Dravya ss002 jam

Ayurmitra

TAyComprehended

Date : / 03 / 2004

Certificate

This is to certify that Dr. DILIP H. NALAGE, a student of the Department of Basic Principles has written this thesis entitled "A STUDY OF

SAMSKARA AND ITS ROLE IN ALTERATION OF PANCAUBHAUTIKA COMPOSITION OF A DRAVYA" for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine (Ayu.) under my direct guidance and supervision.

The scholar has put in hard work in bringing out this thought provoking work after making an intensive study of the problem literally and practically with its applied aspect. Some of the findings are valuable and considerably contribute to the fundamental research of Ayurveda.

I, therefore recommend and forward this thesis to be submitted for adjudication. Forwarded : Guide : Prof. R. R. DWIVEDI M.D. (Ayu.), Ph.D. Dean and Head of Department Department of Basic Principles I.P.G.T. & R.A. Gujarat Ayurved University Jamnagar

Gujarat Ayurved University Institute for Post Graduate Teaching & Research in Ayurveda

Jamnagar ‐ 361 008. (India) Phone No. (0288) ‐ 2676856 (O) 2752103

Fax : +91 ‐ 288 ‐ 2555966 E‐mail : [email protected] Website : www.ayurveduniversity.com

Ayurmitra

TAyComprehended

CONTENTS

Page. No.

Acknowledgements

Key to transliteration

Abbreviations

INTRODUCTION 001

CONCEPTUAL STUDY 008

Concept of Samskara

i) Etymology, definition, meanings, Synonyms, scope

ii) Samskara : Guna or Karma ?

iii) Need, importance and utility of a Samskara

iv) Samskara as a process it's types and effect on a dravya

v) Pancamahabhuta Siddhanta and its relation with Samskara

vi) Samskara : for the formation of new Dravyas

DRUG REVIEW 056

PRACTICAL STUDY 062

i) Physical study

ii) Physico chemical study

iii) Clinical study

DISCUSSION 097

CONCLUSION 116

SUMMARY

121

APPENDIX

125 Bibliography Research Proforma

CONCEPTUAL STUDY

ABBREVIATIONS

A.H.Ci. - Ashtanga Hridaya Chikitsa Sthana

A.H.Ni - Ashtanga Hridaya Nidana Sthana

A.H.Su. - Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana

A.S.Su. - Ashtanga Sangraha Sutrasthana

B.H. - Bhavprakash

B.R. - Bhaishajya Ratnavali

Ca.Ci. - Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana

Ca.Sa. - Charaka Samhita Sharira Sthana

Ca.Su. - Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana

Ca.Vi. - Charaka Samhita Vimana Sthana

Ck. - Chakrapani

Ma.Ni. - Madhava Nidana

Sa.Pu. - Sharangadhara Samhita Purva Khanda

Su.Ci. - Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana

Su.Su. - Sushruta Samhita Sutra Sthana

Y.R. - Yoga Ratnakara

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

";tIDŸŸlXJDŸ ;]gNZDŸ"

On the occasion of submission of this thesis work, I offer my

gratitude to almighty authority, Lord of the Lords Bhagavan Shiva.

I pay sincere regards to my guide and present Dean Shree

Prof. R. R. Dwivedi, a rarest combination of profound intellect and

a generous liberal heart. I will always remain obliged for the

paternal affection and masterly guidance given by him.

I would like to acknowledge Hon. Vice Chancellor and Dean

of the Institute for providing me all necessary facilities. I am

thankful to the departmental lecturers. Dr. Maheshkumar Vyas

and Dr. Hitesh Vyas for their timely suggestions.

I am foreever indebted to Brahmakumaris divine family for

their timely encouragement making me aware of my aims and

capacities without which it was impossible for me to reach this

stage of life.

I cannot express gratitude for my all the family members. It

is but their affection and love that helped me complete this

research endeavour. I feel short of words to express my thanks to

Supriyadidi (Dr. Supriya Bhalerao). She had taken keen interest

from start of the work and made many valuable suggestions

which made this task easier for me.

I express my deep gratitude towards Vd. Indramani Pandey,

Vd. Suhas Nayadu for setting the stepping stone of Ayurveda in

my mind. I am highly thankful to Dr. B. V. Sathye for the guidance

given by him, whenever I confronted him with my queries.

I wish to thank staff of Deaprtment, Pharmaceutical

Chemistry Laboratory, Pharmacy (G.A.U.), Pathology Laboratory

for the help received from them. I extend my hearty thanks to the

staff of Library for their timely help. My special thanks to Mr. and

Mrs. Mund for the help and co-operation given by them.

I have no words to express my feelings and gratitude to

Mataji, Dr. Anilbhai and Dr. Vasantbhai. The happy

moments spent with them made my stay wonderful in Jamnagar.

The support and co-operation I received from seniors,

colleagues, junior friends and well wishers will ever remain fresh

in memory. I thank one and all of them.

I acknowledge all the subjects who participated in the study.

I also extend thanks to Rajubhai, the team of Kamlesh

Commercial Centre and Vivek Xerox for their fine and skillful

composition of the work.

At last, I am thankful to all those who have helped me

directly or indirectly during this endeavour.

I seek pardon and apologise for any errata.

- Dr. Dilip H. Nalage

Bibliography…… 1

INTRODUCTION

'Everything has to undergo a change'. It is the only unchangeable fact

and everything else in this universe is in a continuous process of changing.

The changes happening continuously & naturally in any pancabhautika

substance are due to Agni Mahabhuta present in it. But, the time required for

transformation will be different according to quantity of Agni Mahabhuta &

other helpful conditions. By providing Agni from outside, one can achieve the

transformation early. But the transformation can takes place in any manner

forming any dravya. When this transformation is done in proper way under

controlled conditions to get expected resultant, it is termed as samskara,

according to Ayurveda. ‘Karana-karya vada’ (cause-effect relationship) is

widely accepted siddhanta in Ayurveda. Karana can get transformed in to any

karya. But for ‘Samyak Karyotpatti’ the process which is creatively done in

proper way is Samskara. Bhesaja, an integral part of Cikitsa is also required

to be changed according to patient, status of dosa, stage of disease, prakrti etc.

before administration. So, when this change (rate of transformation)

happening naturally is accelerated by various processes to acquire expected

guna-karmas according to need of situation, the process is termed as

Samskara. By this process, one can modify the dravya to meet his

requirements. In current era, many of the valuable drugs mentioned in

Ayurvedic Classics are becoming rarely available or unavailable due to

several reasons. Here comes the importance of Samskara. The drugs

available can be utilized multidimensionally only with the help of Samskara,

in different diseases as well as different stages of the same disease. Samskara

is one of the important concepts of Ayurveda. The importance of samskara

can be ascertained form the fact that, routinely used gurvadi gunas can be


modified with the help of Samskara. For this matter, it's Significance is been

identified even with the routine food as one of the factor of Astau ahara-vidhi-

visesa-ayatanas. The concept of Samskara according to Acarya Caraka is -

;\:SFZF[ lC U]6FgTZFWFG\ prIT[ × T[ U]6Fo TMIFluG;lgGSQF" XF{RD\YG PPPPPPP VFWLIgT[ ×× (Ca.Vi. 1/21)

The Samskara performed in this way superimpose various gunas due to

metamorphosis in the nature of a dravya. This metamorphosis is manifested in

terms of change in gunas. These gunas, which are again manifestation of

pancabhuatika composition, get classified into two types. Samsiddhika and

Naimittika. Samsiddhika gunas are those, which are forever stable and cannot

be altered. Gunas can be altered by samskaras is true in case of naimittika

gunas.

In present days of globalization, all the rational sceptics are engrossed

in finding the basic reasons for transformation or existence. Ayurveda can

provide sound explanation on the basis of pancamahabhuta sidhanta for the

same. Every dravya has it's specific pancabhautika composition. Acarya

Caraka quotes -

;JÅ ãjI\ 5F×REF{lTSDŸ Vl:DGŸ VY[" ×

(Ca.Su. 26/10)

all the perceivable matters (Karyadravyas) existing in the world is

pancabhautika. Pancamahabhutas are at the juncture of the subtle to the more

gross manifestation of the universe. But, according to some, it is more of a

mental exercise and has very less practical application. The rationale of

anything and everything which cannot be explained by tridosas can be very

well interpreted by pancamahabhuta siddhanta. This concept of

pancamahabhutas is able to provide ultimate solution for the queries in the


field of Ayurveda, as told by acarya susruta. Developing oneself with this

concept will make the fundamentals more clear and strong.

Reviewing all the works done till date, a major tool like Samskara has

not been given enough justice. To study this aspect without bias, it was

necessary for a research scholar to choose the topic of Samskara with the

suitable drug to establish it's practical aspects. Haritaki was found to be such

versatile drug which gives the research worker, an ample scope to

demonstrate the effect of various Samskaras.

PPPPP 5F[lQFTF D,XMlWGL × l:JgGF ;\U|FlC6L ÝMÉTF PPPPP ×× (B.P.)

The same drug after being subjected to two different samskaras shows

contrary actions. When pesana Samskara is being done on Haritaki, it shows

malasodhana activity. Whereas when swinna, it shows samgrahana activity.

Here Haritaki is common and only the Samskara is variable. This variation

with Samskara as the root cause can be rationally deducted with the help of

Pancamahabhuta Siddhanta.

Usually Guna-Karma of any dravya depends on Conjugation and

configuaration of Mahabhutas present in it. This Pharmacology can be

modified with Samskaras due to alteration in pancabhautika composition. A

clear cut understanding of the Samskaras with the exposition of

Pacamahabhuta will give the Physician, an advantage to confidently employ

Samskaras. Here with to develop this judicious approach, the scholar has

selected this problem. Hence, the hypothesis put forth was ‘Gunantaradhana

by Samskara is due to alteration in pancabhautika composition i.e. Change in

dominant Mahabhutas’.

REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORKS:-

(1) A study of concept of Pancamahabhutas - Dwivedi L.D. - B.H.U. 1969

(M.D.), 1975 (P.H.D.)


(2) Pancabhautika guna (A study with special reference to Guru and

Laghu) - Rao T. Srinivas - Jamnagar 1970.

(3) Concept of Panca Mahabhutas in the light of Samkhya, yoga and

Ayurveda - Srivastav L.P. - B.H.U. 1988.

(4) Sharirmen Pancamahabhutonki Vyapakata - Bawisakar Geeta - Nagpur

- 1988-89.

(5) Concept of Pancamahabhuta and it's utility in Cikitsa - Dixit V.D.,

Jamanagar - 1995.

(6) Currently a PHD research work is going on in the department of basic

principles, Jamnagar regarding Pancamahabhutas i.e.

Biotransformation of Pancamahabhuta and it's interpretation in terms

of cell injury - Dr. Bishnupriya Mohanty.

Though lots of research works have been carried out regarding

pancamahabhutas, but no work has been carried out on application of

pancamahabhuta siddhanta in Samskara. So, it is a first attempt in this

direction. This study is undertaken with following aims and objectives.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

1. To study conceptual and applied aspect of Samskara.

2. To develop or find out parameters for assessment of Pancabhautika

compositon / Mahabhuta Pradhanya of a dravya, if possible.

3. To analyze organoleptic and physico-chemical properties of Haritaki

before and after the Samskaras.

4. To study the therapeutic effect of Samskarita Haritaki.

5. To find out the changes those occur in pancabhautika Composition /

Mahabhuta pradhanya after Samskara through Physcial, Physico-

Chemical and Pharmaco-clinical Parameters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:


A) LITERARY MATERIALS: (i) the classical texts mainly caraka,

susruta, Astanga Samgraha, Astanga Hrdaya and concerned topics

from the darsanika texts (Vaisesika darsana) (ii) Articles possessing the

relevant topics. (iii) Lexical literature

Literary material was compiled, critically analyzed, assessed, evaluated

and interpreted as per the problem and hypothesis.

(B) CLINICAL MATERIALS:

(a) Drug: - Haritaki in 3 forms:

(i) pesita Haritaki (ii) Swinna Haritaki and

(iii) Haritaki Yavakuta (as a control)

(b) Patients: To assess the effect of Samskara on Haritaki, not the disease

but two conditions were decided and patients of 2 types were selected

accordingly.

(1) The patients having complaint of unsatisfactory bowel

clearance.

(2) The patients complaining of passing stools of semi-liquid or

watery type.

Literary material and applied material is arranged systematically,

critically discussed and conclusions have been drawn.

PLAN OF STUDY:

For the presentation purpose, the study is divided in 5 sections :

(1) CONCEPTUAL STUDY :

This section will be further divided in six sub-chapters.

In first chapter, Sabda-Sakti (i.e. etymology, definition, meanings and

synonyms) Will be dealt in details. Scope of the concept and some important

terms related with Samskara will be elaborated here.

Second chapter will deal with the basic question, whether Samskara

can be included in 'Guna' Category or 'Karma' Category.


Third chapter will be about need, importance and utility of Concept of

Samskara.

In forth chapter, elaborate description and discussion will be given

regarding Samskara as a process, it's types and effect on a dravya.

Fifth Chapter will be about Pancamahabhuta Siddhanta and it's relation

with Samskara. Here, Various stages of formation of pancabhautika dravya,

Gunantaradhana at Mahabhuta level and Reactions between Mahabhutas

responsible for Gunantaradhana will be elaborated.

In Sixth Chapter, use of the Concept of Samskara for formation of new

dravyas through alteration in Pancabhautika Composition will be discussed.

(2) DRUG REVIEW :

A detailed description of drug Haritaki will be given here. Probable

Pancabhautika Composition according to it's Rasa-Pancaka, References

showing uses of Haritaki in different diseases according to Samskara &

Samyoga with different dravyas, latest research work done on Haritaki will be

mentioned here.

(3) PRACTICAL STUDY :

Practical study will be presented under three sub-headings.

(i) Physical Study : Identification of Mahabhuta dominance in

Samskarita & asamskarita Haritaki done by organo leptic method will

be mentioned here.

(ii) Physico-Chemical Study : Some Physico-Chemical parameters

helpful in determining Mahabhuta dominance will be given here. Also

Mahabhuta dominance of Samskarita Haritaki determined by using

these Parameters will be mentioned.

(iii) Clinical Study :- In this section, aims and objects of the study along

with Materials and methods will be described. The scoring pattern of

the subjective Parameters will be mentioned. There after, observations,


Results and Statistical analysis will also be presented in tabular forms

& graphs.

(4) DISCUSSION :-

The Concept of Samskara, it's role in pancabhautika alteration,

Utilization of this concept for formation of new dravyas will be critically

discussed here.

The Validity of Parameters for identification of Mahabhuta dominance,

utility of Physical, Physico-Chemical and Clinical Study for understanding

pancabhautika alteration will be discused on the basis of Tarka and Uhya.

(5) CONCLUSION :

The last section of the thesis will be conclusion.

Some fruitful conclusions will be drawn on the basis of critical

discussion of conceptual and practical study.

The whole work will be Sammarised in the summary parts.

Bibliography will be incroporated in the end.

According to aims and objectives, the humble and honest efforts have

been made to clarify the subject on the basis of scientific evidences. It is very

difficult to explore all the concepts in the given stipulated time. So, some

lacuna may be there. The scholar apologies for that.


CONCEPTUAL STUDY

While understanding the different aspects of any concept, it is first and

prime most important step to have the profound knowledge of that concept.

So, while studying various aspects of Samskara, it is necessary to have

knowledge of the concept of Samskara. After knowing the concept thoroughly

one becomes able to establish it's various applied aspects. The maximum

knowledge of any concept can be achieved by proper assessment of the

'specific word' used to denote that concept, as word is having it's own power

i.e. 'Sabda Sakti'. This Sabda Sakti could be understood by thorough

assessment of that word with the help of etymology, Nirukti, available

meanings, synonyms etc.

SAMSKARA :

[1] ETYMOLOGY:

Samskara word is formed from Kr Dhatu with Upsarga Sam.

i.e. ;\ ´ S` ´ 3´Ÿ ;\ .lT ;dISŸ × s;dISŸ v IYFIMuITIFf

S` .lT ST`"tJFTŸ SFZ6tJFTŸ�JF × Upsarga Sam means in proper way or as required.

Dhatu Kr means Kartrtva (Kriya) as a process

Karanatva as a causativity

Nirukti of Samskara can be given as

;dISŸ SZMlT VG[G .lT ;\:SFZo × ;\l:ÊIT[ VG[G .lT ;\:SFZo × S'vSZ6[ EFJ[ 3´Ÿ Ÿ

The process or tool by which Dravya is modified as required is termed

as Samskara.


[2] MEANINGS:

The word Samskara has number of meanings in different contexts as

follows (Acc. to Apte's Samskrt English Dictionary) :

1. Making perfect, refining, polishing (R.V.3.10)

2. Grammatical purity (as of words) (K.S. 1/28 Mallinath)

3. Education, cultivation, training (as of mind) (R.V.3/35, K.S. 7/10)

4. Making ready, preparation

5. Cooking, dressing (as of food)

6. Embellishment decoration, ornament (D.S. 49 S-7/23)

7. Consecration, Sanctification, hallowing (M.S. Sa. 3.1.3)

8. Impression, form, mould, operation, influence (H.P. 8, B.H.V. 3-84)

9. Idea, Notion, Conception

10. Any faculty or capacity

11. Effect of work, merit of action (R.V. 1/20)

12. The self reproductive quality, faculty of impression (one of the 24

qualities recognized by Vaisesikas)

13. The faculty of recollection, impression on the memory (T.S.)

14. A purificatory rite, a sacred rite or ceremony

15. A rite or ceremony in general

16. Investiture with the sacred thread (M.B. 12-165-76)

17. A polishing stone (Shakuntalam 6.5)

Here the word Samskara is used by different sciences according to

their context.

But Ayurveda has employed the term Samskara more in regard with

drugs and diet i.e. processing and preparation.

[3] DEFINITION :

The definitions of Samskara given by Various Ayurvedic scholars are

as follows:-


——;\:SFZM lC U]6FgTZFWFGDŸ prIT[ × T[ Uq6Fo TMIVluG;lgGSQF"

XF{RDgYGN[XSF, JF;GEFJGFlNlEo SF,5|SQF"EFHGFlNlEo R VFWLIgT[ ×

(Ca. Vi. 1/21)

Acarya Caraka defines Samskara as transformation of the inherent

attributes of a substance. This is created by dilution, application of heat,

cleansing, churning, storing in a specific place, maturing, flavoring,

impregnation, preservation, container etc.

In Astanga Samgraha, though clearcut difiniton of Samskara is not

given but the processes by which Samskara could be done on a substance are

mentioned like dilution, application of heat etc.

Acarya Susruta and Astangahrdayakara Vagbhata both are mum about

the concept of Samskara. Though illustrations or examples of utilization of

the concept found at various places in both these texts, but concept of

Samskara is not clearly high lighted here, so definition of Samskara is also not

found here.

Various commentators have tried to define Samskara as follows:

Cakrapani quotes it as -

—;\:SFZM U]6FgTZ VFZM56DŸ ×c (Ca. Su. 13/13

Cakra)

i.e. imbibing different Gunas on the original Gunas of a Dravya

—U]6FWFG\ NMQF5lZCFZM JF ;\:SFZo ×c (A.D.

5/1/36-44)

i.e. increasing useful gunas and removing harmful dosas

The word Gunantaradhana is made up of 3 words:

1) Guna - meaning properties or attributes of substance

2) Antar- (a) it is used as a Prefix to verbs and regarded as a preposition

or gati


(b) Also it has different meaning such as in the middle,

between, in, into, inside, amongst, within, in the middle or

interior, inside etc.

In this context amongst or inside can be taken as a proper meaning.

3) Adhana - the word Adhana also has various meanings. Some relevant

meanings in this context are as follows.

1. Placing or putting upon

2. Infusing, putting in, imparting

U]6MlJX[QF VFWFGC[T]o l;âMJ:T]WD"o ×

(Sahitya Darpana)

3. A place where any thing is deposited.

A receptacle, as in Pakvadhana, Garbhadhana etc.

VI\ DwIDo 5|F6o T:I .NDŸ ,J VFWFGDŸ ×

(Brhadaranyaka Upanisada 2.2.1)

According to Cakrapani, This above said gunantaradhana (change in

gunas) by Samskara is possible only in case of naimittika gunas, not in the

case of samsiddhika gunas. e.g.hotness of fire, Calatva of Vayu, Snigdha guna

of oil etc. can not be changed by samskara, because these are samisddhika

gunas called as 'Yavat dravya bhavina' by Cakrapani. Now the basic question

arises, whether this is only gunantaradhana or dravyantaradhana also.

Gunantaradhana or Dravyantaradhana?

Gunas are nothing but the manifestation of configuration &

conjugation of mahabhatas in the pancabhautika Dravya. Every Karyadravya

has it's specific pan cabhautika composition. Guna-Karmas done by any

dravya are depending upon the dominatnt Mahabhuta present in it. That's

why, all the Karya-dravyas are categoriesed by the acaryas into 5 categories

(i.e. parthiva, Apya, Agneya, Vayveeya & Akasiya). Guna-Karmas of

respected dravyas are also mentioned under these 5 categories. So, according


to guna-karmas of any dravya, one is able to understand Mahabhuta

dominance accordingly. So, there exists 'Samavaya relation' (inseparable

concomitance) between Mahabhutas & their guna-karmas, as also narrated by

acarya Caraka.

—;DJFIF[ V5'YSŸEFJF[ E}dIFlNGF\ U]6{o

DTo ×c

(Ca.Su. 1/50)

This Aprthakbhava (inseparable concomitance) has it's Specific

importance in the basis principles of Ayurveda. This concept is used right

from diagnosing the disease up to selecting the drug for treatment. While

doing diagnosis, one can not see directly by senses, which disease the patient

is having. One has to depend on (inseparable concomitance) aprthakbhava

present between symptoms & disease (Vyadhi Laksanayoh Sambandha).

While doing Cikitsa, the drug is also selected on the basis of aprthakbhava

present between gunas & dravya. By seeing gunas only dravya is selected. So,

here also 'Samavaya Sambandh' is considered.

If it is said that, gunas are changing and dravya is not Changing, then it

will hamper the rule of 'inseparable concomitance' between gunas and

dravyas. But practically in many examples one can see change in gunas but no

change in dravya. For e.g. Drugs which are potent becomes less potent after

some period. Potency of Curnas of any dravya remains for specific period of

6 months only. Here, dravya is same but guna is changing. So, is it that there

exists no relationship of ‘aprthakbhava’?

It is not so in reality. Every dravya is having it's specific pancabhautika

composition. The alteration in pancabhautika composition is taking place at

every moment, due to Agni Mahabhuta present in it. But rate of

transformation or alteration is too slow to identify or measure by some


instrument. After specific period only, these alterations are identified in the

form of decrease of potency etc. Moreover, the factors outside like desa, kala

etc, are also affecting the pancamahabhutas present in a dravya. So, after

thinking minutely, it becomes clear that after change in dravya (in the form of

alteration in pancabhautika composition) Change in gunas takes place, which

is called as gunantaradhana. For practical understanding, the word

gunantaradhana is used, instead of dravyantaradhana. As in the case of guna-

karmas of rasas also, acarya caraka have cleared the thing afterwards by

saying that ‘Guna Gunasraya Nokta' But 'Abhiprayaha Prthakvidha’. In the

case of gunantaradhana also, same thing is happening.

So, now question may arise, if dravya is changing why the dravyas is

not renamed? Again the answer is that, practically it is not possible to give

new names, as dravya is changing at each moment. Also, it will create more

confusion rather than solving the purpose.

In the case of samskara also, the physician makes the changes in the

pancabhautika composition as required (with the help of specific

processes/procedures) according to condition, thereby forming a new dravya

having expected gunas which are helpful in that condition.

[4] SYNONYMS:

Synonyms or Paryayas are those who help to understand the various

different aspects of that particular concept. But they are not able to give exact

meaning. By seeing Paryayas, one becomes able to understand the limitations

and scope of that concept.

1. Gunantaradhana (Ca. Vi. 1/22-2)

2. Karana (Ca. Su. 26/34)

3. Kriya (Ca. Su. 16/33, 25/32, 25/46, Vi. 8/130)

4. Vidhi (Ca. Su. 27/232, 30/32, Ca. Sa. 8/17, Ca. Ci. 1-2/17)

5. Kriyavidhi (Ca. Ka. 1/3)


6. Kalpanam (Ca.Su. 4/17 Cakra)

7. Kalpana (Ca. Sa. 4/19 Cakra)

8. Kalpanavidhi (Ca. Ci. 30/331)

9. Karana (Ca.Su. 11/35 Cakra)

10. Kalpa (Ca. Ka. 7./6 Cakra)

11. Prayoga (Ca Ka. 1/6 Cakra)

12. Upakalpana (Ca. Su. 30/32 Cakra)

13. Samskaranam (Ca. Su.4/7)

14. Abhi Samskara (Ca. Vi. 22-2, Ca. Su. 12/89, 26/104)

15. Prakalpanam (Ca. Su. 4/7 Cakra)

16. Sadhana (Ca.Ci. 26/175 Cakra)

17. Karma (Su. Su. 20/14 Dalhana)

18. Upaya (Su. Su. 41/5 - Dalhana)

These are the synonyms of Samskara found in Caraka Samhita and

Cakrapani-teeka (commentary) at different places showing different aspects

of Samskara. Some are showing it's meaning as a process, some as a

methodology, some as a tool, some showing it's causativity, while some

showing it's utility. Accordingly if classified, these synonyms can be grouped

as follows:-

Synonyms showing -

1) Samskara as a tool:

1. Karana

2. Sadhana

2) Samskara as a process or methodology

1. Kriya

2. Vidhi

3. Kriyavidhi

4. Kalpanavidhi

5. Karma

6. Gunantaradhana


3) Samskara as a causativity (or causative factor)

1. Karana

4) Samskara showing it's utility or effect

1. Kalpa

2. Kalpanam

3. Kalpana

4. Upakalpana

5. Prakalpanam

6. Prayoga

7. Upaya

5) Others

1. Samskaranam

2. Abhi Samskara

[5] SCOPE :

The scope of a particular concept can be decided by the usefulness in

practical life, as well as the ability to nourish the other concepts and science

as a whole. Scope is denoting effectiveness and boundaries or limitations too.

In this era of modernization and civilization, the people are becoming

more aware about usefulness of Ayurvedic drugs and formulations. So,

everyday new Ayurvedic Pharmacies are getting established. Demand for

Ayurvedic drugs is increasing day by day. But supply of raw drugs is less. In

current era, many of the valuable drugs mentioned in Ayurvedic classics are

unavailable or rarely available due to these reasons. If this process will go on

continuing, the time will come that very less drugs will be available, because

pharmacies are borrowing crude drugs on large scale and plantation of these

drugs is being not done by them. Here comes the importance or scope of this

concept. Scope of the concept of Samskara lies in the broader use of dravyas

i.e. with minimum cause maximum effects obtained. As with the help of

Samskara, one can alter Panchabhautika composition, thereby forming


various new dravyas as per requirement, from single dravya, a broad field is

obtained for the use of single drug in treatment of different diseases as well as

different stages of the same disease.

ãjI\ U]6[G SDÅ S]~T[ ×

Effect of any Dravya depends on Gunas present in it and Gunas are

nothing but the attributes of conjugation and configuration of

Pancamahabhutas, as every dravya is having its specific Pancabhautika

composition. So, by altering Pancabhautika composition of a dravya

ultimately pharmacological action of that dravya gets changed.

By use of this concept only, one is able to use toxic substances as

medicines and if Samskara is not done properly, the medicine can act as a

toxic substance.

IMUFTŸ Vl5 lJQF\ TL16\ p¿D\ E[QFH\ EJ[TŸ ×

(Ca.Su. 1/126)

[6] SOME IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED WITH SAMSKARA :

While discussing the concept of samskara, it is also important here to

understand some important terms which are having their relation with

Samskara.

(1) SAMYOGA :-

In texts, at many places, Samyoga & Samskara words are used in

adherence with each other.

The reason is that, for creating Samskara on any dravya, Samyoga of

Samskaraka & Samskarita dravya is mandatory. It is not possible at all, to do

samskara without samyoga. So, Samskara can be considered under samyoga.

Then why samyoga and samskara are mentioned separately? The answer for

this question given by Cakrapani is as above-Here, in the present context, the

meaning of samyoga is combination of two or more dominant substances (i.e.


dominance in quantity). Samskara (impregnation), no doubt involves the

union of one substance with another, but the substance with which the drug is

impregnated is not dominantly observed. Hence, this union in present context

cannot be treated as samyoga.

(2) YUKTI :

While commenting on Ca.Su.26/30, Cakrapani states)

I]lÉTo R .I\ ;\IMU5lZDF6;\:SFZFlN VgTU"TF·l5

VtI]5I]ÉTtJFTŸ 5`YSŸ prIT[ ×

INTER-RELATION OF PARADI GUNAS

Vibhaga

Samkhya Samyoga Prthaktva

Abhyasa

Yukti

Parimana Samskara

Paratva and Aparatva related with all the factors separately.

Though Yukti can be considered under samyoga, parimana, samskara

etc, it is separately mentioned, as it is very important in the field of Cikitsa.

So, it can be said that, while doing Yukti (i.e. Proper Kalpana of drug)

the above 3 factors are more important to be get considered and related with

each other:


(i) Samyoga: The drug should be used in proper combination of other

drugs with proper anupana etc., So that there should be synergistic

effect, thereby increasing total efficacy.

(ii) Samskara: - Proper processing is required as per the need of the patient

and according to condition & status of dosas etc.

(iii) Parimana: Proper dose is also a very important thing while

administering any drug. Effect & ill-effect of any drug depends on the

proper & improper dose only. Toxic substance too, used in proper

dose becomes useful drug.

(iv) Abhyasa: By abhyasa i.e. taking medicine regularly for specific

duration, samyoga of drug is happening with the body for specific time

and it creates proper samskara in the body, thereby alleviating dosas in

the body. So, it is quoted by Cakrapani regarding Abhyasa as a

‘Samyoga-Samskara Visesa Rupa’.

VI\ R ;\IMU;\:SFZlJX[QF~5F[·l5 lJX[QF[6

lRlSt;F[5I]ÉTtJFTŸ 5`YSŸ prIT[ ×

(Cakra. Ca. Su. 26/29-35)

So, these are the some important factors, which are inter-related and to

be considered before administering the drug to the patient. Using these

factors in appropriate manner gives success in the treatment and it is called as

Yukti. If success is not there, being Kalpana also it is not called as Yukti,

indicating that these above said important factors are not given due

importance, before doing 'Yojana' of the drug.

IF S<5GF IF{lUSL EJlT ;F T] I]lÉTo prIT[4 VIF{lUSL T] S<5GF·l5 ;lT I]lÉTo G prIT[ ×

(Cakra. Ca.Su. 26/29-35)


SAMSKARA : GUNA OR KARMA ?

All the available Bhava-Padarthas in the world can be grouped into 6

categories i.e. Dravya, Guna, Karma, Samanya, Visesa and Samavaya.

Ayurveda has told these 6 categories with different terminology (i.e. Karanas)

with different sequence (i.e. Samanya, Visesa, Guna, Dravya, Karma &

Samavaya) according to its aim dhatusamya.

While studying concept of Samskara, the basic question arises, out of

these 6 categories, in which category samskara can be included? Because

though it is included in gunas by Acarya Caraka, at many places the term

samskara is used as a karma or process. So what should be understood by

samskara, guna or karma? Let us discuss this in more details.

SAMSKARA AS A GUNA:

As a guna, if we see, there are two major points indicating samskara

should be included under guna category which are as follows:-

1) In vaisesika darsana, Samskara is clearly mentioned as a guna-visesa

and included in Caturvimsatika Gunas by Prasastapada. 3 types of it,

namely Vega, Bhavana & Sthitisthapakatva are also mentioned here.

2) In Ayurvedic texts, Carakasamhita in which concept of Samskara is

elaborated, mentioned samskara under the category of paradi gunas.

(Ca. Su. 26/29)

SAMSKARA AS KARMA

As Karma, if we see-

1) While describing types of Viruddha, Acarya Susruta had used the term

“Karma-viruddha’ instead of ‘Samskara-viruddha’. Dalhana had

explained it as, the term ‘Karma’ here indicates samskara. So in this

context, the word Karma is used as a synonym of Samskara.


2) In the text, at majority places, Samskara word is used denoting

processing or method.

E.g. Svedana Samsakara. Here the process by which drug is

made swinna is called as Svedana Samskara. In the Rasa-Sastra texts

also, where-ever Samskara word is used, it is denoting a process or

method indicative of Samskara as Karma.

CONCEPT OF GUNA & KARMA ACCORDING TO AYURVEDA:

This controversy can be resolved by understanding Ayurvediya

concept of Guna and Karma. Firstly, one has to understand, what concept of

Guna according to Ayurveda is. Acarya caraka has quoted the definition of

guna as

;DJFIL T] lGxR[Q8o SFZ6\ U]6o × (Ca.Su. 1/ 51)

Guna possesses inseprable concomitance with dravya, it is the cause

devoid of action. But this definition goes parallel to that of Vaisesikas.

Acarya Susruta has explained gunas in relation to their Karmas, which

is more practical view.

SD"lE:T] VG]DLIgT[ GFGFãjIFzIF U]6Fo ×

(Su.Su. 46/514)

i.e. Gunas can be interpreted according to Karmas (actions) done by a

dravya.

Commenting on Ca. Su. 1/63, Cakrapani has used ‘Sasthi Tatpurusa’

instead of ‘Dvandva Samasa’ to resolve the word “Gunakarmani.”. Hence, the

meaning of the word becomes Karmas of Gunas. This clearly implies that

Cakrpani too understands gunas in terms of Karmas.

By the definition, gunas are niscesta. Generally the meaning of this

word is taken as devoid of action. The controversy between ‘Niscesta’ and


‘Gunanam Karmavistaram’ can be resolved if, one interprets Niscesta as the

potential energy of a dravya, which is not yet executed in the form of Karma.

Thinking along the same lines, Hemadri is the first person to frame this

meaning in more appropriate words. He explains gunas as follows:

ãjI:I A\'C6[ SD"l6 XlÉTo U]~o × ãjI:I ,\3G[ SD"l6 XlÉTo ,3]o ×

And so on …… the definition of different gunas is given in the similar

way in relation to their karmas. Thus, to convey the précised and applicable

meaning of the description, the definition of Guna can be understood in

following words.

—ãjI:I lJlXQ8[ SD"l6 XlÉTo U]6o ×c

In simple language, it can be said that gunas are the potential energies

of a dravya and Karmas are the execution of it, in the form of Kinetic energy.

This is the application of ‘Parinamavada’.

i.e. e = mc2

ãjI\ U]6[G SD"\ S]~T[ ×

Thus by understanding the ayurvediya concept of guna & karma, it can

be said that, Samskara as a guna is a causative factor responsible for new

ability introduced in a dravya. As karma, Samskara is a process or method of

introducing new ability in a dravya.

Here again, it is important to note that Samskara is guna & Karma in

different contexts. In both the contexts, Karta (or Karana) is different. When

Samskara term is used as a guna, it is in relation with pancabhautika dravya

on which Samskara is created. Here, Karta or Karana is Pancabhautika

dravya. When samskara term is used as a Karma, it is in relation with caitanya

karta i.e. Pharmacist or physician, who is doing samskara. So, here pharmacist

or physician is Karta or Karana.


NEED, IMPORTANCE & UTILITY OF A SAMSKARA

NEED :

In present days of globalization, Ayurvedic drugs in name of herbals

are gaining more & more popularity in the international market, everyday.

Many Ayurvedic pharmacies have established in India, which are preparing

different Ayurvedic formulations. As India is getting good foreign currency

by export of these herbal preparations, government is also giving promotion

for establishment of these pharmacies. Borrowing of crude drugs is increased

and no cultivation is taking place in that amount. In today’s situation also,

many of the valuable drugs mentioned in Ayurvedic classics are becoming

rarely available or unavailable. In such conditions, it may happen that today’s

available drugs will become unavailable after some time. So availability of

herbal drugs is going on decreasing day by day.

While explaining catuspada of Cikitsa, Acarya Caraka has explained 4

qualities of bhesaja.

AC]TF T+ IF[uItJ\ VG[SlJWS<5GF × ;\5TŸ R[lT RT]QSF[·I\ ãjIF6F\ U]6DŸ prIT[ ×

(Ca.Su. 9/7)

Here also Bahuta or availability has given first preference by acarya

caraka. While commenting on this, Cakrapani quotes, ‘A bhesaja which is

having less availability is of no use in spite of having number of good

qualities’.

In such conditions, the drugs available can be utilized

multidimensionally only with the help of Samskara. So, here it becomes

necessary to understand the concept of Samskara & basic principles behind it,

so that one can use it more effectively to form number of different

formulations from single drug, as per requirement.


While introducing kalpasthana, Acarya Drdhabala has narrated number

of factors in first chapter, showing necessity of Samskara, which is as follows:

The drugs are of different types depending upon

1) Desa (habitat)

2) Kala (time of their availability)

3) Sambhava (origin)

4) Asvada (Palatability)

5) Rasa (taste)

6) Virya (Potency)

7) Vipaka (the taste that emerges after digestion)

8) Prabhava (specific action)

Patients for whom these drugs to be used are also of different types

depending upon:

1) Nature of deha, i.e. physique

2) Condition of the dosas

3) Prakrti (constitution)

4) Vaya (Age)

5) Bala (Strength)

6) Agni (power of digestion & metabolism)

7) Bhakti (Liking for a particular type of recipe)

8) Satmya (Wholesomeness)

9) Rogavastha (Stage of the disease) etc.

So the drug cannot be used as it is, in all types of patients, conditions

& stages of the disease. The drug requires modifications according to the

factors described above. So to make these modifications & formation of

different formulations, samskara is mandatory.

After description of guna-karmas of parthivadi dravyas in 26th Chapter

of Sutrasthana, Acarya Caraka had quoted, ‘No any substance on this earth is

without medicinal use’ But necessity is to employ proper Yukti according to


need of the situation. In this Yukti, Samskara is having a major role to play, as

it is the only factor by which one can make modifications in pancabhautika

composition of a dravya, thereby forming new dravya according to

requirement. So, it is necessary to understand basic concept behind Samskara

to develop more & more new samskaras and new formulations.

T:DFTŸ ;lT Vl5 lGN["X[ S]IF"TŸ pCI\ :JI\ lWIF ×

(Ca.Si. 2/28)

Though many things are mentioned in classics, an intelligent person

uses this information to understand logic behind it. Likewise, by samskaras &

formulations mentioned in classics & understanding the logic of

pancabhautika alteration behind it one can use the available dravyas as per

need.

IMPORTANCE :

5×RDCFE}TlJSFZF:T] VFzIFo4 5|S'lTlJS'lTlJRFZN[XSF,JXFo ×

(Ca.Su. 26/9)

While asserting conclusive remarks, regarding number of tastes in the

conference of sages, Punarvasu Atreya had narrated these five factors

influencing pancabhautika composition of a dravya. Here, the term Vikrti

implies Samskara, as per the explanation of Cakrapani.

So, samskara is one of the important tools in the hands of physician, to

make alterations in pancabhautika composition under controlled conditions,

thereby forming new dravya having expected guna-karmas as per need.

In 4 qualities of bhesaja, Anekavidha-Kalpana is one of the important

quality. Here, the other 3 qualities i.e. Bahuta, Yogyatva & Sampat may

degrade or decrease. But by making Samskara, multiple formulations can be


formed from single drug, (i.e.Bahuta) The drug can be made effective

according to different diseases or different stages of the same disease,(i.e.

Yogyatva) & potency can be increased by giving bhavana of same drug

(i.e.Sampat). In short, to increase qualities of bhesaja, Samskara is the only

important tool which is in the hands of physician.

Regarding this, Acarya Drdhabala in Siddhisthana 6th Chapter had

elaborated qualities of proper medication which are as under:

1) Alpamatram - having good effect, even if used in the

small dose,

2) Mahavegam - quicker in action,

3) Bahudosaharam - Curative of even an excessive degree of

morbidity of the dosas,

4) Sukham - Easy to take

5) Laghupakam - Light in digestion

6) Sukhasvadam - Palatable

7) Preenanam - Pleasing

8) Vyadhinasanam - Curative of the particular disease.

9) Vyapattau ca Avikari- Not harmful, even if complications arise

10) Natiglanikaram - Not very depressant

11) Gandha Varna Rasa upetam – Most agreeable smell, colour & taste.

To achieve all these qualities, Samskara is an important factor to made

changes as per requirement.

Acarya Caraka had mentioned samskara in paradi gunas, which are

called as Cikitsopayogi gunas. This indicates importance of Samskara in the

treatment modality.

Samskara is also one of the important factor of Astau-

AharaVidhivisesa ayatanas, indicating it’s importance in dietetic field.

It's very important thing to know which Samskara should be employed

to which dravya, because some drugs and diets, when prepared in a particular


way produce poisonous effects known as 'Samskara Virruddha'. eg.

Kampillaka boiled with buttermilk is Samskara Virruddha producing

poisonous effects. So, one should be aware of the mode of preparation i.e.

Samskara to be employed for a Dravya.

Above are some of the references showing importance of samskara.

Owing to constant use or unpalatability, if the wholesome regimen becomes

repulsive, it should be rendered palatable by various modes of preparation i.e.

through various samskaras. (Ca. Ci. 30/331)

Changes as per requirement - by skillfully carrying out synthetic and

analytic procedures on drugs with the help of

(a) Time factor & (b) by pharmaceutical processes i.e. Samskara, even

a small dose of a drug may produce powerful action and a big dose of

medication may produce very mild results (Ca. Ka. 12/48)

To increase potency of drugs (Ca. Ka. 12/47)

i) The dynamism of drugs may be increased by impregnation with their

expressed juice.

ii) A drug, even though small in measure becomes great in it’s action, if

well impregnated.

Therefore, drugs should be impregnated either with

a) Their own expressed juice or

b) The expressed juice of the drugs of similar potency.

UTILITY:

The utility of the concept of Samskara can be understood by various

references in the text showing it’s applied aspect.

Ghee is able to do thousands of functions if processed accordingly.

(Ca. Su. 27/232)

Taila is told to be Sarvarogapaham i.e. curing all the diseases, if proper

Samskara & Samyoga is done according to disease. (Ca Su. 27/287)


This may be one of the causes that in Ayurvedic texts, especially

caraka samhita, most of the preparations are found in taila or ghee form.

Haritaki is called as ‘sarvarogaprasamanim’after proper samskara,

samyoga etc. (Cakra.Ca.Ci.1-1/29) .

Heaviness of food articles can be converted into lightness and vice-

versa by the process of Samskara. E.g. Vrihi type of corn and Saktu (fried

corn flour) are heavy and light respectively in their natural state. But when

fried, Vrihi becomes light. Similarly Saktu becomes heavy, when boiled with

water. (Ca. Su. 27/339)

Ghee, though having similar qualities as that of Kapha-dosa can

alleviate the same after doing proper Samskara. (Ca. Ni. 1/37)

While suggesting treatment modality for the diseases occurring due to

viruddhahara, one of the preventive aspects is suggested as Abhisamskara of

Sarira i.e. using the rasayana drugs regularly in the body. So that Immunity

will be increased.(Ca.Su.26/104)

If the desire of pregnant lady is very strong, then even things which are

harmful can be given by neutralizing their injurious effects through samskaras

or adding wholesome things i.e. Samyoga. This is necessary with a view to

satisfy the desires. (Ca. Sa. 4/19)

In the case of Samskara Vaha sandha, the channels for the ejaculation

of Semen are obstructed by vata. But it can be corrected by doing some

procedures or processes (samskara) on the body i.e. by basti & administration

of aphrodisiac drugs. (Ca. Sa. 2/19)

The drug like Bhallataka which is of toxic nature can be very useful, if

administrated with proper samskara & samyoga.(Ca. ci. 1-2/17)

In patients of Raktapitta having Vibandha, Rabbit meat though having

Kasaya rasa, can be used as a laxative after samskar of Vastuka, which is

having laxative property. Similarly meat of partridge, Peacock etc. though hot


in potency becomes useful in raktapitta, aftet doing samskara with Udumbara

etc.which is having seta guna dominancy. (Cakra Ca. Ci. 4/49)


SAMSKARA AS A PROCESS, IT'S TYPES

AND EFFECT ON A DRAVYA

SAMSKARA AS A PROCESS :

Samskara as a process existed even before the term Samskara was

evolved. Since Vedika Kala, references are found showing different

Samskaras involved in method of preparation. ‘Soma Nirmana. Vidhi’ is one

of the well known example in which various Samskaras like Kuttan, Pesana,

Nispidana are there, though not mentioned separately as a Samskara. In

Samhitakala also, at majority of the places Samskara word is used for

different processes such as Svedana, Mardana, Bhavana, Manthana etc. In

Rasasastra and Bhaisajyakalapana, all the available references are indicative

of Samskara as a different processing or methods of preparation.

In Caraka Samhita, the oldest treatise of Ayurveda, after quoting

definition of Samskara, a list of various processes useful for making

Gunantaradhana is given.

TYPES :

In Brhat-trayi, directly types of Samskara are not mentioned. Clearcut

reference regarding types is found in Vaisesika Darsana which could be

understood according to view of Ayurveda as Ayurveda being a Svatantra

Maulika Darsana having it's own aims and objectives. 3 types of Samskara are

as follows (T.S.) :-

(1) Vegakhya Samskara : Situated in Prthvi, Apa, Teja, Vayu and Mind

i.e. Prthvivyadi, Catustayamanovrtti

(2) Sthiti Sthapaka Samskara : The Guna responsible for gaining the

previous Avastha, after Avastha has been changed by some external

source.It is situated in Katadiprthvi i.e. Katadi Prthvi Vrtti. It is a

Cause for Syandana .


(3) Bhavnakhya Samskara : as a impression or impregnation on mind,

causative factor for memory, situated in soul (Atma) i.e.

Atmamatravrtti

Now let us see the different processes mentioned in Caraka Samhita,

which could also be considered as types of Samskara.

(1) Toya Sannikarsa

(2) Agni Sannikarsa

(3) Sauca

(4) Manthana

(5) Desa

(6) Kala

(7) Vasana

(8) Bhavanadi

By adi all the pharmaceutical processes namely paka. Dhavana,

Nimajjana, Avapana, Nirvapana, Patana, Sosana, Sincana, Sthapana,

Mardana can be considered.

(9) Kala Prakarsa :

(10) Bhajanadi

By adi Pesana, Abhimantrana can also be included.

In this classification, it is important to note that, first preference is

given to Toyagni Sannikarsa. The cause can be understood by reviewing basic

Siddhanta of Pancamahabhutas. At the level of Pancamahabhutas, Prthvi is a

substratum or adhara for all the processes of Samyoga-Vibhaga and Akasa is

providing space for that. Remaining three Mahabhutas, namely Jala, Agni and

Vayu are responsible for transformations or changes taking place in a

substance.


In the process of evolution of Mahabhutas, sequence of evolution is

AKASA VAYU AGNI JALA PRTHVI

Here Agni Mahabhuta is having it's place right in the middle, showing

its significant role in the transformation of Mahabhutas. So, in any

Pancabhautika substance also, continuous changes or transformations are

taking place due to presence of Agni Mahabhuta in it. But the rate of

transformation may differ according to quantity of Agni Mahabhuta present in

it and other helpful conditions. By providing Agni from outside, one can

increase the rate of transformation.

Agni Murta Amurta (Prthvi & Jala) (Akasa & Vayu)

So, main role is of Agni Mahabhuta. Vayu and Jala are accessory or

helpful Mahabhutas in this transformation.

It can be explained by a one simple example in our daily life.

While making Roti, What we do? Firstly, we take a necessary raw

material i.e. Wheat flour which we want to transform into eatable Roti. Then

first step is to add water i.e. Jala Mahabhuta dominant Dravya

(Toyasannikarsa). After that, proper shape is given by hands so that

paramanus of both the dravyas get adhered with each other. This product,

after giving proper round shape (i.e. to increase surface area so that at a time

same amount of agni will be transformed to all the paramanus) is placed on a

gas for transformation by Agni Mahabhuta. (Agni Sannikarsa) After getting

proper amount of Agni, Vayu Mahabhuta present in the substance starts

increasing space i.e. Akasa Mahabhuta by making Vibhaga or separation of

paramanus. It is also noteworthy that while making roti, if this Akasa is

properly created by Vayu, then only that Roti becomes Laghu i.e. easily

digestible. If any of the step in this process is not done properly i.e. if amount

of water is increased, shape will not formed properly or if amount of agni


given is more or less than required amount. Then this will affect the end

product i.e. proper roti will not be formed.

So in this way in any of the transformation, main role is played by

Agni Mahabhuta followed by Vayu and Jala Mahabhutas respectively.

That's why in all the process mentioned as a Samskara,Toya

Sannikarsa and / or Agni Sannikarsa are Mandatory. The proportion and

amount may differ in different processes.

Here, it is also important to note that, during process of transformation

either heat is formed i.e. liberated, known as exothermic reaction or heat is

required for the process of transformation, known as endothermic reaction.

The difference between transformation and Samskara is that transformation

can takes place in any manner forming any dravya. But Samskara is making

transformation in a proper way, by providing required conditions, to get the

expected resultant. As karana Karyavada (cause effect relationship) is widely

accepted Siddanta in Ayurvedic texts, Karana can get transformed into any

Karya. But for "Samyak Karyotpatti", the process which is creatively done in

proper way is termed as Samskara.

Transformation Karana Karya Samskara Karana Samyak Karya (as per requirement)

So, in a broad sense, Samskara as a process can be classified under

following 3 headings

(1) Toya Sannikarsa

(2) Agni Sannikarsa

(3) Toyagni Sannikarsa


Samskara

Toyasannikarsa Agni sannikarsa Toyagnisannikarsa

Sauca Desa Manthana

Dhavana Kala Bhavana

Nimajjana Kalaprakarsa Nirvapana

Sincana Paka Pesana

Vasana etc. Daha Svedana etc.

Avapana Mardana

Sosana etc.

These are the some of the examples given to understand the logic

behind it. By using this, all the processes could be classified under these 3

headings.

Sauca is cleansing with water, so it is considered under toyasannikarsa.

In Dhavana instead of water, different medicated decoctions are also used,

which are Jala Mahabhuta dominant, so considered under toyasannikarsa. In

nimajjana, a substance is placed in specific decoction or liquid medium for

specific time.

In all the above processes, one factor is common i.e. use of Jala

Mahabhuta dominant dravya. Prthvi dominant impurities and impurities

which are soluble in water get removed due to this. According to

Pancamahabhuta Siddhanta, to make changes in Prthvi dominant dravya (i.e.

Parthiva Dravya), Jala Mahabhuta is required to soften the hardness present in

Parthiva Dravyas. Also Jala Mahabhuta penetrates into Parthiva dravya and

loosens the molecular bonding, thereby accumulating space present in

between molecules. As the sequence of evolution is from Akasa to Prthvi, the

sequence of dissolution is reversing i.e. Prthvi, Jala, Agni, Vayu, Akasa. So as

the Prthvi gets dissoluted into Jala Mahabhuta, Jala Mahabhuta dominant

dravyas are used in the above processes.


Desa, Kala are the terms having broad aspect, so how these can be

considered under Agnisannikarsa? This is the speciality of Ayurveda,

especially Caraka Samhita. Here in this context, according to Adhikarana

Tantrayukti, if one sees the explanation and examples given by Cakrapani for

Desa and Kalaprakarsa, he comes to know the answer. Here, Desa Samskara

implies putting specific Dravya (eg. Asava, Arista etc), in a specific place i.e.

beneath Bhasmarasi, Dhanya Rasi etc. Purpose of putting the Dravya in

particular place is to maintain controlled temperature or heat pattern which is

required for formation of end product. In this way, this can be included in

Agnisannikarsa. Also Kalaprakarsa implies putting a Dravya for specific time,

required to enhance maximum potential of end product. Again example given

is Asava Arista etc. which are generally kept in a controlled temperature

condition for nearly 15 days of time. Here though Caraka has metioned Kala

and Kalaprakarsa as separate entities, Cakrapani has not mentioned it

differently by giving example of only Kalaprakarsa.

Mardana, Sosana, Paka etc can be clearly considered under Agni

Sannikarsa, though the amount of Agni required for the above said processes

is in the increasing order respectively. As Mardanajanya agni is produced

(may be due to exothermic reaction) which is in less amount but for longer

duration in process of Mardana, while in Paka, more amount of Agni is given

directly(i.e. endothermic reaction) may be for shorter or longer duration as per

requirement.

Maximum number of processes requires toya and Agni Sanikarsa both

to carry out transformation e.g. in Manthana process, Water is added to Dadhi

(curd) and it is then churned by a Churner. In this process of churning also, a

specific amount of Agni gets produced which is required to increase

Laghutva, Sothaghna properties forming new product butter milk (Takra).

In Nirvapana, firstly the substance is heated (Agnisanikarsa) and then

is dipped in specific decoctions, oil or Kanji etc. (Toyasannikarsa)


Pesana process can be considered under Toyagnisannikarsa, as while

doing Pesana with Jala, some amount of Agni is also produced due to

friction(i.e.may be due to exothermic reaction). In Svedana process, clearly

Toyagni Sannikarsa is there.

In this way, some of the examples of Samskara are explained. Keeping

this view in mind, remaining all the processes can be included under these 3

headings only. This is all about the types of Samskara as mentioned in Caraka

Samhita.

Though Susruta Samhita and Astanga Hrdaya had not contributed

much about the types and concept of Samskara, Astanga Samgraha had given

good contribution by mentioning Various (22) examples of Samskara

collected at one place i.e. in Sutra Sthana 7th Chapter (221 to 231verse) Indu

again has contributed well by classifying these examples under different

headings which are as under :

1. Samskara Visesa

2. Svabhava Visesa

3. Samskara Svabhava

4. Avastha Visesa

5. Patra Visesa

6. Kriya Visesa

7. Kriya Svabhava Visesa

8. Kriya Svabhava Krto Visesa

9. Kriya Proyoga Visesa

10. Kriya Samyoga Visesa

11. Samyoga Samskara Visesa

12. Samskara KalaVisesa


If one again tries to understand it more clearly, the following words are

repeatedly used in the above classification.

1. Samyoga SamyogaSamskara Visesa

2. Samskara Samskara Svabhava

3. Kala Samskara Kala Visesa

4. Svabhava Kriya Svabhavkrito

5. Kriya Kriya Svabhava

6. Prayoga Kriya Prayoga

7. Patra and

8. Avastha

One can consider these as the factors responsible for various

transformations or means to create the Samskara in a Substance. Now let us

see the examples mentioned under these headings, so that the concept will be

more clear.

(1) Samskara Visesa : Under this heading following examples are

mentioned by Indu.

(a) Ardraka dipped in lime water Sunthi (Toyagnisannikarsa) (Guru) Dried in sunlight (Laghu)

Here Ardraka before and after dipping in lime water dried in sunlight.

So Jala Mahabhuta dominance gets decreased and Agni Mahabhuta

dominance increased comparatively, so that Ardraka having Guru

Guna is converted into Sunthi having Laghu Guna.

(b) Saktu Siddha Pindika (Toyagnisannikarsa) (Svabhavalaghu) (Guru)

Here Saktu is Svabhavalaghu, but when Pindika is made from it, it

becomes Guru.

Kriya Samyoga Visesa


(C) Brihi Laja (Guru, Pittakara) (Laghu, Pittahara)

Here Brihi which is Guru and Pittakara, after Samskara becomes

Laghu and Pittahara.

(d) Mudga Alpa Svedana

Kulmasa (Toyagni Sannikarsa) (Laghu, Samgrahana Svabhavi) (Guru, Bhedi)

Mudga which is Laghu and Samgrahaka by nature is

transformed to Kulmasa, which is Guru and Bhedi after Alpa Svedana.

Here also toyagni sannikarsa is there. But alpa word is indicative of

Agni Mahabhuta used is less, as compared to Jala Mahabhuta. Also

Vayu Mohabhuta which is dominant in Mudga responsible for

Samgrahana Svabhava and Laghu Guna get decreased after

alpasvedana.

(e) Ama Takra Agni Samskara Pakva Takra (Agni Sannikarsa)

(Atisamgrahanam) (Kincita Samgrahanam)

Here also, Ama Takra which is Atisamgrahana get converted

into Pakva Takra after Agni Samskara which is Kincita Samgrahanam.

Here, Vayu Mahabhuta responsible for Sosana acivity in Ama Takra

get decreased and Agni Mahabhuta is increased comparatively, due to

Agni Samskara.

(f) Ama Mulakam Agni

Pakva Mulakam (Agni Sannikarsa) (Tridosakaram) Samskara (Adosalam)

Ama Mulaka which is Tridosakara becomes Adosala after Agni

Samskara on it. This is one of the example illustrating how Samskara is

useful in removing dosas from the substacne.

(g) Visanasanam Maksikam Agni

Visibhavati

(Antitoxic) honey Samskara

(toxic)

It is the example showing how Samskara can be harmful, if not

properly used in proper substance. Honey which is antitoxic by nature,

becomes toxic substance after Agni Samskara (If heated).

These are some of the examples of Samskara Visesa.


(2) Svabhava Visesa:

Dadhi Manthana

Takra

(Snigdha) Samskara

Navaneeta

(Sophakara) (Both are Snigdha

but no Sophakara)

Dadhi (Curd) which is Snigdha and Sophakara, after Manthana

Samskara yields 2 substances- Takra (Buttermilk) and Navaneeta

(Butter). Both are Snigdha but not Sophakara. Here the resson given by

Indu as Svabhava Visesa. But the reason lies in Samskara only, as

Manthana Samskara is done, Some amount of Agni is produced

(exothermic reaction) in the process due to Manthana, which changes

Abhisyandi and Guru Dadhi into Anabhisyandi and Laghu Takra.

(3) Samskara Svabhava :

Indu has given example of Samskarita and Asamskarita Takra.

In diseases like Peenasa etc. Samskarita Takra is only useful,

Asamskarita is not useful. Indu tells it as Samskara Svabhava. But, it is

not that much clear. According to Panchamabhuta Siddhanta, it can be

said that Vayu Mahabhuta dominance responsible for seeta sparsa in

takra gets reduced and Agni Mahabhuta dominance increased

comparatively, after agni Samskara which is useful in diseases like

peenasa, having Vata Dosa dominance.

(4) Avastha Visesa :

Kseera Avasthantaram

Dadhi (Curd) Ghee

(Madhura, Sara Kala Samskara

(Amla, Grahi, (Kseera

Seeta, Vataghna) Usna, Vataghna) Sadrsam)

Ajata Dadhi Takra

(Vatakaram) Kasayamla Grahi

Amla Bhedanam

Here, only Kseera is forming different substances according to

different Samskaras. i.e. Kseera (Madhura, Sara, Seeta) is getting


transformed into Dadhi (Amla, Grahi, Usna) by kala samskara, having

exactly different properties. Again, after Agni Samskara, it is gettng

converted into Ghee, which is Kseera Sadrsam i.e. Madhura, Seeta, etc.

Again the by-product formed in the process is Takra having different

properties than Dadhi. So, here it is termed as Avastha Visesa of the

same substance as it is exhibiting different properties according to

different Avastha.

(5) Patra Visesa :

Draksa Kept in Lohapatra

Draksa (Madhura, Vatapittahara) (Amlatvam, Tridosakaram)

It is also important that Patra (Pot) used for keeping Bhesaja

should be such that there should be enhancement of properties of

Bhesaja. Care should be taken that material used for Patra should not

be chemically reactive with the Bhesaja, forming a new substance

thereby decreasing the expected properties. The example mentioned

above for Patra Visesa is indicative of this fact only. When Draksa is

kept in Patra made up of iron, it induces mild chemical reaction,

thereby increasing sourness and Tridosa Karatva in Draksa.

As Madhura Draksa is getting converted to Amla, it can be said

that Prthvi and Jala Mahabhuta dominance is getting changed to Prthvi

and Agni Mahabhuta dominance disturbing the natural Pancabhautika

Sanghatana of Draksa making it tridosakara.

In Caraka Samhita, it is termed as Bhajana Samskara.

(6) Kriya Visesa

Sali Pista

Svabhavaguru Godhumat api (Laghu) Pesana Samskara Adhikam Gurutvam Yati

Here, Sali which is Laghu by nature, becomes more Guru than

Svabhavaguru Godhuma after Pesana Samskara. After Pesana


Samskara, Vayu Mahabhuta dominance gets reduced and Jala

Mahabhuta dominance increases making it Guru.

(7) Kriya Svabhava Visesa :

Tila Khalataila

(Slesmakara) (Aslesmakara)

Tila is Slesmakara, but Khalatail made up of tila is aslesmakara.

This is due to Kriya Svabhava Visesa. Here Prthvi dominance in Tila is

getting reduced after making Khala Taila.

(8) Kriya Svabhavakrto Visesa :

(Bharjana Samskara)

Raktasali Bhrsta

Prthuka (Svabhava Laghu) Musalcinna (Guru)

(Kuttana Samskara)

Rakta Sali which is Laghu by nature, after Bhrista and

Musalacinna gets converted into Prthuka which is Guru. It is similar to

Kriya Svabhavavisesa i..e it is Svabhavavisesa of this Kriya (Process)

which is responsible for this transformation. Here also Vayu

Mahabhuta dominance in Raktasali decreases and Prthvi + Jala

Mahabhuta dominance increases in the process thereby making

Prthuka Guru.

(9) Kriya Prayoga Visesa :

Candanasya Lepa Slaskna, Suska, Ghana- Dahakara

Aguro lepa Parusa, Ardra, Tanu – Seetakrta

Candana having sitaveerya is showing Dahakara effect, if

applied on the body in Slaskna, Suska, and Ghana form. Whereas,

Aguru which is Usna Virya, shows Sita Krta (Cooling) effect, if

applied on the body in Parusa, Ardra and Tanu form. So, here Kriya

Prayoga i.e. method of application is showing this difference. But this

example is showing more relevance to Samyoga rather than Samskara.


(10) Kriya Samyoga Visesa :

Guda + Dadhi Rasala (Jaggery) (Curd) (Guru) (Guru) (Atigurutara)

After Samyoga of Dadhi and Guda (both Guru), the resultant

formed Rasala is Atigurutara i.e. showing more grade of heaviness

than expected. This is termed as Kriya Samyoga Visesa by Indu.

(11) Samyoga Samskara Visesa

Guda + Toya Panakam

(Mutral) (Mutral) (Atimutralam, Atiguru Karana- apeksaya)

This example is again showing the similarity with above

example of Kriya Samyoga Visesa. But Indu termed it as Samyoga

Samskara Visesa.

(12) Samskara Kala Visesa :

Dhataki +

Guda (Jaggery) +

Water

Madya Sukta

Dhataki, Guda and water when combined and kept together, it is

Samskara and Kala that decides whether it will be Madya or Sukta. So,

it is considered under Samskara kala visesa by Indu.


PANCAMAHABHUTA SIDDHANTA

(BHUTANTARANUPRAVESA)

AND IT’S RELATION WITH SAMSKARA

;J"\ ãjI\ 5F×REF{lTSDŸ Vl:DGŸ VY[" ×

(Ca.Su. 26/10)

All the perceivable mattes existing in this universe are pancabhautika.

Pancamahabhutas are at the juncture of the subtle to the more gross

manifestation of the universe. But according to some, it is more of a mental

exercise and has very less practical application. The rationale of anything and

everything which cannot be explained by Tridosas can be very well

interpreted by pancamahabhuta siddhanta. The concept of Pancamahabhuta

siddhanta provides ultimate solution for the queries as told by acarya susruta.

E}T[eIF[ lC 5Z\ I:DFTŸ GFl:T lRgTF lRlSlt;T[ ×

(Su.Sa. 1/13)

In present days of globalization, all the rational sceptics are engrossed

in finding the basic reasons for transformation or existence. Even the most

modernized equipment leads them to a more pensive problem. It is the

limitation of theirs which has attracted them to eastern philosophy. Ayurveda

can provide them with a more sound explanation on the basis of

pancamahabhuta siddhanta. Developing oneself with this concept will make

the fundamentals very clear and strong.

Usually, the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of a dravya

depends on it’s pancabhautika composition. This pharmacology can be

modified with the help of Samskaras. A clear cut understanding of the

samskaras with the exposition of pancamahabhutas will give the physician an

advantage to confidently employ the samskaras suiting the occasion.


So, firstly it is necessary to understand normal pancabhautika

composition of a dravya. One can understand this mainly in two phases

through:

I) Evolution of Mahabhutas theory and

II) Formation of Pancabhautika Drayva

I) Evolution of Mahabhutas :

Evolution of Mahabhutas takes place in 3 stages:

a) 1st Stage Evolution of Pancatanmatra

b) 2nd Stage Bhutantaranupravesa (Imitative Pervasion)

c) 3rd Stage Pancikarana (Reciprocal Pervasion)

From the Avyakta, a brief look up to the evolution of Mahabhutas is as

follows:

Avyakta

Mahat

Ahankara

Satva Rajas

Tamas

(Sendriya) 11 Indriyas

(Nirindriya)

Sabda Tanmatra

Sparsa Tanmatra

Rupa Tanmatra

Rasa Tanmatra

Gandha Tanmatra

Akasa

MahabhutaVayu

MahabhutaAgni

MahabhutaJala

MahabhutaPrthvi

Mahabhuta

a) 1st Stage Evolution of Pancatanmatara

At the level of practical utility, tanmatra form of Mahabhutas can be

considered as eternal. The Ahamkara manifested from Mahat contains three


characteristics. It has got mass (i.e. tamas), energy (i.e. Rajas) and essence

(i.e. Satva)

The rajas (i.e. energy) charges tamas (i.e. mass) in specific quantities.

The first product of Ahamkara by these two is Sabda-tanmatra.

Avyakta has subtle quantum of potential energy with mass in

rudimentary stage as it’s seat or vehicle. Due to the potential difference in

them, elementary forces come into action producing the potential of vibration

or oscillation i.e. sound potential in them which is called as the Sabdatanmatra

of Akasa. The vibration further originates the quantum of elementary forces to

act vigorously producing the potential of touch, called as sparsatanmatra

vayu. The constant vibrations may produce collisions resulting into evolution

of heat and light radiation potential called Rupatanmatra Agni. The forces

further produce viscous attractions towards each other, increasing the

condensations. This is called as Rasa tanmatra apa, with potentials of taste

and viscous attractions.. The viscous attraction produces cohesive

condensation and the quanta collocate with smell potential called

gandhatanmatra prthvi.

In short, evolution of panca tanmatra from the bhutadi ahamkara is as

follows : Bhutadi Ahamkara

Sabda tanmatra Akasa

Sparsatanmatra Vayu

Rupatanmatra Agni

Rasatanmatra Apa

Gandha Tanmatra Prthvi


Tanmatra is a subtle quantum of mahabhuta category having a specific

energy or mass. Philosophical sciences defined them as having a material

form and not divisible further.

b) 2nd Stage Bhutantaranupravesa (Imitative pervasion)

In this process, tanmatras undergo some reactions to form the pre-

molecules of Mahabhutas. These reactions with their products are as above.

Sr. No.

Reactions Product

1 Sabdatanmatra Akasa Sabdatanmatra Akasa

2 Sabdatanmatra akasa + Sparsatanmatra vayu Bitanmatric vayu

3 Bitanmatric vayu + Rupa tanmatra Agni Tritanmatric Agni

4 Tritanmatric agni + Rasa tanmatra apa Tetratanmatric apa

5 Tetratanmatric apa + Gandha tanmatra prthvi Penta tanmatric prthvi

C) 3rd Stage Pancikarana (Reciprocal Pervasion)

The process by which molecules of the mahabhutas are formed from

the products formed (in the reactions of Bhutan taranupravesa) is called as

pancikarana.

The procedure of pancikarana explained by Vedanta is as follows:

i) Each molecule formed in the reaction of Bhutan taranupravesa divides

into two parts. These parts may not be always equal.

ii) The first part of division again divides into four parts; these 4 parts also

may not be necessarily in equal proportions.

iii) One of these 4 parts gets exchanged with all four other molecules.

iv) Now all the molecules have fractions of each other.

Now the products which are going to act as single units in the

manifestation of universe are formed. These conjugated forms of tanmatra are

termed as Mahabhutas.


The grossness or subtleness of these formed Mahabhutas will depend

upon the number of pancikaranas took place in the formation of that

particular Mahabhuta i.e. Due to more pancikaranas Mahabhuta will be more

gross, while if pancikaranas are less Mahabhuta will be subtle.

The diagrammatic representation of Mahabhuta formation is as shown

in the figure.

II) Formation of Pancabhautika dravya:

The Mahabhutas so formed, by the bhutantaranupravesa and

pancikarana reactions of tanmatra, undergo specific procedures of conjugation

to form the manifested pancabhautika dravyas of the universe, around us.

Samhitakaras and the tikakaras have not explained much about the

reactions taking place in between Mahabhutas. Moreover Cakrapani says that,

these reactions of Mahabhutas takes place due to some unknown force i.e.

Adrsta. (Ca.ci.1/29-37) Hence, no logic can be suggested in such case. But

there is an indirect reference from susruta samhita, which could be the

solution for the above query. Acarya Susruta has enlisted 3 words (Su.su.

42/3,Su.sa.3/3)

I) Paraspara - samsarga

II) Parasparanugraha

III) Parasparanupravesa

So, there are 3 types of conjugations taking place in between

Mahabhutas to form pancabhautika dravya.

I) Paraspara samsarga - —5Z:5Z;\;UF"TŸ VgIF[gI;\IF[UFTŸ ×c Dalhana

In this process two or more Mahabhutas come in contact and simply

get attached to each other to form pancabhautika dravya. This can be

compared with making of bonds in the compound structure.


In this type of conjugation, all the participating Mahabhutas will

maintain an independent manifestation. The bonds formed between

mahabhutas by such type of conjugation are not much strong so that they can

be separated easily from each other.

II) Parasparanugraha:- —5Z:5ZFG]U|CFTŸ VgIF[gIp5SFZFTŸ ×c Dalhana

Anugraha means Upakara, give and take relationship, to enhance

properties of each other. In this type of conjugation reaction, mahabhutas act

in such a way that they will favour each other. This can be explained with one

example

e.g. an atom having an extra electron in it's orbit and another atom

requiring one electron for it's stability. Here if two atoms combine, there will

be give and take of that extra electron from either part respectively. Due to

this sharing of electrons, both the atoms will get stability.

In this type of conjugation, bonds will be stronger as compared to

parasparasamsarga type.

III) Parasparanupravesa-—5Z:5ZFG]5|J[XFTŸ VG]5|J[XFTŸ

,SFtDLEFJFTŸ ×c Dalhana

parasparanupravesa type of conjugation can be understand by two

ways:-

a) Submerging of Mahabhutas in to each other,

b) Pancikarana at mahabhuta level

a) Sabmerging of Mahabhutas :-

P

TAP

P AP+ P AP


In this type of conjugation, Mahabhutas get submerged into each other.

So the presence of the submerged Mahabhuta cannot be understood

apparently, but in some processes or reactions, submerged Mahabhuta get

visualised exhibiting it's gunas. Vicitrapratyayarabdhatva can be explained on

this basis.

b) Pancikarana at Mahabhuta level:-

This parasparanupravesa procedure is of pancikarana again, but at

Mahabhuta level. After initial pancikarana procedure, the Mahabhutas now

have the characteristic qualities of all five tanmatras which are objects of the

five sense organs. But, due to limitations or definite range of human senses,

one is unable to perceive so formed Mahabhuta-molecule. To reach up to the

perceiving level, the Mahabhutas must follow some procedures to become

more gross. Although, vedanta dose not say clearly if this pancikarana

procedure takes place only once or multiple times, one can imagine it to

happen several times to form various varieties of pancabhautika dravyas.

Grossness or subtleness of any pancabhautika dravya depends upon the

number of pancikaranas at mahabhuta level. More number of pancikaranas in

between Mahabhutas, leads to utilization of more mahabhautika energy to

bind Mahabhautika bonds inside it, so free energy is less reducing it's

activities. But simultaneously, due to more pancikaranas, the pancabhautika

dravya will get more stability. While if pancikaranas in between Mahabhutas

are less, although stability will be lessened but the free energy and there by

the activity of pancabhautika dravya so formed will be more.

AP

VA

TE


Thus, it can be said that, in living body, dosas are having less number

of pancikaranas, there fore less stability but dominance in actions over dhatus

and malas. While, dhatus are having medium pancikaranas, so more stability

than dosas but less activity. In case of malas, maximum pancikaranas takes

place. So they have maximum stability with no activity.

So these are the various processes on the basis of which formation of

pancabhautika dravya from Mahabhutas can be explained.

Now efforts to be made to understand after Samskara, actually what

changes can takes place in pancabhautika composition of a dravya resulting

into gunantaradhana?(i.e.change in gunas) Though the gunas and karmas of

any pancabhautika dravya are manifestations of total effect of conjugation &

configuration of Mahabhutas, generally Mahabhuta which is dominant shows

maximum guna-karmas. So the pancabhautika dravya is termed as parthiva,

apya ets. according to dominance of prithvi & Apa Mahabhutas respectively.

Thus whenever guanantaradhana (i.e.change in gunas) takes place in any

pancabhautika dravya, it is due to change in dominant Mahabhuta. In short, it

can be said that gunantaradhana takes place by samskara due to change in

dominant Mahabhutas. Here Gunantaradhana may be of 3 types.

According to Jejjata, Samskara or processing has 3 objects :-(ca.ka.

1/3Jejjata)

1) Gunotkarsa (potentiation)

2) Vibhaga (division)

3) Bheda (variation) and

Elaborating it further, Cakrapani says that, Bheda means variation in

use while vibhaga is division of drugs.

So 3 types of gunantaradhana:-

1) Gunotkarasa - potency of existing gunas will be enhanced by

Samskara. e.g. to increase seeta & dahasamaka guna of Pravala (

coral), bhavana of gulaba jala (rose water) is given, which is having


seeta & dahasamaka property. si.e.V<5:I Vl5 DCFY"tJDŸ ×f

2) Vibhaga (division) Potency of unwanted existing guna (i.e.dosa) will

be decreased by samskara i.e. dosaparihara

e.g. To reduce excessive Usna, teeksna gunas of gandhaka (sulphur )

Sodhana samskara is done with the help of milk and ghee which are having

seeta & manda properties (i.e. 5|E}T:I V<5SD"TFDŸ ×f

3) Bheda (variation):- i.e. Variation in gunas. Entirely new gunas get

manifested in a dravya after samskara.

e.g. Vrihi which is guru & pitta-dosa vitiating, becomes laghu & pitta-

dosa alleviating after agni-samskara. So, here entirely new gunas get

manifested after Samskara.

This above said gunantaradhana can be explained on the basis of

reactions/ interactions taking place at Mahabhuta level, thereby altering the

pancabhautika composition ( Mahabhuta dominance ) of a dravya.

INTERACTION BETWEEN MAHABHUTAS:-

Due to samskara, the alteration which takes place at the level of

Mahabhutas (i.e. change in dominant Mahabhuta) will get manifested in the

form of change in gunas i.e. gunantaradhana.

Two types of dravyas participate in the process of samskara:-

i. Samskaraka dravya: - with the help of which Samskara is created on

a dravya.

ii. Samskarita dravya: - Dravya on which Samskara is created.

e.g. svedana samskara of amalaki

In this process Jala & agni are samskaraka dravyas and amalki is a

Samskarita dravya.

1) Gunotkarsa:- Here, in gunotkarsa type of gunantaradhana as seen

in the above ensample Samskaraka & samskarita dravyas are having


same dominant Mahabhuatas. So, in the process of samskara, quantity

of dominant Mahabhuta gets increased, there by forming a

pancabhautika dravya of same guna, but in maximum intensity.

2) Vibhaga (division) :- In this type of gunantaradhana, interacting

Mahabhutas of Samskaraka & samskarita dravya are opposite to each

other, so the dominant Mahabhuta get expressed it self.

In the above said example of gandhaka-sodhana, dominant Agni

Mahabhuta in Gandhaka exhibits Usna - teeksna gunas excessively. So,

here potency is decreased with the help of Apa Mahabhuta dominant

dravya having seeta & manda gunas, there by reducing excess of Agni

Mahabhuta dominance.

3) Bheda (Variation):- If the samskara is being done on a pancabhautika

dravya having parasparanupravesa type of conjugation, then apparently

presence of submerged Mahabhuta get manifested itself in the form of

different guna which is not present in either of the dominant

Mahabhutas of samskaraka and samskarita dravya.

From the above discussion the interaction between the

Mahabhutas seems very simple. But it is not so in reality. There are

many other factors which affect these reactions such as

a. Quantity of the dominant Mahabhutas taking part in the reaction.

b. Relative quantity of other Mahabhutas.

e.g. guruta and Laghuta of Lavana and amla rasas respectively.

Prthvi Mahabhuta is considered heavier than all the rest of

Mahabhutas.Still Amla is laghu, which has dominance of Prthvi and agni

Mahabhutas. While lavana is guru which has dominance of Jala & agni

Mahabhutas.

Lavana - Jala + Agni Guru

Amla - prthvi + Agni Laghu


It the agni Mahabhuta from both the rasas is considered constant for a

while, then why prthvi dominant rasa is laghu? Similarly, why Jala dominant

rasa is guru ? Here, the quantity of the Mahabhutas has played the important

role in determining resultant guna.

Hence, Cakrapani rightly says that, only by knowing the participating

dominant Mahabhatas, gunas of dravya cannot be determined.

—ITF[ G E}TlGJ[X[G UF{ZJ,F3J[ XÉIT[ VJWFZlIT]DŸ ×c

Cakra. Ca. Su. 26/53-56

c. Configuration of the reacting Mahabhutas:

Mode of arrangement of Mahabhutas in a particular dravya also affects

the resultant gunas.

e.g. Glucose & fructose have the same chemical formulae, but different

molecular arrangements, due to which their properties are different.

So, if Mahabhutas are present in same quantity in two different

dravyas, but still their gunas will be different if configuration of Mahabhutas

differs.

Vicitrapratyayarabdha phenomenon can be explained on this basis i.e.

after process of Jatharagni, there is change in the configuration of Mahabhutas

resulting in a vipaka which is not according to rasa.

Arundatta on A.H.su.8/27-28 also states the same thing

—lJlR+5|tIIFo GFGFSFZ ;lgGJ[X lJX[QFI]ÉTFlG DCFE}TFlGPPPP ×c VPìP;}P9/27-28 VPNP

i.e. 1) Nanakara - difference in shapes & size of Mahabhutas,and

2) Nana sannivesa - difference in specific arrangement of Mahabhutas

is responsible for vicitrapratyayarabdhatva.

Cakrapani also supports this, but ultimately he concludes that, this

difference in configuration is due to adrsta. Hence, it cannot be explained.


The possible method to understand these configurations is "Action of that

particular dravya.”

—VI\ E}TFGF\ ;lgGJ[XF[ VN'Q8 5|EFJS'T ,J4 ; R ;lgGJ[Xo SFI"NX"G[G pgG[Io ×c Cakra Ca. Su. 26/40

Now in a comprehensive view, it can be said that, "gunantaradhana by

samskara" at the level of Mahabhutas, depend on the following factors:-

1) The quantity of dominant Mahabhutas taking part in reaction,

2) Relative quantity of other Mahabhutas present in a pancabhautika

dravya,

3) The configuration of reacting Mahabhutas,

4) Type of reaction / interaction taking place in between reacting

Mahabhutas.

5) Type of conjugation (paraspara-samsarga etc.) by which pancabhautika

(samskarita) dravya is formed.

6) Shapes & size of the Mahabhuta- molecules.


SAMSKARA FOR THE FORMATION

OF NEW DRAVYAS THROUGH ALTERATION IN

PANCABHAUTIKA COMPOSITION

As discussed in previous chapters, Samskara is having it's important

role in alteration of pancabhautika composition of a dravya, forming a new

dravya having different guna-karmas. In 26th Chapter Acarya Caraka also has

mentioned samskara as one of the factor influencing pancabhautika

composition, in the name of Vikrti (Cakra ca su 26/9).So, single dravya can

be used multidimensionally with the different samskaras. In this regard

only,.Acarya Caraka asserted after explaining guna –karmas of parthivadi

dravyas.

—VG[G p5N[X[G G VGF{QFlWE}T\ HUlT lS\lRTŸ ãjIDŸ p5,eIT[ ×c

(Ca.Su. 26/12)

i.e. No any dravya existing in this world is without medicinal use. All

the available dravyas can be used as medicine. But it requires proper logic &

proper yukti ( i.e. with proper samskara, samyoga, Matra etc. according to

patient) Here, Samskara is one of the important factor in yukti i.e. proper

samskara on proper drug according to status of dosa etc. of a patient will lead

to proper yukti. Cakrapani also states in similar way.

—I]lÉTo IF[HGF4 NF[QFFlN V5[1FIF E[QFH:I ;DLRLG S<5GF ×c

(Cakra. Ca.Su. 26/29)

"Samichina Kalpana" is a very important word denoting importance

of selection of proper drug & proper samskara according to status of dosa etc.

in the patient. So here, efforts will be made, to discuss mainly about the

selection of drug in general, for development of various samskaras &

selection of Samskara accroding to drug.


SELECTION OF DRUG :

For creating a base for selection of drug, one can take help of ‘Loka-

purusa samya’ siddhanta which is very well known and vastly applied in

ayurvedika texts by ancient acaryas.

By samkara,one is making changes in the pancabhautika composition

of a dravya outside the body. When the dravya is taken inside the body, it is

subjected to changes in pancabhautika composition at different levels of Agni.

In the process of ingestion, digestion etc. samyoga & vibhaga happens in the

pancabhautika composition & changes takes place in the combination of

dominant mahabhutas.It is mainly happening at 4 levels

1) Rasa - During perception of rasa

2) Vipaka - After pacakagni samskara

3) Guna - After bhautikagni samskara

4) Virya- After Dhatvagni samskara

In Samana- Pratyayarabha dravyas, combination or conjugation of

dominant mahabhutas is not changing due to strong affinity. So vipaka,

veerya & gunas are according to Rasa. While in vicitra-pratyayarabdha

dravyas, affinity between dominant mahabhutas is not much strong so that

combination of dominant mahabhutas get changed at each level (i.e.

pacakagni, bhautikagni, Dhatvagni, etc.) so vipaka & Gunas are not according

to Rasa.

As, in Vicitra-Pratyayarabdha dravyas, Mahabhuta dominance is

changing at each level inside the body, it can be said that vicitra-

pratyayarabha dravyas are versatile enough to be get changed differently by

different samskaras, outside the body also according to ‘loka-purusa samya’

siddhanta.


Thus, various new dravyas having different guna- karmas can be

created by employing different Samskaras to Vicitra-Pratyayaradbha dravyas.

But this is again different topic of research. So need not to go further in more

details. This whole discussion is based on the consideration that arambhaka

mahabhutas of Rasa and dravya are same.

Here, now the second question arises as which type of samskara should

be selected for a particular dravya?

SELECTION OF SAMSKARA

Selection of Samskara for any dravya will depend on:-

1) Mahabhuta dominance of that dravya

2) Configuration of mahabhutas

Any Samskara could not be employed to any dravya. Specific kalpanas

of specific dravyas are effective.

for e.g. The dravyas having apa mahabhuta dominance will be more

effective in cold infusion i.e. Hima kalpana. Dravyas having agni mahabhuta

dominance will be more effective in hot infusion i.e. phanta kalpana. But this

is again depends on the patient, type of disease, stage of disease, status of

dosas etc. in which dravya is to be used. So, it cannot be the firm rule that

such type of samskara should be employed to such type of mahabhuta

dominant dravyas. One classical reference regarding the kalpana according to

nature of a dravya is found in caraka cikitsa sthana 1/3-30

cD^0}S5^IF"o :JZ;o 5|IF[ßIo 1FLZ[6 IQ8LDW]S:I R}6"DŸ × Z;F[ U]0}rIF:T] ;D},5]Q%IFo S<So 5|IF[ßIo B,] X\B5]Q%IFo ××

i.e. mandukaparni - svarasa should be used

Yastimadhu - curana should be used

Guduci - svarasa should be used &


shankhapuspi - kalka should be used.


DRUG REVIEW

Aim of the present study was not to evaluate the action of Bhesaja or to

find out an effective drug for particular disease, but to assess the effect of

Samskara on the drug. So, it was necessary to choose the suitable drug to

establish practical aspects of Samskara. After reviewing the classics, Haritaki

was found to be suitable drug, which gives an ample scope to demonstrate the

effect of Various Samskaras as mentioned in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu.

——RlJ"TF JW"IlT VluG\ 5[lQFTF D,XMlWGL × l:JgGF ;\U|FlC6L 5|MÉTF E'Q8F 5yIF l+NMQFG]TŸ ××cc EFP5|P5}P The same drug, after being subjected to two different Samskaras,

shows contrary actions. When Pesana Samskara is being done on Haritaki, it

shows Mala Sodhana activity. Whereas when Swinna, it shows Samgrahana

activity. Here Haritaki is common and only the Samskara is variable. So, it

can be said that, this significant change in the action of drug is due to different

Samskaras. This variation with Samskara, as the root cause can be rationally

deducted with the help of Pancamahabhuta Siddhanta. Though, the possible

configuration and quantity of Mahabhutas forming Pancabhautika Dravya is

difficult to understand, Mahabhuta dominance can be detected by Gunas and

Karmas of that Dravya.

——VI\ E}TFGF\ ;lgGJ[XMPPPP ; R SFI"NX"G[G pgG[Io ×cc

Cakra Ca. Su. 26/40

Haritaki Pesita Jala Mahabhuta dominance gets increased

Malasodhana effect due to Guru and Snigdha Guna


Haritaki Swinna Agni Mahabhuta dominance gets increased

Samgrahana effect due to Usna, and laghu Guna.

HARITAKI :

Latin Name : Terminalia Chebula

Family : Combretaceae

Part Used : Phalamajja (Without seed)

Rasa : Kasaya Pradhana Panca Rasa (Lavanavarjita)

Vipaka : Madhura

Virya : Usna

Guna : Laghu, Ruksa

Dosaghnata : Tri-dosaghna

Karmas : Deepana, Pacana, Brmhana, Anulomana, Rasayana,

Caksusya, Medhya, Ayusya

Agrya Karma : ‘Haritaki Pathyanam’. (Ca. Su. 25/40)

Haritaki is quoted as "Sarvaroga Prasamanim" by Caraka, in first

chapter of Cikitsasthana. While commenting on this, Cakrapani explains it as

"Sarvarogaprasamanim" only after proper Samyoga or Samskara etc.

——;J"ZMU5|XDGLDŸ .lT ;\IMU ;\:SFZVFlNGF ×c (Cakra

Ca. Ci. 1-1/29)

It is important to note here that, Caraka has mentioned Haritaki in

following eight dasemani

1. Arsoghna 4. Jvarahara 7. Virecanopaga

2. Kusthaghna 5. Prajasthapana 8. Hikkanigrahana

3. Kasahara 6. Vayasthapana

Susruta mentioned it as a best Virecana Dravya among Phala

Virecana.

Some references of Haritaki regarding it's different activities according

to different Samyoga, Samskara etc are as follows.


(1) Ca. Su. 23/9, 17:

;1FF{ão R VEIF5|FXo ;\T5"6MtY jIFlW

TS|FEIF 5|IMU{o R D[CFNIo XD\ IFlT

(2) Ca. Ci. 1/25:

CZLTÉIFlN IMU Z;FIG;[JG5}J" XMWGFY"

(3) Ca. Ci. 4/57

l+J'TFDŸŸ VEIF\ ´ 5|E}T DW]XS"ZDŸŸ pwJ"U

ZÉTl5¿

(4) Ca. Ci. : 5/180 NgTLCZLTSL U]<D

(5) Ca. Ci. : 7/61 VEIF ;jIF[QFU]0T{, S]Q9

(6) Ca. Ci. : 13/151 UMD}+[6 VEIF\ pNZ

(7) Ca. Ci. : 14/65, 67, 119 VX"

i. ;U]0FDŸŸVEIF\ 5|FXI[TŸŸ5F{J"ElÉTSLDŸ ×

ii. CZLTSL TS|I]TF\

iii. UMD}+FwI]lQFTF\ NnFTŸŸ;U]0F\ JF

CZLTSLDŸŸ×

iv. ;U]0F\ l5%5,LI]ÉTF\ W'TE'Q8F\ CZLTSLDŸŸ×

(8) Ca. Ci. :16/58,98

SO5F^0] UMD}+lÉ,gGI]ÉTF\ CZLTSLDŸ ×Ÿ

SFD,L R}l6"TFo l,CIFTŸŸ U]01FF{ã[6

JF VEIF ×

(9) Ca. Ci. : 18/62 VU:tICZLTSL SF;

(10) Ca. Ci. : 19/17

VlT;FZ S'rK}\ JF JCTF\ NnFTŸŸVEIF\

;\5|JlT"GLDŸ ×Ÿ

(11) Ca. Ci. : 20/29

KlN" l,CIFTŸŸ DW]GF VEIF\ R ×

(12) Ca. Ci. :26/233


G[+ZMU CZLTÉIF 3'TE'Q8M ~HF5Co ×

(13) Ca. Ci. : 29/84, 157 JFTZÉT

i. SQFFIDŸŸVEIFGF\ JF 3'TE'Q8\ l5A[TŸŸ GZo F

ii. TS|FEIF 5|IMU{o R 1F5I[TŸŸSOD[N;L F

(14) Ca. Ci. : 30/255, 274 IMlGjIF5TŸŸ

i. :TgIX]âIY" 5FII[TŸ DW];\I]ÉTF\ VEIF\ JF0l5

S[J,FDŸŸ×

ii. 1FLZNF{U"gwIGFXGFY" l,CIFTŸŸJF0l5

VEIFR}6"\ ;jIF[QF\ DFl1FS%,]TDŸŸ×

Different effects of Haritaki with Prayoga bheda

1) Carvita (Chewing) increasing appetite

2) Pesita Mala Sodhana

3) Swinna Samgrahana

4) Bhrsta Tridosaghna

5) With food Buddhi Bala Indriyanam Unmilini

Pitta Kapha Anilanam Nirmulini

Mutra Sakrt Malanam Visramsini

6) After food alleviates Dosas Vitiated due to Vidhi

Viparita annapana.

7) With Lavana Kaphaghna

8) With Sugar Pittaghna

9) With Ghee Vataghna

10) With Guda (Jaggery) Sarvarogahara

Rtu Haritaki - to be used with different anupanas in different rtus to

achieve rasayana effect.

1) Varsa With Saindhava

2) Sarada With Sugar

3) Hemanta With Sunthi

4) Sisira With Pippali


5) Vasanta With Madhu (Honey)

6) Greesma With Guda (Jaggery)

Probable Mahabhuta dominance of Haritaki, according to Rasapancaka

1) Rasa Pancarasa, Kasaya dominance (Lavanavarjita)

Kasaya Prthvi + Vayu

Tikta Akasa + Vayu

Katu Agni + Vayu

Amla Prthvi + Agni

Madhura Prthvi + Jala

Thus, total picture of Mahabhuta dominance, according to Rasa

Prthvi - 3 + Jala - 1 + Agni - 2 + Vayu - 3 + Akasa - 1

According to Guna

1) Laghu Agni + Vayu + Akasa

2) Ruksa Agni + Vayu

According to Virya

Usna Agni

According to Vipaka

Madhura Prthvi + Jala

Therefore, total Picture of Mahabhuta Dominance, according to Rasa

Pancaka

Prthvi - 4 + Jala -2 + Agni - 5 + Vayu - 5 + Akasa - 2

So, Agni and Vayu Mahabhutas are showing equal dominancy

according to Rasa Pancaka

Pharmacognosy & Chemical Composition:-

Myrobalans are the dried fruits of terminalia Chebula. The immature

fruits are black, ovoid and about 1-3 cm long.

They contain about 20-40% tannin, B sitosterol, Anthraquinones and a

fixed oil, containing principally esters of Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids.


The tannin and anthraquinone constituents make the drug both

astingent and cathartic in action.

Latest research work done showing different actions of Haritaki :

1) Anti oxidant and free radical scavenging activities of terminalia

chebula (G.I.O.P.S., K.M. University, Taiwan)

2) Inhibitory action of water soluble fraction of terminalia chebula on

systemic and local anaphylaxis (college of pharmacy, chonbuk, South

Korea)

3) Antibacterial activity of terminalia chebula against helicobacter pylori

(Dept of Microbiology of Biological Sciences, Tehran, Iran)

4) Inhibition of cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of

terminalia chebula (Dept. of Chemistry, University of Turk, Finland)

5) Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase by galloyl glucoses from terminalia

chebula (Ahn. M. J., Kim Cr. Lee JS)

6) Potential of the aqueous extract of terminalia chebula as an anticaries

agent (Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai).

7) Animutagenecity of hydrolysable tannins from terminalia chebula in

salmonella typhimurium (Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar)

8) Immunosuppressive effects of gallic acid and chebulagic acid on CTL

mediated cytotoxicity (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama,

Japan)


PRACTICAL STUDY

After studying the concept of Samskara and it's role in alteration of

Pancabhautika composition in details, Now the practical study through which

possible parameters for the assessment of Pancabhautika composition

(Mahabhuta dominance) and role of Samskara in alteration of Pancabhautika

composition will be studied, with available practical evidence i.e. physical

study, Physico-chemical study and clinical study. This will either support the

hypothesis or will provide new ground for the comprehension of concepts.

This practical study is undertaken with following aims and objects.

AIMS AND OBJECTS OF THE STUDY:

(1) To develop or find out parameters for assessment of Pancabhautika

composition / Mahabhuta Pradhanya of a Dravya, if possible.

(2) To analyze organoleptic and physico-chemical properties of Haritaki

before and after the Samskaras.

(3) To find out changes those occur in Pancabhautika composition /

Mahabhuta Pradhanya after Samskara through physical, physico-

chemical and pharmaco-clinical parameters

(4) To study the therapeutic effect of Samskarita Haritaki.

Assessment of any Bhava Padartha is to be done by 3 Pramanas

(Pariksa Vidhis) Aptopadesa, Pratyaksa and Anumana.

1) Aptopadesa : With the help of this pramana, a concrete base will be

developed for assessment of Mahabhuta dominance, through some

useful references available in the text.


2) Pratyaksa : Assessment of Mahabhuta dominance and change in

Mahabhuta dominance after Samskara will be assessed by Pratyaksa

Pramana through the following

(a) Physical Study

(b) Physico-chemical study and

(c) Clinical Study

3) Anumana : Pratyaksa Pramana is also having his own limitations.

Effects of Dravya can not be seen by dissecting the body actually. So

the obtained data will be interpreted and assessed through Anumana

Pramana.

(1) APTOPADESA :

Base for assessment of Pancabhautika composition or Mahabhuta

dominance of a Dravya :-

Susruta Samhita, the text in which application of Pancamahabhuta

Siddhanta is seen at majority of places, given a very good hint regarding the

identification of Mahabhuta dominance of a Dravya. Susruta quotes

—VF:JFNTF[ E}TU]6{o R DtJF TNŸŸVFlNX[TŸŸ ãjIDŸŸVG<5A]lâo ×c Su. Su.

46/331

So, assessment of Mahabhuta dominance can be done by 2 ways:

1) Asvadato - By identification of taste (Rasa, Anurasa etc)

2) Bhutaguna - By identification of perceivable Guna Karmas of

Mahabhutas.

(1) Asvadato :

‘Taste with tongue’ method. This is simple but useful criteria for

determining Mahabhuta dominance, as Rasa is having it's relation with


Mahabhuta dominance, which is as follows, according to different texts. But

this criterion is useful, only in the case of Samana pratyayarabdha Dravyas.

Name of Rasa

Caraka Susruta A.S. A.H.

Madhura Apa Prthvi+ Apa Prthvi + Apa Prthvi +Apa

Amla Prthvi +Teja Apa + Teja Prthvi + Teja Prthvi +Teja

Lavana Apa + Teja Prthvi + Teja Apa + Teja Apa + Teja

Tikta Vayu + Akasa Vayu + Akasa Vayu + Akasa Vayu + Akasa

Katu Teja + Vayu Teja +Vayu Teja + Vayu Teja + Vayu

Kasaya Prthvi + Vayu Prthvi + Vayu Prthvi + Vayu Prthvi + Vayu

(2) Bhutaguna :

Let us see, firstly Gunas and Karmas of Parthvia, Apya, Agneya,

Vayveeya and Akasiya Dravyas given by different texts.

Parthiva dravyas

Gunas Ca. Su. A.S. A.H. Pts.

Guru + + + + 4

Khara + - - - 1

Kathina + + + - 3

Manda + + + - 3

Sthira + + + + 4

Visada + - + - 2

Sandra + + + - 3

Sthula + + + + 4

Gandhagunabahula + + + + 4

Madhura as a rasa with Kasaya Anurasa - + - - 1

29

Karmas Ca. Su. A.S. A.H. Pts.

Upacaya + + + + 4

Sanghata + + + + 4

Gaurava + + + + 4

Sthairyakara + + + + 4


Visesato Adhogatisvabhavam - + - - 1

17

Apya Dravya


Drava + - + + 3

Snigdha + + + + 4

Sita + + + + 4

Manda + + + + 4

Mrdu + + + - 3

Piccila + + + - 3

Rasagunabahula + + + + 4

Stimita - + - - 1

Guru - + + + 3

Sara - + + - 2

Sandra - + + + 3

Rasa - Madhura with Anurasa -

Kasaya, Amla, Lavana

- + - - 1

35


Upakleda + + + + 4

Sneha + + + + 4

Bandha + + + + 4

Visyanda + + + + 4

Mardava + - + - 2

Pralhad + + + + 4

22


Tejas Dravya


Usna + + + + 4

Tiksna + + + + 4

Suksma + + + + 4

Laghu + + + - 3

Ruksa + + + + 4

Visada + + + + 4

Rupagunabahula + + + + 4

Khara - + - - 1

Katukarasa Prayam isat -

amla lavanam

- + - - 1

Urdhvagatisvabhavam - + - - 1

30


Daha + + + + 4

Paka + + + + 4

Prabha + + + + 4

Prakasa + + + + 4

Varna + + + + 4

Darana - + - - 1

Tapana - + - - 1

22


Vayaviya Dravyas


Laghu + + + + 4

Sita + + + - 3

Ruksa + + + + 4

Khara + + + - 3

Visada + + + + 4

Suksma + + + - 3

Sparsagunabahula + + + + 4

Visesato Kasayam isat - tiktam - + - - 1

Vikasi - - + - 1

Vyavayi - - + - 1

28


Rauksya + + + + 4

Glani + + + + 4

Vicara + + + + 4

Vaisadya + + + + 4

Laghava + + + + 4

20

Akasiya dravyas


Mrdu + + - - 2

Laghu + - + + 3

Suksma + + + + 4

Slaksna + + + - 3

Sabda Gunabahula + + + + 4

Vyavayi - + + - 2

Viviktam - + + - 2

Avyakta Rasam - + - - 1


Visada - - + + 2

23



Mardava + + - - 2

Sausirya + + + + 4

Laghava + + + + 4

10

With the help of above charts and points given to gunas, percentage of

mahabhuta dominance can be calculated as follows:

Say for e.g. Haritaki

Guna - Karmas mentioned in text (Bhavaprakasa Nighantu)

(A) Gunas

1. Ruksa : 4 points in Tejas category

4 points in Vayviya category

2. Laghu : 3 points in tejas category

4 points in vayaviya category

3 points in Akasiya category

3. Usna : 4 points in Tejas category

4. Visesato : 1 point in Vayaviya category

Kasayam

(B) Karmas

1. Paka (Pacana) - 4 points in 'Tejas' category

2. Upacaya (Brmhani) - 4 points in 'Parthiva' category

3. Visesato adhogati svabhavam - 1 point in Parthiva

Total points in Parthiva - 1+4=5 out of 46

Apya - 0

Tejas - 4+3+4+4=15 out of 52

Vayaviya - 4+4+1=9 out of 48

Akasiya - 3 pts out of 33


According to Guna Karmas mentioned by Aptopadesa :

1. % of Parthiva = 10.87%

2. % of Apya = 0%

3. % of Tejas = 28.85%

4. % of Vayaviya = 18.75%

5. % of Akasiya = 9.09%

Percentage of Mahabhuta dominance according to Guna Karmas

(Aptopadesa)

(2) PRATYAKSA PRAMANA :

A) Physical study :

Physical properties i.e. Rupa, Rasa, Gandha, Sparsa can be studied by

organoleptic method.

a. Sparsa : The gunas which can be assessed by touch are

i. Slaksna / Khara

ii. Kathina / Mrdu (denoting consistency)

iii. Sita / Usna

iv. Piccila / Visada

v. Tiksna / Manda (with touch of tongue)

b. Rupa i. Snigdha / Ruksa

ii. Piccila / Visada

9.09%10.87%

18.75%

28.85%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Tejas Vayaviya Parthiva Akasiya


c. Rasa i. Taste with tongue to decide Rasa, Anurasa

ii. Taste threshold to see intensity of Rasa

d. Gandha - Intensity of Gandha ? more or less ?

- To identify Gandha Bahulata

B) Physico-chemical study :

Some parameters can be suggested to understand Mahabhuta

dominance based on physico-chemical properties of a Pancabhautika dravya,

which are as follows:-

1. Weights of Curnas having same volume

Using the above mentioned "Aptopadesa Method" 2 Dravyas from

each category (i.e. Parthva, Apya, Agneya etc) total ten Dravyas to be

selected. All the ten Dravyas should be taken in Curna form. (If Dravyas are

selected from Ahariya category, all 10 should be Ahariya and if Dravyas are

selected from Bhesaja category, all 10 should be Bhesaja). Now take a small

cup of specific volume. Take Curnas of Dravyas in that cup one by one, up to

specific volume and weigh them accordingly on a sensitive electronic

weighing balance, which is having no error or minimum error. Sequence of

weighing the Dravyas should be such that first Akasiya Dravyas should be

weighed and lastly weight of Parthiva Dravyas should be taken. Now, plot the

obtained values on a graph paper. The expected graph will be as follows:

Akasiya Vayaviya Agneya Apya Parthiva

Wei

ght


It is based on the hypothesis that Prthvi Mahabhuta dominant Dravyas

will be having maximum weight due to Guru Guna and Akasa Mahabhuta

dominant Dravyas will have minimum weight due to their Laghu Guna.

2. Varitaratva :

This experiment is also based on Guru and Laghu Gunas of

Mahabhutas. As expected, Akasiya Dravyas will be having more Varitaratva,

while Parthiva Dravyas will be having least Varitaratva or no Varitaratva.

Powder of 10 selected Dravyas should be taken. Fixed amount of

distilled water should be taken in 10 different glass beakers. Then, take a

pinch of powder of Akasiya Dravya first, and drop in 1st beaker. Note the

time, for how much time it keeps on floating? Also note the time required for

settlement of total amount of Curna. Note how much amount of Dravya keeps

on floating? Do the same experiment in sequence (i.e. Akasiya, Vayaveeya,

Agneya, Apya and lastly Parthiva) and note the above said readings of all the

10 Dravyas

3. Percentage loss of a drug while doing powder:

As Laghutva indicates lightness of the particles and Gurutva indicates

heaviness of the particles, this also may be one of the parameter for

assessment of Mahabhuta dominance.

Percentage loss of a drug will be more in Akasa Mahabhuta dominant

Dravyas while doing powder, due to lightness of the particles. Where as,

percentage loss will be less in Prthvi dominant Dravyas due to heaviness of

the particles. But all the conditions (i.e. machine, method etc) should be kept

constant while making Curnas of all these selected Dravyas.


An attempt was made by the scholar to study the percentage loss of a

drug while doing powder, by collecting the values from Pharmacy, Gujarata

Ayurveda University, which is as follows: (%) loss while doing powder Sr.

No. Name of

Drug Sample I Sample II Sample III Sample IV Sample V

1. Bakuci 14.4% 3.85% - - -

2 Copacini 4.2% 5.5% - - -

3 Satavari 6.09% 7.4% 4.5% 2.09% -

4 Asvagandha 1.02% 4.82% 0.29% 4.32% 2.03%

5 Haritaki 4.2% 0.25% 3.24% 5.26% -

6 Guduci 6.51% 2.09% 7.68% 0.9% -

7 Yastimadhu 7.2% 3.27% 7.67% 3.85% 6%

8 Amalaki 7.46% 4.99% 2.45% - -

9 Vasapatra 5.43% - - - -

10 Pippalimula 4.4% 2.04% 3.87% 2.8% -

11 Khadiratvak 1.92% - - - -

12 Brahmi 1.68% 3.19% - - -

13 Sunthi 5.6% 4.00% 1.33% - -

14 Sankhapuspi 4.77% - - - -

15 Arjuna 2.05% - - - -

16 Asokatvak 2.55% - - - -

17 Bibhitaka 3.00% - - - -

18 Bharangi 2.87% - - - -

19 Gandhasati 3.29% - - - -

But these values of different samples of same dravya are showing

much variation, so significance of these values is suspected. But this may be

due to following reasons:


(i) As Desa and Kala are 2 important factors influencing Pancabhutika

composition, these variations may be due to borrowing of crude drugs

from different places and different time period.

(ii) In the pharmacies, all the time it is not practically possible to maintain

similar conditions, while doing Curna.

(iii) Moreover, Apa Mahabhuta dominant Dravyas like Satavari sticks to

the machine in hot climates, while doing Curna increasing percentage

loss.

So, keeping all these factors in mind, experiment should be designed to

study the percentage loss, trying to keep affecting factors constant, thereby

minimizing the errors.

4. Binding Capacity Test:

This parameter is mainly based on the "Bandhakrta" (Promoting union

of molecules) property of Apa Mahabhuta. So it is assumed here that Apa

Mahabhuta dominant Dravyas will require less external binder as they

themselves have "Bandhakrta" property. This test can be done in the

following way.

Select any binder solution (most common - 20% w/v Gum Acacia

solution prepared by dissolving 20 gms. of acacia in 100 ml of Warm water)

which will be common for all the Curnas. Take 5 gm sample each, of all the

selected 10 Dravyas (i.e. 2 Parthiva, 2 Apya etc) separately. Now add the

minimum required quantity of binder solution to make the pills from sample.

Pills can be made by hand. Note the amount of binder solution required in

each sample. It will give an idea of Apa Mahabhuta dominance.

5. Determination of Hardness:

Hardness of any substance is mainly indicative of Prthvi Mahabhuta

dominance, as "Sanghata" is told as one of the Karma of Prthvi Mahabhuta.

Though, property of "Bandhakrita" is also important here, which is of Jala

Mahabhuta. But hardness mainly depends on Prthvi Mahabhuta and


associated Mahabhuta is Jala. One can see in the practical life that, if Jala

Mahabhuta is increased more than requirement, hardness can get converted

into softness. So, this parameter is mainly for assessment of Prthvi Mahabhuta

dominance.

Take prepared pills of all the samples. (Already prepared during

binding capacity test) Make them air dry and keep in air tight container. Take

10 prepared pills from each category (i.e. Parthiva, Apya etc) Determine the

hardness of the pills, with the help of tablet hardness tester and calculate the

average hardness of the pills separately.

6. Determination of disintegration time:

Disintegration time is the time required by a tablet / pill / capsule when

placed in a liquid medium under the prescribed experimental conditions.

Disintegration is opposite to "Bandhakrta" property of Jala Mahabhuta.

If Bandhakrita property is more, disintegration time required will be more. So

Jala Mahabhuta dominant Dravyas will have higher values of disintegration

time. So, the disintegration time of the pills prepared for earlier experiments

can be determined in the disintegration test apparatus.

7. Water soaking capacity:

This parameter is based on the "Sosana Karma" (i.e. due to Ruksa

Guna) of Vayu Mahabhuta. So, it is assumed here that Vayu Mahabhuta

dominant Dravyas will have more water soaking capacity, as compared to

other.

Take at least 25 gms. of the sample from each category. More amount

could be taken but should not take less than 25 gms. Take 10 pieces of cloth.

(Cloth which is generally used for filtration i.e. having pores should be taken)

keep the sample in the cloth and prepare the pottali. So prepare 10 pottalis of

10 samples. Now take distilled water and with the help of dropper go on

adding water drop by drop slowly. When the absorption threshold of the drug


gets crossed, it will not absorb further drops of water and the drop will fall

down. Count the number of drops, till the drop falls down. It will denote the

water soaking capacity of the sample. But care should be taken that, while

adding drops, time interval of at least 5 minutes should be maintained

between 2 drops.

8. Determination of pH value:

According to "Agni Somiya Siddhanta" Apa Mahabhuta dominant

Dravyas are Saumya, while Agni Mahabhuta dominant Dravyas are Agneya.

So, alkaline pH is expected in Apa Mahabhuta dominant Dravyas and acidic

pH is expected in Agni Mahabhuta dominant Dravyas.

Take 5 gms. sample. Add this in 100 ml. distilled water. Keep it

overnight and then filter. Now note the pH of the filtrate with the help of pH

Paper. With the help of this procedure, pH of all 10 samples should be noted.

9. Determination of Ash Value:

As Sanghata and Upacaya are Karmas of Prthvi Mahabhuta dominant

Dravyas, it is expected here that Prthvi Mahabhuta dominant Dravyas will

have more Ash value and it will go on decreasing in the sequence of Jala,

Agni, Vayu and Akasa Mahabhuta dominant Dravyas respectively.

Take 2 gms. of each sample accurately weighed and keep it in a

crucible. Incinerate the sample in a muffle furnace at a temperature not

exceeding 4500C for about 4 hrs. Cool it and weigh. Calculate the ash value in

percentage according to above formula.

Weight of Ash x 100 Ash Value = Weight of Sample

10. Determination of Moisture Content:

Here Apa Mahabhuta dominant Dravyas are expected to have higher

values of moisture content. To know the moisture content of the samples, the

loss on drying at 1100C can be determined as follows.


Take accurately weighed quantity of the sample in a Petri dish and dry

in an oven at 1100C till constant weight. From the difference of weight, loss

on drying can be calculated as follows.

Weight of loss x 100 Loss on Drying = Weight of Sample

This is indicative of percentage moisture content.

11. Determination of water soluble extractive:

Snigdha Guna is said to be of Jala Mahabhuta only i.e. Jalamatravrtti.

So to assess Jala Mahabhuta dominance, this will be helpful criteria. As if

Snigdhata will be more, less will be water solubility. So, Jala Mahabhuta

dominant Dravyas will show low water soluble extractive values. The water

soluble extractive of the samples can be determined by following method.

Take 5 gms accurately weighed sample in a conical flask. Add 100 ml.

distilled water, shake well. Close tightly and allow standing for 24 hrs. with

occasional shakings. After 24 hrs. filter it and take 20 ml filtrate in a

previously weighed porcelain evaporating dish. Evaporate it to dryness on a

hot water bath and dry it to constant weight in an oven. Then calculate the

percentage of water soluble extractive after taking weight.

(%) water soluble extractive = (Wt. of evaporating dish with extractive) -

(wt. of evaporating dish) x 100

ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF HARITAKI :-

An attempt was made to assess the organoleptic properties of Haritaki

before and after Samskara, which are as follows:

(1) Before Samskara :

(a) Sparsa - Khara, Kathina

(b) Rupa - Ruksa

(c) Gandha - Mild sweetish

(d) Rasa - Kasaya,

Anurasa - Madhura


(2) After Samskara

Organoleptic

Character

Pesita Haritaki Swinna Haritaki

(1) Sparsa Mrdu (++), Piccila, Sita Mrdu(+), Usna, Tiksna

(2) Rupa Piccila Snigdha

(3) Gandha Mild sweetish (+) Sweetish (++)

(4) Rasa

Anurasa

Kasaya, (++)

Tikta

Kasaya (+)

Amla, Madhur

Taste determination of Samskarita Drug:

As Haritaki after Samskara changes it's action. So there may be change

in Rasa, Anurasa also after Samskara. To determine this 'taste with tongue'

(Asvadato) criteria was adopted. Samskarita drug was given to healthy

volunteers (Ayurvedic B. Pharma Students). Sufficient amount of sample was

served to these volunteers with chits of paper and they were requested to

record the Rasa and Anurasa they perceive. The volunteers were asked to

wash their mouth before doing the taste detemination. The chits were

collected and observations analysed which is as under.

1. Pesita Haritaki - 27 Volunteers

1. Rasa Kasaya - 74.07 %

Amla - 22.22 %

Madhura - 3.71 %

2. Anurasa Tikta - 59.26 %

Madhura - 18.52 %

Amla - 11.11 %

Katu - 3.7 %

Kasaya - 3.7 %

Not felt any Anurasa - 3.7 %


Maximum volunteers i.e. 74.07% expressed their unanimous opinion

about taste of Pesita Haritaki as Kasaya, So Rasa of pesita haritaki is

considered as Kasaya.

Maximum volunteers i.e. 59.26% expressed their opinion about the

next taste perceived as Tikta, so anurasa of Pesita Haritaki is considered as

Tikta.

2. Swinna Haritaki : 30 volunteers

1. Rasa Kasaya - 56.67 %

Tikta - 33.33 %

Katu - 3.33 %

Amla - 3.33 %

Lavana - 3.33 %

2. Anurasa Tikta - 6.67 %

Madhura - 31.11 %

Amla - 33.33 %

Katu - 2.22 %

Kasaya - 15.55 %

Not felt any Anurasa - 8.89 %

Lavana - 2.22 %

More volunteers i.e. 59.26% expressed their opinion about the taste

perceived as Kasaya, so Rasa of Swinna Haritaki is considered as Kasaya.

More volunteers i.e. 33.33% perceived the next taste as Amla while

31.11% as Mahdura so Anurasa is considered as Amla and Madhura.


PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDY:

Physico-chemical properties of Haritaki after Samskara are as follows :

Pesita Haritaki Swinna Haritaki

1. Ash value 3 3.3

2. Moisture content 27.9 5.6

3. Water soluble extractive 26.8 50

4. pH 4 4

5. Tablet hardness 13.35 kg/cm2 12.42 kg/cm2

6. Disintegration time More than 1 hr More than 1 hr

7. Binding capacity test No external

binding agent

required

No external binding

agent required

Regarding binding capacity test, No any binding agent was required in

Swinna Haritaki as well as pesita haritaki. In Pesita Haritaki form, it was

required to add more powder to make pill from it.

Above is the some interesting data regarding Haritaki (from

Rasapanchaka - S.C. Dhyani.)

Threshhold values of Haritaki

In cold water - 1280

In hot water - 880

After 6 hours - 840

In 1% saline 5% - 680

In 1% glucose - 840

As taste threshold is indicative of intensity of the taste, it may be

helpful to determine quantity of Mahabhuta in Rasa. Here, difference in

threshold values of Haritaki in cold water & hot water may be indicative of

change in quantity of mahabhutas due to samskara of cold water & hot water

respectively.


C) Clinical Study :

Ayurveda, being a practical oriented science had used many concepts

available in the philosophical sciences practically, to fulfill the aim of

dhatusamya. So, while studying any concept in Ayurveda, it becomes

mandatory to assess its applied aspect practically through clinical study. Here

though the main aim of this research work was to understand precisely the

concept of Samskara in the light of Pancamahabhuta Siddhanta, as a part of

the practical assessment for the confirmation of the concept, the clinical study

was proposed. As Samskara changes the Pancabhautika composition of a

dravya as per requirement, it was necessary to study whether these changes

can be assessed practically in the biological creature, man. Though, the

configuration and dominance of Mahabhutas is unperceivable to the human

senses, it can be understood by the effects or actions produced by that dravya

on human body. So it was decided to study the Pancabhautika alteration in

Haritaki before and after Samskara, as it is a versatile drug which shows

different effects on human body after different Samskaras(mentioned in

details in Drug review) Two samskaras - Pesana and Svedana were selected,

as they are showing effects on Purisa i.e. Malasodhana and samgrahana which

can be assessed practically. So, it was expected that, Pesita Haritaki will show

Malasodhana activity (i.e. Purgative action) and Swinna Haritaki will show

Samgrahana activity (i.e. astringent) which are exactly opposite to each other.

Accordingly, two conditions were selected, as the aim was not to cure the

disease, but to see the effect of two different Samskaras on Haritaki and their

comparison with the effect of Asamskarita Haritaki.

The study was undertaken with following aims and objectives.

1. To see the effect of two different Samskaras on Haritaki and their

comparison with Asamskarita Haritaki through therapeutic efficacy.

2. To study the Pancabhautika alteration taking place in human body due

to Samskara, by comparing the actions of Samskarita and Asamskarita

Haritaki.


MATERIAL

(1) Drug and (2) Patients

1. Drug

Drug Haritaki was taken as a material in 3 forms

(a) Samskarita drug 1. Pasita Haritaki

2. Swinna Haritaki

(b) asamskarita drug 1. Haritaki Yavakuta

2 Patients

2 types of patients were registered from outdoor of Basic Principles

Department of I.P.G.T. & R.A. Hospital.

i. The patients having complaint of unsatisfactory bowel clearance, to

assess Malasodhana effect.

ii. The patients complaining of passing stools of semi-liquid or watery

type, to assess Samgrahaka effect.

That's why; all the patients were subjected for routine investigations of

blood, urine and stool to exclude any other pathology. The examination of the

patient was done on the basis of specially prepared research proforma

incorporating the details of vital data.

METHODOLOGY:

1. Drug administration schedule

2. Criteria for assessment

3. Total effect of therapy

Drug Administration Schedule:

All the selected patients of unsatisfactory bowel clearance were

randomly divided into following 2 groups.

1. Test group (Pesita Haritaki)

2. Control group (Haritaki Yavkuta)


All the selected patients of loose stools were also randomly divided

into following 2 groups

1. Test group (Swinna Haritaki)

2. Control group (Haritaki Yavkuta)

Dose, Anupna, Bhesajakala and duration was as follows for patients of

all the four groups.

Dose : 6gms/day in two divided doses

Anupana : Plain water

Bhesaja Kala : Apana (Before meals)

Duration : 1 week

Criteria For Assessment :

The results of treatment were assessed on the basis of signs and

symptoms present before and after treatment. For statistical analysis,

following scoring system was adopted and checked before and after

treatment.

(A) For unsatisfactory bowel clearance:

(1) Consistency of stools

Sithila (Loose) 1

Madhyama (Medium) 2

Kathina / Grathita (Hard) 3

(2) Process of defecation:

No Pravahana 1

Occasional / Bearable Pravahana 2

Frequently / Severe Pravahana 3

(3) Time taken for defecation:

0 to 10 Minutes 1

10 to 25 Minutes 2

More than 25 Minutes 3


(4) Associated Symptoms:

No other associated symptoms 1

1-2 associated symptoms 2

More than 2 associated symptoms 3

(B) For loose Stools:

(1) Consistency of stools:

Well formed 1

Loose 2

Watery 3

(2) Frequency of defecation

Once in a day 1

2-4 times in a day 2

More than 4 times a day 3

(3) Associated symptoms:

No other associated symptoms 1

1-2 associated symptoms 2

More than 2 associated symptoms 3

Total effect of therapy:

The total effect of therapy was marked as following:

1. Cured : 100% relief

2. Markedly improved : 75% to 99%

3. Moderately improved : 50% to 74%

4. Improved : 25% to 49%

5. Unchanged : Less than 25% relief

Statistical Analysis:

The information gathered on the basis of observations was subjected to

statistical analysis in terms of Mean, Standard deviation (SD) and standard


error. (SE) For the assessment of significance, Paired "t" test was applied at P-

(0.05), P(0.01), P(0.001) and the obtained results were interpreted as -

Insignificant : P>0.01

Significant : P<0.05, P<0.01

Highly Significant : P<0.001

PRESENTATION OF DATA :

OBSERVATIONS

In the present study, total 45 patients were registered out of which 36

patients have completed the course, while 9 patients left the course against

medical advice.

TABLE - 1 STATUS OF THE PATIENTS REGISTERED

UNDER EACH GROUP No. of Patients

Group-A Control Group-B Control Total

Total registered 11 8 16 10 45

Completed 8 7 13 8 36

Lama 3 1 3 2 9

TABLE - 2 AGE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Age

Group-A Control (C1) Group-B Control (C2) Total (%)

15-30 yrs 7 7 10 3 24 60

31-60 yrs 4 1 4 4 13 28.89

60-70 yrs 0 0 2 3 5 11.11

Age wise distribution of patients shows that, maximum patients i.e.

60% were from the age group of 15-30 years, followed by 28.89% from 31-60

yrs. and 11.11% from 60-70 years group.


TABLE - 3 SEX WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Sex

Group-A Control (C1) Group-B Control Total (%)

Male 9 5 10 10 34 75.56

Female 2 3 6 0 11 24.44

Sex wise distribution of patients shows that, maximum patients i.e.

75.56% were males and the rest were females.

TABLE - 4 RELIGION WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Religion

Group-A Control Group-B Control Total (%)

Hindu 10 7 15 10 42 93.33

Muslim 1 0 1 0 2 4.44

Others 0 1 0 0 1 2.22

Religion wise distribution shows that, maximum patients i.e. 93.33%

were Hindus, followed by Muslims i.e. 4.44% and others i.e. 2.22%

TABLE - 5 MARITAL STATUS WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Marital Status


Married 7 6 9 9 31 68.89

Unmarried 4 2 7 1 14 31.11

Table shows that 68.89% patients were married, while 31.11% patients

were unmarried.

TABLE - 6 AREA WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Habitat


Urban 5 6 12 8 31 68.89

Rural 6 2 4 2 14 31.11

Maximum patients i.e. 68.89% were from urban area, while 31.11%

patients were from rural area.


TABLE - 7 EDUCATION STATUS WISE

DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS No. of Patients

Education Group-A Control Group-B Control Total (%)

Graduate 3 1 3 0 7 15.56

Upto HSC 7 65 9 7 29 64.44

Illiterate 1 1 4 3 9 20.00

Maximum patients i.e. 80% were educated, while 20% patients were

not educated.

TABLE - 8 OCCUPATION WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Occupation


Labor 3 1 4 3 11 24.44

Service 4 3 2 6 15 33.33

Students 0 0 4 1 5 11.11

House work 3 3 3 0 9 20

Business 1 1 3 0 5 11.11

Maximum patients i.e. 33.33% were from service category, 24.44%

patients were from labor category, 20% patients were from house-work

category, 11.11% patients from student category and 11.11% patients having

their own business.

TABLE - 9 SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Socio-economic Status Group-A Control Group-B Control Total (%)

Low 5 2 5 2 14 31.11

Medium 6 6 11 8 31 68.89

High 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Maximum patients i.e. 68.89% were having medium socio-economic

status followed by 31.11% patients having low socio-economic status.


TABLE - 10 DIETARY HABIT WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Nature of Ahara


Vegetarian 8 3 13 7 31 68.89

Mixed 3 5 3 3 14 31.11

Maximum patients in the study i.e. 68.89% were vegetarian, followed

by patients having mixed diet i.e. 31.11%

TABLE - 11 AHARA VIDHI WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Habit of Ahara


Adhyasana 8 7 5 32 23 51.11

Samasana 4 2 4 0 10 22.22

Visamasana 3 2 4 1 10 22.22

Viruddhasana 8 4 11 9 32 71.11

Majority of the patients i.e. 71.11% were having the habit of

Viruddhasana, followed by that of Adhyasana (51.11%), Samasana and

Visamasana (22.22% each) respectively.

TABLE - 12 AGNI WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Agni


Visama 3 4 6 7 20 44.44

Tiksna 1 2 2 0 5 11.11

Manda 7 2 8 3 20 44.44

Patients having Mandagni and Visamagni were maximum (i.e. 44.44%

each) followed by Tiksnagni i.e. 11.11%.


TABLE - 13 KOSTA WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Kosta


Mrdu 3 2 0 1 6 13.33

Madhyama 8 5 5 4 22 48.89

Krura 0 1 11 5 17 37.78

Maximum patients i.e. 48.89% were having Madhyama Kosta,

followed by patients having Krura Kosta i.e. 37.78% and Mrdu Kosta i.e.

13.33% respectively.

TABLE - 14 KSUDHA WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Ksudha


Good 4 3 4 2 13 28.89

Moderate 5 5 4 6 20 44.44

Less 2 0 8 2 12 26.67

Maximum number of patients i.e. 44.44% were having moderate

Ksudha, 28.89% patients were having good Ksudha, while 26.27% patients

were having less Ksudha.

TABLE - 15 ADDICTION WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Addiction


Tea 8 8 11 7 34 75.56

Tobacco 2 2 4 6 14 31.11

Alcohol 0 1 0 0 1 2.22

Maximum patients i.e. 75.56% were having addiction of tea, followed

by Patients having addiction of tobacco (i.e. 31.11%) and patients having

addiction of alcohol (i.e. 2.22%) respectively.


TABLE - 16 WORK TYPE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Type of work


Sedentary 3 0 8 1 12 26.67

Moderate 7 6 5 8 26 57.77

Heavy 1 2 3 1 7 15.56

Table shows that, majority patients i.e. 57.77% were having moderate

type of work, followed by 26.67% patients having sedentary and 15.56%

patients having heavy type of work, respectively.

TABLE - 17 DOSA PRAKRITI WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Dosa Prakrti (Dominanting) Group-A Control Group-B Control Total (%)

Vata Kaphaja 5 2 6 3 16 35.56

Pitta Vataja 4 6 9 5 24 53.33

Kapha Pittaja 2 0 1 2 5 11.11

Table shows that 53.33% patients were having Pitta Vataja Prakrti,

35.56% patients were having Vata Kaphaja Prakrti, while 11.11% were

having Kapha Pittaja Prakrti.

TABLE - 18 SARA WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Sara Group-

A Control

Group-B

Control Total (%)

Avara 1 1 5 0 7 15.56

Madhyama 10 6 11 9 36 80

Pravara 0 1 0 1 2 4.44

Maximum number of patients i.e. 80% were found to have Madhyama

Saratva, 15.56% patients were found to have Avara Saratva and only 4.44%

patients were found having Pravara Saratva.


TABLE - 19

SAMHANANA WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS No. of Patients

Samhanana Group-A Control Group-B Control Total (%)

Pravara 2 2 2 2 8 17.78

Madhyama 5 5 10 6 26 57.78

Avara 4 1 4 2 11 24.44

57.78% patients were found to have Madhyama Samhanana, 24.44%

patients were having Avara Samhanana, while 17.78% patients were having

Pravara Samhanan.

TABLE - 20 SATMYA WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Satmya


Avara 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Madhyama 6 5 13 6 30 66.67

Pravara 5 3 3 4 15 33.33

Maximum patients i.e. 66.67% were found to have Madhnyama

Satmya, followed by 33.33% patients having Pravara Satmya. Patients having

Avara Satmya were not found.

TABLE - 21 SATVA WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Satva


Pravara 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Madhyama 8 7 10 6 31 68.89

Avara 3 1 6 4 14 31.11

Maximum number i.e. 68.89% patients were found to have Madhyama

Satva followed by 31.11% patients having Avara Satva.


TABLE - 22 ABHYAVAHARANA SAKTI WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Abhyavaharana Sakit Group-A Control Group-B Control Total (%)

Less 2 0 8 2 12 26.67

Moderate 6 3 6 5 20 44.44

Good 3 5 2 3 13 28.89

Table shows that 44.44% patients were having moderate

Abhyavaharana Sakti, followed by 28.89% patients having good and 26.67%

patients having less Abhyavaharana Sakti.

TABLE - 23 JARANA SAKTI WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Jarana Sakti


Less 9 4 13 2 28 62.22

Moderate 2 4 3 7 16 35.56

Good 0 0 0 14 1 2.22

Maximum number of patients i.e. 62.22% were found to have less

Jarana Sakti, 35.56% patients were having Madhyama Jarana Sakti, while

2.22% patients were found to have good Jarana Sakti.

TABLE - 24 VYAYAMA SAKTI WISE DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS

No. of Patients Vyayama Sakti


Avara 3 1 4 0 8 17.78

Madhyama 8 6 9 9 32 71.11

Pravara 0 1 3 1 5 11.11

Maximum patients i.e. 71.11% were found to have Madhyama

Vyayama Sakti, followed by 17.78% patients having Avara and 11.11%

patients having Pravara Vyayama Sakti respectively.


TABLE - 25 HISTORY OF VEGADHARANA WISE

DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS No. of Patients

Name of Vega Group-A Control Group-B Control Total (%)

Purisa 5 4 9 7 25 55.56

Mutra 3 4 3 2 12 26.67

Ksudha 0 0 2 0 2 4.44

History of Purisa Vegadharana was found in maximum patients i.e.

55.56% followed by patients giving history of Mutra vegadharana (26.67%)

and patients giving history of Ksudha Vega Dharana (4.44%) respectively.

TABLE - 26 DISTRIBUTION OF 45 PATIENTS ACCORDING TO

RASA PRADHANYA IN AHARA No. of Patients

Rasa Pradhanya Group-A Control Group-B Control Total (%)

Madhura 3 2 3 4 12 26.67

Amla 2 0 1 1 4 8.89

Lavana 5 2 2 2 11 24.44

Katu 6 2 10 1 19 42.22

Table shows that, maximum i.e. 42.22% patients were having Katu

Rasa Pradhanya is their diet, 26.67% patients having Madhura Rasa

Pradhanya, 24.44% patients were found to have Lavana Rasa Pradhanya,

while 8.89% patients were having Amla Rasa Pradhanya in their diet.

TABLE - 27 EFFECT OF THERAPY (SWINNA HARITAKI) ON

FREQUENCY OF DEFECATION IN BOTH THE GROUPS (SAMGRAHAKA ACTIVITY)

Group B.T. A.T. % X S.D. S.E. t p

A(test)(N=8) 2.88 2 30.55 0.875 0.353 0.124 7 P<0.001

C1 (Control) (n=7)

2.57 2.14a 16.62 0.43 0.53 0.2 2.15 P>0.05

The score of frequency of defecation is reduced from (2.88 to 2) in

group A showing the percentage of relief (30.55%), which is statistically


highly significant (P<0.001) while in Group-C1 (control group) the score

improved from (2.57 to 2.14) showing percentage of relief (16.62%) which is

statistically insignificant (P>0.05)


CONSISTENCY OF STOOLS IN BOTH THE GROUPS (SAMGRAHAKA ACTIVITY)


A(test)

(N=8)

2 1.25 37.50 0.75 0.463 0.163 4.58 P<0.01

C1 (Control)

(n=7)

2 1.57 21.42 0.43 0.53 0.2 2.15 P>0.05

The score of consistency is improved from (2 to 1.25) in group-A

showing the percentage of relief (37.50%) which is statistically highly

significant, while in group C1 (control group) the score improved from (2 to

1.57) showing percentage of relief (21.42%), which is statistically

insignificant (P>0.05).


ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS IN BOTH THE GROUPS (SAMGRAHAKA ACTIVITY)


A(test)

(N=8)

2 1.75 12.50 0.25 0.707 0.25 1 P>0.05

C1 (Control)

(n=7)

2.42 2.14 11.45 0.29 0.76 0.29 1 P>0.05

The associated symptoms shows improvement in group-A from (2 to

1.75) with percentage of relief (12.50%) which is statistically insignificant

(P>0.05), while in group C1 (control) the associated symptoms reduced from

(2.42 to 2.14) showing percentage relief (11.45%) which is also statistically

insignificant (P>0.05).


TABLE - 30 EFFECT OF THERAPY (PESITA HARITAKI) ON

CONSISTENCY OF STOOLS IN BOTH THE GROUPS (MALASODHANA ACTIVITY)


B(test)

(n=13)

2.92 2 31.50 0.92 0.49 0.14 6.71 P<0.001

C2 (Control)

(n=8)

2.87 2.12 26.08 0.75 0.46 0.16 4.69 P<0.01

The score of consistency is improved from (2.92 to 2) in group - B

showing the percentage of relief (31.50%) which is statistically highly

significant, while in group C1 (control) the score is improved from (2.87 to

2.12) showing the percentage of relief (26.08%) which is statistically

significant at (P < 0.01)

TABLE - 31 EFFECT OF THERAPY (PESITA HARITAKI) ON PROCESS

OF DEFECATION IN BOTH THE GROUPS (MALASODHANA ACTIVITY)


B(test)

(n=13)

2.23 1.38 37.90 0.85 0.69 0.19 4.44 P<0.001

C2 (Control)

(n=8)

2.37 1.62 31.57 0.75 0.46 0.16 4.69 P<0.01

The process of defecation shows improvement in group B from (2.23

to 1.38) with percentage of relief (37.90%), which is statistically highly

significant (P<0.001).

While in group C2 (Control) the process of defecation is improved

from (2.37 to 1.62), with percentage of relief (31.57%), which is statistically

significant (P<0.01).


TABLE - 32 EFFECT OF THERAPY (PESITA HARITAKI) ON TIME TAKEN FOR DEFECATION IN BOTH THE GROUPS

(MALASODHANA ACTIVITY)


B(test)

(n=13)

1.85 1.23 33.51 0.62 0.51 0.14 4.4 P<0.001

C2 (Control)

(n=8)

1.5 1.25 16.66 0.25 0.46 0.16 1.52 P>0.05

The time taken for defecation is improved in group B from (1.85 to

1.23) with percentage of relief (33.51%), which is statistically highly

significant (P<0.001) while in group C2 the time taken for defecation is

improved from (1.5 to 1.25) with percentage of relief (16.66%) which is

statistically insignificant (P>0.05).

TABLE - 33 EFFECT OF THERAPY (PESITA HARITAKI) ON

ASSOCIATED SYMPTOMS IN BOTH THE GROUPS (MALASODHANA ACTIVITY)


B(test)

(n=13)

2.15 1.85 13.95 0.30 0.48 0.13 2.25 P<0.05

C2 (Control)

(n=8)

2.25 1.62 27.77 0.50 0.53 0.18 2.65 P<0.05

The associated symptoms shows improvement in group B from (2.15

to 1.85) with percentage of relief (13.95%) which is statistically significant

(p<0.05), while in group C2 (control group) the associated symptoms reduced

from (2.25 to 1.62) with percentage of relief (27.77%) which is also

statistically significant.


TABLE - 34 TOTAL EFFECT OF THERAPY (SWINNA HARITAKI)

(SAMGRAHAKA ACTIVITY) Total number of patients

Results Group-A (Test - 1)

(%)Group-C1 (Control)

% Total (%)

Moderately improved

(50 to 75%)

1 12.5 0 0 1 6.66

Improved (26 to 50%) 5 62.5 2 28.57 7 46.67

Unchanged (0 to 25%) 2 25 5 71.43 7 46.67

The table shows that in test group (Group A), 1 (12.5%) patient had

moderately improved, whereas no any patient in the control group had got

moderate improvement.

Improvement has been reported in 5 (62.5%) patients of test group and

2 (28.57%) patients of control group.

2 (25%) patients remained unchanged in test group, where as 5

(71.43%) patients remained unchanged in control group.

TABLE - 35 TOTAL EFFECT OF THERAPY

(PESITA HARITAKI) (MALASODHANA ACTIVITY) Total number of patients

Results Group-B (Test - 2)

(%) Group-C1 (Control)

% Total (%)

Improved

(26 to 50%)

12 92.31 5 62.5 17 80.95

Unchanged (0.25%) 1 7.69 3 37.5 4 19.05

The above table shows that, in test group (Group B), 12 (92.31%)

patients had improved, while in control group 5 (62.50%) patients had

improved.

1 patient (7.69%) in test group remained unchanged, while in control

group 3 (37.5%) patients remained unchanged.


DISCUSSION

Acarya Caraka had given due importance to three pariksavidhis or

pramanas, before arriving at any conclusion viz. Aptopadesa, Pratyaksa and

Anumana. After knowing the depth of any concept by reviewing the old

classics and applying the concept practically through available materials &

methods, next step is to assess and interpret the obtained data through

Anumana Pramana. In ancient research methodology, some sequential steps

known as Pancavayava were designed to provide demonstrative inference of

truth, under Pararthanumana. One of the limbs of Pancavayava is Upanaya

(Discussion), a step prior to Nigamana (Conclusion). Before establishment of

truth as conclusion, Discussion is mandatory. It is the process of re-

examining the whole work. In spite of detailed classical study and

experimentation, a theory can be accepted only after proper reasoning of

observations. Hence, the discussion is very crucial part of any scientific

work. It can either support the hypothesis or it can help in amendment or it

may revolutionize the concept totally.

Therefore, before concluding the work, it is necessary to discuss about

the findings of all the sections. The sequence of discussion follows the same

path, as the sequence in the study.

The Word 'Samskara' is much familiar to Indian culture. It expresses

variety of meanings such as making perfect, grammatical purity, preparation,

cooking, impression, on the memory, purificatory rite, processing etc. This

word is derived from the root kr. which means Kartrtva (as a process) or

Karanatva (as causativity) with Upasarga sam which means as per

requirement. Different sciences have used this word according to their

contexts to denote various entities. Ayurveda has used this word mainly in


relation with drug and diet with meaning processing or preparation. These are

various synonyms used for samskara in the various texts of Ayurveda and

respected commentaries. These can be grouped accordingly showing

different aspects of Samskara. Some are showing it's meaning as process,

some as a tool, some showing it's causativity while some showing it's utility.

Samskara is defined as gunantaradhana i.e. transformation of inherent

attributes of a substance. But this change in gunas is due to change in

Pancabhautika Composition of a dravya i.e. dravyantaradhana. Samavaya

relation is present between karana dravyas which are Nitya and their gunas

which are also nitya (Samsiddhika gunas). So relation between them is also

nitya. That’s why, in the text while defining samavaya, it is called as

E}dIFlNGF\ U]6{o DTo indicating gunas of Mahabhutas i.e.

karanadravyas and not the Karyadravyas. As karyadravyas are anitya, they

are undergoing changes continuously. The alteration in pancabhautika

composition is taking place at every moment due to Agni Maahabhuta present

in it. Moreover, the factors outside like desa, kala etc are also affecting the

Pancamahabhutas in a dravya. But, rate of transformation or alteration is very

slow so that one cannot identify these alterations by limited human senses or

cannot measure by some instrument. By making Samskara, one just

accelerates the rate of transformation, So that in limited time period the

changes as required can be produced in a dravya, thereby showing

gunantaradhana.

As karanadravyas i.e. five Mahabhutas are not perceivable by limited

human senses, one is able to perceive the product i.e. Karyadravya formed

from various conjugations of Mahabhutas having different configuration.

That's why; Karyadravyas are called as Pancamahabhuta-Vikara at Various

places in the text. So, it becomes clear that, after change in dravya in the

form of alteration in Pancbhautika compositon, Change in gunas takes place


which is called as gunantaradhana. For practical understanding only, the word

gunantaradhana is used instead of dravyantaradhana.

While understanding the concept of Samskara, it is also important to

discuss some important terms like Samyoga, Yukti etc. Which are having

their relation with Samskara. As samyoga and Samskara are closely related

processes, in texts at many places, they are used in adherence with each other.

While describing the types of Samskara also, one type narrated by Indu is

Samyoga-Samskara-visesa. While doing Samskara, Samyoga of Samskaraka

& Samkarita draavya is mandatory. But in Ayurveda, the term Samyoga is

used with different meaning. Here, the meaning of Samyoga is Combination

of two or more substance with dominance in quantity. Samskara, no doubt

involves the union of one substance with another, but the substance which is

used as Samskaraka dravya is not dominatly observed. Yukti is also important

concept which is having relation with Samskara. Along with Samskara,

Samyoga & Parimana (Matra) are also having important role while doing

yojana of drug. Remaining Pardi gunas like samkhya, Vibhaga, Prthaktva,

Abhyasa are dependent on the above three factors. Paratva & apartva are

having their relation with all the factors separately. In this way, all the paradi

gunas are inter-related with each other & before administering the drug, one

has to consider all these factors, then only treatment becomes successful due

to proper Yukti. Yukti is having it's relation with Samskara, because Yukti is

nothing but the 'Samicina Kalpana' of bhesaja. So, it can be said that success

in treatment depends mainly on the Samskara which is selected.

Proper Samskar Proper Yukti Success in treatment

sNF[QFFlNV5[1FIF E[QFH:I ;DLRLG S<5GFf The word Samskara is used as guna as well as Karma in Ayurvedic

texts. In Carakasamhita, Samskara is considered under the category of paradi

gunas. Where as, at majority places, Samskara word is used denoting

processing or method. Susrutacarya had used the term 'Karma-viruddha'


instead of 'Samskara-viruddha' while describing types of viruddha. But, by

reviewing the concept of guna & karma in Ayurved, it can be said that guna is

the potential energy of dravya which when get expressed in the form of

kinetic energy is termed as karma. Thus Samskara as a guna, is a causative

factor (Karanatva) responsible for new ability introduced in a dravya. As a

Karama, Samskara is a process or method (Kartrtva) of introducing new

ability in a dravya. Hence, it is also important to note that Samskara is guna

and Karma in different Contexts. In both the contexts, Karta (or karana) is

different. When samskara term is used as a guna, it is in relation with

pancabhautika dravya on which samskara is creatd. When Samskara term is

used as a karma, it is in relation with Caitanya karta i.e. Pharmacist or

physician.

In present days of globalization, many of the valuable drugs mentioned

in Ayurvedic classics are becoming rarely available or unavailable due to

increased borrowing of crude drugs, by various Ayurvedic Pharmacies.

So Bahuta or availability, which is one of the important qualities of

drug, is going on decreasing. In such conditions, the drugs available can be

utilized multidimensionally only with the help of Samskara. So, here it

becomes necessary to understand the concept of Samskara and basic

principles behind it, so that one can use it more effectively to form number of

different formulations from single drug as per requirement. Also, any drug

cannot be used as it is, in all types of patients, conditions and stage of the

disease. The drug is required to be modified according to Agni, Vaya,

Prakrti, Bala, Satmya, Rogavastha, condition of the dosas etc. So Samskara is

one of the important tools in the hands of Ayurvedic physician, to make the

alteration in pancabhautika composition, under controlled conditions, thereby

forming the dravya having expected guna-karmas. To achieve all the

necessary qualities of bhesaja, one has to use proper samskaras. Samskara is

having it’s importance in both the fields i.e. drug and diet, which are related


with patient. For this reason only, Acarya Caraka had mentioned Samskara in

paradi gunas, which are called as Cikitsopayogi gunas (related with drug) as

well as in the astau-ahara-vidhi visesa-ayatanas (related with diet). The utility

of the concept of Samskara can be understood by number of references

available in the classics showing it's applied aspect.

In Ayurvedic texts, at majority places, the word Samskara is used for

different processes such as svedana, mardana, bhavana, manthana etc.

Though, directly types of samskara are not mentioned in the Brhat-trayee,

there is an indirect hint given by Acarya Caraka, by giving first preference to

toyaganisannikarsa, while describing Various means for gunantaradhana. So,

by using Pancamahabhuta siddnanta, all the available processes could be

classified under three basic types i.e. (1) toya sannikarsa, (2) agnisannikarsa

and (3) toyagnisannikarsa according to agent (i.e. Samskaraka drarya)

required for modifying the dravya. The details of this are discussed in the

conceptual part only, as it was necessary to clear the basic concept there itself.

Regarding the types of Samskara, in AstangaSangraha various examples of

Samskara are given at one place i.e. A.S. Su. 7/221-231. Indu, the

Commentator of Astanga Sangraha had given good contribution by

classifying these examples under different twelve headings. In these, nearly 8

words are repeatedly used which are as above.

(1) Samyoga

(2) Samskara

(3) Kala

(4 Svabhava

(5) Kriya

(6) Prayoga

(7) Patra &

(8) Avastha


These can be considered as factors responsible for the transformations

or means to create the Samskara in a dravya. Astanga Hrdaya and Susruta

Samhita had not contributed much about the types and concept of Samskara.

The pharmaco dynamics and pharmacokinetics of a dravya depends on

it's Pancabhautika composition. This pharmacology can be modified with the

help of Samskara. Understanding the Concpet of Samskara in the light of

Pancamahabhuta siddhanta will be helpful in giving the advantage to

confidently employ the Samskara according to situation. So, it is also

necessary to understand normal Pancabhautika composition of a dravya. This

can be understood mainly in two Phases through.

(1) Evolution of Mahabhutas theory and

(2) Formation of Pancabhautika dravya

(1) Evolution of Mahabhutas takes place in 3 Stages;

a) Evolution of Pancatanmatra

b) Bhutantaranupravesa (Imitative pervasion) and

c) Pancikarana (Reciprocal Pervasion)

(2) Formation of pancabhautika dravya.

There are three types of conjugations taking place in between

Mahabhutas to form Pancabhautika dravya. (Su.su.42/3, Su.sa.3/3)

a) Paraspara-Samsarga

b) Parasparanugraha

c) Parasparanupravesa

Though, the gunas and karmas of any pancabhautika dravya are

manifestations of total effect of conjugation and configuration of Mahabhutas,

generally Mahabhuta which is dominant shows more number of guna-karmas.

So, gunantaradhana taking place by Samskara is due to change in dominant

Mahabhutas. Here Gunantaradhana is of 3 types which can be explained on

the basis of interaction between Mahabhutas.


1) Gunotkarsa (Potentiation)

Here potency of existing gunas gets enhanced by Samskara. Here

Samskaraka & Samskarita dravyas are having same dominant Mahabhutas, so

quantity of dominant Mahabhutas get increased thereby showing gunotkarsa

in the process of Samskara.

2) Vibhaga (division)

Here potency of unwanted existing guna (i.e. dosa) gets decreased by

Samskara. Here Samskaraka and Samskarita dravyas are having dominant

Mahabhutas of opposite gunas. So the dominant Mahabhuta between two get

expressed itself.

3) Bheda (Variation)

Here, entirely new guna gets manifested due to Samskara, which is not

present in either of the dominant Mahabhutas of Samskaraka & Samskarita

dravya. This may be due to parasparanupravesa type of Conjugation of

Samskarita dravya, in which the presence of submerged mahabhuta gets

manifested itself, in the form of entirely different guna after process of

Samskara.

There are many factors on which Resultant of reactions of Mahabhutas

depends which are as follows:

(i) Quantity of the dominant Mahabhutas taking part in the reaction.

(ii) Relative quantity of other Mahabhutas present in a dravya.

(iii) Configuration of the reacting Mahabhutas.

(iv) Type of reaction taking place in between reacting Mahabhutas.

(v) Type of conjugations (Paraspara-Samsarga etc) by which Samskarita

dravya is formed.

(vi) Shapes and size of Mahabhuta molecules taking part in reaction.

For the formation of new dravyas through alteration in Pancabhautika

composition by Samskara, one has to think about mainly two things i.e.


selection of proper drug & selection of proper Samskara. For selection of

drug, one can take help of ‘Loka-Purusa samya’ siddhanta. By Samskara, one

can make changes in the Pancabhutika composition of a dravya outside the

body. When the dravya is taken inside the body, it is subjected to changes in

pancabhautika composition at different levels of agni i.e. Jatharagni,

Bhautikagni, Dhatvagni etc. Vicitrapratyayarabdha dravyas shows different

effects at different levels of agni, due to change in dominant Mahabhutas. So

it can be said that, vicitra pratyayarabdha dravyas can be get changed

differently by diferent samskaras outside the body also. Thus, various new

dravyas having different guna - karmas can be created by employing different

samskaras to vicitrapratyayarabdha dravyas. Selection of proper samskara for

any dravya will depend on Mahabhuta dominance & configuration of

Mahabhutas of that dravya. Any Samskara could not be employed to any

dravya. Selection of Samskara will also depend on the patient, type of

disease, stage of disease, status of dosadi etc.

In Susruta Samhita, acarya susruta had given a good hint regarding the

identification of Mahabhuta dominance. According to him assessment of

dominant Mahabhuta can be done by two ways;

(1) By identification of taste & it's intensity i.e. Asvadato and

(2) By identification of perceivable guna-karmas i.e. Bhutagunaihi

Accordingly, an attempt is made by the scholar to develop method of

calculation of percentage of Mahabhuta dominance, using the guna-karmas

(of Parthivadi dravyas) mentioned by Brhat-trayee and Astanga-Hrdaya. This

method cannot be said to be perfect, but it is a guideline showing the

direction, in which further efforts could be made. Some questions may be

raised regarding this method of calculation like, why these four texts are only

considered? Why Guna-Karmas mentioned in texts only are considered?

Here, the effort is made to minimize the controversies. As all these four texts

are considered as 'main texts' in the field of Ayurveda (Brhat-trayee), these

texts are only considered here. Guna-Karmas mentioned in texts are the


maximum perceivable guna-karmas of any dravya. So these are more

important regarding identification of Mahabhuta dominance. But this method

is not rigid. It is flexible enough so that, one can make changes in it by

including opinions of more number of Ayurvedic texts, which he feels

important. Distribution of points also can be changed if one wants to give

more importance to opinion of particular text, he can give more weight-age to

that text. As Identification of Mahabhuta dominance is a vast topic and in this

research work, it is taken as one of the aim of study, all the things regarding

this could not be discussed here, due to limitations of the study. It needs

number of separate research works to be carried out to develop parameters for

assessment of Mahabhuta dominance. Some lacunas may also there in the

method. For e.g. All of us know practically very well that, Akasiya dravyas

are the most laghu i.e. laghutama in all the substances. But in Susruta-

Samhita, the place where the guna-karmas of Parthivadi dravyas are quoted

(Su.su..41/4), laghu guna is not mentioned in Akasiya dravyas. So in this

charts also, laghu guna has been given 3 points only for Akasiya dravyas.

Also it becomes very necessary here that, objective criteria for assessment of

guna-karmas should be developed, because laghu guna of Vayveeya dravya &

Laghu guna of Akasiya dravya will be definitely having difference in

intensity & gradation. But in the above method, this fact also is not

considered again due to lack of objectivity of gunas. So, it can be said that,

developing objective parameters for assessment of guna-karmas will be the

prior step of determining Mahabhuta dominance of any dravya. This type of

one work is done in this very department only, on Snigdha & Ruksa gunas by

Dr. Supriya Bhalerao under the guidance of Dr. R.B. Dvivedi in 1998. Also

some works are going on now, in this department regarding Guru & laghu

gunas (Dr. Umanga Pandya) Snigdha guna (Dr. Balaji Potabhare). So, such

type of works will be definitely helpful regarding assessment of Mahabhuta

dominance as Mahabhutas are not directly perceivable.


Asvadato or ‘taste with tongue’ method is again comparatively easy

criteria to determine Mahabhuta dominance, as specific rasas are having

dominance of specifc Mahabhutas. But this has limitations, as this is only

helpful in the case of Samana pratyayarabdha dravyas. Arambhaka

Mahabhutas of Rasa and dravya are same in Samana pratgayarabdha dravyas.

So by understanding taste only, one may become able to understand

Mahabhuta dominance of that dravya also. So, to develop Parameters for

assessment of Mahabhuta dominance in future works, Samana

Pratyayarabdha dravyas only should be selected, as the practical & easy

criteria i.e. taste is available in their case to verify the validity of Parameters.

According to 'Bhutaguna method' (Guna-Karmas mentioned in text) Haritaki

had shown dominance of Agni and Vayu Mahabhutas. Wheteas, by 'Asvadato

method' (taste with tongue) Haritaki being kasaya, shown dominance of

Prthvi and vayu Mahabhutas. So it can be said that, Haritaki, being a vicitra

pratyayarabdha dravya is showing different Mahabhuta dominance in Rasa

(Prthvi + vayu) & dravya (Agni+Vayu) respectively.

In physical study, an attempt was made to assess the organoleptic

properties of Haritaki before and after Samskara. Sparsa, Rupa and Rasa are

found more assessable and useful.

(1) Before Samskara (Guna-Related Mahabhutas)

(a) Sparsa - Khara - Vayu + Prthvi + Teja

(b) Rupa - Ruksa - Vayu + Teja

(c) Rasa -Kasaya - Prthvi + Vayu

Gandha & Sabda criteria were not found that much useful, as they are

subjective in nature, so they are not considered here.

So, overall picture of Mahabhuta dominance of Haritaki before

Samskara according to Physical study is -

3 Prthvi + 3 Vayu + 2 Teja

(2) After Samskara -


Two Samskaras were selected, Pesana & Svedana. So, organoleptic

characters of pesita and Swinna Haritaki are as follows.

(a) Pesita Haritaki

(i) Sparsa - Mrdu - Jala + Akasa

Piccila - Jala

Seeta - Jala + Vayu

(ii) Rupa - Piccila - Jala

(iii) Rasa - Kasaya - Prthvi + Vayu

So, according to Physical study, overall picture of Mahabhuta

dominance of pesita Haritaki is

4 Jala + 2 vayu + 1 Prthvi + 1 Akasa

Here, it can be clearly understood that Jala Mahabhuta dominance is

increased, which was not seen in Haritaki before Samskara.

b) Swinna Haritaki

a) Sparsa - Mrdu - Jala + Akasa

Usna - Teja

Tiksna (with touch of tongu) Teja

b) Rupa - Snigdha - Jala

c) Rasa - Kasaya - Prthvi + Vayu

So, according to physical study, overall picture of Mahabhuta

dominance of Swinna Haritaki is

2 Teja + 2 Jala + 1 Vayu + 1 Akasa + 1 Prthvi.

Here in physical study, though Kasaya rasa was found in both the

Samskarit drugs, but intensity was different, which cannot be measured in

organoleptic methods. To assess the intensity of taste, a method known as

'taste threshold' is there. One can infer quantity of Mahabhutas in a Rasa

according to difference of taste threshold. Above is the some interesting data

regarding Haritaki

(From Rasapancaka - S.C. Dhyani)


Threshold values of Haritaki

In Cold water 1280

In hot water 880

6 hours after boiling 840

The difference in the threshold values of Haritaki in cold water & hot

water is indicative of the fact that, after different samskaras, there is change in

the intensity of the taste. So, it can be said that, quantity of dominant

Mahabhutas in Rasa is changing, due to different Samskaras of cold water &

hot water. In pesita Haritaki also, Samskara with cold water is there & in

swinna Haritaki, Samskara with hot water.

In Physico-Chemical study, it was not possible to employ all the

suggested parameters, to assess Mahabhutas dominance of samskarita drug

due to different forms of drug (i.e. other than curna). Possible 7 parameters

were employed to see the difference between Mahabhuta dominance of pesita

Haritaki and swinna Haritaki. But more data is required to prove the

postulated hypothesis of relation of particular Mahabhuta dominance to

particular parameter, so that the above interpretations will be supported

(1) Ash value - Not much difference was observed between ash values of

swinna Haritaki and pesita Haritaki (i.e. 3.3 and 3) indicating not much

difference in Prthvi Mahabhuta dominance.

(2) Moisture content - In case of pesita Haritaki, Moisture content was

much higher i.e. 27.9% indicating dominance of Jala Mahabhuta, while

in case of Swinna Haritaki, it was found to be 5.6% which is

comparatively much less.

(3) Water soluble extractive - In case of Pesita Haritaki, water soluble

extractive was found to be 26.8%, while in case of swinna Haritaki it

was found to be 50% which is indicative of more Jala Mahabhuta

dominance in pesita Haritaki as compared to swinna Haritaki.


(4) Tablet hardness - Tablet hardness of both the samples was quite higher

(i.e. 13.35 kg./cm2 in pesita haritaki and 12.42 kg./cm2 in swinna

Haritaki). This is indicative of higher Prthvi Mahabhuta dominance in

both the Samples. But comparatively pesia Haritaki can be said to

have more prthvi Mahabhuta dominance.

(5) Disintegration time - For both the samples, disintegration time

required was more than 1 hour. In this duration, pill of pesita Haritaki

was more disintegrated as compared to pill of swinna Haritaki.

(6) Binding capacity test - No external binding agent was required in case

of both the samples, as water content in the samples worked as binding

reagent.

No specific conclusion can be drawn from the Physico-Chemical

study of Samskarita Haritaki. Because, due to different samskaras, form of the

dravyas changes. All the above suggested parameters should be carried out

for the drug having curna form. As form is not constant, these observations

cannot produce specific conclusion regarding Mahabhuta dominace. More

study is required with number of drugs to support the validity of these

parameters for deciding Mahabhuta dominance. Also, it is not always

necessary that there must be coincidence in Physical property and

physiological action of Dravya. Sometimes they match. Sometimes they do

not match e.g. Amala rasa is usna virya but by touch it is sita. The sliced

bread is laugh by it's weight but it is Guru Physiologically. In such cases, the

suggested parameters may get failed.

Present Clinical study was planned to evaluate the applied aspect of

Samskara and to find out changes that occur in Pancabhautika Composition

after Samskara. So not any specific disease, but two conditions were decided

and Patients were selected accordingly in 4 groups, 2 groups as test groups

and 2 groups as a control. Two types of patients i.e. The patients having

unsatisfactory bowel clearance and the patients having stools of semi-liquid or


watery type were selected, to see the malasodhana effect of pesita Haritaki

and Samgrahaka effect of Swinna Haritaki respectively. In both the control

groups, Haritaki Yavakuta was given as a control. A Clinical trial has been

carried out on total 36 patients out of which 21 patients were having

unsatisfactory bowel clearance and 15 patients were having stools of semi-

liquid or watery types.

As Clinical study is proposed here as a part of practical study, to assess

alterations in Pancabhautika Composition, discussion regarding general

observations will not be done here. The data which is useful regarding the

topic will be discussed and assessed.

As per hypothesis, it was expected here that samskarita drug will show

better results than asamskarita drug. The results of treatment were assessed

on the basis of specially prepared research Performa, in which scoring system

was adopted to give more objectivity. The points regarding consistency of

stools, frequency of defecation, process of defecation etc. were assessed

before and after treatment.

The results of test group on loose stools showed statistically highly

significant effect (P<0.001) on frequency of defecation (30.55% relief) and

statistically significant effect (P<0.01) on consistency of stools (37.50%

relief), followed by statistically insignificant effect (P>-0.05) on associated

symptoms (12.50% relief).

The results of control group on loose stools showed statistically

insignificant effect (P>-0.05) on frequency of defecation (16.62% relief) and

statistically insignificant effect (P>0.05) on consistency of stools (21.42%

relief), followed by statistically insignificant effect (P>0.05) on associated

symptoms (11.45% relief).

It is very clearly suggestive of the fact that, test group (i.e. swinna

Haritaki) is showing better effect on consistency of stools and frequency of

defecation as compared to control group (i.e. Haritaki Yavakuta).


The results of test group on unsatisfactory bowel clearance showed

statistically highly significant effect (P<0.001) on Consistency of stools

(31.50% relief) and statistically highly significant effect (P<0.001) on process

of defecation (37.90% relief), followed by Statistically highly significant

effect (P<0.001) on time taken for defecation (33.51% relief) and statistically

significant effect (P<0.05) on associated symptoms (13.95% relief)

respectively. The results of control group on unsatisfactory bowel clearance

showed statistically significant effect (P<0.01) on Consistency of stools

(26.08% relief) and statistically significant effect (P<0.01) on process of

defecation (31.97% relief) followed by statistically insignificant effect

(P>0.05) on time taken for defecation (16.66% relief) and statistically

significant effect (P<0.05) on associated symptoms (27.77% relief)

respectively.

It is indicating that test group (i.e. Pesita Haritaki) had shown better

effect on consistency of stools, process of defecation and time taken for

defecation as compared to control group (i.e. Haritaki Yavakuta).

Both the test groups (i.e. Samskarita drugs) have shown better effect as

compared to control groups (i.e. asamskarita drug) This is indicating effect of

Samskara on Haritaki and it's role in alteration of Pancabhautika composition.


The pathogenesis of the selected two conditions at Mahabhuta level

can be explained as follows :

Purisavaha Srotodustikara Hetu Sevana

Apana Vaigunya

Increased Ruksa Guna of Apana Vayu Increased cala guna of Apana Vayu

Viksepana Karma get disturbed Dharana Karma get distrubed

Disturbance in Pancabhautika

composition of Purisa

Disturbance in Pancabhautika

composition of Purisa

Vayu Mahabhuta dominance get

increased

Jala Mahabhuta dominance get

increased

Excessive Sosana of purisa due to

increased Ruksa Guna

Less sosana of Purisa due to increased

cala guna

Accumulation of Purisa in Pakvasaya Jala Content of Purisa in Pakvasaya get

increased

Sanga type of Purisavaha srotodusti i.e.

Unsatisfactory bowels

Atipravrtti type of Purisa vaha srotodusti

i.e. loose stools

Haritaki being a drug acting on Purisavaha srotas it is used here by

modifying its' pancabhautika composition by Samskara according to condition

i.e. Pesita Haritaki in Unsatisfactory bowels and Swinna Haritaki in loose

stools.


PROBABLE MODE OF ACTION

Probable mode of action of drug on the basis of Pancamahabhuta

siddhanta can be explained as follows :

Haritaki

Pesana Samskara Svedana Samskara

Jala Mahabhuta dominance get

increased

Agni Mahabhuta dominance get

increased

Guru and Snigdha guna get

manifested

Usna and Laghu guna get

manifested

Reduces Ruksa guna of Purisa

(increased due to excessive Vayu

Mahabhuta)

Reduces jala mahabhuta dominance

of Purisa and excessive cala guna

Proper expulsion of purisa Proper absorption of purisa

Viksepana Karma get established Dharana Karma get established

LIMITATIONS OF THE PRACTICAL STUDY :

While doing practical study (i.e. Physical study, Physico-Chemical

study and Clinical study), the scholar had to face some problems as it was the

first work of this type. So scholar wants to mention them honestly, as it will

be helpful while planning further studies in this direction:

(I) Physical Study:

Only Rupa, Rasa & Sparsa were found useful in organoleptic method.

There is a need to understand and develop tests regarding Sabda and Gandha.


Here also, gradation or objectivity of gunas is required. For e.g. in 'Sparsa'

criteria, both the Haritaki (i.e. Swihna & Pesita) were found Mrdu but with

different intensity. To give the objectivity to such gunas, more umber of

studies and experimenteal data is required in this direction.

(II) Physico-Chemical Study.

Nearly 11 parameters are suggested in Physico-Chemical study to

determine Mahabhuta dominace. These are suggested according to gunas of

Mahabhutas, as Mahabhutas are not directly perceivable to sense organs. By

understanding the gunas, Mahabhuta dominance can be interpreted. So

ultimately, more the perfectly and precisely gunas can be understood, it will

be helpful to understand Mahabhuta dominance. All the 11 parameters

suggested can not be employed to the drug which is not in the form of Curna.

So, only 7 parameters could be studied regarding Samskarita Haritaki due to

different form. Instead of vicitra pratyayarabdha dravy as like Haritaki,

Samana-Pratyayarabdha dravyas are more welcomed while developing

Parameters to determine Mahabhuta dominance.

(III) Clinical Study:

(1) Firstly, while deciding dose of Swinna Haritaki, the difficulty aroused.

As Haritaki in the crude form (i.e. broken pices of Phalatvak) is not

having same weight. So, it became mandatory for a scholar to go to

pharmacy (G.A.U.) and to select the pieces having weights 2 gm., 3

gm., and 4 gm. and then packing were made. So, it was difficult to get

pieces of that weight and so to administer the accurate dose. Process of

selecting the pieces was time consuming.

(2) Also palatability of Samskarita drug was less and it was time

consuming for a patient, to take drug after doing Samskara, so less

number of patients get registered and time duration of study also could

not be increased more than 7 days.


(3) As unsatisfactory bowels and loose stools are considered less serious

diseases in society and also many other drugs are easily available for

these problems in the form of tablet or capsule which can be easily

administered, patients were reluctant to get admitted.


CONCLUSION

The fruitfulness of any work is proved only after thorough discussion

done on the concepts, with the help of available & achieved practical data and

some conclusions are drawn. It could be said that, getting conclusions from

any research is just like getting fruits from own hand planted tree. At this

particular juncture, the fruitful conclusions, which have automatically

emerged through the discussion of the conceptual study and practical study,

are being presented here.

(1) The concept of Samskara is peculiarity of Ayurveda. Though,

Ayurveda is having similar views with Darsana-sastras like Vaisesika,

Samkhya etc. in many aspects, but the concept of Samskara in

Ayurveda is molded in such a way that, it becomes helpful in Cikitsa,

thereby fulfilling it's aim of dhatusamya.

(2) The word 'Gunantaradhana’ in Samskara is used for practical

understanding. Gunantaradhana is indicating Dravyantradhana due to

presence of 'Samavaya' relation between karana-dravya and guna.

'Bhumyadinam gunaihi' is indicative of gunas of Mahabhutas i.e.

Karanadravyas are only having the relationship of Samavaya.

(3) Karya-dravyas are in continuous process of changing due to Agni

Mahabhuta present in it. The rate of transformation may be slow or

fast depending upon the quantity of agni Mahabhuta present in a

substance. In Samskara, one just accelerates the rate of transformation

by use of various processes.

(4) Samskara and Samyoga are having close resemblance with each other.

The difference is due to quantity of the substances taking part in the


process of Samskara and samyoga. In Samyoga, the substances are in

dominant quantity. While in Samskara, Samskaraka dravya (i.e.dravya

used for impregnation) is less in quantity. -

(5) Samskara is having its major role in Yukti i.e. Yojana of Bhesaja. All

the paradi gunas are inter-related with each other. Samyoga and

Parimana (Matra) are the next important factors in Yukti. Paratva and

Aparatva are related with all other paradi gunas separately.

(6) 'Samskara' word is used in different contexts as a guna as well as

Karma. Samskara as a guna is a causative factor responsible for new

ability introduced in a dravya. As Karma, Samskara is a process or

method of introducing new ability in a dravya.

(7) As availability of drugs is going on decreasing day by day, it becomes

mandatory for Ayurvedists to understand the concept of Samskara and

basic principles behind it, which will be useful in using single drug

multi-dimensionally according to need.

(8) Samskara is one of the important factors in the hands of Ayurvedic

physician for increasing or improving other 3 padas of Bhesaja (i.e.

Bahuta, yogyatva and sampat)

(9) The utility of the concept of Samskara can be understood by various

references available in the text, showing it's applied aspect.

(10) In the text, at majority of the places, Samskara word is used for

different processes. Though, types of Samskara are not mentioned

directly anywhere in the classics, with the help of Pancamahabhuta

Siddhanta, all the available processes can be classified in 3 groups i.e.

Toya-sannikarsa, Agni-sannikarsa and Toyagni-sannikarsa.


(11) Formation of Pancabhautika dravya can be understood at 3 levels -

Tanmatra, Mahabhuta and Pancabhautika dravya - Tanmatra undergoes

(a) Bhutantaranupravesa & (b) Pancikarana to form Mahabhutas.

Mahabhutas undergo Paraspara-Samsarga, Parasparanugraha or

Parasparanupravesa to form Pancabhautika dravya.

(12) Gunantaradhana can takes place in 3 ways.

(a) Gunotkarsa (Potentiation) or

(b) Vibhaga (Division) or

(c) Bheda (Variation)

(13) Gunantaradhana by Samskara at the level of Mahabhutas depends on.

(a) The quantity of dominant Mahabhutas,

(b) Relative quantity of other Mahabhutas,

(c) Configuration of the reacting Mahabhutas,

(d) Type of reaction between Mahabhutas,

(e) Type of Conjugation (Paraspara-Samsarga etc.) by which

Samskarita dravyas is formed,

(f) Shapes and size of the Mahabhuta molecules taking part in

reaction.

(14) Vicitra Pratyayarabdha dravyas may become a platform for developing

various samskaras, as they are versatile enough to be getting changed

at different levels of Agni.

(15) While selecting Samskara for a particular dravya, Mahabhuta

dominance of that dravya should be taken into consideration.

(15) Haritaki is a very useful drug quoted as 'Sarvarogaprasamanin' by

acarya Caraka, but only if used with proper Samskara, Samyoga etc.


Various references of Haritaki, available in the different texts are

suggestive of the same fact.

(16) 'Aptopadesa method' suggested to determine ‘Mahabhuta dominance’

according to guna-karma may be helpful, though Changes can be made

in it according to need of the situation, while doing further work.

(17) While developing parameters for assessment of ‘Mahabhuta

dominance’, Samana-pratyayarabdha dravyas should be selected, as

utility of new Parameters can be cross-checked with Rasa Pariksana.

(18) Haritaki, being a vicitra-pratyayarabdha dravya had shown difference

in Mahabhuta dominace of dravya (according to guna-karma method)

and Mahabhuta dominance of rasa (according to taste).

(19) As Mahabhutas are not perceivable by sense-organs, gunas are the only

tools to assess Mahabhuta dominance. So, objective Parameters for

assessment of guna will be helpful in determination of ‘Mahabhuta

dominance’.

(20) Physico-Chemical study was not found that much helpful in

determining Mahabhuta dominanc of Samskarita drug due to

difference in form (i.e. other than curna). But, the parameters

suggested may be helpful for further studies.

(21) Physical study and clinical study was found supportive to the

hypothesis i.e. change in Mahabhuta dominance in Haritaki after

Samskara i.e. Jala Mahabhuta dominance get increased in pesita

Haritaki and Agni Mahabhuta dominance get increased in swinna

Haritaki.


(22) It is not always necessary that there must be coincidence in Physical

property and physiological action of a dravya. Amla rasa is having

Usna Virya but by touch it is sita. In such case, the suggested

Parameters in Physico-chemical study may fail.

(23) It is not possible to employ each and every Parameter to measure all

things. Every Parameter has it's own scope and limitations.

(24) Though, Mahabhuta dominance of a pancabhautika dravya can be

detected, but it is not possible to understand or predict the

configuration of Mahabhutas, shapes and size of Mahabhuta-molecules

with above-said parameters, due to limited range of human senses and

intelligence.

(25) Sarirastha Agni is also important factor which may be responsible for

alteration in Mahabhuta dominance during transformation of Ahara,

Bhesaja etc. in to sarirastha Dhatu. So, it should also be considered.


SUMMARY

Summary is the replica of a thesis work. It represents the glimpses of a

thesis subject. It can be useful as a scientific material for research paper.

Samskara is an important concept, which can be called as 'Svasangya

Tantrayukti' of Ayurveda. Ayurvedic texts have utilized this concept at

various places, for enhancement of pharmaco-dynamics and pharmaco-

kinetics of a dravya. Understanding of this concept from the base and

utilizing it clinically will be helpful in the field of fundamental research. So,

the present study entitled 'A Study of Samskara and it's role in alteration of

Pancabhahtika Composition of a dravya' had been undertaken.

It is presented in 5 main Sections Viz.

(1) Conceptualstudy

(2) Drug Review

(3) Practical Study

(4) Discussion

(5) Conclusion

(1) Conceptual Study:

The study comprises of Concept of Samskara, which is studied under

six Sub- headings.

The first sub-heading comprises etymology, definition, meanings,

synonyms and scope of the concept. Different meanings of Samskara are

found in different Contexts. But in Ayurveda, meaning is restricted to

processing or preparation regarding drug and diet. Various synonyms are

found in the text, showing different aspects of samskara which are classified

accordingly. Scope of the concept regarding present era is also explained

here.


The second sub-heading comprises the basic understanding of the

concept. Whether it can be included in guna category or Karma category is

dealt. Here, Concept of guna according to Ayurveda is also explained.

Third sub-heading is regarding necessity, importance and utility of the

concept of Samskara. All the three points are dealt in detail with Valuable

classical references. Necessity of the Concept of Samskara can be understood

from the fact that, availability of various drugs mentioned in classics is

decreasing everyday due to several reasons. So, available drug can be utilized

multidimensionally only with the help of various Samskaras. So, under

standing this important Concept is mandatory. Utility of the concept can be

understood by so many references in texts, showing it's applied aspect. In

texts, at majority places, Samskara word is used for different processes.

So fourth sub-heading is 'Samskara as a process, it's types and effect on

a dravya. Though, direct reference regarding types of Samskara is not found

in the text, by using 'Mahabhuta theory' all the available processes can be

grouped under 3 headings. Here, different processes of Samskara mentioned

in Caraka Samhita and Astanga-samgraha are dealt in details. In Astanga-

samgraha, Commentator Indu had contributed well regarding the

classification of various processes, under 12 sub-headings. These types are

presented here, with explanation on the basis of Pancamahabhuta Siddhanta.

Fifth sub-heading is regarding Pancamahabhuta Siddhanta and it's

relation with Samskara. Here, Pancamahabhuta Siddnanth is explained

regarding formation of pancabhautika dravya. Also, alterations taking place

at the level of Mahabhutas due to Samskara is discussed here. Due to

Samskara, dominant Mahabhuta get changed, which is manifested in the form

of Change in gunas i.e. Gunantaradhana. Here, probable reactions between

Mahabhutas and factors affecting the resultant of these reactions are explained

with the help of classical references.


Sixth Sub-heading is 'Samskara for the formation of new dravyas

through alteration in Pancabhautika Composition. This is indicating the Scope

of the concept in future. Here, mainly explanation is given regarding selection

of drug and selection of Samskara. Possible utility of Vicitrapratyayarabdha

dravyas for developing various Samskaras on the basis of 'Loka-Purusa

Samya Siddhanta' is described here. Also, selection of drug on the basis of

Mahabhuta dominance is told in short.

In this way, Conceptual study has been elaborated to understand the

concept of Samskara on the basis of Pancamahabhuta Siddhanta.

(2) Drug Review :

Here, elaborate information regarding drug Haritaki is given. Different

uses of Haritaki with samskaras & samyoga of different dravyas is discussed

here with the help of classical references. Lastly, latest researches carried out

all over the world showing different actions of the drug are mentioned.

(3) Practical Study :

Practical study is the part of research work where the assessment of

practical validity and applicability of the concept is done.

It Consist of three Sub-headings.

(1) Physical Study

(2) Phsico-Chemical Study

(3) Clinical Study.

In physical study, assessment of Mahabhuta dominance of asamskarita

and Samskarita Haritaki (Pesita & Swinna) was done on the basis of

organoleptic properties. This assessment was done by Sparsa (i.e.touch),

Rupa and Rasa (i.e. taste). In this, ‘taste with tongue’ method was applied and

taste determination of Pesita Haritaki and Swinna Haritaki was done. But not

significant change in the taste was observed, as intensity of the taste cannot be

measured by this method.


In physico-Chemical study, 11 Parameters for assessment of

Mahabhuta dominance are suggested. Only 7 parameters can be employed on

samskarita Haritaki (i.e. Pesita & Swinna) due to difference in form (i.e. other

than Curna). These parameters are not found that much useful to understand

change in Mahabhuta dominance of Samskarita drug.

In Clinical study, total 45 patients get registered, out of which, 36

completed the study. A Special research proforma has been prepared to

assess the observations and effect of therapy. The observations found in the

Clinical Study are presented in the tabular form here. Regarding the effect of

therapy, Samskarita drug (i.e. Pesita Haritaki & Swinna Haritaki) has shown

better results as Compared to Control (asamskarita drug), in selected two

conditions i.e. unsatisfactory bowel clearance and lose stools respectively.

(4) Discussion :

In the discussion part, the forth section of present study, the analysis of

conceptual and practical study is done, in order to prove the role of Samskara

in alteration of Pancabhautika composition i.e. Change in Mahabhuta

dominance. Validity of suggested parameters and limitations of practical

study is also discussed here.

(5) Conclusion :

In the fifth section, some fruitful Conclusions have also been drawn on

the basis of discussion part available from conceptual and practical study.

At the end of study, an appendix including research proforma and

bibliography is given.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

GRANTHAS

1. Astanga Hrdaya with the commentaries of Arunadatta and Hemadri

edited by Hari Shastri Paradakar, Krishnadasa academy - 1982.

2. Astanga Samgraha with the commentary of Indu, edited by A.D.

Athavale, Atreya Prakasana, Pune, 1980.

3. Astanga Samgraha with the commentary of Indu, Published by Central

Council for research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS) New Delhi -

1991.

4. Astangasangraha with Hindi Vyakhya by Lal Chandra Shastry Vaidya,

Baidyanatha Publications, - 1989.

5. Bhavaprakasa Nighantu - edited by G.S. Pandey and K.C. Chunekar,

Chaukhambha - 2002.

6. Caraka Samhita - Critical notes by P.V. Sharma, Vol. I, II & III

Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi - 1999.

7. Caraka Samhita with English Translation by R.K. Sharma and

Bhagwandash.

8. Caraka Samhita with the Commentary of Cakrapani Datta, edited by

Vd. Yadavaji Trikamaji Acarya - 1994.

9. Caraka Samhita, Shree Gulab Kunwarba Ayurvedic Society, Jamnagar,

English translation.

10. Charaka Samhita, Hindi Vyakhya by Pt. Kashinatha Shastri

Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi - 2000.

11. Madhavanidanam with Madhukosha Commentary edited by Shri

Yadunandana Upadhyaya - Part I & II - Chaukhambha Sanskrit

Sansthana - 30th edition.


12. Rasaratna Samuccaya with Vijnanabodhini bhasa - teeka (Part - I) by

D.A. Kulkarni, Meharcanda publications, New Delhi.

13. Sarangadhara - Samhita with Dipika Hindi Commentary by Dr.

Brahmanand Tripathi - Chaukhamba - 1998.

14. Sushruta Samhita of Maharsi Susruta Edited with Hindi Commentary

by Kaviraja Ambikadutta Shastri Chaukhambha - 1997.

15. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary

of Shri Dalhanacarya, Edited by Jadavji Trikamaji Acarya,

Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakasana - 1994.

OTHER BOOKS

1. A textbook of Pharmaceutical formulation by B.M. Mithal, Vallabh

Prakashan, Delhi - 1999.

2. Abhinava Bhaisajya Kalpana Vijnana by acarya Siddhinandana

Mishra, Chaukhambha Surabharati Prakashan, Varanasi - 1996.

3. Ayurvediya Maulika Siddhanta by Prof. V.J. Thakar, Gujarat

Ayurveda University Publication - 1985

4. Ayurvediya Rasa Shastra by Dr. Siddhinandan Mishra, Chaukhambha

Orientalia, Varanasai - 1996.

5. Basic principles of Ayurveda based on Ayurveda Saukhyam of

Todaranand by Vaidya Bhagwan Dash, Concept Publishing Company,

New Delhi - 1994.

6. Bhaisajya Kalpana Vijnanam - Dr. K. Rama Chandra Reddy

Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan, Varanasi - 2001.

7. Caraka Evam Susrutake Darsanika Visayonka Adhyayana by Dr.

Jyotirmitra Acarya.

8. Concept of Agni in Ayurveda by Vd. Bhagwan dash, Chaukhambha

Amarbharati Prakasan, 1993.


9. Dravyaguna - Vijnana (Basic Conepts) Vol. I & II by Prof. P.V.

Sharma, Chaukhambha - 1994.

10. Encylopaedia of Indian Medicine (Basic Concepts) volume - II by

Vaidyalankara Prof. S.K. Ramachandra Rao, Popular Prakashan

Bombay - 1987.

11. Introduction to Kaya Cikitsa - C. Dwarakanath, Public Popular book

depot.

12. Pancabhautika Cikitsa - Part I, II by Vaidyaraja Atmarama Sastry

Datar, Publi Vd. A.V. Datar.

13. Panchabhuta theory by Dr. Namburi Hanumantha Rao, 1996.

14. Rasa - Panchaka (Ayurvedic principles of drug - action) by Dr. S.C.

Dhyani, Chukhambha, Varanasi - 1994.

15. Tarka Samgraha by Annam Bhatta edited by D.M. Jog. Pune - 1993.

16. Tortora - Principles of Anatomy and physiology by Gerard Tortora -

8th edition - 1996.

17. Trease and Evan's Pharmacognosy by William Evans 14th Edition.

KOSHAS AND DICTIONARIES

1. Ayurvediya Sabdakosa (Samskrit - Samskrit) Vol. I & II, Vd. V.M.

Shastry Joshi and N.H. Joshi, Mumbai.

2. Sabda Kalpadrum, Rajardha Kanta Deva, IIIrd edition, Chaukhambha,

Varanasi.

3. Sanskrit English dictionary - Sir Monier Williams Publi Motilal

Banarasidas Delhi.

4. The student's Sanskrit English Dictionary, V.S. Apte, Motilal

Banarasidas publishers, Delhi, 1993.


5. Vacaspatyam, Shri Taranath Tarka Vacaspati, Chaukhambha Sanskrit

Series, Varanasi.

THESIS REFERRED

1. Concept of Panca - Mahabhuta and it's utility in cikitsa - Dixit V.D.

Jamnagar - 1995.

2. A comprehensive Study of gunas and Evolution of some objective

parameters in the context of snighda and Ruksa gunas - Supriya S.

Bhalerao - 1998.

3. Study on Conceptual and Applied aspect of Apana Vaigunya W.S.R. to

Anaha - 2003.

Dravya ss002 jam

Documents

Transcript of Dravya ss002 jam