Drug Prescription in Dentistry
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Drug Prescription in Implant DentistryIyad Abou-Rabii DDS. OMFS. MSc.PhD
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Agenda-Slide
2
3
4
5
Prescription writing
Therapeutics (Analgesics)
Therapeutics (Antibiotics)
Q&A
Back to Basics 1
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Agenda-Slide
2
1
3
4
5
Prescription writing
Back to Basics
Therapeutics (Analgesics)
Therapeutics (Antibiotics)
Q&A
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Pharmacology Basics
Text
The reasons for administering a medication or performing a treatment
A factor that prevents the use of a medication or treatment (eg. Allergies)
Definition
Indication Contra-indication
The amount of a drug to be administered at one time
Dose
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Pharmacology Basics
Text
Effects that are not desired and that occur with normal dose
Effects that are an exaggeration of the effect that produces the therapeutic response
Definition
Toxic effectsSide effects
The desired result of administration of a medication
Effect
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Medication names
Trade name
Chemical names
Official name
Generic names
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Routes of drug administration
Enteral tract routes Parenteral routes
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Enteral and Parenteral Routes
Enteral route Parenteral route• Oral (PO) • Orogastric /nasogastric (OG/
NG) • Sublingual (SL) • Buccal • Rectal (PR)
• Topical • Intradermal • Intranasal • Subcutaneous (SC) • Intramuscular (IM) • Intravenous (IV) • Endotracheal (ET) • Sublingual injection • Intracardiac (IC) • Intraosseous • Inhalational • Umbilical • Vaginal • Pulpal
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Comparison of Enteral vs. Parenteral Routes
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Very Important
Info!
No single method of drug administration is ideal for all drugs in all circumstances
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Agenda-Slide
2
1
3
4
5
Prescription writing
Back to Basics
Therapeutics (Analgesics)
Therapeutics (Antibiotics)
Q&A
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Agenda-Slide
1
2
3
4
5
Back to Basics
Prescription writing
Therapeutics (Analgesics
Therapeutics (Antibiotics)
Q&A
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Prescription writing
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The Dentist is legally responsible for the signed prescription Prescription should be indelible, dated, with full name and address of the patient Age of patient should be mentioned when under 12. Use generic drugs when possible
Prescribing
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Essential Components of Prescriptions
All written prescriptions should contain: 1)Patient's full name and address 2)Prescriber's full name, address, telephone number, 3)Date of issuance 4)Signature of prescriber 5)Drug name, dose, dosage form, amount 6)Directions for use 7)Refill instructions
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The Medication Order (Prescription)
• Medication desired • Dose desired • Administration route • Administration rate
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Before any Drug prescription
Discuss with patient the possible consequences (god and bad) Prescribe drugs you know Keep updated (BNF, Vidal…others) Dose: consider age, physiology, and pathology Drug interactions
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Don`t use abbreviations for the drug names. Define the quantity supplied Directions should be in English with no use of the abbreviations
Prescribing instructions
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• When writing the dose Quantities of one gram is wrriten (1 g) Less than 1 g is written in milligrams (500 mg) Less than l mg should be written in microgram 100 microgram (not 0.1 mg) Nanogram and microgram should not be abbreviated
Prescribing instructions
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• Rx : abbreviation of the Latin word "recipe” x as a substitute period.
• # ac (ante cibum) • means "before meals"
• # bid (bis in die) means • "twice a day"
Latin Abbreviations
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• # po (per os) • means "by mouth"
• # pc (post cibum) means • "after meals"
• # prn (pro re nata) • means "as needed"
Latin Abbreviations
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• # q 3 h (quaque 3 hora) • means "every 3 hours"
• # qd (quaque die) • means "every day"
• # qid (quater in die) means • "4 times a day"
Latin Abbreviations
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Clark’s Rule
Clark's Rule Divide the child’s weight (in pounds) by 150 to get the approximate fraction of the adult dose to give to the child.
• Example: For a 50 pound child give 50/150 (or 1/3) of the adult dose. Therefore, if the adult dose is 30 drops taken 3 times per day, the child’s dose will be 10 drops taken 3 times per day
• (not 30 drops taken 1 time per day). •
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Agenda-Slide
1
2
3
4
5
Back to Basics
Prescription writing
Therapeutics (Analgesics
Therapeutics (Antibiotics)
Q&A
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Agenda-Slide
2
1
4
5
Prescription writing
Therapeutics (Analgesics)
Back to Basics
Therapeutics (Antibiotics)
Q&A
3
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Yes or No
The Dentist is the best judge of pain. A person with pain will always have obvious signs such as moaning, abnormal vital signs, or not eating. Addiction is common when opioid medications are prescribed. Morphine and other strong pain relievers should be reserved for the late stages of dying. Morphine and other opioids can easily cause lethal respiratory depression. Pain medication should be given only after the resident develops pain.
No No No No No No
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Ceiling Effect
0
25
50
75
100
5 4 3 2 1
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Analgesics
12 Paracetamol
NSAIDSOpioids
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Paracetamol
Indication
Dose
Contraindication
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COX ?
COX 1
COX 2
Ibuprofen, ketorolac, diclofenac, aspirin
celecoxib ,rofecoxib, Nimesulide
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Opioids
Text
Opioids act on the central nervous system
Codeine Oxycodone, Hydrocodone Propoxyphene Dihydrocodeine Tramadol
• nausea • constipation • dizziness • sedation
• respiratory depression
Action Efficacy Side effects
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What about Combination
1
2
3Analgesic
Analgesic
Analgesic
++
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Paracetamol Combinations
Mild to severe pain 30 min to 5 hours
Mild Pain Short acting (2 hours)
More effective Rapid and long acting
pain relief than did Tramadol or Paracetamol
alone
Paracetamol/Codeine
Paracetamol / Oxycodone
or Hydrocodone
Paracetamol/ TramadolParacetamol
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Agenda-Slide
2
1
4
5
Prescription writing
Therapeutics (Analgesics)
Back to Basics
Therapeutics (Antibiotics)
Q&A
3
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Agenda-Slide
1
4
3
2
5
Back to Basics
Therapeutics (Antibiotics)
Therapeutics (Analgesics
Prescription writing
Q&A
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Best use of antibiotics
Cardinal Rules:
• Use the right drug.
• Use the right dose.
• Use the correct dosing schedule.
• Correct duration.
• Use a loading dose to rapidly achieve therapeutic blood levels.
• Avoid combinations of bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal drugs.
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Best use of antibiotics
Chose well
• Narrow Spectrum?
• Extended/Broad Spectrum?
• Designer Antibiotics?
• Anaerobes? Consider if the infection is present > 3days or if no improvement
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Best use of antibiotics
Identify your weapon
• Specific for the pathogen.
• Fewer disturbances of non-pathogenic bacteria.
• Fewer side effects.
• Rapid response for sensitive organisms. Ex: Pen VK, Pen G, Erythromycin
• Affects both Gram + and Gram - bacteria, better for mixed infections.
• May give up some effectiveness for Gram + to gain effectiveness for Gram Examples: Amoxicillin, Ampicillin
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Best use of antibiotics
Identify you patients
• Age, allergies, compliance, pregnancy risk
• Patient function
• Renal, hepatic, immunosuppresion, route applicability
• Cost Brand name, length of course, alternatives?
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Best use of antibiotics
Know your enemy (bacteria)
• Gram Positive?
• Gram Negative?
• Mixed Infection?
• Anaerobes?
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Broad Spectrum Narrow Spectrum Bacteriocidal Bacteriostatic Superinfection
Reminder
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Mechanism of Action: 1. Inhibition of Cell Wall
Synthesis 2. Disruption of Cell Membrane 3. Inhibition of Protein Synthesis 4. Interference with Metabolic
Processes
NB: Bactericidal Bacteriostatic
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Drainage is essential if there is pus: antibacterials will not remove pus;
Very Important
Info!
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What are the indications of antibiotic treatment ?
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(together with appropriate surgical drainage or other measures) – Cervical fascial space infections; – Osteomyelitis and osteoradionecrosis; – Odontogenic infections in ill, toxic or susceptible patients (e.g.
immunocompromised); – Acute ulcerative gingivitis; – Some instances of:
• pericoronitis; • dental abscess; • dry socket;
Indication of antibiotic treatment
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– Infective endocarditis ; – Cerebrospinal rhinorrhoea; – Compound facial or skull fractures; – Major oral and maxillofacial surgery (e.g. osteotomies or tumour
resection); – Surgery in immunocompromised or debilitated patients, or following
radiotherapy to the jaws.
Prophylactic use of antibiotics
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Routes of antibiotics' administration
Text
Should usually be avoided, as they may cause the emergence of
resistant strains.
Preferred in most instances
Only when:– no oral preparation
is available– high blood levels
are required rapidly
– the patient cannot or will not take oral medications
– the patient is to have a GA within the following 4 h.
Main point
Topical Oral Parenteral
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Let us discuss about the best antibiotic to use...
Amoxicillin or oral Penicillin
Metronidazole
Erythromycin
Tetracycline Clindamycin
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• Odontogenic infections are typically polymicrobial. • Anaerobes are implicated in many periimplantitis infections,
and these often respond to penicillins or metronidazole • Metronidazole is a good alternative. • Erythromycin in another alternative (short courses) • In severe cases: Tetracycline, or • Clindamycin in limited cases.
Conclusion
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Agenda-Slide
1
4
3
2
5
Back to Basics
Therapeutics (Antibiotics)
Therapeutics (Analgesics
Prescription writing
Q&A
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Agenda-Slide
2
1
4
3
Prescription writing
Q&A
Back to Basics
Therapeutics (Antibiotics)
Therapeutics (Analgesics)
5
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???
Questions
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Thank you.
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