Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years Prof. Dan Lindsley fileTaken from a seminar notice of Sean...
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Transcript of Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years Prof. Dan Lindsley fileTaken from a seminar notice of Sean...
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 1
1
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
Univ ersity of Calif ornia, San Diego
2
3
Dorsal View
Lateral View
Male
Female
Taken from a seminar notice of Sean Carroll giving a seminar at UCSD
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 2
4
5
The dorsal thorax
6
Ser
Wings
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 3
7
Dorsal Ventral
8
Female Male
X X X Y
Karyotype
Autosomes
9
• Morgan, T.H. (1910); Sex limited inheritance in Drosophila;
Science 32: 120-122
• Morgan, T.H. (1910); The method of inheritance of two sex-limited characters
in the same animal; Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med. 8: 17-19
• Morgan, T.H. (1911); Random segregation versus coupling in Mendelian inheritance;
Science 34: 384
• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors
in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association; J. exp. Zool. 14: 43--59
• Morgan, T.H., Lynch, C.J. (1912); The linkage of two factors in Drosophila
that are not sex-linked. Biol. Bull., Wood's Hole 23: 174-182
• Morgan, T.H. (1912); Complete linkage in the second chromosome
of the male of Drosophila; Science 36: 719--720
• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); A third group of linked genes in Drosophila ampelophila;
Science 37(965): 990-992
• Muller, H.J. (1914); A factor for the fourth chromosome of Drosophila;
Science 39: 906
• Hoge, M.A. (1915); Another gene in the fourth chromosome of Drosophila;
Am. Nat. 49: 47-49
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 4
10
white-eyed male X red-eyed f emale
w/-♂ +/+♀
red-eyed male X red-eyed f emale
1 red-eyed male : 1 white-eyed male : 2 red-eyed f emales
+/-♂ w/-♂ +/+♀w/+♀
+/-♂ w/+♀
red-eyed male white-eyed male red-eyed f emale white-eye f emale
+/-♂ w/-♂ w/+♀ w/w♀
Sex-limited Inheritance
11
• Morgan, T.H. (1910); Sex limited inheritance in Drosophila; Science 32: 120-122
• Morgan, T.H. (1910); The method of inheritance of two sex-limited characters
in the same animal; Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med. 8: 17-19
• Morgan, T.H. (1911); Random segregation versus coupling in Mendelian inheritance;
Science 34: 384
• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila,
as shown by their mode of association; J. exp. Zool. 14: 43--59
• Morgan, T.H., Lynch, C.J. (1912); The linkage of two factors in Drosophila
that are not sex-linked; Biol. Bull., Wood's Hole 23: 174-182
• Morgan, T.H. (1912); Complete linkage in the second chromosome of the male of Drosophila;
Science 36: 719--720
• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); A third group of linked genes in Drosophila ampelophila;
Science 37(965): 990-992
• Muller, H.J. (1914); A factor for the fourth chromosome of Drosophila;
Science 39: 906
• Hoge, M.A. (1915); Another gene in the fourth chromosome of Drosophila;
Am. Nat. 49: 47-49
12
w/- +/- ♂ X +/+ m/m♀
w/+ m/+♀
w+ ♂ = + m ♂ > w m♂ = + +♂
Long wingsShort wings
(homoz.)
Coupling
Two different sex limited factors
on the same cross
W hite eyed
Red eyed (homoz.)
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 5
13
• Morgan, T.H. (1910); Sex limited inheritance in Drosophila; Science 32: 120-122
• Morgan, T.H. (1910); The method of inheritance of two sex-limited characters
in the same animal; Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med., 8: 17-19
• Morgan, T.H. (1911); Random segregation versus coupling in Mendelian inheritance;
Science 34: 384
• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila,
as shown by their mode of association; J. exp. Zool., 14: 43--59
• Morgan, T.H., Lynch, C.J. (1912); The linkage of two factors in Drosophila
that are not sex-linked; Biol. Bull., Wood's Hole 23: 174-182
• Morgan, T.H. (1912); Complete linkage in the second chromosome of the male of Drosophila;
Science 36: 719--720
• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); A third group of linked genes in Drosophila ampelophila;
Science 37(965): 990-992
• Muller, H.J. (1914); A factor for the fourth chromosome of Drosophila; Science 39: 906
• Hoge, M.A. (1915); Another gene in the fourth chromosome of Drosophila;
Am. Nat. 49: 47-49
14
B C P MRO
0.0 1.0 30.7 33.7 57.6
B is one unit away from C
• Double crossov ers
• Chromosome interf erence
• In a big region there might
be un-recorded double crossov ers
Sturtevant’s map
15
• Morgan, T.H. (1910); Sex limited inheritance in Drosophila; Science 32: 120-122
• Morgan, T.H. (1910); The method of inheritance of two sex-limited characters
in the same animal. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med., 8: 17-19
• Morgan, T.H. (1911); Random segregation versus coupling in Mendelian inheritance;
Science 34: 384
• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila,
as shown by their mode of association; J. exp. Zool., 14: 43-59
• Morgan, T.H., Lynch, C.J. (1912); The linkage of two factors in Drosophila
that are not sex-linked; Biol. Bull., Wood's Hole 23: 174-182
• Morgan, T.H. (1912); Complete linkage in the second chromosome of the male
of Drosophila; Science 36: 719--720
• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); A third group of linked genes in Drosophila ampelophila;
Science 37(965): 990-992
• Muller, H.J. (1914); A factor for the fourth chromosome of Drosophila;
Science 39: 906
• Hoge, M.A. (1915); Another gene in the fourth chromosome of Drosophila;
Am. Nat., 49: 47-49
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 6
16
• Morgan, T.H. (1910); Sex limited inheritance in Drosophila; Science 32: 120-122
• Morgan, T.H. (1910); The method of inheritance of two sex-limited characters
in the same animal; Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med., 8: 17-19
• Morgan, T.H. (1911); Random segregation versus coupling in Mendelian inheritance;
Science 34: 384
• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors
in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association; J. exp. Zool., 14: 43-59
• Morgan, T.H., Lynch, C.J. (1912); The linkage of two factors in Drosophila
that are not sex-linked; Biol. Bull., Wood's Hole 23: 174-182
• Morgan, T.H. (1912); Complete linkage in the second chromosome
of the male of Drosophila; Science 36: 719-720
• Sturtevant, A.H. (1913); A third group of linked genes in Drosophila ampelophila;
Science 37(965): 990-992
• Muller, H.J. (1914); A factor for the fourth chromosome of Drosophila;
Science 39: 906
• Hoge, M.A. (1915); Another gene in the fourth chromosome of Drosophila;
Am. Nat., 49: 47-49
17
• Bridges, C.B. (1913); Non-disjuncti on of the sex chromosomes
in Drosophila J. Exp. Zool., 15: 587-606
• Bridges, C.B. (1916); Non-disjunc tion as proof of the chromosome
theory of heredity; Genetics 1: 1-52
• Bridges, C.B, (1916) Non-Disjunc tion as Proof of the Chromosome
Theory of Heredity (Concluded); Genetics 1916 1: 107-163
18
v/v♀ X +/- ♂
SPERM
+ -
v v/+ v/-
v/ v/ + v/ v/-
0 +/0 -/0
Regular OVA
Exceptional OVA
Normal female Vermilion male
Vermilion femaleInviable
InviableSterile + male
v/v
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 7
19
0
0
M II
mww
+
++m+
m
ww
m
++
++
M I
ndj
0
m
w
wm
++
+
+
20
v v/Y
SPERM+ -
v v/+ v/Y
v/ v/ + /
0 +/0 Y/0
Regular OVA
Exceptional OVA
Normal female Vermilion male
Vermilion femaleInviable
InviableSterile + male
v/v
v/v♀ X +/Y♂
21
v/v/Y ♀ X +/Y
♂
v v/Y
SPERM+ Y
v v/+ v/Y
v / v/ + /
Y +/Y Y/Y
Regular OVA
Exceptional OVAInviable
InviableFertile
v/v
v/+/Y v/Y/Yv/Y
v♂
v♂
♂
+
+
v
♀
♀
♀
Exception’s frequency – 5%
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 8
22
1 2 3 4
6 7 85
x/x
x/x/Y
Male metaphase
23
.050.001
XY FertileXO SterilePatroclinous
males
AbsentNormalCrossing over
Frequency
XXYXXFemale
SecondaryPrimary
Non-disjunction
• Y is not a male determinin g
• Y is necessary for fertility
• Y Interferes with the normal disjunction of x chromoso me
24
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the
image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
A 1918 party in honor of A.H. Sturtevant
on his return from military service
C.B. Bridges
Pithecanthropus
H.J. Muller
T.H. Morgan
A.H. Sturtevant
E.G. Anderson
A. W einstein
S.C. Dellinger
O.L. MohrF. Schrader A.F. Huettner
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 9
25
C.B. Bridges and A.H. Sturtevant T.H. Morgan
26
• Bridges, C.B. (1921); Triploid intersexes in Drosophila
melanogaster; Science 54(1394): 252--254
• Bridges, C.B. (1925); Sex in relation to chromosomes
and genes; Am. Nat. 59: 127-137
27
XXYAA female
XXXAA super female
XXA
XYAAA super male
XXAAA intersex
XAA
XXYAAA intersex
XXXAAA triploid female
XXAA
XYAA male
XXAA diploid female
XA
YAXAOVA
spermA –
set of autosomes
(2 & 3)
super female1.5XXXAA
triploid female1.0XXXAAA
diploid female1.0XXAA
intersex0.66XXAAA
male0.50XAA
super male0.33XAAA
PhenotypeX:A ratioconstitution
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 10
28
• Bridges, C.B. (1917) Deficiency; Genetics 2: 445-465
• Bridges, C.B. (1919) Duplications ; Anat. Rec. 15: 357-358
• Bridges, C.B. (1923) The translocation of a section of chromosome-II
upon chromosome-III in Drosophila; Anat. Rec. 24: 426-427
• Sturtevant, A.H. (1921) A case of rearrangement of genes
in Drosophila; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 7: 235-237
• Sturtevant, A.H. (1926) A crossover reducer in Drosophila
melanogas ter due to inversion of a section of the third chromsome;
Biol. Zentbl. 46: 697-702
Chromosome aberrations
C – dominant suppressor of crossing over
Suppression of crossing over only in C/non C heterozygouts
Chromosome aberrations
29
A.H. Sturtevant
30
• Muller, H.J. (1921) Variation due to change in the individual gene;
[Read before Amer. Soc. Nat., Toronto, Dec. 29.] Am. Nat., 56: 5-32
• Morgan, T.H. (1922) On the mechanism of heredity. Croonian Lecture;
Proc. r. Soc. B., 94: 162-197
• Muller, H.J. (1920) Further changes in the white-eye series of Drosophila
and their bearing on the manner of occurrence of mutation; J. exp. Zool., 31: 443-473
• Muller, H.J. (1920) A quantitative study of mutation in the second chromosome
of Drosophila; [Read before Amer. Soc. Nat., Chicago, Dec. 31] Science 53: 97 (title)
• Muller, H.J., Altenburg, E. (1921) A study of the character and mode of origin
of eighteen mutations in the X-chromosome of Drosophila; Anat. Rec., 20: 213
• Muller, H.J. (1922) Variation due to change in the individual gene;
[Read before Amer. Soc. Nat., Toronto, Dec. 29] Science 55: 106
• Muller, H.J. (1923) Mutation; Int. Congr. Eugen., 2: 106-112
• Muller, H.J. (1929) The gene as the basis of life; Int. Congr. Plant Sci., 4 1: 897-921
H.J. Muller
• Study genes by their mutability
• Mutations occur in any cell in the body
• Lethal mutations occur equally in maternally and paternally
derived X chromosomes
• Mutations occur at different location along the chromosome
• Mutation “lies at the root of organic evolution, and hence of all the vital
phenomena which have resulted from evolution”
• Each phenotypic trait of the organism “is the product of a highly complex,
intricate, and delicately balanced system of reactions, caused
by the interaction of countless genes, and every organic structure
and activity is therefore liable to become increased, diminished, abolished,
or altered in some other way, when the balanced of the reaction system
is disturbed by an alteration in the nature or the relative quantities
of any of the component genes of the system”
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 11
31
• Muller, H.J. (1927) Artificial transmutatio n of the gene;
Science 66: 84-87
• Muller, H.J. (1928) The production of mutations by X-rays;
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 14 (9): 714-726
• Muller, H.J., Altenburg, E. (1930) The frequency of translocatio ns
produced by X-rays in Drosophila; Genetics 15: 283-311
• Muller, H.J. (1930) Types of visible variations induced by X-rays
in Drosophila; J. Genet. 22 (3): 299-334
• Painter, T.S., Muller, H.J. (1929) Parallel cytology and genetics of induced
translocations and deletions in Drosophila. J. Hered. 20: 287-298
• Muller, H.J., Painter, T.S. (1929) The cytological expression of changes
in gene alignment produced by X-rays in Drosophila. Am. Nat. 63: 193-200
• Muller, H.J., Painter, T.S. (1932) The differentiation of the sex chromosomes
of Drosophila into genetically active and inert regions;
Z. indukt. Abstamm.- u. VererbLehre 62: 316-365
32
Herman J. Muller
(1890-1967)
33
X-ray
X/Y♂ ClB/X♀
ClB/Y† X/Y♂ X*/ClB♀ X*/X♀
X*/Y♂ ClB/Y†
ClB
dominant suppressor of crossing over
lethal dominant mutation Bar
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 12
34
X-ray
X/Y♂ X•X/Y♀
X*/Y♂ Y/Y† X•X /Y♀ X•X / X* †
Often, a fly is only half mutant –
The genetic material in a sperm is double
35
• Muller, H.J. (1927) Artificial transmutation of the gene; Science 66: 84-87
• Muller, H.J. (1928) The production of mutations by X-rays; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 14(9): 714-726
• Muller, H.J., Altenburg, E. (1930) The frequency of translocations produced
by X-rays in Drosophila; Genetics 15: 283-311
• Muller, H.J. (1930) Types of visible variations induced by X-rays in Drosophila;
J. Genet. 22(3): 299-334
• Painter, T.S., Muller, H.J. (1929) Parallel cytology and genetics
of induced translocation s and deletions in Drosophila;
J. Hered., 20: 287-298
• Muller, H.J., Painter, T.S. (1929) The cytological expression
of changes in gene alignment produced by X-rays in Drosophila;
Am. Nat., 63: 193-200
• Muller, H.J., Painter, T.S. (1932) The differentiation of the sex
chromosomes of Drosophila into genetically active and inert regions;
Z. indukt. Abstamm.- u. VererbLehre 62: 316-365
36
Inert
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 13
37
• Kaufmann, B.P. (1934) Somatic mitoses in Drosophila
melanogast er, J. Morph; 56: 125-155
• Painter, T.S. (1933) A new method for the study of chromosome
rearrangements and the plotting of chromosome maps; Science 78: 585-586
• Painter, T.S. (1934) A new method for the study of chromosome aberrations
and the plotting of chromosome maps in Drosophila melanogaster; Genetics
19: 175-188
• Painter, T.S. (1934) The morphology of the X chromosome in salivary glands
of Drosophila melanogaster and a new type of chromosome map
for this element; Genetics 19: 448-469
• Bridges, C.B. (1935) Salivary chromosome maps with a key to the banding
of the chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Hered; 26: 60-64
38
XY
YY
XX
X
X
X
X
Male chromosomes
Female chromosomesInert region
3
2
4
39
• Kaufmann, B.P. (1934) Somatic mitoses in Drosophilamelanogaster,
J. Morph; 56: 125-155
• Painter, T.S. (1933) A new method for the study of chromoso me
rearrangement s and the plotting of chromosome maps;
Science 78: 585-586
• Painter, T.S. (1934) A new method for the study of chromoso me
aberrations and the plotting of chromosome maps in Drosophila
melanogast er; Genetics 19: 175-188
• Painter, T.S. (1934) The morphology of the X chromosome
in salivary glands of Drosophila melanogast er and a new type
of chromosome map for this element; Genetics 19: 448-469
• Bridges, C.B. (1935) Salivary chromosome maps with a key to the banding
of the chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Hered; 26: 60-64
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 14
40Figure was taken from a poster 2005 “learning to fly” phonotypic markers in Drosophila, Jennifer Childress
IV
III
III
II R
X
II L
Bf
sd
vlz
fa
41
* * * *
*
**
**
**
*
*
*
***
42
In(1)C
fu car bbf B
Drosophila Genetics - The First 25 Years
Prof. Dan Lindsley
The screen versions of these slides have full details of copyright and acknowledgements 15
43
44
• Kaufmann, B.P. (1934) Somatic mitoses in Drosophilamelanogaster,
J. Morph; 56: 125-155
• Painter, T.S. (1933) A new method for the study of chromosome
rearrangements and the plotting of chromosome maps; Science 78: 585-586
• Painter, T.S. (1934) A new method for the study of chromosome aberrations
and the plotting of chromosome maps in Drosophila melanogaster; Genetics
19: 175-188
• Painter, T.S. (1934) The morphology of the X chromosome in salivary glands
of Drosophila melanogaster and a new type of chromosome map
for this element; Genetics 19: 448-469
• Bridges, C.B. (1935) Salivary chromosome maps with a key
to the banding of the chromoso mes of Drosophila melanogaster,
J. Hered; 26: 60-64
45
X-Chromosome
y w rmv