Drug resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed ...€¦ · Drug‐resistant TB in South...

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But there are already National TB Programmes? Drugresistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed Helen Cox Wellcome Trust Fellow, University of Cape Town

Transcript of Drug resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed ...€¦ · Drug‐resistant TB in South...

Page 1: Drug resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed ...€¦ · Drug‐resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed Helen Cox WellcomeTrust Fellow, University of Cape

But there are already National TB Programmes?

TB reference Hospital, Manipur India

Drug‐resistant TB in South Africa:Better treatment needed

Helen CoxWellcome Trust Fellow, University of Cape Town

Page 2: Drug resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed ...€¦ · Drug‐resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed Helen Cox WellcomeTrust Fellow, University of Cape
Page 3: Drug resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed ...€¦ · Drug‐resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed Helen Cox WellcomeTrust Fellow, University of Cape

~650,000 prevalent MDR‐TB cases~ 97,000 started on appropriate treatment 

in 2013~50% treatment success

Universal access to DR‐TB treatment is a long way from reality

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South Africa

7429 81989070

7386

10085

14161

26023

3194 4031 41435313 5643 6494

10663

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

No. of cases RR‐TB

RR‐TB Notified Treated

TreatmentGap

RR‐TB = rifampicin‐resistant tuberculosis

Source: South African NDoH and WHO

Page 5: Drug resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed ...€¦ · Drug‐resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed Helen Cox WellcomeTrust Fellow, University of Cape

Diagnosis and treatment cascade (RR‐TB)

100

62

36

15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Burden Diagnosed Treated Cured

RR‐TB cases (%)

58% treatment initiation from ongoing study 

62% estimated case detection for DS‐TB in SA

42% treatment success reported across SA

~15% are successfully treated

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Currently recommended treatment

Second‐line drugs

Year discovered

PAS 1948

Cycloserine 1955

Kanamycin 1957

Ethionamide 1960

Capreomycin 1963

Moxifloxacin* 1996

*Moxifloxacin used in South Africa from 2012

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Barriers to treatment• Lab capacity, lack of diagnostics• Cost of drugs/treatment• Poor treatment regimens/outcomes• Complexity and length of treatment• Lack of appropriate models of care to enable scale up

• Lack of guidance internationally• Lack of funds and political commitment

Page 8: Drug resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed ...€¦ · Drug‐resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed Helen Cox WellcomeTrust Fellow, University of Cape

Key principles for a new regimen (aka the wishlist)

• No injectables• Broad backbone that can be used for MDR and XDR (start with any Rif resistance – Xpert)

• Simple dosing• Limited side effects (improved tolerability)• Shorter duration (6‐12 months)• Minimal interaction with ART• Can be used to treat children

Page 9: Drug resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed ...€¦ · Drug‐resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed Helen Cox WellcomeTrust Fellow, University of Cape

New and re‐purposed drugs

New:• Bedaquiline (TMC207)• Delamanid (OPC‐67683)• PA‐824 (combination PaMZ)

Re‐purposed:• Linezolid• Clofazimine

Multidrug treatment is essential for TB

Page 10: Drug resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed ...€¦ · Drug‐resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed Helen Cox WellcomeTrust Fellow, University of Cape

A new regimen would/could…

• Improve individual treatment outcomes (reduce mortality)

• Allow improved access to treatment

• Reduce burden on the health system

• Reduce further community transmission

Page 11: Drug resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed ...€¦ · Drug‐resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed Helen Cox WellcomeTrust Fellow, University of Cape

Stages required

1. Drug development (basic science)2. Bringing new drugs to market (conducting 

trials for regulatory approval)3. Development and testing of new regimens –

suitable for programmatic use in high burden settings

4. Roll out of new regimen

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Drug development: TB R&D funding

TAG, TB funding trends 2005‐13, Oct 2014

Page 13: Drug resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed ...€¦ · Drug‐resistant TB in South Africa: Better treatment needed Helen Cox WellcomeTrust Fellow, University of Cape

Top funders (2013)Rank Funding

(USD)Name

1 158,797,248 US National Institutes of Health

2 147,923,878 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

3 58,717,259 Otsuka Pharmaceuticals (producer of Delamanid)

4 36,656,765 Other NIH institutes

5 24,640,072 UK DFID

34 2,248,534 SA Medical Research Council

64 316,776 SA Dept Science and Technology

78 143,548 SA National Research Foundation

• Private contribution decreasing over time

• Large pharma companies withdrawing from TB research

• Pfizer – 2012• AstraZeneca – 2013• Novartis ‐ 2014

TAG, TB funding trends 2005‐13, Oct 2014

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Cost of bringing a drug to market

802

1320

2600

59.40

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

CSDD* CSDD* CSDD* LSE

2003 2006 2014 2011

USD

 (Millions)

*Pharma funded research institute

DiMasi et al  J Health Economics 2003, Light & Warburton LSE Biosocieties 2014

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Current clinical trials (new combinations): Phase 3Trial Sponsor Patients regimen Current status

STREAM IUATLD MDR‐TB New and repurposed drugsIncorporating BDQ arm

OngoingNew arm not yet started

STAND TB BMGF/TB Alliance

DS‐TB and MDR‐TB

Pa‐824/ Moxi / PZA (PaMZ) Not yet started

Nix‐TB  TB Alliance XDR‐TB/TDR‐TB All new drugs: BDQ, Pa‐824, Sutezolid

In planning (not funded)

NEXT RCT UCT/ SA MRC MDR‐TB BDQ, LZD and existing drugs Not yet started

END‐TB MSF/PIH MDR‐TB/XDR‐TB

BDQ, DEL and existing drugs In planning

PRACTECAL MSF MDR‐TB/XDR‐TB

BDQ, DEL and existing drugs In planning

Trial results not likely until 2020 at the earliestClinical trials capacity limited:

‐ trial sites with sufficient patient numbers and infrastructure‐ trial sponsors with experience and funding 

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Uptake of new regimens in high burden settings

• Regulatory approval of each new drug often required in each country

• Reliant on WHO guidance• Desire for trial/programmatic data from each country before widespread rollout

• High cost of new drugs (cost effectiveness analysis required)

• Capacity for monitoring and evaluation (pharmacovigilance)

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Bedaquiline (BDQ): the first new TB drug in 40 years

Date Milestone

2005 Evidence of BDQ activity against TB in mice

2008 Phase 2a study of early bactericidal activity in humans

2009 Early results of phase 2b study (2 months BDQ) in humansMar, 2012 Final results of phase 2b study

Dec, 2012 FDA grants approval to market BDQ in the US (conditional on phase 3 trial results)

Mar, 2013 SA NDoH starts BDQ access programme (4 approved sites)

Jun, 2013 WHO releases guidance on appropriate use (for patients with pre‐XDR or XDR‐TB)

Oct, 2014 SA MCC approves BDQ

2015 SA NDoH plans access to BDQ for 3000 patients in 2015

2020 Phase 3 trial results expected

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Can access to better treatment for DR‐TB be aided by exploring the right to benefit from scientific progress?

Discussion