Drug Chemistry Chapter 19. In this unit… Curative Drugs Regulatory Drugs Preventative Drugs...
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Transcript of Drug Chemistry Chapter 19. In this unit… Curative Drugs Regulatory Drugs Preventative Drugs...
In this unit…
Curative Drugs Regulatory Drugs Preventative Drugs Analgesic and Anesthetic Drugs “Recreational” Drugs
Curative Drugs
Drugs that treat disease Infectious disease: external organisms
Viral Bacterial Fungi Yeast
Life disease: illness from how we live Environmental pollutants Diet and exercise Consumption of “recreational” substances
Curative Drugs
Infectious Disease Penicillin: antibiotic
Discovered accidentally in 1928 by Alexander Fleming
Benefits Kills bacteria by inhibiting enzymes needed to build cell
walls Does not affect our cells: no cell walls Multiple types are effective
Problems Allergies Drug resistance
Source: http://www.medicaltox.com/images/mycoto1.jpg
Curative Drugs
Life Disease Cancer: our own cells mutate, grow out of
control Alkylating agents: transfer foreign alkyl groups to
molecules, block usual modes of action Nitrogen mustards (similar to mustard gas chemical warfare)
Anti-metabolites: inhibit nucleic acid synthesis Cisplatin binds to DNA and blocks replication
Regulatory Drugs
Regulate physical systems Endocrine system: hormones
Chemical messenger produced in a gland that effects changes in other parts of the body
Brain Adrenals Sex organs
Source: http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/endocrine/images/major-endo.gif
Regulatory Drugs
Hormones produced in the brain Oxytocin: smooth muscle contraction, milk
secretion Labor inducer
Human growth hormone (HGH): general body and bone growth
Children Fountain of youth?
Source: http://opbs.okstate.edu/~petracek/CHAPTER%2029%20FIGS/Fig%2029-24.JPG
Regulatory Drugs
Hormones produced in the adrenals Cortisol: conversion of proteins
carbohydrates Immunosuppressant: anaphylactic
shock & severe allergies (hydrocortisone can counter)
Fight-or-flight responses: increased blood pressure, increased glucose production
Weight loss miracle? Adrenaline: prepare body for
emergency Fight-or-flight responses
Source: http://clinical.medicalengineer.co.uk/cortisol.jpg
Regulatory Drugs
Hormones produced in the sex organs: steroids All synthesized from
cholesterol Estrogen: stimulates female
characteristics Regulates menstrual cycle
Testosterone: stimulates male characteristics
Presence determines sex of a fetus
Misuse
Source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/steroid_3.gif
Preventative Drugs
Prevent certain conditions Mental illness Heart attack Pregnancy
Source: http://www.pregnancy.mb.ca/cpc-adr.htm
Source: http://www.usnews.com/usnews/images/health/photos/book051028.jpg
Source: http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/photos_images/news_images/09-2005/brain_lg.jpg
The Brain
3
4
5
2
Source: http://assets.families.com/Encyclopedias/dat_01_img0042.jpg
1
1. Neuron• Axon• Cell body• Dendrite
2. Neurotransmitter Vessicle
3. Synaptic Gap4. Neurotransmitter5. Dendrite
receptor
The Brain: Neurotransmitters
Serotonin Made from amino acid tryptophan Roles
Mood regulation Mental illness
Sleep Emesis (vomiting) Sexuality Appetite
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serotonin&printable=yes
The Brain: Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine (also called noradrenaline) Made from amino acid tyrosine Roles
Attention Impulsivity Fight-or-Flight responses
Heart rate Energy Muscle readiness
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norepinephrine&printable=yes
The Brain: Neurotransmitters
Dopamine Made from amino acid tyrosine Roles
Sympathetic nervous system (heart rate, blood pressure)
Movement Parkinson’s disease
Cognitive functions: memory, attention, problem-solving
Pleasure Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine
The Brain: Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine Made from vitamin choline Roles
Excitatory actions Stress Muscle contraction
Brain function Alzheimer’s Disease
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine
Preventative Drugs
Preventing symptoms of mental illness Neurotransmitter imbalance: levels
too high or low Norepinephrine: manic (too high),
depression (too low), bipolar disorder Serotonin: depression, lack of pleasure
and sensory perception (too low) Drugs can:
mimic or enhance actions of neurotransmitters
control message deliverySource: http://www.about-depression.com/symptoms-of-depression/images/img02-01.jpg
Preventative Drugs
Preventing heart attack Hypertension: blood pressure above 140/90
Diuretics: reduce blood volume
Coronary artery disease: blocked arteries Nitrogylcerin: dilate blood vessels to increase blood
flow and decrease heart workload
Source: www1.accsnet.ne.jp
Preventative Drugs
Preventing pregnancy “The Pill”: progestins
Send a false signal of pregnancy: no ovulation, no chance of conception
DES and RU-486 Induce abortion by causing
sloughing of the uterine lining and fertilized egg
Moral and ethical implications
Source: http://www.bible.ca/s-premarital-sex.htm
Analgesic and Anesthetic Drugs
Analgesics: pain relieving NSAIDS: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, naproxen
Anesthetics: physical depressant Unconsciousness and general insensitivity to
pain
Analgesic and Anesthetic Drugs
Analgesics Aspirin: acetylsalicylic acid
First found in willow bark as early as 5th Century B.C.
Actions Reduce pain and inflammation by
inhibiting chemical messengers (prostaglandins)
Reduce fever by inhibiting same chemical messengers
Affect blood platelets, kidneys, GI tract, liver, allergy
Source: http://www.greatbigstuff.com/prodpics/aspirin-blank.jpg
Analgesic and Anesthetic Drugs
Anesthetics General: depress conductivity of neurons
Early: chloroform, ether Many side-effects and narrow safety margins
Modern: fluorine-containing alkanes
Local: blocks areas of the body from sending pain messages to the brain
Lidocaine, novocaine: based on structure of cocaineSource: http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/kidney/anesthetic.jpg
“Recreational” Drugs
Produce or enhance multiple sensations Depressants Narcotics Stimulants Psychedelics
All are addictive Many are fatal when abused
“Recreational” Drugs
Depressants Alcohol: slow down physical and mental activity
When metabolized, acts on opiate receptors Drunk driving Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Source: http://home.egge.net/~savory/carcrash.jpg Source: http://www.niichro.com/FHealing%20Hearts/heal_4.html
“Recreational” Drugs
Narcotics: produce narcosis (stupor or general anesthesia) and analgesia (pain relief) Morphine: isolated from opium
Acts on opiate receptors in brain Natural opiates: endorphins
Heroin: derived from morphine Stronger feelings of euphoria than morphine More addictive than morphine
Source: http://www.espace-sciences.org/science/images/images-maj/Perso/question_OF/morphine.jpg
“Recreational” Drugs
Stimulants: mimic actions of adrenaline and norepinephrine Methamphetamines: fight-or-flight
Increases dopamine levels (“high”, addiction) Has been used in weight loss, depression &
narcolepsy Caffeine: blocks brain’s sleep receptors
Also stimulates fight-or-flight responses (increased heartbeat & respiration, increased blood glucose, adrenaline production, blood flow decreases to extremities and increases to muscles & vital organs)
Increases dopamine levels (addiction) Body in state of high alert = jumpy, irritable,
headache Large doses chromosome damageSource: http://images.animationfactory.com/imagedir/animations/web_text_h_o/misc_text/caffeine_jitters/caffeine_jitters_lg_nwm.gif
“Recreational” Drugs
Psychedelics: change brain’s perception of reality Marijuana: tetranydrocannabinol (cannabis)
Mimics a natural substance in the brain that activates brain’s reward system: euphoria
Legitimate uses: glaucoma (reduces eye pressure) and chemotherapy (relieves nausea)
PCP Similar to substance made naturally in our bodies
only in extreme circumstances Near-death experiences, hallucinations, schizophrenics
Stored in fat cells: flashbacks when metabolized
Final Thoughts
Are drugs good? Relieve pain, prevent and cure disease Prolong and improve quality of life Plants: put on earth for our use
Are drugs bad? Abuse and dependency Can bring pain, suffering and death if misused
Final Thoughts
“Teach your sons and daughters to avoid illegal drugs as they would the plague. They cannot so abuse their bodies, they cannot so build within themselves vicious and enslaving appetites without doing incalculable damage. Build within them an utter abhorrence of such.” Discourses of President Gordon B. Hinkley, p. 32
“We should not use drugs except when they are necessary as medicine.” Gospel Principles, Chapter 29