Drum Publication Group usd.w>&RvDRvHmvJ>w>rRu%l> kids collection web.pdf · II. The Best of Drum...

132
Drum Publication Group usd.w>&RvDRvHmvJ>w>rRu%l>

Transcript of Drum Publication Group usd.w>&RvDRvHmvJ>w>rRu%l> kids collection web.pdf · II. The Best of Drum...

Drum Publication Groupusd.w>&RvDRvHmvJ>w>rRu%l>

II

The Best of Drum Kid's News (Sgaw Karen Version)zdo.oeX. = zdo.oeX.w>uGJ;xXzSd.wz.

Drum Publication GroupP.O Box 66Kanchanaburi 71000Thailand

[email protected]

oUuDvgbX< 2751 unDeH.

March, 2013

III

w>*h>cd.wD

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tqX'd. 5 60=81

tqX'd. 6 82=119

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