Drilling Fluids, Simulated Drill Cuttings, and Earthworm ...€¦ · Drilling Fluids, Simulated...

Drilling Fluids, Simulated Drill Cuttings, and Earthworm Toxicity

Patrick Tyczynski, Kristina Daeffler, John CandlerM-I SWACO, a Schlumberger company

History

• Drilling Fluids• Simulated Drill Cuttings• Earthworm Toxicity

• Onshore Drilling Fluid Technology• Biological and Chemical Testing Techniques

History | Development | Screening | Path Forward

History

• IPEC and SPE

• Laboratory and the Field

• Test Development• Design Parameters



Development of Technology-Based Test

Identify Available Tests

Experimentally Modify and Optimize

Conduct Screening Tests / Compare Design Objectives

Select Top Contender and Propose Method

Validate Method, Develop Limits, Implement

Identification – ASTM E1676

• ASTM E1676 “Standard Guide for Conducting Soil Toxicity Test with Lumbricid Earthworm Eisenia foetida”

“Modifications may be necessary”


Parameter ConditionsTest Duration 14 Days

Biological Endpoint Mortality

Temperature 19-25C

Photoperiod 24h/ 400-1080 lx

Test Containers 473-ml Glass Jars

Screening – IPEC 2002

• Drilling Fluid Chemicals and Earthworm Toxicity• Karen McCosh, Jonathan Getliff - IPEC 2002

• Biomass: Hydrocarbon Base Fluid Toxicity, Internal Brine Phase Chemical Toxicity, Weighting Agent Toxicity


Onshore Drilling Fluid Technology and Impacts

Terrestrial Environment

Water Base

Oil BaseSynthetic

Base


Design Parameters and Objectives

• Modification of ASTM1676 for Drilling Fluids


Parameter RequirementDiscriminatory Power Discriminatory power factors are favorable

Practicality Organisms are easy to culture or are available, tests are easy to implement, adjustments can be easily

accomplished

Repeatability CV of less than 40%

Ecological Relevance Test conditions and species are acceptable for an indicator test and species for receiving environment

Ranking of known substances in order of environmental impacts

Positive and negative controls are in place, substances are ranked and results follow anticipated ranking

Simulated Drill Cuttings

• Media to incorporate into environmental studies for drilling fluids in the laboratory

• Consistency• Uncontaminated• Non toxic• Support plant growth• Practical


Simulated Drill Cuttings Spiked with Whole Drilling Fluid

SBM Cuttings


OBM Cuttings

Field Cuttings Field Cuttings

Earthworm Toxicity Testing and Whole Drilling Fluid


Spiking Cuttings Test Environment


PARALAND Cuttings


Testing Environment Test Breakdown


• Initial screening study for OBM and SBM


Biological and Chemical Analysis

Grass and dead worms

Worms are much more sensitive

OBM, SBM, SALT

Drilling Fluid and Simulated Cuttings Concentration (%) in Soil

1 2 3 5 9 17 33 50

Earthworm Survival (14 Day): SBM 10 10 9 8 7 7 5 1


Drilling Fluid and Simulated Cuttings Concentration (%) in Soil

1 2 3 5 9 17 33 50

Earthworm Survival (14 Day): OBM 10 7 6 0 0 0 0 0


• ASTM E1676 Modifications for Initial Screening


Parameter Conditions ModificationsTest Duration 14 Days 14 Days

Biological Endpoint Mortality Mortality

Temperature 19-25C 19-25C

Photoperiod 24h/ 400-1080 lx Low Light

Test Containers 473-ml Glass Jars 946-ml Glass Jars


• Worms and Plants• Soil health • Leachate • Chlorides• Electrical conductivity• Heavy metals




Identify Available Tests

Experimentally Modify and Optimize

Conduct Screening Tests / Compare Design Objectives

Select Top Contender and Propose Method

Validate Method, Develop Limits, Implement

Drilling Fluids, Simulated Drill Cuttings, and Earthworm ...€¦ · Drilling Fluids, Simulated...

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