WnfLftho;fGFf

23

3. NjDk; kPDk;

nghd;Dk; JfpUk; vz;Zk;ikKj;Jk; kzpAk;

4. GjpJ GjpJnrhy;yp nrhy;yp mLf;Fj; njhlh;ed;W ed;WtUf tUf

5. ryrygsgs ,ul;ilf; fpstpFLFLfyfy

14.14 .14 .14 .14 . epWj;jw; FwpaPL:-epWj;jw; FwpaPL:-epWj;jw; FwpaPL:-epWj;jw; FwpaPL:-epWj;jw; FwpaPL:-

1. xsitahh; mjpakhidf; fz;lhh; Gfo;e;J ghbdhh; ghpR ngw;whh;.

tpil : xsitahh; mjpakhidf; fz;lhh;> Gfo;e;J ghbdhh;> ghpR ngw;whh;.

2. fijg;glq;fs; kl;Lkpd;wpf; fUj;Jg; glq;fs; nra;jpg; glq;fs; tpsf;fg;glq;fs; fy;tpg;glq;fs; vd gy tsh;r;rp epiyfisj; jpiug;glj;Jiw vl;bAs;sJ.

tpil : fijg; glq;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp fUj;Jg;glq;fs;> nra;jpg ; glq;fs;>tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> fy;tpg;glq;fs; vdg; gy tsh;r;rp epiyfisj; jpiug;glj;Jiwvl;bAs;sJ.

15 .15 .15 .15 .15 . njhifr; nrhy;iy tphpj;J vOJf.njhifr; nrhy;iy tphpj;J vOJf.njhifr; nrhy;iy tphpj;J vOJf.njhifr; nrhy;iy tphpj;J vOJf.njhifr; nrhy;iy tphpj;J vOJf.

1. Ie;jpiz - FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy.

2. Kj;jkpo; - ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk;.

3. %Nte;jh; - Nruh;> Nrhoh;> ghz;bah;.

4. ehdpyk; - FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;.

5. ,Utpid - ey;tpid> jPtpid

6. ehw;wpir - fpof;F> Nkw;F> tlf;F> njw;F.

16 .16 .16 .16 .16 . tphpAtikia njhifAtikfshf khw;Wf:-tphpAtikia njhifAtikfshf khw;Wf:-tphpAtikia njhifAtikfshf khw;Wf:-tphpAtikia njhifAtikfshf khw;Wf:-tphpAtikia njhifAtikfshf khw;Wf:-

1. fay; Nghd;w tpop. tpil : fay;tpop

2. Njd; Nghd;w nkhop tpil : Njd;nkhop

3. Kj;J Nghd;w gy; tpil : Kj;Jg;gy;

17 .17 .17 .17 .17 . njhifAtikia tphpAtikahf khw;Wf:-njhifAtikia tphpAtikahf khw;Wf:-njhifAtikia tphpAtikahf khw;Wf:-njhifAtikia tphpAtikahf khw;Wf:-njhifAtikia tphpAtikahf khw;Wf:-

1. kjpKfk; tpil : kjp Nghd;w Kfk;

2. gtstha; tpil : gtsk; Nghd;w tha;

3. fpspnkhop tpil : fpsp Nghd;w nkhop

18 .18 .18 .18 .18 . ctikia cUtfkhf khw;W:-ctikia cUtfkhf khw;W:-ctikia cUtfkhf khw;W:-ctikia cUtfkhf khw;W:-ctikia cUtfkhf khw;W:-

1. kyh;g;ghjk; tpil : ghjkyh;

2. Njd;jkpo; tpil : jkpo;j;Njd;

cUtfj;ij ctikahf khw;W:-cUtfj;ij ctikahf khw;W:-cUtfj;ij ctikahf khw;W:-cUtfj;ij ctikahf khw;W:-cUtfj;ij ctikahf khw;W:-

1. nkhopaKJ tpil : mKj nkhop

2. tpopf;fay; tpil : fay;tpop

chpa ctk cUig ,izj;J vOJf.chpa ctk cUig ,izj;J vOJf.chpa ctk cUig ,izj;J vOJf.chpa ctk cUig ,izj;J vOJf.chpa ctk cUig ,izj;J vOJf.

1. khd; _______ kUSk; ghh;it.(Nghy)

2. Nta; _______ Njhs;. (Giu)

3. fpsp _______ Ngrpdhs;.(Nghy) (Giu> Nghy> md;d)

24

,sikg; ngah;fis nghUj;Jf:-,sikg; ngah;fis nghUj;Jf:-,sikg; ngah;fis nghUj;Jf:-,sikg; ngah;fis nghUj;Jf:-,sikg; ngah;fis nghUj;Jf:-

1. ML - FQ;R2. khd; - gps;is3. fPhp - Fl;b4. Nfhop - fd;W.

tpil1. ML - Fl;b2. khd; - fd;W3. fPhp - gps;is4. Nfhop - FQ;R

kuGj; njhlUf;F Vw;w nghUis vOJ.kuGj; njhlUf;F Vw;w nghUis vOJ.kuGj; njhlUf;F Vw;w nghUis vOJ.kuGj; njhlUf;F Vw;w nghUis vOJ.kuGj; njhlUf;F Vw;w nghUis vOJ.1. Mapuq; fhyj;Jg; gaph; - ePz;l fhyj;jpw;FhpaJ2. Kjiyf; fz;zPh; - ngha;aOif3. Vl;Lr; Riuf;fha; fwpf;FjthJ - gl;lwptpy;yhj gbg;G4. thioab thioaha; - guk;giu guk;giuaha;5. nfhbfl;b gwj;jy; - jdpGfNohL tpsq;Fjy;

6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . rPl;L fpopjy; - Ntiy gwp NghFjy;rPl;L fpopjy; - Ntiy gwp NghFjy;rPl;L fpopjy; - Ntiy gwp NghFjy;rPl;L fpopjy; - Ntiy gwp NghFjy;rPl;L fpopjy; - Ntiy gwp NghFjy;mbf;Nfhbl;l kuGj; njhlh; Fwpf;Fk; nghUis vOJf.

1. vk;. [p. ,uhkr;re;jpud; jpiuthdpy; nfhbfl;bg; gwe;jhh;.tpil: jdpg;GfNohL tpsq;fpdhh;.

2. ,sq;Nfhtpd; FLk;gj;jpdh; thioab thioaha; Ntzhs; njhopy; nra;J te;jdh;.tpil: guk;giu guk;giuaha;

Jizg;ghlk; (tpdh vz; 31-33)Jizg;ghlk; (tpdh vz; 31-33)Jizg;ghlk; (tpdh vz; 31-33)Jizg;ghlk; (tpdh vz; 31-33)Jizg;ghlk; (tpdh vz; 31-33)

fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSs; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; miug;gf;f mstpy; tpilaspf;f:-fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSs; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; miug;gf;f mstpy; tpilaspf;f:-fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSs; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; miug;gf;f mstpy; tpilaspf;f:-fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSs; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; miug;gf;f mstpy; tpilaspf;f:-fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fSs; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; miug;gf;f mstpy; tpilaspf;f:-

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . ghpjpkhw;fiyQhpd; jkpo;g ; gw;wpid tpsf;Ff.ghpjpkhw;fiyQhpd; jkpo;g ; gw;wpid tpsf;Ff.ghpjpkhw;fiyQhpd; jkpo;g ; gw;wpid tpsf;Ff.ghpjpkhw;fiyQhpd; jkpo;g ; gw;wpid tpsf;Ff.ghpjpkhw;fiyQhpd; jkpo;g ; gw;wpid tpsf;Ff.

ghpjpkhw; fiyQhpd; ,aw;ngah; #hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp.

jkpohh;tk; nfhz;l ‘,aw;wkpo; khzth;fSf;Fj; jk; tPl;bNyNa Ritglf; fw;gpj;jhh;.

Mq;fpyg; Nguhrphpah; xU ghlYf;F tpsf;fk; $wpdhh;. mg;NghJ> glfpd; JLg;GfSf;F>gwitapd; rpwF ctikahff; $wpaij kpfTk; tpae;J $wp elj;jpdhh;.

NkYk;> ,JNghd;w ctik jkpopy; cz;lh? vd;whh;.

ghpjpkhw; fiyQh; gd;dpnuz;lhk; E}w;whz;bNyNa fk;guhkhazk; Ffg; glyj;jpy; ,j;jifactik cs;sJ vd;W $wp> ‘tpLedp fbJ” - vd;Dk; mg;ghliyg; ghbf; fhl;bdhh;.

Mq;fpyg; Nguhrphpah; mtiu tpae;J ghuhl;bdhh;.

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . ghpjpkhw; fiyQhpd; jkpo;j; njhz;bid tpthp.ghpjpkhw; fiyQhpd; jkpo;j; njhz;bid tpthp.ghpjpkhw; fiyQhpd; jkpo;j; njhz;bid tpthp.ghpjpkhw; fiyQhpd; jkpo;j; njhz;bid tpthp.ghpjpkhw; fiyQhpd; jkpo;j; njhz;bid tpthp.

1902 Mk; Mz;by; gy;fiy fofg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; jkpio tpyf;fp tlnkhopiaf; nfhz;Ltu KbntLf;fg;gl;lJ.

me;j KbT> ghpjpkhw; fiyQhpd; cWjpahd vjph;g;ghy; iftplg;gl;lJ.

jkpo;r; nrhw;fNshL> tlnkhopr; nrhw;fisf; fye;J vOJtijf; fz;bj;jhh;.

&ghtjp> fyhtjp Kjypa ehlfq;fis ,aw;wpdhh;. mtNu> ngz;ghy; Ntlkpl;L ebj;J>ehlff;fiy tsh;r;rpf;Fj; Jiz Ghpe;jhh;.

jkpo;nkhopia ‘cah;jdpr; nrk;nkhop” vd;W Kjd; Kjypy; epiy ehl;ba ngUikf;F chpath;.

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . ‘nky;y nky;y kw” - vd;Dk; rpWfijapd; ikaf; fUj;ij khwhky; RUf;fp vOJ.‘nky;y nky;y kw” - vd;Dk; rpWfijapd; ikaf; fUj;ij khwhky; RUf;fp vOJ.‘nky;y nky;y kw” - vd;Dk; rpWfijapd; ikaf; fUj;ij khwhky; RUf;fp vOJ.‘nky;y nky;y kw” - vd;Dk; rpWfijapd; ikaf; fUj;ij khwhky; RUf;fp vOJ.‘nky;y nky;y kw” - vd;Dk; rpWfijapd; ikaf; fUj;ij khwhky; RUf;fp vOJ.

fkyehjd; Xahky; Gif gpbg;gtd;. Nfhfpyh ,td; kidtp. mts; vt;tsT vLj;Jf; $wpAk;jpUe;jtpy;iy.

fkyehjdpd; ez;gd; ,uhkypq;fk;. ,tDk; Gifg; gpbg;gtd;. ,g;NghJ Gw;WNehahy;kUj;Jtkidapy; ,we;J tpLfpwhd;.

25

ez;gd; ,uhkypq;fj;jpd; kuzk; fkyehjdig; nghpJk; ghjpj;jJ.

,uhkypq;fj;jpd; kidtp rpahkshtpd; tpjitf; NfhyKk;> je;ijaw;w Foe;ijfspd; Vf;fKk;>mOifAk; fkyehjid Nahrpf;fr; nra;jJ.

Gif gpbf;Fk; gof;fj;ij tpl Kaw;rp nra;fpwhd;. KbT nra;J> mjw;fhd Kaw;rpapYk;,wq;fpdhd;.

mtd; kidtp NfhfpyhTk; cjtp nra;a> fkyehjd; ‘nky;y nky;y” - kwf;fpwhd;.

‘Gif clYf;Fg; gif”‘Gif clYf;Fg; gif”‘Gif clYf;Fg; gif”‘Gif clYf;Fg; gif”‘Gif clYf;Fg; gif”

4 .4 .4 .4 .4 . vk;.[p. ,uhkr;re;jpud; gw;wpf; fl;Liu vOJf.vk;.[p. ,uhkr;re;jpud; gw;wpf; fl;Liu vOJf.vk;.[p. ,uhkr;re;jpud; gw;wpf; fl;Liu vOJf.vk;.[p. ,uhkr;re;jpud; gw;wpf; fl;Liu vOJf.vk;.[p. ,uhkr;re;jpud; gw;wpf; fl;Liu vOJf.

NfhghyNkdd; - rj;jpaghkh jk;gjpapdUf;F 5-tJ kfdhf 17.01.1917y; ,yq;ifapYs;sfz;bapy; vk;.[p.Mh; gpwe;jhh;.

rpWtajpy; tWikapd; fhuzkhf Nkil ehlfq;fspy; rpWrpW Ntlq;fspy; ebj;J> fbdciog;gpdhy; fjhehafdhf cah;e;jhh;.

ebg;igAk;> murpaiyAk;> ,tuJ ,U fz;fshff; fUjpdhh;. ‘Gul;rp ebfh;”> ‘kf;fs; jpyfk;”vd;W kf;fshy; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

mz;zhtpd; ‘,jaf;fdp” Mdhh;.

rj;JzTj; jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhh;.

rpwe;j ebfUf;fhd ‘ghuj;” gl;lKk;> ,e;jpahtpd; cahpa tpUjhd ‘ghuj; uj;dh” tpUijAk;ngw;whh;.

24.12.1987 md;W kiwe;jhh;.

tho;e;jth; Nfhb kiwe;jth; Nfhb

kf;fs; kdjpy; epw;gth; ahh;?

5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . mfoha;T Fwpj;j nra;jpfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.mfoha;T Fwpj;j nra;jpfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.mfoha;T Fwpj;j nra;jpfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.mfoha;T Fwpj;j nra;jpfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.mfoha;T Fwpj;j nra;jpfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.

goq;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp Ma;T nra;jNy njhy; nghUspay; mth;fs; tpl;Lr; nrd;w vr;rq;fs;>jlaq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> fhRfs;> nrg;NgLfs;> ,tw;iw Ma;T nra;tNj mfoha;T. Mq;fpyj;jpy;.‘Mh;f;fpahy[p” - vd;gh;.

fhtphpg; G+k;gl;bdk; xU JiwKf efuk;. ,e;j efuk; ,Ue;jjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs;> 1963 Mk;Mz;L Nkw; nfhz;l fly; mfoha;tpd; NghJ fz;lwpag;gl;ld.

mfoha;T vd;gJ kz;iz kpf El;gkhfTk;> nghWikAlDk; rpWfr; rpWfj; Njhz;bjlaq;fisr; rpijahky; jpul;LtJ.

xU ehl;bd; goikahd ,yf;fpaq;fs; mfoha;tpw;Fhpa ,lq;fisj; Njh;T nra;a Jizahf,Uf;fpd;wd.

mfoha;tpd;%yk; G+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpdpy; kl;Lkpd;wp> FiffspDs;Sk;> eP&f;fbapYk;nra;ayhk;. ,jd; %yk; Kw;fhyj;jpy; ePhpDs; kiwe;j efuq;fs;> Jiw Kfq;fs; gw;wpa mhpa gynra;jpfis ntspf;nfhzu ,aYk;.

6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . Fwl;il xyp fijapd; fUj;Jk; nghUSk; khwhky; RUf;fp vOJf.Fwl;il xyp fijapd; fUj;Jk; nghUSk; khwhky; RUf;fp vOJf.Fwl;il xyp fijapd; fUj;Jk; nghUSk; khwhky; RUf;fp vOJf.Fwl;il xyp fijapd; fUj;Jk; nghUSk; khwhky; RUf;fp vOJf.Fwl;il xyp fijapd; fUj;Jk; nghUSk; khwhky; RUf;fp vOJf.

nry;tr; nropg;G kpFe;j> nfhLf;f kdkw;w muf;f kdk; gilj;j> Foe;ijfsw;w fztd; -kidtpahh; tPl;bd; tl gFjpapy; FbapUe;jhh;.

tWik thl;bdhYk; ,uf;fkdk; gilj;j fztd; - kidtp> 1 ghl;b> 6 Foe;ijfs;> 1 eha;>,g;NghJ 7tJ Foe;ij vd;W tho;e;J tUk; FLk;gk; tPl;bd; njd;gFjpapy; FbapUe;jdh;.

eha; 5 Fl;bfis <d;wJ. jha; eha; fhzhkw; NghfNt> Fl;bfs; grpahy; fj;jpd. ghy; thq;fpCw;wNth ,th;fsplk; gzk; ,y;iy.

muf;f kdk; nfhz;Nlhh; ed;whf cz;L> Fwl;il tpl;L cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.

Mdhy; ,uf;fkdk; nfhz;l jhNah> jd; Foe;ijapd; ghiyNa gQ;rpy; eidj;J Fl;bfSf;Fk;nfhLj;J mtw;wpd; grpia Mw;wpdhh;.

Vg;g xyp te;j mNj jpirapypUe;J> Fwl;il xyp te;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.

26

7 .7 .7 .7 .7 . ,ypz;l; fpnud; gz;G eyd;fis vOJf.,ypz;l; fpnud; gz;G eyd;fis vOJf.,ypz;l; fpnud; gz;G eyd;fis vOJf.,ypz;l; fpnud; gz;G eyd;fis vOJf.,ypz;l; fpnud; gz;G eyd;fis vOJf.

Kjpath; #k;gpg; Nghd fhy;fis cilath;. iffshy; jto;e;J nry;thh;. Njhypdhy; MdifAiw> fhYiwfis mzpth;. Fl;ilahd jhb> rpwpa fz;fs;.

epjhd Fzk; cs;sth;. vijAk; epjhdkhff; $Wthh;. nra;thh;.

jd;dplk; vy;yhUk; ftdkhfTk;> mf;fiwahfTk;> ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gjhy;> ,e;j r%fj;jpd;kPJk; ey;nyz;zk; nfhz;lth;.

jhd; ,g;gbj;jhd; gpwe;Njd; vd;gjpypUe;Jk;> vy;yhUk; epidf;fpw mstpw;F mt;tsT Nkhrk;,y;iy vd;W jd;id KOikahf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lth;.

,e;j cyfk; vd;dplk; fUizAld; ,Uf;fpwJ. ehd; re;jpg;gth;fs; vy;NyhUk; md;ghdkdpjh;fs;. midj;jpYk; ey;ytw;iw kl;LNk ghh;f;Fk; Neh; kiwahd rpe;jid cs;sth;.

midthplKk; ey;y cwT nfhs;gth;.

Vo;ikapYk;> Rj;jkhfTk;> Neh;j;jpahfTk; jd; tPl;bid itj;jpUf;Fk; xOf;fkhdth;.

xU gaDs;s kdpjd; ,ypz;l; fpnud; vd;W tPl;Lf;fhuuhy; ghuhl;lg;gl;l tpaj;jF kdpjh;.vy;yhhplkpUe;Jk; NtWgl;lth;.

8 .8 .8 .8 .8 . E}yfj; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rp gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.E}yfj; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rp gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.E}yfj; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rp gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.E}yfj; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rp gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.E}yfj; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rp gw;wpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

‘Mwpy;yh CUf;F moFgho;” - vd;gJ gonkhop. mJNghy> ‘E}yfkpy;yh CUf;F mwpT gho;”- vd;gJ GJnkhop.

gbg;gthpd; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lk;. mwpthw;wiy xspur; nra;Ak;. tho;f;iff;F topfhl;Lk;fyq;fiuj; jPgkhfj; jpfo;git E}y;fs;.

vy;yh Ch;fspYk; E}yfk; mikf;Fk; cahpa gzpia nghJ E}yfj; Jiw nra;J tUfpwJ.

jkpofj;jpy; Vwf;Fiwa 10 ,lq;fspy; cs;sd. ,jd; tsh;r;rp 1820Mk; Mz;L Kjy; - 1981Mk; Mz;L tiu.

E}yfj;jpy; nra;jpj;jhs;> thu> khj ,jo;> rpwg;gpjo;> Ntiy tha;g;Gr; nra;jpfs; fhzg;gLk;.

E}y;fs; jw;NghJ kpd;dZ kakhf;fg;gl;L nghpJk; gadspf;fpwJ.

gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfspYk; E}yfq;fs; jpwf;fg;gl;L kf;fs; mwpT ngw;W tUfpd;wdh;. khzth;fs;gad;ngw;W tUfpd;wdh;.

mz;zh E}w;whz;L E}yfk; 2010 k; Mz;L Nfhl;^h;Guj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xt;nthU gs;spapy; kl;Lky;y> tFg;giwapYk; mwpT tsu ‘Gj;jfg; G+q;nfhj;J” nghpJk; toptFf;fpwJ. MfNt E}y;fisg; gbj;Jg; ghh;j;J ehk; mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.

tpdhvz; - 34 Kjy; 41 tiutpdhvz; - 34 Kjy; 41 tiutpdhvz; - 34 Kjy; 41 tiutpdhvz; - 34 Kjy; 41 tiutpdhvz; - 34 Kjy; 41 tiu

gFjp - 3gFjp - 3gFjp - 3gFjp - 3gFjp - 3

tpdh vz; : 34tpdh vz; : 34tpdh vz; : 34tpdh vz; : 34tpdh vz; : 34

1. Mq;fpy nrhw;fSf;F ,izahd jkpohf;fk; nra;f:

‘rd;Nlth;wJf;F ,d;Dk; ]pf;]; Nl]; ,Uf;FNj> Nlhz;l; nthh;hp. LkhNuh <tpdpq; \hg;gpq;Nghfyhk;. ,g;g cdf;F N`g;gp jhNd”

tpil: Qhapw;Wfpoik th;wJf;F ,d;Dk; MW ehs;fs; ,Uf;FNjh> ftiyg;glhNj. ehis khiyfilf;F Nghfyhk;. ,g;g cdf;F kfpo;;r;rp jhNd

2. RNu\; thl; N`g;gz;l;? Vd; Nyl;lh th;Nw? ‘ topapNy xNu buhgpf; [hk;lh.mjdhy jhd; Nyl;. rhprhp g]; vj;jid kzpf;F tUk;? bf;nfl; fpilr;Rjh.

tpil: ‘ RNu\;> vd;dhr;R? Vd; jhkjkhf tUfpwha;?

‘ topapNy xNu Nghf;Ftuj;J nehpry;. mjdhy; jhd; jhkjk;. rhp rhp. NgUe;J vj;jid kzpf;FtUk;?

gazr;rPl;L fpilj;jjh?”

3. gs;spapype;J tPl;bw;Fs; Eioe;j ghhp jd; ];$y; Ngf;if J}f;fp Nghl;Ltpl;L ‘kk;kp thl;lh;” vd;whd;.

27

mtd; jha;> ‘if fhy; f;sPd; gz;zpl;L Ng]; th\; gz;zpl;L th” vd;whh;.

tpil: gs;spapypUe;J tPl;bw;Fs; Eioe;j ghhp jd; gs;spg;igia J}f;fp Nghl;Ltpl;L>’mk;kh> jz;zPh;”vd;whd;.

mtd; jha;> ‘iffhy;. Rj;jk; gz;zpl;L Kfk; fOtp tpl;L th” vd;whh;.

M. muG vz;fis jkpnoz;fshf khw;W:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 É ˆ Ë Ì Í Î Ï m Ñ

fLF> cSe;J> eide;J> rikj;J> Urpj;J> rhg;gpl;Nld; vd;W mtd; $wpdhd;.

muG vz;fs; - jkpnoz;fs;

100 - É00

150 - ÉÍ0

200 - ˆ00

176 - ÉÏÎ

tpdh vz; : 35

m. Mq;fpyg; gj;jpia jkpohf;fk; nra;f:

1. Trees are useful to us. They give us timber and firewood. The timber is used to make chairs,tables,and other furnitures. We get oil from the oilseeds of some trees. The leaves and fruits of sometrees are used to prepare medicine.

kuq;fs; ekf;F kpfTk; cgNahfkhdit. mit ekf;F kuf;fl;il kw;Wk; vhpnghUs;nfhLf;fpd;wd. kuf;fl;il ehw;fhyp> Nki[ kw;Wk; jsthlq;fs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. ehk;rpy kuq;fspd; tpijfspypUe;J vz;nza; ngWfpNwhk;. ,iy kw;Wk; goq;fs; kUe;Jfs; jahhpf;fg;gad;gLfpd;wd.

2. This is the age of computers. Computers are becoming more and more a part of everyday life.Today in the running of business, film industrial concerns and government departments. Lot ofinformation process is required.

,J fzpdpapd; fhyk;. fzpdp jw;NghJ tho;f;ifapd; kpf kpf Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. ,d;iwaepiyapy; tpahghuk;> epWtdk;> njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk;muRj;Jiwfspy; Vuhskhd jfty; tptuq;fs;Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

3. Food, is essential for all living beings. Without food, man cannot live long. Every man has to eat acertain quantity of food. So every man has to eat enough to live.

czT caph; tho mtrpak;. cztpd;wp kdpjdhy; caph; tho ,ayhJ. xt;nthU kdpjDk;XusT czthtJ rhg;gpl Ntz;bAs;sJ. vdNt xt;nthU kdpjDk; caph; tho NghJkhd czTcl;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.

M. Mq;fpy gonkhopf;F ,izahd jkpo; gonkhopia vOJf:

Mq;fpy gonkhop jkpohf;fk;1. Man proposes God disposes ehk; xd;W epidj;jhy; nja;tk; xd;W epidf;Fk;2. knowledge is power mwpNt Mw;wy;3. Strike while the iron is hot gUtj;Nj gaph; nra;4. Money makes many things gzk; gj;Jk; nra;Ak;5. Tit for tat gopf;F gop6. Live and let live thO> thotpL7. Make hay while the sun shines fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs;8. Haste makes waste gjwpa fhhpak; rpjWk;9. Health is wealth Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk;10. No pain, No gain khhpay;yhJ fhhpakpy;iy

28

11. East or west, home is best vyp tisahdhYk; jdp tis Ntz;Lk;.12. Work is workship nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk;13. Time is Gold fhyk; nghd; Nghd;wJ14. Old is gold gioikNa gRk;nghd;15. Diamond, cuts diamonds Ks;is Ks;shy; vL.16. Failure is the stepping stone to success Njhy;tpNa ntw;wpf;F Kjy; gb.17. Efforts never fail Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk;18. All that gliters are not gold kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y19. Look before you leap Mok; mwpahky; fhiy tplhNj20. Art is long and life is short fy;tp fiuapy; fw;gth; ehs; rpy21. Self help is the best help jd; ifNa jdf;Fjtp22. Too much of anything is good for nothing msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mkph;jKk; eQ;R.23. Empty vessels make the greatest sound FiwFlk; $j;jhLk;24. Manners make the man xOf;fk; cah;T jUk;25. A friend in need is friend indeed caph; nfhLg;ghd; Njhod;26. Barking dogs seldom bite Fiuf;fpw eha; fbf;fhJ27. Think everybody alike cd;idg; Nghy; gpwiuAk; Nerp.28. Slow and steady wins the race Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk;29. Prevention is better than cure tUk; Kd; fhg;Nghk;30. Covert all lose all Nguhir ngU e\;lk;

tpdh vz; : 36m. fij vOJjy;:

fPo;thdk; rptf;f njhlq;fp ,Ue;jJ. gwitfs; xypnaOg;gpthNw jk;jk; $Lfis tpl;Lgwf;fj; njhlq;fpd. me;j tpbaw;fhiy Neuj;jpy; Fkud; ........................fij vOj njhpe;jhy; jiyg;G je;J njhlur; nra;jy;.

M. ftpij vOJjy;:kio jha;

kioapd; thrk; - jhapd; fUtiwkz;zpd; Rthrk; Rfkhd nrhh;f;fNk

kioapd; Xh; Jsp- tQ;rid apy;yhjJkz;zpd; cah;j;Jsp jhapd; md;G

thdj;jpd; jpUtpoh thl;lkpy;yhjJtho;j;Jk; ek; cs;sq;fs; jhapd; md;G

Nkff;$l;lq;fspd; Muthuk; fyg;glkpy;yhjJkz;zpy; caph;fspd; Mjhuk; jhapd; md;G

kio mjid md;G vd;whNy mk;kh

tuNtw;f kuk; tsh;g;Nghk; mk;khit capnud

tdq;fs; mopahky; ghJfhg;Nghk;. Nerpj;jpLNthk;.

thdtpy; Foe;ij

VO tz;z XtpaNk koiyapd; rphpg;G

cd;is tz;zk; jPl;batd; ahh;? kdRf;Fs; kj;jhg;G

kioapd; khuhg;igj; jhz;b Foe;ijfspd; FJ}fyk;

cd; vopiy vq;fSf;Fj; jhuhNah? nfhz;lhLNthk; jpdk;

tz;zj;jpid mwpahj koiyf; $l fs;skpy;yh nts;is cs;sk;

cd;id vz;zj;jpy; itj;J urpg;gh; fth;e;jpLk; ek;ik vy;yhk;

flTspd; gilg;Gfis vz;zp Foy;> aho; xypfis tpl

G+hpf;fpd;Nwd;. cd; tz;z moif koiyapd; nrhy; ,dpJ

Muhjpf;fpd;Nwd; koiyfis urpj;jpLNthk;.

29

el;G Kaw;rpel;G vd;gJ ey;yth;fSld; Kaw;rp vd;gJ fly; miyNghy;

ehk; nfhs;tJ ,dpik Kad;W nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhy;ez;gh;fs; ,Ue;jhy; ekf;F ntw;wp epr;rak;

vd;Wk; ,y;iy jdpik Kad;why; KbahjJ VJk; ,y;iyJd;gk; ,d;gk; ,uz;bYk; %r;R tpLgtd; vy;yhk; kdpjd; my;y

ekf;F Njhs; nfhLg;gtd; Njhod; Kaw;rp cilatNd kdpjd;ey;y el;Gf;F caph; nfhLg;Nghk; Kaw;rpf;F Vw;w $yp

ey;yth;fis el;ghf;fp fz;bg;ghf fpilj;jpLk;cyif nty;Nthk;. Kad;wtDf;F Mik - Kay; fijNa

cjhuzk;.fly; G+Q;Nrhiy

flypy; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fs; G+f;fs; G+j;Jf; FYq;Fk; G+Q;Nrhiyapy; ....Vuhsk; Vuhsk; tz;Lfs; Njd; Fbj;J tho;j;Jk;vz;zpg;ghh;j;jhy; vy;yhNk ,aw;if md;idapd; ,izapy;yhjjhuhsk;> jhuhsk; gilg;Gfspy; vz;zp yapf;fpwJ kdk;miyfs; nrhy;Yk; tz;z tz;zg; G+f;fs;kdpjDf;F Mapuk; fijfs; tho;f;iff;F nrhy;Yk; ghlq;fs;Kaw;rpf; nfhz;ltd; tho;ehs; rpwpajhapDk;XahJ miyfisg; Nghy rhjidg; G+f;fsha; khwpL.Kad;why; KbahjJ ntw;wpia ehbLVJkpy;iy Nth;it nghq;f ghLgL

fhh;Nkfk;fz;zdpd; epwk; fUg;Gfhh;NkfNk ePAk; fUg;Gcd; tbtpidf; fz;LgyKiw ehd; tpae;Js;Nsd;ahidg;NghyTk;> G+idg; NghyTk;eP gythwhf fhl;rpaspj;jhYk;cd; Nehf;fk; vd;dNthkf;fspd; caph; fhf;Fk; nraNythdpy; fhh;Nkfk; fz;lJk;cs;sj;jpy; ,d;gk; nghq;Fk;.

Nfs;tp vz;: 37ghlypd; jpuz;l fUj;ij vOjp Ie;J eaq;fis vOJf.kdpjnuy;yhk; md;Gnewp fhz;gjw;Fk;

kNdhghtk; thidg;Nghy; tphptile;Jjdpkdpjj; jj;Jtkhk; ,Uisg; Nghf;fp

rfkf;fs; xd;nwd;g Jzh;tjw;Fk;,dpjpdpjha; vOe;j cah; vz;z nky;yhk;

,yFtJ Gyth; jU Rtbr;rhiy

Gdpjnkd;W kf;fs; GJ tho;T Ntz;by;

Gj;jf rhiy Ntz;Lk; ehl;by; ahz;Lk;

Gj;jf rhiy

30

ikaf;fUj;J:kdpjh; vy;yhk; md;G newpNahL> thidg; Nghd;w gue;j kdKk; jdp kdpj Raeyk; Nghf;fp

midj;J kf;fSk; xd;W vd;W czh;e;J ed;ndwp Xq;f Gyth;fs; ,aw;wpa Gj;jfr; rhiyfs;ehl;by; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.jpuz;lfUj;J:

kdpjh;fs; md;Gld; thOk; kdepiy ngw Ntz;Lk;. jdpkdpj mwpahik ,Uis ePf;fTk;midtUk; rkk; vd;Dk; cah;e;j Nehf;fk; Ntz;Lk;. rpe;jidia J}z;Lk; nghpNahh;fs; $wparpe;jidfs; mlq;fpa Gj;jff; rhiyfs; ehnlq;Fk; ngUf Ntz;Lk;.mzpeak;:thidg; Nghy tphptile;JNghy vDk; ctk cUG moF nra;tjhy; - ctikazp gapd;Ws;sJ.vJif eak;:kdpjnuyhk;jdp kdpj,dpjpdpjha;Gdpj Kw;W

,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp te;J vJifr;Rit je;Js;sJ.Nkhid eak;:kdpjnuyhk;

kNdhghtk;,dpjpdpjha;

,yFtJKjnyOj;J xd;wp te;J Nkhidr;Rit ngw;Ws;sJ.nrhy;eak;:

‘ kdpjh;fspd; kNdhghtk; thidg;Nghy; tphptile;J” md;G newp> kNdhghtk;> jdpkdpjjj;Jtk; - ,d;gk; gaf;Fk; Xireak; kpf;f nrhw;fis ftpQh; ifahz;Ls;shh;.nghUs; eak;:

‘ GdpjKw;W kf;fs; GJ tho;T Ntz;by; Gj;jfrhiy Ntz;Lk; ehl;by; ahz;Lk;”.kf;fs; Gdpjkhd GJ tho;T tho Gj;jfrhiyfs; ehl;by; mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W

nghUs;gLkhW mike;Js;sJ. eakhf E}yfk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w nghUs;gLkhW $wpAs;shh;ftpQh;.

2. gpwehl;L ey;ywpQh; rhj;jpuq;fs;

jkpo;nkhopapw; ngah;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;

,wthj GfOila GJE}y;fs;

jkpo; nkhopapy; ,aw;wy; Ntz;Lk;

kiwthf ekf;Fs;Ns goq;fijfs;

nrhy;tjpNyhh; kfpik ,y;iy

jpwkhd Gyiknadpy; ntspehl;lhh;

mij tzf;fk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;

- ghujpahh;

jkpio tsh;g;Nghk;

jpuz;l fUj;J:gpw ehl;L ey;ywpQh;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l E}y;fisj; jkpopy; nkhopngah;j;jply; Ntz;Lk;. fhy

khw;wq;fshy; mopahj Gfo;kpf;f GJg;GJ E}y;fis jkpo; nkhopapy; ,aw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. jkpopd;gok;ngUikfis kiwthf ekf;Fs;Ns Ngrpf; nfhz;bUg;gjpy; xU ngUikAk; ,y;iy. GJ E}y;fs;,aw;wp> ntsp ehl;ltUk; mijg; Nghw;wp kjpf;Fk; gb nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.vJif eak;:gpwehl;L

31

kiwthf,wthjjpwkhd,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtjhy; vJif eak; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.Nkhid eak;:gpwehl;L - ngah;;j;jy;kiwthf - kfpik,wthj - ,aw;wy;

KjnyOj;J xd;wp tUtjhy; Nkhid eak; ngw;Ws;sJ.mzpeak;:‘Ntz;Lk;’ vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J xNu nghUis czh;j;Jtjhy; ,J gpd;tU epiyazp Mapw;W.nrhy;eak;:,wthj Gfo;> goq;fijfs;> jpwkhd Gyik Kjypa ,d;gk; gaf;Fk; Xireak; kpf;f nrhw;fisftpQh; ifahz;Ls;shh;.nghUs; eak;:gy;Jiw E}y;fs; jkpopy; gilj;jy; jkpo; tsh;r;rp ngWk; vd;gjid ftpQh; eakhf $wpAs;shh;.,iaG eak;:‘Ntz;Lk; vDk; nrhy; xt;Nthh; mbapYk; ,iae;J te;Js;sJ.

3. mg;gh ehd; Ntz;Ljy; Nfl;lUs; Ghpjy; Ntz;Lk;

MUaph;fl; nfy;yhk;ehd; md;G nray; Ntz;Lk;

vg;ghUk; vg;gjKk; vq;fZk; ehd; nrd;Nw

ve;ijepd jUl;Gfio ,ak;gpaply; Ntz;Lk;

nrg;ghj NkdpiyNky; Rj;jrpt khh;f;fk;

jpfo;e;Njhq;f mUl;Nrhjp nrYj;jpaply; Ntz;Lk;

jiytepidg; gphpahj epiyikAk; Ntz; LtNd

- ,uhkypq;f mbfshh;.

,iwaUs; Ntz;ly;jpuz;l fUj;J:mg;gh> ehd; Ntz;Lfpd;w vy;yhtw;iwAk; Nfl;L> vdf;F mUs; Ghpthahf.

cyf caph;fs; vy;yhtw;wpd; kPJk; md;G fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk; nrhy;Yjw;fpayhj cah;e;j ,lj;jpy;,Uf;fpd;w caph; nfhz;L nry;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;. gpiofs; nra;tij vy;yhk; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;Ntz;Lk;. vd; mUik jiyth! ehd; cd;id gphpahky; ,Uf;fTk; mUs; nra;f.vJif eak;:mg;gh ehd;vg;ghFk;nrg;ghjjg;NgJ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp te;J vJif eak; ngw;Ws;sJ.Nkhid eak;:vg;ghUk;vg;gjKk;vq;fDk;KjnyOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhidj; njhilahFk;.mzpeak;:mUs; md;G Gfo;vDk; ,ay;ghd tpsf;fq;fs; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ,ay;G etpw;rp mzp mike;Js;sJ.

nrhy;eak;:

MUaph;> vg;ghFk;> vg;gjK;k nrg;ghj Nkdpiy - Kjypa ,d;gk; gaf;Fk; ,ireak; kpf;f nrhw;fisftpQh; ifahz;Ls;shh;.

32

nghUs; eak;:

,iwg;nghUspd; mUs; fpilf;fg; ngw;why;> cah;epiy va;jyhk; vd;Dk; nghUisf; ftpQh; eakhf

etpd;Ws;shh;.

Riteak;:

,iwg;nghUspd; mUs; epiyfis ,d;GWjNyhL ghbAs;sjhy; ,g;ghlypy; ctifr;Rit gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.

tpdh vz; : 38

gbtk; epug;Gjy;:

tq;fpapy; gzk; nrYj;Jk; gbtk; / tq;fpapy; gzk; vLf;Fk; gbtk;/njd;df tz;b Kd;gjpTg;gbtk;

33

34

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35

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37

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jpUj;jzpif08.01.14

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38

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39

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40

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41

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42

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(B.Sc., Computer Science) Kjy; tFg;gpy; Njh;r;rp

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43

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44

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45

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46

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* Kd;Diu* nghUSiu gpwg;Gk; tsh;g;Gk;

ghujpAld; ghujpjhrd;jkpohpd; Fuy;ghNte;jhpd; gilg;Gfs;.

Kd;Diu :‘vq;fs; tho;Tk; vq;fs; tsKk;kq;fhj jkpnod;W rq;Nf Koq;F”

vd ftpij Kof;fkpl;lth; ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd;. tPo;e;J fple;j jkpofj;ij vOr;rp nfhs;sr;nr;aj ngUq;ftpQh; mth;. jkpo;j; Njrpag; ngUikapidj; juzpnaq;Fk; jk; ghf;fshy; vLj;Jf;nrhd;d ngUikf;Fhpath; mth;. mthpd; rpwg;gpid ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghkhf !

gpwg;Gk; tsh;g;Gk; :GJr;Nrhp khepyj;jpy; fdfrig - ,yf;Fkp ,izaUf;F <L,izaw;w Gjy;tuha;

29-4-1891 ,y; mtjhpj;jhh;. Gul;rpf; ftpQh; ghujpjhrd;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngah; fdf. Rg;Guj;jpdk;vd;gjhFk;. GJitapy; gpnuQ;Rg; nkhopg; gs;spapy; Jtf;ff;fy;tp gapd;whh;. jkpopy; Mh;tk; kpFe;J,Ue;jjhy;> gjpdhwhk; mfitapy; jkpo;f;fy;Y}hpapy; Nrh;e;J> jkpo;g;Gyth; Njh;tpy; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.gpwF> jkpohrphpahuhf ePz;l neLq;fhyk; gzp nra;J> jkpOf;Fj; njhz;L nra;jhh;.

ghujpAld; ghujpjhrd; :kfhftp ghujpahh; Rkhh; gj;jhz;L fhyk; GJr;Nrhpapy; te;J jq;fpapUe;jhh;. ghujpahUk;

ghujpjhrDk; xU jpUkz tpohtpy; re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. md;W Kjy; cs;sd;ghy; ,izgphpahjth;fshf khwpdh;. ghujpjhrdpd; ftpg;ngUikia czh;e;j ghujpahh;> ‘Rg;Guj;jpdNkhh;ftp” vd;W jkpo;$Wk; ey;Yyfpw;F mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jhh;. ghujpahhpd; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpd;fhuzkhfj; jk; ngaiug; ghujpjhrd; vd khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;. fdf. Rg;Guj;jpdk;.

jkpohpd; Fuy; :‘vq;Fk; jkpo; ; vjpYk; jkpo;” vd;gNj ghNte;jhpd; nfhs;if Kof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

47

‘jkpoh;fspd; vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; rpwe;J tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpohpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;FKl;Lf;fl;il NghLk; %l ek;gpf;iffs; xopf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jkpohpd; vOr;rpNa jkpopdj;jpd;vOr;rp vd;Wk; kq;fhj jkpo; czh;Nt jkpohpd; tsh;r;rp vd;Dk; rPhpa fUj;JfNs mth; Fuypd;mbehjkhf ,Ue;jJ. mJkl;Lky;yhky;> jkpo; kz;izj; jkpoNu Ms Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw czh;Tj;jhfKk; mthplk; NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;J.

‘jkpoha;e;j jkpod;jhd; jkpo;ehl;by;Kjyikr;ruha; tUjy; Ntz;Lk;”

ghNte;jhpd; gilg;Gfs; :ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;> FLk;g tpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> ghz;bad; ghpR> ,iraKJ> mofpd;

rphpg;G> FwpQ;rpj; jpul;L> jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp> jkpopaf;fk; Nghd;wit ghNte;jh; gilj;jdpj;j ftpijE}y;fs; MFk;. ,uzpad; my;yJ ,izaw;w tPud;> gprpuhe;ijahh; Nghd;w ehlf ,yf;fpaq;fSk;mtuhy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nghpahUld; Vw;gl;l njhlh;gpdhy; mtuJ ftpij Kof;fk;Gul;rpNahLk; gFj;jwpNthLk; kpsph;e;jJ.

KbTiu :‘jkpOf;F mKnjd;W Ngh; ! me;jj;jkpo; ,d;gj; jkpo;vq;fs; capUf;F Neh;!”

vd;W jkpopd; ngUikia thdshtpa cauj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;wth; ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd;Mthh;. jkpopdj;jpd; kWkyh;r;rpf;fhf cioj;j ghNte;jhpd; njhz;bid epidT $h;e;J> ehKk;jkpo;g;gw;NwhL tho;Nthkhf!.

- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -kioePh ; Nrkpg;GkioePh ; Nrkpg;GkioePh ; Nrkpg;GkioePh ; Nrkpg;GkioePh ; Nrkpg;G

Kd;Diu :nja;tg;Gyth;> ‘ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF” vd;whh;. rpyg;gjpfhuk; je;j ,sq;Nfhtbfs;>

‘khkio Nghw;WJk; vd;whh;. ,t;thW ePhpd; ,d;wpaikahikiaAk;> ePh; jUfpd;w kioapd;rpwg;gpidAk; jkpo;g; Gyth;fs; fhye;NjhWk; Nghw;wp te;Js;sdh;.

jz;zPhpd; ,d;wpaikahik :FbePh; ,y;iynad;why; FbapUg;Gk; ,y;iy. ePhpy;yhj NghJjhd; ,d;dYk; ,lk;ngah;jYk;

epfo;fpd;wd. jtpf;fpw kf;fSf;F kpfTk; Njitg;gLtJ jz;zPNu ‘jhapw; rpwe;jnjhU NfhapYk;,y;iy“ vd;gJNghyj; jz;zPhpYk; rpwe;jnjhU caph;f;fhg;Gk; ,y;iy vdyhk;.

Nrkpf;Fk; Kiw :gaphpLk; Kiwfis khw;wpAk;> ghrd topKiwfis khw;wpAk;> ePiug; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w

Kiwapid khw;wpAk; nghpa mstpy; ePiur; Nrkpf;fyhk;. Vhp> Fsq;fis Vw;wKiwapy; ghJfhj;JePh;topfis milf;fhky;> gutyhfg; nga;fpd;w kioePh; KOtJk; ePh;epiyfis te;jila Mtznra;a Ntz;Lk;. tPLfspy; kioePiur; Nrkpg;gjw;Fj; Nrkpg;Gj; njhl;bfis mikj;J tPl;ilr;Rw;wpAs;s gFjpfis nkOfpa jskhf khw;whky;> kzw;ghq;fhfNth> ,ay;ghd epyg;gug;ghfNthtpl;LtpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

gad;fs; :nga;j kio ePiuj; jFjpahd topfspy; Njf;fp itj;Jg; ghJfhg;gjhy; ePh;tsj;ijg;

ngUf;fyhk;. ‘,d;iwa Nrkpg;G ehisa Njit” vd;gjw;Nfw;g gUt kioahdJ nga;ahJngha;f;Fk; NghJ> Vw;gLfpd;w jz;zPh;j; jl;Lg;ghl;ilAk;> jiytphpj;jhLfpd;w gQ;rj;ijAk; kioePh;Nrfhpg;ghy; <Lfl;l ,aYk;.

KbTiu:ek; ghuj ehL gok; ngUk; ehL. ,e;ehl;by; thOk; ehk; tpz;zpd; kioj;Jsp kz;zpd;

caph;j;Jsp vd;gij czh;e;J> xt;nthUtUk; muRld; Nrh;e;J kioePh; Nrkpg;gpy; <Lgl;lhy; ehLeyk; ngWk;. ey;y tsk; ngWk;.

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48

fhyj;ij nty;Yk; fzpdpfhyj;ij nty;Yk; fzpdpfhyj;ij nty;Yk; fzpdpfhyj;ij nty;Yk; fzpdpfhyj;ij nty;Yk; fzpdpKd;Diu:

mwptpaypd; mw;Gjg;gilg;ghd fzpdp ,d;W kdpj %isiaAk; tpQ;rp tpl;lJ. fz;,d;wpaikahj Xh; cWg;G vd;Nghk;. fzpdp fz;zpDk; Nkyhfr; nray;gLfpwJ.

Njhw;wk;:fzpdpapd; Kd;Ndhb vdg;gLtJ mNgf;]; vdg;gLk; rPdh;fspd; mwptpay; rhjdkhFk;.

kpd;dZf; fzpdpia lhf;lh; Myd; vk; ^hpq;> 1824 Mk; Mz;L fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. `hh;th;Lgy;fiyfofg; Nguhrphpah; lhf;lh; N`htd;l; jw;Nghija fzpdpia>1944 Mk; Mz;L gpbj;jhh;;.Mdhy; #g;gh; fzpdpia> 1976 Mk; Mz;L mnkhpf;fuhd thdNlr]; cUtikj;jhh;.

fzpdpapd; mw;Gjk;:mwptpay;> fzpjk;> kUj;Jtk;> tzpftpay; vd midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; gad;gLk; epiy

fzpdpf;F cs;sJ. E}W kpy;ypad; fzf;Ffisr; rhpghh;f;Fk; mstpw;Ff; fzpdp tsh;e;Js;sJ.khw;w ,ayhj ehopif> epkplk;> kzp> ehs;> thuk;> tUlk; ,tw;iwnay;yhk; jd;Ds; mlf;fp>,t;TyifNa iff;nfhs;Sk; jpwd; fzpdpf;F cz;L.

fzf;fpl ,ayhjtw;iwAk; fzf;fpLk; fzpdp> VTfizfisAk;> nraw;iff;Nfhs;fisAk; Xhplj;jpy; ,Ue;jgbNa fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jpwd; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

fzpdpapd; rpwg;gwpe;J ‘jkpof muR> jkpo; ,izaf; fofk;” xd;ia cUthf;fpAs;sJ.jkpo; nkhopia mwpe;J nfhs;s Nuhkid];L vd;w tpirg;gyir cz;lhf;fpAs;sJ.

KbTiu:midj;Jg; gs;spfspYk; fzpdpf; fy;tp jukhff; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. fzpdp kdpj

tho;f;ifapd; caph;ehbahfp tpl;lJ. fzpdpia Mf;f NtiyfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jp> tho;f;ifiatsKilajhf;FNthk;.

- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -

Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;GRw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;GRw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;GRw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;GRw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;GKd;Diu :

‘Rj;jk; Rfk; jUk;”> ‘Rj;jk; NrhW NghLk;” vd;Dk; gonkhopfs; J}a;ikapd; Nkd;ikiatpsf;Ftd MFk;. ehk; thOk; tPL> njU> efuk;> ehL Mfpatw;iwj; J}a;ikahf itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ‘Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oy; ghJfhg;G” vdg;gLk;.

J}a;ik nfLf;Fk; khRf;fs; :Fg;igfSk;> rhf;filfSk; epiwe;jhy; ePUk; nfLk;> NehAk; ek;kplk; Fbnfhs;Sk;.

Miyfs; ntspNaw;Wk; fopTfSk;> fopTePUk; epyj;ijAk;> ePiuAk;> fhw;iwAk; nfLj;J tpLfpd;wd.,aw;ifr; #o;epiy khwp> rkepiynfl;L> cyNf mopAk; epiyAk; cUthFk;. ,j;jifa khRfs;ek; tho;f;ifia mdypilg; GONghy Jau Kilajhf;fp tpLfpd;wd.

J}a;ikf;F topfs;:Fg;igfisf; Fopapy; nfhl;b vUthf;fyhk; vhpj;Jk; tplyhk;. rhf;fil ePiur; nrb

nfhbfSf;Fk; nrYj;jpg ; gadilayhk;. Miyf; fopTfs; mq;NfNa J}a;ikg;gLj;jpntspNaw;wg;gl;l Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; <> nfhR Kjypa er;Raph;fs; Njhd;Wtijj; jLf;fyhk;.Miyfs; ff;Fk; er;Rg;Giffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk; J}a;ikg;gLj;jyhk;> midtUf;Fk; Rw;Wr;#oy;ghJfhg;G tpjpfisf; fl;lhak; gpd;gw;wp elf;FkhW muR fz;bg;Gr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

KbTiu :ek;ik Nehapy; tPohky; fhg;gJ J}a;ik> J}a;ikf;Fr; Rw;Wg; Gwj;ijg; ghJfhj;jpl Ntz;Lk;.

J}a;ik ,iwtDf;F <lhFk;. ‘Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk;” vd;gJ gonkhop. vdNt> ek;cs;sj;ijj; J}a;ikahf itj;Jf; nfhz;L> ek; cliy> tPl;il> njUit> ehl;il> Rw;Wg;Gwr;#oiyj; J}a;ikahfg; ghJfhg;Nghk;. ek; capUk; cs;sKk; eyKld; jpfog; ghLgLNthkhf.!

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