DRI -Macronutrientes

8/14/2019 DRI -Macronutrientes

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Dietary Reference Intakes: Macronutrients

Nutrient Function Life StageGroup

RDA/AI*g/d

AMDR Selected FoodSources

Adverse effects of excessiveconsumption

Carbohydrate

Total digestible

RDA based on its

role as the primary

energy source for

the brain; AMDR

based on its role as

a source of

kilocalories to

maintain bodyweight

Infants0 6 mo7 12 mo

Children1 3 y4 8 y

Males

9

13 y14 18 y19 30 y31-50 y50-70 y> 70 y

Females9 13 y14 18 y19 30 y31-50 y50-70 y> 70 y

Pregnancy 18 y19-30y31-50 y

Lactation 18 y19-30y31 50 y

60*95*

130130

130130130130130130

130130130130130130

175175

210210210

NDb

ND

45-6545-65

45-6545-6545-6545-6545-6545-65

45-6545-6545-6545-6545-6545-65

45-6545-6545-65

45-6545-6545-65

Starch and sugar arethe major types ofcarbohydrates.Grains andvegetables (corn,pasta, rice, potatoes,breads) are sourcesof starch. Naturalsugars are found infruits and juices.Sources of addedsugars are softdrinks, candy, fruitdrinks, and desserts.

While no defined intake level atwhich potential adverse effectsof total digestible carbohydratewas identified, the upper endof the adequate macronutrientdistribution range (AMDR) wasbased on decreasing risk ofchronic disease and providingadequate intake of othernutrients. It is suggested thatthe maximal intake of addedsugars be limited to providingno more than 25 percent ofenergy.

Total Fiber Improveslaxation, reducesrisk of coronaryheart disease,assists inmaintainingnormal bloodglucose levels..


Children1 3 y4 8 y

Males9 13 y14 18 y19 30 y

31-50 y50-70 y> 70 y

Females9 13 y14 18 y19 30 y31-50 y50-70 y> 70 y



NDND

19*25*

31*38*38*

38*30*30*

26*26*25*25*21*21*

28*28*28*

29*29*29*

Includes dietary fibernaturally present ingrains (such asfound in oats, wheat,or unmilled rice) andfunctional fibersynthesized orisolated from plantsor animals andshown to be ofbenefit to health

Dietary fiber can have variablecompositions and therefore it isdifficult to link a specific sourceof fiber with a particularadverse effect, especiallywhen phytate is also present inthe natural fiber source. It isconcluded that as part of anoverall healthy diet, a highintake of dietary fiber will notproduce deleterious effects inhealthy individuals. Whileoccasional adversegastrointestinal symptoms areobserved when consumingsome isolated or syntheticfibers, serious chronic adverseeffects have not beenobserved. Due to the bulkynature of fibers, excessconsumption is likely to be self-limiting. Therefore, a UL wasnot set for individual functionalfibers.

NOTE: The table is adapted from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu . It represents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type , AdequateIntakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needsof almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groupsis believed to cover the needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals

covered by this intake.

a Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) a is the range of intake for a particular energy source that is associated with reduced risk of chronicdisease while providing intakes of essential nutrients. If an individual consumes in excess of the AMDR, there is a potential of increasing the risk of chronicdiseases and/or insufficient intakes of essential nutrients.

bND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source ofintake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.

SOURCE : Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate. Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acid s (2002/2005). This report may beaccessed via www.nap.edu
http://www.nap.edu/http://www.nap.edu/http://www.nap.edu/http://www.nap.edu/http://www.nap.edu/


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RDA/AI*g/d

AMDR a Selected FoodSources


Total Fat Energy sourceand when foundin foods, is asource of n -6 andn -3polyunsaturatedfatty acids. Itspresence in thediet increases

absorption of fatsoluble vitaminsand precursorssuch as vitamin Aand pro-vitamin Acarotenoids.


Children1 3 y4 8 y

Males

9 13 y14 18 y19 30 y31-50 y50-70 y> 70 y

Females9 13 y14 18 y19 30 y31-50 y50-70 y> 70 y



31*30*

30-4025-35

25-3525-3520-3520-3520-3520-35

25-3525-3520-3520-3520-3520-35

20-3520-35

20-35

20-3520-3520-35

Butter, margarine,vegetable oils, wholemilk, visible fat onmeat and poultryproducts, invisible fatin fish, shellfish,some plant productssuch as seeds andnuts, and bakery

products.

While no defined intake level atwhich potential adverse effectsof total fat was identified,the upper end of AMDR isbased on decreasing risk ofchronic disease and providingadequate intake of othernutrients. The lower end of theAMDR is based on concerns

related to the increase inplasma triacylglycerolconcentrations and decreasedHDL cheolesterolconcentrations seen with verylow fat (and thus highcarbohydrate) diets.

n -6polyunsaturatedfatty acids(linoleic acid)

Essentialcomponent ofstructuralmembrane lipids,involved with cellsignaling, andprecursor ofeicosanoids.Required fornormal skinfunction.


Children1 3 y4 8 y

Males9 13 y14 18 y19 30 y31-50 y50-70 y> 70 y

Females9 13 y14 18 y19 30 y31-50 y50-70 y> 70 y


Lactation 18 y

19-30y31 50 y

4.4*4.6*

7*10*

12*16*17*17*

14*14*

10*11*12*12*11*11*

13*13*13*

13*

13*13*

NDb

ND

5-105-10

5-105-105-105-10

5-105-10

5-105-105-105-105-105-10

5-105-105-10

5-10

5-105-10

Nuts, seeds, andvegetable oils suchas soybean,safflower, and cornoil.

While no defined intake level atwhich potential adverse effectsof n -6 polyunsaturated fattyacids was identified, the upperend of the AMDR is based thelack of evidence thatdemonstrates long-term safetyand human in vitro studieswhich show increased free-radical formation and lipidperoxidation with higheramounts of n-6 fatty acids.Lipid peroxidation is thought to

be a component of in thedevelopment of atheroscleroticplaques.

NOTE: The table is adapted from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu . It represents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type , AdequateIntakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs ofalmost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups isbelieved to cover the needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals


a Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) a is the range of intake for a particular energy source that is associated with reduced risk of chronicdisease while providing intakes of essential nutrients. If an individuals consumed in excess of the AMDR, there is a potential of increasing the risk of chronicdiseases and insufficient intakes of essential nutrients.

bND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Sourceof intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.

http://www.nap.edu/http://www.nap.edu/http://www.nap.edu/http://www.nap.edu/


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RDA/AI*g/d

AMDR a Selected FoodSources


n -3polyunsaturatedfatty acids ( -linolenic acid)

Involved withneurologicaldevelopment andgrowth. Precursorof eicosanoids.


Children1 3 y4 8 y

Males

9 13 y14 18 y19 30 y31-50 y50-70 y> 70 y

Females9 13 y14 18 y19 30 y31-50 y50-70 y> 70 y



0.5*0.5*

0.7*0.9*

1.2*1.6*1.6*1.6*1.6*1.6*

1.0*1.1*1.1*1.1*1.1*1.1*1.1*

1.4*1.4*

1.4*

1.3*1.3*1.3*

NDb

ND

0.6-1.20.6-1.2

0.6-1.20.6-1.20.6-1.20.6-1.20.6-1.20.6-1.2

0.6-1.20.6-1.20.6-1.20.6-1.20.6-1.20.6-1.20.6-1.2

0.6-1.20.6-1.2

0.6-1.2

0.6-1.20.6-1.20.6-1.2

Vegetable oils suchas soybean, canola,and flax seed oil, fishoils, fatty fish, withsmaller amounts inmeats and eggs.

While no defined intake level atwhich potential adverse effectsof n -3 polyunsaturated fattyacids was identified, the upperend of AMDR is based onmaintaining the appropriatebalance with n-6 fatty acidsand on the lack of evidencethat demonstrates long-term

safety, along with human invitro studies which showincreased free-radicalformation and lipidperoxidation with higheramounts of polyunsaturatedfatty acids. Lipid peroxidationis thought to be a componentof in the development ofatherosclerotic plaques.

Saturated andtrans fatty acids,and cholesterol

No required rolefor these nutrientsother than asenergy sourceswas identified;the body cansynthesize itsneeds forsaturated fattyacids andcholesterol fromother sources.


Children1 3 y4 8 y

Males9 13 y14 18 y19 30 y31-50 y50-70 y> 70 y

Females9 13 y14 18 y19 30 y31-50 y50-70 y> 70 y


Lactation 18 y

19-30y31 50 y

NDND

Saturated fatty acidsare present in animalfats (meat fats andbutter fat), andcoconut and palmkernel oils.Sources ofcholesterol includeliver, eggs, andfoods that containeggs such ascheesecake andcustard pies.

Sources of trans fatty acids includestick margarines andfoods containinghydrogenated orpartially-hydrogenatedvegetableshortenings.

There is an incrementalincrease in plasma total andlow-density lipoproteincholesterol concentrations withincreased intake of saturatedor trans fatty acids or withcholesterol at even very lowlevels in the diet. Therefore,the intakes of each should beminimized while consuming anutritionally adequate diet.

NOTE: The table is adapted from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu . It represents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type , AdequateIntakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs ofalmost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups isbelieved to cover the needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals


a Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) a is the range of intake for a particular energy source that is associated with reduced risk of chronicdisease while providing intakes of essential nutrients. If an individuals consumed in excess of the AMDR, there is a potential of increasing the risk of chronicdiseases and insufficient intakes of essential nutrients.

bND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Sourceof intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.



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Nutrient Function IOM/FNB 2002Scoring Pattern a

Mg /gprotein


Indispensableamino acids:

Histidine

Isoleucine

Lysine

Leucine

Methionine &Cysteine

Phenylalanine &Tyrosine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Valine

The building blocks of allproteins in the body andsome hormones. These nineamino acids must beprovided in the diet and thusare termed indispensableamino acids. The body canmake the other amino acidsneeded to synthesize specificstructures from other aminoacids and carbohydrateprecursors.

Histidine

Isoleucine

Lysine

Leucine

Methionine &Cysteine

Phenylalanine &Tyrosine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Valine

18

25

55

51

25

47

27

7

32

Since there is no evidence that amino acidsfound in usual or even high intakes of proteinfrom food present any risk, attention wasfocused on intakes of the L-form of t heseand other amino acid found in dietaryprotein and amino acid supplements. Evenfrom well-studied amino acids, adequatedose-response data from human or animalstudies on which to base a UL were notavailable. While no defined intake level atwhich potential adverse effects of proteinwas identified for any amino acid, this doesnot mean that there is no potential foradverse effects resulting from high intakes ofamino acids from dietary supplements.Since data on the adverse effects of highlevels of amino acid intakes from dietarysupplements are limited, caution may bewarranted.

NOTE: The table is adapted from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu .

Based on the amino acid requirements derived for Preschool Children (1-3 y): (EAR for amino acid EAR for protein); for 1-3 y group where EAR for protein = 0.88 g/kg/d.


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