dr.ir. Peter Bouwman - SINTEF · 2016. 3. 4. · Working Principle of EHC Anode: H 2 = 2 H+ + 2...
Transcript of dr.ir. Peter Bouwman - SINTEF · 2016. 3. 4. · Working Principle of EHC Anode: H 2 = 2 H+ + 2...
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Mechanical Compression
• Minimum feed pressure
• Multi-stage configuration
• Interstage cooling
• Regular maintenance
• Noisy
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• Mission: Develop innovative silent technologies and make available products for Purification and Compression of hydrogen gas
• Core competence: deliver high pressure Membrane-Electrode-Assembly (MEA) in stack with BOP system.
Mission & Competence
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Working Principle of EHC
Electrons move Protons Anode: H2 = 2 H+ + 2 e-
Cathode: 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2 pump rate: 2 e- ~ H2
Special membranes block hydrogen gas, but allow fast proton conductivity. Catalysed interfaces enable the indicated redox reaction equilibrium. An external power source drives the electric current and the internal hydrogen mass transport direction, controlling hydrogen gas flow.
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EHC Compression Record
HyET successfully demonstrated a pressure record of 100 MPa pressure, single stage, on a laboratory cell to prove the concept of Electrochemical Hydrogen Compression (EHC)
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de-Humidification
Like with air-conditioning , isothermal compression effectively dried hydrogen supply.
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Product-Market relationship
Demand side Source side
HyET provides a critical
“Puzzlepiece” in the hydrogen infrastructure
daisy chain
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Hydrogen Refueling Station
Project PHAEDRUS developed and validated a scalable HRS design using the latest technologies including Electrochemical Hydrogen Compression (EHC) and hydrogen production on-site .
Scalable Design
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Hydrogen Refueling Station
Successful integration of ITM electrolyser and HyET EHC validated in field test in summer 2015.
Scalable Design
ITM Electrolyser
(5 kg/day)
HyET Electrochemical
Compressor (here 2 kg/day)
HyET engages field testing using MoHyTO systems to assess customer
applications and increase Technology Readiness Level above 5.
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Hydrogen Refueling Station
Project Don Quichote realises 60 kg/day hydrogen production, compression and storage at the Colruijt distribution centre in Belgium for refuelling forklift trucks and fuelcell power generation.
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Scaled to demand
The basic stack and subsystem form the basic element, enabling modular upscaling on demand
3x MoHyTO systems
currently operational
Base Oriented Compressor Iso-Thermal
Organisation (BOCITO) in design phase
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SMART Energy Integration
Ultimately, our silent EHC device could enable home refuelling : storing hydrogen in a tank, integrating renewable energy sources together with the security of gas and grid connections by combining electrolysis and/or reformer and/or heating systems under SMART GRID control.
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Purification is Included
Membranes that block high pressure hydrogen
also block other gas species from permeating
Selective Hydrogen extraction is achieved
from different gas mixtures containing
in various ratios CH4, CO2, CO, N2, H2S.
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Purification is Included
concentration of CO is reduced >5000 fold,
CO2 is reduced >1000 fold
No CH4 observed in the permeate gas
Gasses > H2 CO2 CO CH4 H2O
% % % % %
supplied WGS gas mixture 70.05 19.97 7.477 2.507 bubbler
as-received from supplier
purified Permeating gas 99.551 0.024 0.002 0.423
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Membrane properties
Optimum balance between the key membrane properties depends on the application
Ideal membrane properties
Good Mechanical Integrity
Low H2 Back Diffusion High Proton Conductivity
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External H2 Pressure
Assuming:
35 cm
70 MPa
The EHC classifies as pressure vessel
• Spherical form factor with wall thickness:
Material Yield Strength
[Mpa]
Wall Thickness
[mm]
including Safety factor x2.35 [mm]
HDPE 26 236 554
Steel (average) 250 25 58
Steel (high strength) 690 9 21
Aluminium 15 408 960
Aluminium alloy 400 15 36
Titanium alloy 830 7 17
Lead 10 613 1439
Indicative values
Example to show how much material is required to keep such pressure in a sphere,
depending on the materials used for its construction
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Internal H2 Pressure
Technical solutions are called for when dealing with extreme pressures on soft matter
Hydrogen gas pressure also pushes against the membrane within EHC
• 70MPa Compressive force in z-direction
• Tension forces created in xy-plane
• Impact on water management
• Cell closing pressure subjected on MEA
• Tenting into gas flow-field channels
• Puncturing / pinhole propagation
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Variable cell-to-cell
Forces during compression and decompression could cause cell-to-cell variations,
if too much room is available for displacement and deformations between cells.
Pressure [bar]
Typical bad example
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EHC Test Results
Pressure increase (bara) and current density have minor influence on resistance
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Membrane properties
Optimum balance between the key membrane properties depends on the application
Ideal membrane properties
Good Mechanical Integrity
Low H2 Back Diffusion High Proton Conductivity
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Impact of H2 cross-over
Cross over of hydrogen measured with 430mV polarisation and nitrogen on anode
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Impact of H2 cross-over
Membrane types are normalised for thickness, temperature indicated.
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Impact of H2 cross-over
Temperature influences the hydrogen cross over through membrane significantly
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Membrane properties
Optimum balance between the key membrane properties depends on the application
Ideal membrane properties
Good Mechanical Integrity
Low H2 Back Diffusion High Proton Conductivity
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Schematic diagram
Equivalent circuit model of the process in the EHC to pump hydrogen using DC current
Vn
R to
t
forward backward
Power source
Iback
lost
… Mapping all EHC resistances
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Schematic diagram
Equivalent circuit model of the process in the EHC to pump hydrogen using DC current
Vn
R to
t
forward backward
Power source
Iback
Anode Pin, T , RH%
Cathode Pin, T , RH%
Cell-to-Cell Resistance Ohm
Nernst Voltage dP, T
Back Diffusion dP, T, RH%
Hydrogen loss dP, sealing
External Energy driving DC current
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Compression Energy
Nernst energy equals compression energy, applying to over-pressure as well as vacuum
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… low voltages suffice
Incredible compression was achieved with little energy from only one battery
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Schematic diagram
Equivalent circuit model of the process in the EHC to pump hydrogen using DC current
Vn
R to
t
forward backward
Power source
Iback R
con
tact R
Mass
Transp
ort
R K
inetic
R M
emb
rane
2x Ohmic resistance wires, cellplate, flowfield, including interfaces
2x H2 gas transport supply flow anode, diffusion to/from catalyst, exit cathode
2x Reaction H2 = H+ + e- oxidation on anode, reduction on cathode
1x Proton resistivity movement of H+ through polymer electrolyte phase
lost
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Schematic diagram
Equivalent circuit model of the process in the EHC to pump hydrogen using DC current
Vn
R to
t
forward backward
Power source
Iback R
c
R
Kin
R
Mem
bran
e
<5% Ohmic resistance
<5% H2 gas transport (… up to 100%)
IF low currents, no obstruction,
Pin> 1 bar
<1% Reaction H2 = H+ + e- IF pure H2, no catalyst poisening
>90% Proton resistivity IF Temp, RH%, all OK
Rm
lost
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Compression Cycle
Potentiostatic hydrogen compression from 10 400 bar and back from 400 10 bar
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Isothermal Compression
Electrochemical pump need one single stage and have more isothermal compression
53C
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Pump rate flexibility
Variable hydrogen pumping rates feasible with one stack module
20 min Low current
Medium current
High current
Typical example
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Pump energy [kWh/kg]
EHC energy requirement is a function of current density and pressure difference
Typical example
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EHC Pump Curves
Hydrogen pump curves plotted as a function of the current density (i.e. pump rate).
Slow pumping is more energy efficient, and has little influence on pressure capability.
Typical example
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Total Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency with HyET membrane during compression from 10 45 MPa,
plotted as a function of the Mass Flow rate (Current Density) and Cell Temperature.
10 bar anode
450 bar cathode
00.1
0.20.3
0.40.5
Mass Flow [kg/hr per m2]10
2030
4050
6070
80Tem
perature [C]
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
Ener
gy E
ffic
ien
cy [
kWh
/kg]
Ener
gy E
ffic
ien
cy [
kWh
/kg]
Compression Energy Efficiency 1 --> 45 MPa
IF active area = 1 m2
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Total Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency with HyET membrane during compression from 1 45 MPa,
plotted as a function of the Mass Flow rate (Current Density) under best conditions.
10 bar anode
450 bar cathode
IF active area = 1 m2
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Presentation Summary
HyET offers technology capable of simulteneous silent compression and selective purification of hydrogen gas
• Purification guarantees high quality hydrogen
• Compression up to 1000 bar output pressure feasible
• Multiple sources of hydrogen gas (mixtures) useable
• Scalable units enable growth with HRS market demand
• Compatible with “decentralised” Power and Smart Grid
Stand-alone 2 kg/day Electro-chemical Hydrogen Test unit available now for preliminary customer test trials (MoHyTO)
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we thank everybody that contributed personally to building our foundation
www.hyet.nl
Leemansweg 15
6827 BX Arnhem
The Netherlands
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Dutch Gas Roundabout
“ Gas roundabout” infrastructure initiated to secure energy supply security
Source: http://www.rijksbegroting.nl/algemeen/gerefereerd/1/7/1/kst171191.html
Existing gas distribution networks
serve as transportation pipelines
as well as energy storage buffer
Hydrogen could play a role here…