DRUG ELUTING BALLOONS (DCB/DEB)
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Transcript of DRUG ELUTING BALLOONS (DCB/DEB)
DRUG ELUTING BALLOONS
SATYAM RAJVANSHIDept. of Cardiology
PGIMER & RML, New Delhi
Revolutions in Coronary Intervention – 1st
Intimal dissection following ‘POBA’
BARE METAL STENT
Revolutions in Coronary Intervention – 2nd
Restenosis post BMS / DAPT – 4 weeks
DRUG ELUTING STENTS
Revolutions in Coronary Intervention – 3rd
Restenosis post DES
But DAPT – 6(?3) to 12 months
Revolutions in Coronary Intervention – 4th
BVSDEB
What is a ‘DEB’?
• Conventional semi-compliant angioplasty balloons • Covered with an anti-proliferative drug which is released
into the vessel wall during inflation of the balloon• Inflation usually at nominal pressures with a specific
minimal inflation time• Active substance on the DEB is lipophilic with high
absorption rate through vessel wall (to compensate for the short period of contact between the inflated balloon and the vessel wall)
Components of DEB
Drug distribution
Why Paclitaxel?
• Highly lipophilic – Rapid intracellular uptake and retention in vessel wall for nearly a week• Acts by irreversible binding to microtubules, inhibiting cell division and
migration - structural intracellular changes cause long-lasting effects• Short incubation time (3 minutes) with paclitaxel almost completely
inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation for up to 12-14 days
• Zotarolimus – Also lipophilic, potential candidate for DCB applications
Why this concentration?
• Concentration of paclitaxel on DEB – 3 μg/mm2 – 3x higher compared with paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES)
• This specific dose is the same for all DEB - based on in vitro studies• 10% of the dose lost while catheter is advanced through haemostatic valve and guiding catheter • 70-80% dose released at the target site is washed away in the blood stream during inflation• Only 10 to 20% of the paclitaxel transferred from balloon surface to the vessel wall
• Thus, PCB delivers a dose to target in a very short time that is higher than total dose released by DES over many weeks
• With this immediate drug release - no need for a polymer for drug administration - thus avoiding chronic inflammation and late thrombosis
1st generation DEBs
• Paccocath (Bayer, Germany)• Sequent Please (Braun, Germany)
• Paclitaxel (3 ug/mm2) mixed with Drug carrier applied on balloon surface, an iodinated hydrophilic contrast – IOPROMIDE - increases drug solubility and speeds uptake
• Paclitaxel maximum concentration in IOPROMIDE – 20x than in saline
2nd generation DEBs
• In.Pact Falcon (Invatec, Italy) - Paclitaxel (3 ug/mm2) mixed with Hydrophilic spacer molecule covering balloon – UREA
• Dior II (Eurocor, Germany) - Paclitaxel (3 ug/mm2) mixed with a hydrophilic resin ‘SHELLAC’ that opens its structure when in contact with the tissue on balloon inflation, allowing quick release
• Pantera Lux (Biotronik, Germany); Danubio (Minvasys, France) - Paclitaxel (3 ug/mm2) mixed with BTHC (Butyry trihexyl citrate) – breaks the crystalline paclitaxel structure – rapid absorption
3rd generation DEBs
No carrier PEBs!
• Elutax (Aachen Resonance, Germany) – Paclitaxel 2 ug/mm2 inside hydrogel coat which sticks to intima on deflation and decreases systemic washoff
• Protégé (Blue Medical, Netherlands) – No carrier – Very tight bound paclitaxel in between balloon folds
Practical points before DEB use
• Proper vessel preparation with predilation balloon 0.5-1.0 mm smaller than intended DEB
• Ensure adequate 1:1 sizing between vessel and DEB (IVUS in coronaries, EVUS in peripherals)
• Shorten transfer time from access sheath to DEB inflation
• Single prolonged inflation for complete drug release till manufacturer’s recommended time (60 or 30 sec) – if not tolerated, fractional release in quick intermittent inflations till recommended time is complete
DEB in CAD
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCE1. In-stent restenosis - BMS
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCE1. In-stent restenosis - DES
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCE1. In-stent restenosis - DES
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCE1. In-stent restenosis - DES
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCE1. In-stent restenosis
ESC guidelines on myocardial revascularization 2014
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCE2. De Novo lesions: Small vessels
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCE2. De Novo lesions: Small vessels
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCE 3. De Novo lesions: Bifurcation
• 2 strategies
i. Sequential DEB treatment of the bifurcation branches followed by BMS implantation in the MB – RCT available
ii. Simple MV stenting followed by kissing DEB – Recent with sparse evidence
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCE 3. De Novo lesions: Bifurcation
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCE 3. De Novo lesions: Bifurcation
• Sequential application of DCB (and not pre-mounted BMS) for treatment of de novo coronary lesions resulted in efficient inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia. • The sequence of application (DCB first vs. BMS first) did not
seem to influence the outcome (6 months late loss 0.45±0.57 mm vs. 0.53±0.52 mm, p=0.83), except for better apposition in BMS first (p=0.013).
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCE4. De Novo lesions: DEB + BMS
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCE4. De Novo lesions: DEB + BMS
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCE4. De Novo lesions: DEB + BMS
ESC guidelines on myocardial revascularization 2014
For small vessel PCI or Bifurcation PCI with DEB- No level of recommendation given!
Use of DEB in any other coronary indication than ISR- No level of recommendation given!
INDICATIONS and EVIDENCEDe Novo lesions
Most promising indications for DEB in CAD• ISR in BMS/DES
• De novo lesion in small vessels (<2.5 mm)
• In patients with contraindication(s) to prolonged DAPT
DEB in PAD
Current scenario in PAD intervention
• Surgical bypass is still gold standard – but endovascular innovations like DEB, DES, Endografts are fast developing
• Endovascular Rx advantages are shorter hospital stay, less wound infection and lower peri-op mortality compared with open surgery
• But Late clinical failure due to restenosis, neo-intimal hyperplasia, and stent fracture still a major problem
POBA
• POBA 1st line treatment for femoro-popliteal disease • Stenting only for poor outcome – high rate of re-stenosis
despite initial technical success rate of 95% even with stenting 1 year restenosis rates have varied between 20-50% depending on an increasing with length of lesion• Balloon angioplasty for shorter lesions(<4cm)• Primary stenting in longer lesions • Secondary stenting if residual stenosis/dissection
DEB
• Similar rationale and technology
• Same drug concentration
• Somewhat longer inflation times (upto 180 sec)
DEB in FEMORO-POPLITEAL DISEASE
• Many RCT showing favourable results vs POBA (upto 2 yrs)
• But have short follow up, industry driven
• Secondary stent implantation: 4-21% in DEB; 14-36% in POBA
• IN.PACT Admiral (Medtronic, USA) platform demonstrates greater efficacy
DEB in INFRA-POPLITEAL DISEASE
IDEAS RCT • DCB vs DES • Binary restenosis in DES 28% vs DCB 57.9% at 6 months
IN.PACT DEEP Trial • DEB vs POBA • Comparable efficacy but trend towards higher amputation rate in
DEB. Balloon withdrawn (IN.PACT Amphirion – Medtronic)
General guideline
Conclusions
Conclusions
• DEB is a promising technology in both coronary and peripheral artery disease
• NOT suitable for all - For technical success, requires proper patient selection – clinical and angiographic characteristics, proper preparation of vessel before use
References
• Textbook of interventional cardiology 7th Ed. By Topol and Terstein. 2015
• Rafael Sant’Anna Athayde G et al. Applications of the Drug-Eluting Balloon in Coronary Artery Disease. Rev Bras Cardiol Invasiva. 2014;22:293-9.
• Vaquerizo B etal. Update on drug-eluting balloons for percutaneous coronary interventions. EMJ Int Cardiol. 2013;1:80-90.
• Colombo A. Drug eluting balloons for femoro-popliteal artery disease: Emerging research. ESC E journal cardiology practice 2014;13.
• Siablis D et al. JACC INTV 2014;7:1048-56.