Driver Preparation Procedures Vhil &O i C lD iVehicle...

Mod 2

Driver Preparation ProceduresV hi l & O i C l D iVehicle & Operating Control Devices

Vehicle BalanceBGE Settings/Footprint

Reference Points/Lane Positions

PrePre--DriveDrive TasksTasksCh k d th t idCh k d th t id f th hi l f b k l ( i dCheck around the outsideCheck around the outside of the vehicle for broken glass (windows, lights,etc.), body damage, condition of tires, fluid leaks, direction of front tires, or debris on the ground that could interfere with movement.

Check forCheck for small children or pets near vehicle.

PrePre--DriveDrive TasksTasks

St l it i t k f hi lSt l it i t k f hi l• Sliding books or book bags on seats when

slowing or stopping will distract the driver.

Store personal items in trunk of vehicleStore personal items in trunk of vehicle

• Food or beverages also distract the driver from the driving task.

• Valuables visible in the car may attract a thief.

When parked at the When parked at the curbcurbA h hi l f h f i• Approach vehicle from the front to monitor oncoming traffic.

• Approach driver’s door with key in hand.

When parked in When parked in parking lotparking lot• Approach vehicle from the rear to observe people

or objects near the car.or objects near the car.• Approach driver’s door with key in hand.

Seating in driver’s seatSeating in driver s seat• Driver should sit 10-12 inches

from the wheel

• Hand position should be at 8 & 4 for hand to hand steering

• Two hands for good control

• Head restraint – middle of the back of the headback of the head

Traditional and Contemporary (BGE) Mirror SettingRearRear--View Mirror SettingView Mirror Setting

p y ( ) g

Rear-View Mirror

T – 4.21

BGE settings --15 degrees out (S V ) Right Side Mirror Viewdegrees out (S.V.)

200 ft behind

Rear Mirror View

200 ft behind

Left Side Mirror View

Starting Tasks (1-12)Starting Tasks (1 12)

2 Adjust mirrors 1 Adjust seat4 Chk parking brake 6 Key in ignitionp g y g7 Gear in “P” or “N” 3 Adjust seat belt5 Foot on brake 9 Check alert lights5 Foot on brake 9 Check alert lights8 Turn key “ON” 10 Start engine12 Chk warning lights 11 Set accessories

Securing TasksSecuring Tasks

St i l l f kiSt i l l f ki Stop in a legal, safe parking spaceStop in a legal, safe parking spacePark an appropriate distance from a fire hydrant, intersection,

RR crossing, loading zone, etc.Keep foot on service brake.

Set Parking BrakeSet Parking BrakeR d d i t hi l ’ l t t tRecommended in most new vehicle owner’s manuals to protect transaxle and constant velocity joints.

Place gear selector in (P)ark.Place gear selector in (P)ark.Or place in recommended gear (Reverse or First gear) for

manual shift transmission.

Turn off any vehicle accessoriesTurn off any vehicle accessories Turn off any vehicle accessoriesTurn off any vehicle accessoriesCheck that all systems are functioning and ready to use next

time.

Under the Hood ChecksUnder the Hood Checks

8 11 74 1. Engine Coolant Reservoir

2. Windshield Washer Fluid

6

Reservoir

3. Engine Oil Filler Cap4. Transmission Fluid

Dipstick (Automatic

10

9

6 Transmission)5. Engine Oil Dipstick6. Brake Fluid Reservoir7. Clutch Fluid Reservoir

9

1

(Manual Transmission)8. Battery9. Power Steering Fluid

Reservoir

3

25

10. Drive Belts11. Air Filter Assembly

T – 2.4

Weekly Self-ChecksTopic 1 Lesson 2

Tires Vehicle Safety, Vehicle Safety, Tires• Tire pressure

– Check recommendation in o ner’s man al

y,y,Communication Devices Communication Devices & Accessories& Accessories

• Headlights tail lights and turnin owner’s manual• Tread wear, damage, or

bars showing• Cuffing (uneven wear on

• Headlights, tail lights, and turn signals

• Emergency lights and markersE kit• Cuffing (uneven wear on

inside or outside tread areas)

• Bald spots

• Emergency kit• Windshield wiper blades,

operation, and washer fluidBald spots• Cuts, stones, metal

fragments, or other damage

• HVAC• Safety warning lamps (brake,

ABS, air bag, safety belts)

Under the Hood ChecksUnder the Hood ChecksSelfSelf--CheckCheck Professional ServiceProfessional ServiceSelfSelf--CheckCheck

Check every 1Check every 1--2 Months2 Months

• All interior and exterior lights

Professional ServiceProfessional Service

Every 3,000 - 5,000 Miles

• Oil change/filter replacement• All interior and exterior lights• Engine oil level, brake fluid level, and

engine coolant level• Lap/shoulder belts and seat latches for

wear and smooth function

• Oil change/filter replacement• Tire rotation/balance

Every 15,000 Mileswear and smooth function

Check Twice Per YearCheck Twice Per Year

• Air pressure in spare tire

• Automatic transmission fluid level• Brake pads/shoes/rotors/drums, brake lines,

hoses, and parking brake system• Engine cooling system

• Power steering fluid level• Parking brake for proper operation• Hinges, latches, door weather strips, and

outside locks (check and lubricate)

• Steering linkage, suspension and, if equipped, drive shaft and ball joints

• Cabin air filter replacement, if equipped

• Body and door drain holes (check and clean)

• Cooling system coolant strength• Battery connections (clean if necessary)

Every 30,000 Miles

• Exhaust system and heat shield• Engine air filter and fuel filter replacement

Accessory drive belts• Transmission fluid level • Accessory drive belts• Automatic transmission/transaxle service, if

equipped

T – 2.4b

Alert/Warning Symbols and ControlsAlert/Warning Symbols and Controls

A. F. K. P.Battery/Alternator Low Oil Pressure Fuel Indicator

B. G. L. Q.Air Bag On/Off Switch Battery/Alternator

Warning Light Warning Light

C. H. M. R.Air Bag Functioning Brake Warning Light Temperature Indicator Fuse / Fuse Box

THEFTD. N.I. S.

Antilock Brake System Functioning

Safety Alert Symbol Seat Belt Reminder Emergency Flashers

E. J. O.

Theft-Deterrent System Activation

Vent and Air Flow Control

Fog Lamps Turn Signal Wipers Stalk

T – 2.1112 Volt Extension Outlet Door Locks Drive Wheel Selector

Alert/Warning Symbols and ControlsAlert/Warning Symbols and Controls

T. Y. DD. II.Headlights/High Beam

I di tLighter Indicator Power Window Controls Left/Right Signal

I di t

U. Z. EE. JJ.Hood Release

Indicator

Exterior Lights Rear Defroster

Indicator

Front Windshield

V. AA. FF. KK.O/DOFF

H

Hood Release

O d i O /Off

Exterior Lights

C i C t l D i

ea e osteIndicator

Wi d hi ld W h

o t ds e dDefroster

W. GG.BB. LL.

Horn

F S d I di t P ki L I di t

Overdrive On/Off Indicator

St i Wh l H i ht

Cruise Control Device Windshield Washer

Wi d hi ld Wi

X. CC. HH. MM. ETSETSOFFOFF

Fan Speed Indicator Parking Lamp Indicator Steering Wheel Height Adjustment

Windshield Wipers

T – 2.12

Interior Light Adjustment

Adjust Left/Right Side Mirror

Electronic Traction Control System

Trunk Release

Control, Information, Comfort, and Safety DevicesControl, Information, Comfort, and Safety Devices

Center Instrument ClusterCenter Instrument Cluster

•• Speedometer Speedometer (mph(mph--km/h)km/h)

•• OdometerOdometer

•• Trip OdometerTrip Odometer•• Trip OdometerTrip Odometer

•• Gear IndicatorGear Indicator

Location and description for all instruments and features can be found in Vehicle’s Owner’s Manual

T – 2.14

How do you know the anti-lock brakes air bags & traction controlbrakes, air bags & traction control

are working properly?

• The lights come on &The lights come on & go off. The system has been checked & is working properly.

How do you know if lights are high b l b ?beam or low beam?

• The blue indicator light will be illuminated when the high beamsilluminated when the high beams are on.

What’s the function?What s the function?

• Alternator – electrical systemAlternator electrical system

• Oil – engine lubricating systemOil engine lubricating system

• Temperature – engine operating systemoperating system

• Brakes – braking system

Operating Vehicle Control Devices

Brake PedalUsed to stabilize, decrease,

Accelerator PedalUsed to stabilize, increase, Used to stabilize, decrease,

and increase speed.The driver can:

- cover the brake;

, ,and decrease speed.

The driver can:– cover the

- trail brake;- control squeeze

brake;- threshold brake;

cover the accelerator;

– use progressive acceleration;- threshold brake;

- lock the brakes;- apply ABS;- jab (stab) brake; or

;– use thrust

acceleration; or – lift off thej ( ) ;

- lift off the brake.lift off the accelerator.

T-2.19

Operating Vehicle Control DevicesOperating Vehicle Control Devices

G S l t LG S l t LGear Selector LeverGear Selector Lever• Transmission Type and Location• Overdrive and Drive gear use• Overdrive and Drive gear use

Parking BrakeParking Brake• Owner’s Manual suggests• Owner s Manual suggests

engaging parking brake before placing in Park.

Cruise / Speed Control Cruise / Speed Control –– Why and HowWhy and How• To maintain a constant speedTo maintain a constant speed.• Never use in stop-and-go traffic or on slick surfaces.

I iti S it hI iti S it h L ti d F tiL ti d F ti

T – 2.20

Ignition Switch Ignition Switch -- Location and FunctionsLocation and Functions

Back to right?Back to right?

• Turn the wheel to the…

• RIGHT

• Turn the wheel the way you want back up!

Gear shift selectorGear shift selector

P PARK vehicle will not moveP

R

PARK – vehicle will not move

REVERSE – vehicle will move backwards

N NEUTRAL - No pulling power but tires will roll

D DRIVE – Forward in most situations

L1

L2

LOW 1 – More power for hills or uneven terrain

LOW 2 – Max power for steep hills or heavy loadsL2 LOW 2 Max power for steep hills or heavy loads

Controlling Vehicle BalanceControlling Vehicle Balance

Vehicle Balance (Roll, Pitch, and Yaw)Vehicle Balance (Roll, Pitch, and Yaw)– Roll: vehicle’s weight shifts from side to side

– Pitch: vehicle’s weight shifts forward or backward

– Yaw: vehicle’s rear tire weight shifts to one side

– Note: These weight transfers occur when the amount of weight or force pulling on each tire changes

Optimum balance is achieved at rest with no movement– Optimum balance is achieved at rest with no movement

– Suspension and tire pressure also affect vehicle balance

Vehicle Movement on Crowned or Banked RoadwayVehicle Movement on Crowned or Banked RoadwayVehicle Movement on Crowned or Banked Roadway Vehicle Movement on Crowned or Banked Roadway – Can create dramatic changes to vehicle balance due to

suspension and weight shiftssuspension and weight shifts

Controlling Vehicle BalanceControlling Vehicle Balance

S tiS ti

Ch i V hi l L d f Sid t Sid (R ll)Ch i V hi l L d f Sid t Sid (R ll)

SeatingSeating• Driver position/balance and safety belt/pedal use

Changing Vehicle Load from Side to Side (Roll)Changing Vehicle Load from Side to Side (Roll)• Steering Wheel Movements

• Brake Application and Steering Combinations

• Slope of pavement

T – 2.26

Vehicle Direction / Speed RequirementsVehicle Direction / Speed Requirements

Vehicle ControlVehicle ControlTopic 4 Lesson 2

Vehicle Direction / Speed RequirementsVehicle Direction / Speed RequirementsChanging Vehicle Load from Front to Rear (Pitch)Changing Vehicle Load from Front to Rear (Pitch)

• Light accelerator pressure• Light accelerator pressure• Releasing the brake• Progressive accelerator pressure• Thrust accelerator pressure

Changing Vehicle Load from Rear to Front (Pitch)Changing Vehicle Load from Rear to Front (Pitch)

• Releasing the accelerator

• Controlled braking (Squeeze on)

g g ( )g g ( )

• Threshold braking

• Trail braking (Squeeze off)

T – 2.27

Vehicle ControlVehicle Control

DROPSFront

Weight Shifts Change LIFTSVehicle Balanced

Rear

Accelerating braking or steering shifts the ehicle’s eight

T – 2.28

Accelerating, braking, or steering shifts the vehicle’s weight from tire to tire and affects vehicle balance and control.




• Sudden braking and steeringChanging Vehicle Balance from Left to Right (Roll)Changing Vehicle Balance from Left to Right (Roll)

g g• Sudden or excessive acceleration and steering• Sudden or excessive steering• Road tilted to rightRoad tilted to right• Traction loss to right rear may cause

yaw motion

Changing Vehicle Load from RightChanging Vehicle Load from Right

• Sudden braking and steering

Changing Vehicle Load from Right Changing Vehicle Load from Right to Left (Roll)to Left (Roll)

• Sudden or excessive acceleration and steering

• Sudden or excessive steering

T – 2.29

• Road tilted to left• Traction loss to left rear may cause yaw motion

Balanced seating positionBalanced seating position • Steering wheel – 10-12 in from driver chestg

• Backrest of driver seat – 90 degrees

• Left foot – on the “dead pedal”

• Right foot – on the floor

• Hands – 8 & 4

Max lock to lock steering?Max lock to lock steering?

• 2 1/2 – 3 turns2 1/2 3 turns

• In most modernIn most modern vehicles

• Due to power steering

Why use hand to hand steering?Why use hand to hand steering?

• Better controlBetter control

• Smaller weightSmaller weight transfers

• Hard to oversteer

• It’s how you will be tested!tested!

Braking

• Cover the brake – foot over brake but no pressure on the brake

• Controlled brake – slow vehicle & maintain balance

• Threshold brake – just short of locking upup

• Trail brake – used to maintain speed & balance Often used at end of& balance. Often used at end of controlled or threshold braking.

Actual PathActual Path


InertiaInertiaActual PathActual Path

Intended PathIntended PathWhen cornering, tires tend to flex.

RIMRIM

Apex

If the tires are underinflated, the contact with the rim may

Tires turning left

ybe lost. AIR LOSS WILL OCCUR.

CorneringCorneringExcessive tire flexion increases tire heat and may result in a blowout.

Driver’s Useful Vision AreasDriver’s Useful Vision Areas

Gathering Useful Visual Gathering Useful Visual InformationInformationInformationInformation

Focus Vision Area (Focal) Includes 3 to 5 degrees of useful Includes 3 to 5 degrees of useful

information that is used when:information that is used when:TargetingTargetingTargetingTargetingEstablishing a Visual LeadEstablishing a Visual LeadReading Signs and Interpreting SignalsReading Signs and Interpreting Signals

Driver’s Useful Vision AreasDriver’s Useful Vision AreasTopic 2 Lesson 2

Gathering Useful Visual Gathering Useful Visual InformationInformation

Central Vision Area (Inner Fringe)

Referencing Vehicle Position to

30 to 36 degrees of useful information that includes: Referencing Vehicle Position to

Roadway

Viewing Path of Travel

Viewing Line of Sight to Target Area

T – 3.11

Driver’s Useful Vision AreasDriver’s Useful Vision Areas

Gathering Useful Visual InformationGathering Useful Visual Information

Peripheral Vision

Peripheral Vision

s o

Peripheral Vision (Outer Fringe Area)• 175-180 degrees of useful information that detects:

T – 3.12

•Motion Changes•Color Changes

Traditional Mirror Views and Blind SpotsTraditional Mirror Views and Blind SpotsRight mirror blind

Right side view mirror

Right mirror blind zone

Rear view mirror( )

Left side view mirror

Left mirrorLeft mirror blind zone

Notice the large blind zone areas and the Notice the large blind zone areas and the overlap between the side and rear mirrors overlap between the side and rear mirrors when using traditional mirror settingswhen using traditional mirror settingswhen using traditional mirror settings.when using traditional mirror settings.

Mirror Blind Spot and Glare Elimination (BGE)Mirror Blind Spot and Glare Elimination (BGE)Adjusting the side mirror setting 15 degree outward (BGE) allows you Adjusting the side mirror setting 15 degree outward (BGE) allows you djust g t e s de o sett g 5 deg ee out a d ( G ) a o s youdjust g t e s de o sett g 5 deg ee out a d ( G ) a o s youto see the lanes to the sides and does not overlap as much with the to see the lanes to the sides and does not overlap as much with the

area you can already see in your rear view mirrorarea you can already see in your rear view mirror

BGE RIGHT SIDE MIRROR VIEW

Peripheral Vision Area

REAR MIRROR

Vision Area

REAR MIRROR VIEW

BGE LEFT SIDE MIRROR VIEW

•Peripheral Vision Area

Reference: Blindzone & Glare Elimination (BGE) Mirror Settings (G. Platzer, 1996)Reference: Blindzone & Glare Elimination (BGE) Mirror Settings (G. Platzer, 1996)

Determining Vehicle Operating SpaceDetermining Vehicle Operating Space

Markers represent edge of Markers represent edge of sightlinessightlines

Outline of pavement area around Outline of pavement area around the car the driver cannot see from the car the driver cannot see from the driver’s seatthe driver’s seatthe driver’s seatthe driver’s seat

Rectangles are the tire patches and Rectangles are the tire patches and asterisks represent the vehicle’s asterisks represent the vehicle’s forward and rear turning axisforward and rear turning axis* *

Forward

forward and rear turning axisforward and rear turning axisRear

Referencing Referencing P i tP i t HoodPoints:Points:Provide visual cues to

t bli h hi l**Parking establish vehicle position.Relate part of the vehicle

Parking, turning, lane position, stopping Relate part of the vehicle

to some part of the roadway.yAllow the driver to determine proper placement within a lane.Allow for reduced-risk lane positionslane positions Side

view mirrors windows

Front LimitationFront Limitation

Where are your visual reference points to Where are your visual reference points to determinedetermine FRONT LIMITATIONFRONT LIMITATION ??determine determine FRONT LIMITATION FRONT LIMITATION ??

Front Limitation Reference PointsFront Limitation Reference Points

T t 3T t 3 6 i h f th li i f t f b t6 i h f th li i f t f b t•• To stop 3To stop 3--6 inches from the line in front of your bumper, stop 6 inches from the line in front of your bumper, stop when when your line of sightyour line of sight runs under the side view mirrorruns under the side view mirrorreference point to the line in front of your vehicle.reference point to the line in front of your vehicle.p yp y

•• Maintain a normal driving position when targeting your Maintain a normal driving position when targeting your reference point and do not lean forward or sidewaysreference point and do not lean forward or sideways..p yp y

Reference point

Reference Point

Line of sight

Rear LimitationRear Limitation

You need to know where the rear of your You need to know where the rear of your vehicle is when you arevehicle is when you are::

•• BACKING BACKING

•• PARKINGPARKINGPARKINGPARKING

Rear LimitationRear Limitation

To align the rear bumper three to six inches from a To align the rear bumper three to six inches from a line or curb,line or curb, you need to stop when the line or curb you need to stop when the line or curb

thth iddl f th i ht i diddl f th i ht i dappears near the appears near the middle of the rear right windowmiddle of the rear right windowwhen looking over the right shoulder.when looking over the right shoulder.

fReference point

Reference point

Right Side LimitationRight Side LimitationTheThe right side limitationright side limitation reference pointreference point totoThe The right side limitationright side limitation reference pointreference point to to position your vehicle 3position your vehicle 3--6 inches from the curb 6 inches from the curb or line is the middle of your vehicle’s hood.or line is the middle of your vehicle’s hood.or line is the middle of your vehicle s hood.or line is the middle of your vehicle s hood.

Line of SightReference point

3-6 inches

Th f i t f 3 f t f th bThe reference point for 3 feet from the curb or line is the right 1/4 section of the hood.

Reference point

3 feet

p

Line of Sight

Left Side LimitationLeft Side Limitation

Your Your left side limitationleft side limitation reference pointreference point is about is about one foot from the left front corner of your car (it one foot from the left front corner of your car (it may be the seam between your left fender and the may be the seam between your left fender and the hood of your vehicle) to the curb.hood of your vehicle) to the curb.

R f P i tReference Point

Line of Sight

3-6 INCHESReference Point

Lane Position # 1Lane Position # 1

•• VEHICLE IS CENTERED IN THE LANEVEHICLE IS CENTERED IN THE LANE

CAR IS 3 FEET AWAY FROM THE LINESCAR IS 3 FEET AWAY FROM THE LINES•• CAR IS 3 FEET AWAY FROM THE LINES CAR IS 3 FEET AWAY FROM THE LINES ON YOUR RIGHT AND LEFT SIDESON YOUR RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES

3 FEET LaneLane3 FEET Lane Lane Position Position

ONEONE

3 FEET( LP ( LP 1 1 ))


•• YourYour leftleft sideside referencereference pointpoint runsruns throughthrough thethe driver’sdriver’ssideside leftleft fenderfender toto thethe lineline onon thethe leftleft sideside ofof thethe vehiclevehicle..

•• YourYour rightright sideside referencereference pointpoint runsruns throughthrough thethe centercenter ofofpassenger’spassenger’s sideside rightright halfhalf ofof thethe hoodhood toto thethe lineline onon thetherightright sideside ofof thethe vehiclevehicle

LL3 FEET

rightright sideside ofof thethe vehiclevehicle..

Lane Lane Position Position

ONEONE

3 FEET

ONEONE(LP(LP 11))

3 FEET

Note: Lane position #1 is the lane position used most often.


•• VEHICLE IS 3VEHICLE IS 3--6 INCHES AWAY FROM 6 INCHES AWAY FROM LINE TO THE LEFTLINE TO THE LEFT

3-6 INCHES

LLLane Lane Position Position

TWOTWOTWOTWO( LP ( LP 2 2 ))


YourYour lanelane positionposition ##22 referencereference pointpoint isis aboutabout 11footfoot fromfrom leftleft sideside (it(it maymay bebe thethe creasecrease betweenbetweenthethe leftleft fenderfender andand hoodhood ofof thethe vehicle)vehicle) toto thethe curbcurb..

3-6 INCHES

Lane Lane Position Position

TWOTWOTWOTWO(LP(LP 22))6 FEET


CAR IS POSITIONED 3CAR IS POSITIONED 3--6 INCHES 6 INCHES AWAY FROM EDGE OR LINE TOAWAY FROM EDGE OR LINE TOAWAY FROM EDGE OR LINE TO AWAY FROM EDGE OR LINE TO

THE RIGHTTHE RIGHT

LaneLaneLane Lane Position Position THREETHREE( LP ( LP 3 3 ))

3-6 INCHES


Your Your lanelane position #3 reference pointposition #3 reference pointis through the center of your hood to is through the center of your hood to the right edge of the roadway.the right edge of the roadway.

Lane Lane Reference point

Position Position THREETHREE

6 FEETp

Line of Sight

(LP(LP 33))

T – 2.53

3-6 INCHES

Possible Lane PositionsPossible Lane Positions

The width of the lane allows drivers to make lane The width of the lane allows drivers to make lane position adjustments to minimize risk and create more position adjustments to minimize risk and create more

b t th i d bl it tib t th i d bl it tispace between their car and problem situations.space between their car and problem situations.

LP 4LP 2

LP 4

LP 1

OBSTACLEOBSTACLE

LP 3

Lane Positions Lane Positions –– 1, 2, 3, 4, and 51, 2, 3, 4, and 5 LP 5

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