DRI -Individuos Agua e Eletrolitos

8/14/2019 DRI -Individuos Agua e Eletrolitos

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Dietary Reference Intakes : Electrolytes and Water

Nutrient Function Life StageGroup

AI ULa

Selected FoodSources

Adverse Effects ofExcessiveConsumption

Special Considerations

(g/d) (g/d)

Infants

06 mo 0.12 NDb

712 mo 0.37 NDb

Children13 y 1.0 1.5

48 y 1.2 1.9

Males

913 y 1.5 2.2

1418 y 1.5 2.3

1930 y 1.5 2.3

3150 y 1.5 2.35070 y 1.3 2.3> 70 y 1.2 2.3

Females

913 y 1.5 2.2

1418 y 1.5 2.3

1930 y 1.5 2.3

3150 y 1.5 2.35070 y 1.3 2.3> 70 y 1.2 2.3

Pregnancy1418 y 1.5 2.3

1950 y 1.5 2.3

Lactation1418 y 1.5 2.3

Sodium Maintains fluidvolume outside ofcells and thus normalcell function.

1950 y 1.5 2.3

Processed foodsto which sodiumchloride (salt)/benzoate/phosphate have been

added; saltedmeats, nuts, coldcuts; margarine;butter; salt addedto foods incooking or at thetable. Salt is ~40% sodium byweight.

Hypertension;increased risk ofcardiovascular diseaseand stroke.

The AI is set based onbeing able to obtain anutritionally adequate dietfor other nutrients and tomeet the needs for sweat

losses for individualsengaged inrecommended levels ofphysical activity.Individuals engaged inactivity at higher levels orin humid climatesresulting in excessivesweat may need morethan the AI. The ULapplies to apparentlyhealthy individualswithout hypertension; itthus may be too high forindividuals who alreadyhave hypertension or whoare under the care of a

health care professional.

NOTE: The table is adapted from the DRI reports. See www.nap.edu. Adequate Intakes (AIs) may be used as a goal for individual intake. For healthybreastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all individuals in the group, but lackof data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake; therefore, no Recommended Dietary Allowance(RDA) was set.aUL = The maximum level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake

from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for potassium, water, and inorganic sulfate. In the absence ofULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.bND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of

intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. This reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.Copyright 2004 by The National Academies. All rights reserved.


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AI ULa




(g/d) (g/d)Infants

06 mo 0.18 NDb

712 mo 0.57 NDb

Children13 y 1.5 2.3

48 y 1.9 2.9

Males

913 y 2.3 3.4

1418 y 2.3 3.6

1930 y 2.3 3.6

3150 y 2.3 3.65070 y 2.0 3.6> 70 y 1.8 3.6

Females913 y 2.3 3.4

1418 y 2.3 3.6

1930 y 2.3 3.6

31-50 y 2.3 3.65070 y 2.0 3.6> 70 y 1.8 3.6

Pregnancy1418 y 2.3 3.61950 y 2.3 3.6

Lactation1418 y 2.3 3.6

Chloride With sodium,maintains fluidvolume outside ofcells and thus normalcell function.

1950 y 2.3 3.6

See above; about60% by weight ofsalt.

In concert with sodium,results in hypertension.

Chloride is lost usuallywith sodium in sweat, aswell as in vomiting anddiarrhea. The AI and ULare equi-molar in amount

to sodium since most ofsodium in diet comes assodium chloride (salt).


from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for potassium, water, and inorganic sulfate. In the absence ofULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.bND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source ofintake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. This reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.Copyright 2004 by The National Academies. All rights reserved.


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AI ULa




(g/d)Infants

06 mo 0.4

712 mo 0.7

Children13 y 3.0

48 y 3.8

Males

913 y 4.5

1418 y 4.7

1930 y 4.7

3150 y 4.75070 y 4.7> 70 y 4.7

Females913 y 4.5

1418 y 4.7

1930 y 4.7

3150 y 4.75070 y 4.7> 70 y 4.7

Pregnancy1418 y 4.71950 y 4.7

Lactation1418 y 5.1

Potassium Maintains fluidvolume inside/outsideof cells and thusnormal cell function;acts to blunt the rise

of blood pressure inresponse to excesssodium intake, anddecrease markers ofbone turnover andrecurrence of kidneystones.

1950 y 5.1

NoUL.

Fruits andvegetables; driedpeas; dairy products;meats, and nuts.

None documentedfrom food alone;however, potassiumfrom supplements orsalt substitutes can

result in hyperkalemiaand possibly suddendeath if excess isconsumed byindividuals with chronicrenal insufficiency(kidney disease) ordiabetes.

Individuals taking drugsfor cardiovascular diseasesuch as ACE inhibitors,ARBs (AngiontensinReceptor Blockers), or

potassium sparingdiuretics should be carefulto not consumesupplements containingpotassium and may needto consume less than theAI for potassium.


from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for potassium, water, and inorganic sulfate. In the absence ofULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.bND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source ofintake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. This reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.Copyright 2004 by The National Academies. All rights reserved.


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AI ULa


Adverse Effects ofExcessive Consumption


(L/d)

Infants

06 mo 0.7

712 mo 0.8

Children

13 y 1.3

48 y 1.7

Males

913 y 2.4

1418 y 3.3

1930 y 3.7

3150 y 3.7

5070 y 3.7

> 70 y 3.7

Females

913 y 2.1

1418 y 2.3

19

30 y 2.73150 y 2.7

5070 y 2.7

> 70 y 2.7

Pregnancy

1418 y 3.0

1950 y 3.0

Lactation

1418 y 3.8

Water Maintainshomeostasis in thebody and allowsfor transport ofnutrients to cells

and removal andexcretion of wasteproducts ofmetabolism.

1950 y 3.8

NoUL.

All beverages,including water, aswell as moisture infoods (high moisturefoods include

watermelon, meats,soups, etc.).

No UL because normallyfunctioning kidneys canhandle more than 0.7 L (24oz) of fluid per hour;symptoms of water

intoxication includehyponatremia which canresult in heart failure andrhabdomyolosis (skeletalmuscle tissue injury) whichcan lead to kidney failure.

Recommended intakesfor water are based onmedian intakes ofgenerally healthyindividuals who are

adequately hydrated;individuals can beadequately hydrated atlevels below as well asabove the AIs provided.The AIs provided are fortotal water in temperateclimates. All sources cancontribute to total waterneeds: beverages(including tea, coffee,juices, sodas, anddrinking water) andmoisture found in foods.Moisture in food accountsfor about 20% of totalwater intake. Thirst andconsumption ofbeverages at meals areadequate to maintainhydration.

NOTE: The table is adapted from the DRI reports. See www.nap.edu. Adequate Intakes (AIs) may be used as a goal for individual intake. For healthybreastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all individuals in the group, but lackof data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake; therefore, no Recommended Dietary Allowance

(RDA) was set.aUL = The maximum level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intakefrom food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for potassium, water, and inorganic sulfate. In the absence ofULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.bND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of

intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. This reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.


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AI ULa


Adverse Effectsof ExcessiveConsumption

SpecialConsiderations

Infants

06 mo

712 mo

Children

13 y

48 y

Males

913 y

1418 y

1930 y3150 y5070 y> 70 y

Females913 y

1418 y

1930 y

3150 y5070 y> 70 y

Pregnancy1418 y1950 y

Lactation1418 y

InorganicSulfate

Required forbiosynthesis of 3-phosphoadenosine-5-phosphate

(PAPS), whichprovides sulfatewhen sulfur-containingcompounds areneeded such aschondroitin sulfateand cerebrosidesulfate.

1950 y

Norecommendedintake was setas adequate

sulfate isavailable fromdietary inorganicsulfate fromwater and foods,and fromsources oforganic sulfate,such asglutathione andthe sulfur aminoacidsmethionine andcysteine.Metabolicbreakdown ofthe

recommendedintake forprotein andsulfur aminoacids shouldprovideadequateinorganic sulfatefor synthesis ofrequired sulfur-containingcompounds.

NoUL

Dried fruit (dates,raisins, driedapples), soy flour,fruit juices, coconut

milk, red and whitewine, bread, as wellas meats that arehigh in sulfur aminoacids.

Osmotic diarrheawas observed inareas where watersupply had high

levels; odor and offtaste usually limitintake, and thus noUL was set.


from food, water, and supplements. Due to lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for potassium, water, and inorganic sulfate. In the absence ofULs, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes.bND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of

intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.SOURCE: Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. This reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.

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