DrSaid1 Structural Dynamics
Transcript of DrSaid1 Structural Dynamics
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Lecture 1:Structural DynamicsConcepts, Design and Implementation
4th year Final Project
Structural Engineering Project
Dr. Said El-kholy
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Structural Dynamics
Introduction
What is Dynamic Loading?
Structural Dynamics
Concepts
Seismic Loadings Method, Codes
Prevention
Advancements
Responsibilities as Engineer, Architect Introduction to TMD
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Inside Earth
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Geographical Plates Location
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Slips and Faults
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Slips and Faults
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Intensity Measuring Instruments
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Tsunami Attack
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Effect of Earth Quake
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Resonance of Structure
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Soft Story
A common buildingdesign flaw is to make thefirst story much moreflexible than the upper stories. During anearthquake the upper floors tend to move as aunit while the first floor flexes a great deal. Thiscan cause collapse of thefirst floor, as happenedduring to some apartmentbuildings during the 1994
Northridge earthquake inCalifornia
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Seismic basics
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Intensity of Earth Quake
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Many building collapses during earthquakes may be
attributed to the fact that the bracing elements, e.g.
walls, which are available in the upper floors, are
omitted in the ground floor and substituted by
columns. Thus a ground floor that is soft in the
horizontal direction is developed (soft storey). Often
the columns are damaged by the cyclic displacementsbetween the moving soil and the upper part of the
building. The plastic deformations (plastic hinges) at
the top and bottom end of the columns lead to a
dangerous sway mechanism (storey mechanism) with a
large concentration of the plastic deformations at the
column ends.
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Asymmetric bracing is a frequent cause of building
collapses during earthquakes. In the two above sketches
only the lateral bracing elements are represented
(walls and trusses). The columns are not drawn
because their frame action to resist horizontal forces
and displacements is small. The columns, which only
have to carry the gravity loads, should however be able
to follow the horizontal displacements of the structure
without loosing their load bearing capacity.
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Large re-entrant corners creating a crucifix
form would mean irregular configuration.
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CENTRE OF MASS CENTRE OF
STIFFNESS
ECCENTRICITY
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PLAN IRREGULARITIES
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VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES -
STIFFNESS
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VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES - MASS