Slide 1

. DRUG DELIVARY THROUGH NAILS SUBMITTED TO

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological UniversityHyderabadKukatpally, Hyderabad-500085, Telangana, IndiaIndustrial training project submissionByP.AMBIKA13GD1R0020UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MR.SUDHEER (Department of pharmacy)

CHILKUR BALAJI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY(APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI)(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Telangana)

INTRODUCTION

IntroductionThe nail is horny structure. Nail plate is responsible for penetration of drug across it. As it is hard enough the penetration becomes difficult .For the successful treatment of nail disease the applied active drug must permeate through the dense keratinized nail plate and reach deeper layers, the nail bed and the nail matrix. most commonly topical drug are used to penetrates across it.These diseases can be cured by achieving desired therapeutic concentration of drug by nail drug delivery system. Various topical therapies for nail disorders, which have been studied so far are:

Nail LacquersGelsSolutionsCreamsOintmentsPowders

The drug also penetrate through orally,systemicallyand through i.v.Drug penetrate through i.v is used when the disease chronic condition.

It`s involvement of nail bed, reduction of blood supply, physical or chemical features of nail bed. As a result variety of diseases occurs.

These nail diseases are widely spread in the population particularly among elderly and immune compromised patients.The human nail causes infections due to bacteria, viruses or fungi.Approximately 50% of all problems result from fungal infections.

ANATOMY OF NAIL

Anatomy of nailThe chemical composition of the human nail severely differs from other body membranes.The human nails compose of following parts:Nail matrix( or) root of the nail: The matrix will continue to grow as long as it receives nutrition and remains in a healthy condition. contains nerves, lymph and blood vessels.Eponychium or cuticle: Living skin covers approximately 20 percent of the nail plate.Paronychium: Is the skin that overlies the nail plate on its side. Nail plate: The nail plate is mostly made of keratin. while the shape of the fingertip itself shows if the nail plate is flat, arched.Nail bed: The nail bed is an area of pinkish tissue that supports the entire nail plate.Lunula: The opaque, bluish white half-moon at the base of the nail. Hyponychium: The farthest or most distal edge of the nail unit. it forms a seal protects nail bed.

Different parts of nail

NAIL DISEASES AND DISORDERS

1.Paronychia

Treatment:Parochial infection is treat with antifungal medication such as Clotrimazole,Ketocanazole applied to infection site should apply the medicine everyday until it cures completely.

2.Pseudomonas bacterial infection

Treatment:Pseudomonas bacteria infection treated with topical antibiotics such as Backtracking(or)Polymyxin-B applied 2 times per day will cure most patients continued for 1-2months.If it is in chronic condition at that time an oral antibiotics such as Ciprofloxin-50 mg per day is prescribed.

3.Onychomycosis

Treatment:Onchomycosis infection treated with systemic antifungal agents such as Terbinafine it is most effective systemic agent available.Tropical agent such as Ciclopirox.Fluconazole given orally -300mg only once weekly.

4.Tinea Unguis

Treatment:Tinea unguis infection treat with tropical agents such as Terbinafine,Itrconazole these should be taken 3-4 weeks

5.Leuconychia

Treatment:For these no treatment is required as the spots will grow out with the nail plate.

6.Psoriasis

Treatment:Psoriasis infection treated with tropical agents like corticosteroids,immunosuppressive medicines,cyclosporine,salicylic acidA steroid injection into nail it is painfull (or) otherwise surgically nail is removed completely using local anaesthetics.

7. Onychogryposis:

Treatment:Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen used to relief pain.If nail plate curve inwards should prescribe doctors .doctors use scissors to cut along the edge of the nail .to grow new nail it takes 2-4 months.

8.Beau's Lines

Treatment:Beaus lines disorder treat with anti septic solutions like Betadine,chlorhexidine should use daily until it cures completely.

PROTECT YOUR NAIL

METHODS TO ENHANCE NAIL PENATRATION

Methods to enhance nail penetration

Targeting drug treatment to diseases that reside within or below the nail plate is problematic due to the highly restrictive barrier of the human nail. In additionally new methods has developed. Mechanical methods to enhance nail penetrationMechanical methods including: Nail abrasion .Nail avulsion.

Chemical methods to enhance nail penetration

Urea and salicylic acid hydrate and soften nail plates . Urea and salicylic acid also damage the surface of nail plates and the associated formation of pores that provide more open drug transport channels.Compounds which contain sulfhydryl (SH) groups such as acetylcysteine, cysteine, mercaptoethanol can reduce, thus cleave the disulphide bonds in nail proteins. Then decreases the hardness of nail plate then easily can penetrate drug.

Physical methods to enhance nail penetrationMany approaches have been used to resolve these barriers to drug delivery. These include:IontophoresisElectroporationMicro needlesLasersElectroporation:is a method in which, with the application of an electric pulse of about 1001,000 V/cm creates transient aqueous pores in the lipid bilayers making the solute particles permeable through it.

Iontophoresis: involves delivery of a compound across a membrane using an electric field.

Micro needles: Micro needle which makes holes in nails. This is called as micro needle method.

Laser ultraviolet light: One method involves heating the nail by exposing to UV light. Due to the heat inhibit growth of fungus under nail plate.

Factors affecting drug transported into nailMolecular size of drug:The larger the molecular size, the harder it is for drug to diffuse. small particle size of the drug is the foremost prerequisite for formulation point of view.

Hydrophilicity/lipophilicity of drug:The chemical composition of nail and experimental evidence indicate that the aqueous pathway plays a dominant role in drug penetration into nail. Water is the principal plasticizer for the nail. hard nail plates become softer and more flexible.Nature of vehicle used in formulation:Water act ac natural of vechil.Water hydrates the nail plate which consequently swells .swelling results in increased distance between the keratin fibers, larger pores through which permeating molecules can diffused into nail.PH of solute and charge:The pH of aqueous formulations affect the ionization of weakly acidic/basic drugs, which in turn influences the drugs Hydrophilicity / hydrophobicity, solubility in the drug, formulation, solubility in the nail plate and its interactions with the keratin matrix.

CONCLUSIONThe permeability of the highly keratinized nail plate for tropical applied drugs is poor and drug uptake into nail apparatus is extremely low. Topical delivery of systemic therapeutics offers benefits but presents a greater technical challenge.The physical ,chemical and mechanical methods influence drug penetration into nail plate.Use of drug containing nail lacquers which are brushed into nail plate and which act as a drug deposit from which drug can be continuously released into nail. Nail diseases like onycomycosis, nail psoriasis, yellow nail syndrome, paronychia and many more, being cured successfully using medicated lacquers.

REFERENCEForslind, B. On the structure of the normal nail. A scanning electrion microscopy study. Dykyj, J .D. Anatomy of the nail clipadiatr.med.surgeryRunne,U. The human nail; structure, growth & pathological changes. Current problem and diseases of nail.Baran R, Dawber RPR, eds. Diseases of the nail & their management, Oxford: Blackwell scientific publication, 1984.Vejnovic I, Simmler, L, Betz G. Investigation of different methods for drug delivery through the nail plate.