Dr.YoavMazor GIDepartment RambamMedicalCenter fileCT abdomen Small distal ... Susp: Hypersensitivity...

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Dr .Yoav Mazor GI Department Rambam Medical Center

Transcript of Dr.YoavMazor GIDepartment RambamMedicalCenter fileCT abdomen Small distal ... Susp: Hypersensitivity...

Dr.Yoav MazorGI DepartmentRambamMedical Center

Cirrhosis of liver, m/p due to NASHP t l h t i   Portal hypertension: ▪ Gastric varices – no past bleeding▪ Portal hypertensive gastropathy▪ Portal hypertensive gastropathy▪ Hypersplenism (pancytopenia – PLT 50,000)

CHILD ‐A , MELD – 6CHILD  A , MELD  6

GoutGout

Medications: Allopurinol, propranololp , p p

Main complaint: hematochezia and melena

Labs: Hgb 7 mg/dL, PLT 105,000, WBC 3840

INR normal

Treated with IV glipressin, omeprazole, erythromycin, ceftriaxone. y y

Urgent EGD preformed

Large conglomeration of gastric varices, with visible nipple sign  no active bleedingvisible nipple sign, no active bleeding

No esophageal varices

Mosaic pattern of antral mucosap

Gastric varix treated with 2 cc *2 admixture Gastric varix treated with 2 cc  2 admixture of DERMABOND (2‐Octyl‐cyanoacrylate) and LIPIODOLLIPIODOL

New onset of ascites, SAAG>1.1, no SBP

Ongoing anemia, hematochezia

Packed cells X 12 units

Colonoscopy – hemorrhoids only  Colonoscopy  hemorrhoids only.  Repeated EGD with no signs of active bleedingC bd CT abdomen

Small distal/ junctional esophageal varices Conglomeration of gastric varices Conglomeration of gastric varices

f bl d No sign of recent bleeding

Gastric varix treated with 2 cc X 2 admixture of DERMABOND (2‐Octyl‐cyanoacrylate) and of DERMABOND (2 Octyl cyanoacrylate) and LIPIODOL

Discharged after one month of hospitalization

Medications on discharge: Medications on discharge: Propanolol 10 mg*4/day Spironolactone 100 mg*1/dayp g y Allopurinol 100 mg*1/day

After discharge   After discharge  ‐ Continuous rectal bleeding –fresh blood after straining Cough and feverCough and fever

Re‐admitted to the surgical ward 1 week after di hdischarge

Cough, fever and rectal bleeding

Physical examination: Fever ‐ 38.8 C SAT 92% RA ‐‐‐ 72% RA9 7 Lungs: bilateral diffuse inspiratory crackles  Rash buttocks  hands and feet  bilateral   Rash – buttocks, hands and feet, bilateral, macular, does not resolve with local pressure and does not itch (biopsied)  does not itch (biopsied). 

pH 7.44, PCO2 32, HCO3 22‐‐‐‐ PO2 30

WBC 2900, Hgb 7.8 MCV 78, PLT 64,000

Creatinine, bilirubin, LFT ‐‐ normal

INR 1.32, fibrinogen 312. INR 1.32, fibrinogen 312. 

Ceftriaxone and azithromycin started Supplement oxygen given Supplement oxygen given

On second day – ceftriaxone stopped and tazobactam‐ On second day  ceftriaxone stopped and tazobactamampicillin started, IV furosamide, INH dexacort added

Patient transferred to ICU/internal ward

Repeated blood cultures negative. CMV  Q fever  mycoplasma  rickettssia  influenza  CMV, Q fever, mycoplasma, rickettssia, influenza, legionella  –neg.

Skin biopsy: Leukocytoclastic vasculitis

Ophthalmic: Diffuse hemorrhage around the optic disc, ‘flame’ shaped like and dot‐and‐blot hemorrhages, bilateral No bleeding into maculag DD includes DM, HTN and vasculitis. 

49 years old patient with acute respiratory failurefailure

Feverh l k l l Rash ‐ leukocytoclastic vasculitis

Bilateral pulmonary infiltratesp y

PMH – liver cirrhosis, s/p histoacryl varices PMH  liver cirrhosis, s/p histoacryl varices treatment.

A diagnostic procedure was preformed

Pneumonia – atypical

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Systemic vasculitis – pulmonary hemorrhagey p y g

Embolic– septic ? Hystoacryl/dermabond?Embolic septic ? Hystoacryl/dermabond?

Hypersensitivity reaction Hypersensitivity reaction

Dense structures inside pulmonary vasculature  bilateralvasculature, bilateral

l l d ff d l Bilateral, diffuse, ground glass opacities.

Sub‐pleural infracts, nodules. 

ZN – negative

PCP – negative

Culture – Klebsiella oxytoca, enterobacter ycloacae

Characterization of Enterobacter cloacae pneumonia: a single-center retrospective analysis.Hennigs JK, et al. Lung. 2011 Dec;189(6):475-83

Transient bacteremia following endoscopic injection sclerotherapy of esophageal varices. Camara D, et al. Arch Intern Med. 1983 Jul;143(7):1350-2.

DERMABOND/LIPIODOL pulmonary embolism

Susp: Hypersensitivity reactionHypersensitivity reaction Leukocytoklastic vasculitis Interstitial pneumonitisInterstitial pneumonitis

Patient treated with IV hydrocortizone with ycomplete resolution of rash and respiratory symptoms.y p

Endoscopic sclerotherapy Tetradecyl sodium Tetradecyl sodium Sodium morrhuateEth l i   l t Ethanolamine oleate Polidocanol

Endoscopic tissue adhesive injection Histoacryl ‐N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate Bucrylate ‐ isobutyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate

Since their discovery in 1949, cyanoacrylates have been used as a tissue adhesive, embolization material, and haemostatic agents in a broad range of medical and haemostatic agents in a broad range of medical specialties

T  t   f ti   dh i  Hi t l d  Two types of tissue adhesives, Histoacryl and Bucrylate, have been used to treat variceal bleeding. These have proved effective in the control of bleeding ese a e p o ed e ect e t e co t o o b eed gwith a 90% success rate

Endoscopic obliterative therapy with Histoacryl is now  Endoscopic obliterative therapy with Histoacryl is now the first‐choice treatment for emergency control of acute gastric variceal bleedingg g

SLEISENGER AND FORDTRAN’S GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER DISEASE: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY/DIAGNOSIS/MANAGEMENTCopyright © 2010by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

The fundamental technique of tissue adhesive b l l linjection using N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) is 

the same as sclerotherapy

Polymerization occurs on contact with water to form a solid complex tightly bound to underlying tissue. 

Polymerization is almost immediate in blood. 

To prevent premature solidification during injection, Histoacryl is diluted with the oily contrast agent LipiodolLipiodol

Common: Transient fever and pain

Infectious:  Bacteraemia Splenic abscessp Bacterial pericarditis

Prospective study of bacteremia rate after elective band ligation and sclerotherapy with cyanoacrylate for esophageal varices in patients with advanced liver disease.Bonilha DQ, et al. Arq Gastroenterol. 2011 Oct-Dec;48(4):248-51.

Septic complications after injection of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate: a report of 2 cases and review. Wahl P et al. Gastrointest Endosc 2004 ;59:911 –6.

Damage to endoscopic equipment due to premature hardening of cyanoacrylatepremature hardening of cyanoacrylate

l l l h Local mucosal ulceration at the injection site 

Cementation and fixation of the injection needle in the glued varixneedle in the glued varix

C li ti f d i i l thComplications of endoscopic variceal therapy.Krige JE, Bornman PC, Shaw JM, Apostolou C.S Afr J Surg. 2005 Nov;43(4):177-88, 190-4. Review.

Emboli –

Portal and splenic vein thrombosis

Leakage through the gastro‐renal shunt into th  l ft  l  i   d i f i    the left renal vein and inferior vena cava: Pulmonary Cerebral  Coronary embolisationCoronary embolisation

Long-term result of endoscopic Histoacryl (N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) injection for treatment of gastric varices.Kang EJ et alKang EJ, et al. World J Gastroenterol. 2011 Mar 21;17(11):1494-500.

753 patients treated 51 patients with complications  51 patients with complications – 10 sepsis (1.3%) 5 distant embolisms (0.7%)‐ 1 pulmonary, 1 brain, 3 splenic

Low incidence of complications from endoscopic gastric variceal obturation with butyl cyanoacrylate.Cheng LF, Wang ZQ, Li CZ, Lin W, Yeo AE, Jin B.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Sep;8(9):760-6.

In 140 patients who had Histoacryl injection for bleeding gastric varices, radiographically evident 

l   b li    b d i  6 ( %) pulmonary emboli were observed in 6 (4.3%) 

Chest radiographs and CT scans showed unusual Chest radiographs and CT scans showed unusual tubular or nodular, radiopaque pulmonary emboli along the pulmonary vessels

In 5 of 6 patients the radiographic abnormalities showed complete or partial resolution.  p p

There were no fatalities directly associated with pulmonary embolipulmonary emboli

Hwang SS, Kim HH, Park SH, Kim SE, Jung JI, Ahn BY, etAl.. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2001;25:16–22

The reported severity of nbutyl‐ 2‐cyanoacrylate pulmonary embolism (PE) following EIS has varied from asymptomatic g y pto fatal.

Wh  f   h   h di   l i i   h   i     When fever, cough, tachycardia, pleuritic chest pain, or dyspnea develop after endoscopic injectio therapy with cyanoacrylate  chest radiography or non–contrast‐enhanced cyanoacrylate, chest radiography or non contrast enhanced computed tomography frequently allows diagnosis of pulmonary emboli

Cyanoacrylate in the treatment of gastric varices complicated by multiple pulmonary emboli.Alexander S, Korman MG, Sievert W. Intern Med J. 2006 Jul;36(7):462-5.emboli.Alexander S, Korman MG, Sievert W. Intern Med J. 2006 Jul;36(7):462 5.

N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and lipoidol pulmonary embolism (glue embolism).Javed A, Salamat A. Source J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2008 Apr-Jun;20(2):143-5.

Large injection volume    8  l i  th   ti t  (     ) 4.2 vs. 1.8 ml in the patients (p < 0.0011).

Dilution of radiolucent Histoacryl with radiopaque Lipiodol p q p

Existence of porto‐systemic shuntsExistence of porto systemic shunts

Hwang SS, Kim HH, Park SH, Kim SE, Jung JI, Ahn BY, etAl.. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2001;25:16–22

The volume should be limited to minimal (2 (CC ?)

Damage to the endoscope is preventable if ifi   ti    t kspecific precautions are taken

131 I‐Labeled Lipiodol‐Induced Interstitial Pneumonia ‐A Series of 15 Cases

131 I‐labeled lipiodol is used as internal radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

From 1994 to 2009, interstitial pneumonia developed in 15 patients following 131 I‐labeled lipiodol administration

Most patients were admitted for acute respiratory failure with hypoxemia and hypocapnia.yp yp p

Chest CT scan revealed bilateral ground‐glass opacities with septal thickening, retraction, or both. No linear high‐density shadow.thickening, retraction, or both. No linear high density shadow.

Majority occurred after the second injection suggests that immunoallergic pathways could be the driving forceimmunoallergic pathways could be the driving force

CHEST 2011; 139(6):1463–1469

3 patients underwent embolization with n‐BCA before a planned, staged surgical resection of the embolized AVMs. p , g g

In all three patients, surgical and autopsy specimens showed  i fl     i hi   h   b li d  l  an inflammatory response within the embolized vasculature 

with a prominent eosinophilic infiltrate.

The eosinophilic vasculitis seen in the pathology specimens may represent a previously undocumented hypersensitivity y p p y yp yreaction following exposure to n‐BCA.

Vascular inflammation with eosinophils after the use of n-butyl cyanoacrylate liquid embolic system.Quinn J, et al. Prestigiacomo CJ. J Neurointerv Surg. 2011 Mar;3(1):21-4.

SummarySummary

DERMABOND/LIPIODOL pulmonary embolismembolism

d h Suspected hypersensitivity reaction: Leukocytoklastic vasculitisy Interstitial pneumonitis

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