Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika's Pattern Recognition on Fusion
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8/7/2019 Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika's Pattern Recognition on Fusion
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Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarikas Pattern
recognition on fusion
By Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika
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8/7/2019 Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika's Pattern Recognition on Fusion
2/47Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarikas Pattern Recognition on Fusion2
Page no.(i)
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika, A.E.S.
MSc, PhD, MIAMP (Germany), FRAS (Lond.), MWASET, MFFS (USA), MIBC (UK), MNPSS
(USA)
Assistant Professor, Res: Anjena Manzil, Kadomtola,
Dept. of Mathematics, Modhupur, P.O. Modhupur,
Diphu Govt. College, Diphu, Dist: Nagaon, Assam, IndiaKarbi Anglong, Assam, India Pin - 782001
Pin- 782462, M- 9435166881 Ph- 03672-256327
************************************************************************
Page no.(ii)
PREFACE ABOUT THE AUTHOR
As available on website: http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika
User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika
[[File:Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika & his two kids.jpg[1]
|frameless|alt=]]Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika with Laquit(son) and Danisha(daughter)
Born
Azad Bin Rajib Hazarika
July 2, 1970 (age 40)
Jammu,Jammu and Kashmir, India
Residence Nagaon,Assam, India
Nationality Indian
Ethnicity AssameseMuslim
Citizenship India
Education PhD,PDF,FRAS
Alma mater
University of Jodhpur
Jai Narayan Vyas University
Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology
http://www.iasst.in/]
Kendriya Vidyalaya [1] http://www.akipoonacollege.com/
OccupationAssistant Professor (Lecturer), Diphu Govt. College ,
Diphu,Assam,India
Years active 2004- onwards
EmployerDiphu Government College
Government of Assam ,Assam Education Service
Known for
Lecturer,Assistant Professor,Mathematician,
Academician,Fusion,Astronomy
Home town Nagaon,Assam, India
Salary Rs 40000 per month
Height 6 feet and 2 inches
Weight 100 kg
TitleDoctorate, Dr., FRAS (London), Assam Education Service,
AES
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika_&_his_kids.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika_&_his_kids.jpghttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Jammuhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Jammuhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Nagaonhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Nagaonhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assamesehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assamesehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Muslimhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/PhDhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/PhDhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/PDFhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/PDFhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/PDFhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/FRAShttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/FRAShttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Alma_materhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/University_of_Jodhpurhttp://www.iasst.in/http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Kendriya_Vidyalayahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Kendriya_Vidyalayahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Kendriya_Vidyalayahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#cite_note-0http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Kendriya_Vidyalayahttp://www.akipoonacollege.com/http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Diphuhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Diphuhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Diphu_Government_Collegehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Lecturerhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Lecturerhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assistant_Professorhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assistant_Professorhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assistant_Professorhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Mathematicianhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Academicianhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Academicianhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Fusionhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Fusionhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Fusionhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Astronomyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Nagaonhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Nagaonhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Doctoratehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Dr.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika_&_his_kids.jpghttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Jammuhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Nagaonhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assamesehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Muslimhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/PhDhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/PDFhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/FRAShttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Alma_materhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/University_of_Jodhpurhttp://www.iasst.in/http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Kendriya_Vidyalayahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#cite_note-0http://www.akipoonacollege.com/http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Diphuhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Diphu_Government_Collegehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Lecturerhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assistant_Professorhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Mathematicianhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Academicianhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Fusionhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Astronomyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Nagaonhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Doctoratehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Dr. -
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Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarikas Pattern Recognition on Fusion4
Board
member of
Member of Scientific and Technical committee & Editorial
review board of Natuaral and Applied sciences World
Academy of Science ,Engineering & Technologyhttp://www.waset.org/NaturalandAppliedSciences.php?
page=45
ReligionSunni Islam,
Spouse Helmin Begum Hazarika
Children Laquit Ali Hazarika(son), Danisha Begum Hazarika(daughter)
ParentsRosmat Ali Hazarika@Rostam Ali Hazarika@Roufat Ali
Hazarika and Anjena Begum Hazarika
Call-sign Drabrh or Raja
Website
http://www.facebook.com/Drabrajib
http://in.linkedin.com/pub/dr-a-b-rajib-hazarika/25/506/549
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Drabrh
http://www.diphugovtcollege.org/
http://www.karbianglong.nic.in/diphugovtcollege.org/teaching.html
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika,PhD,FRAS,AES (born July 02, 1970, in Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir,India) is
Assistant Professor(Lecturer) Diphu Government College ,Diphu in KarbiAnglong district ,Government ofAssam [2] , [3], KarbiAnglong,Assam's largest conglomerate byGovernment of Assam . He is also the
Fellow ofRoyal Astronomical Society [4] ,London ,Member ofInternational Association of Mathematical
Physics, World Academy of Science ,Engineering & Technology ,Focus Fusion Society,Dense Plasma
Focus, Plasma Science Society of India, International Biographical centre, Assam Science Society, Assam
Academy of Mathematics,International Atomic Energy Agency,Nuclear and Plasma Society,Society of
Industrial and Applied Mathematics,German Academy of Mathematics and Mechanics,Fusion Science &
Technology Society,Indian National Science Academy,Indian Science Congress Association,Advisory
Committee of Mathematical Education, Royal Society,International Biographical Centre.
Contents
1 Early life
o 1.1 Early career
1.1.1 Currently working
http://www.waset.org/NaturalandAppliedSciences.php?page=45http://www.waset.org/NaturalandAppliedSciences.php?page=45http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Sunni_Islamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Sunni_Islamhttp://www.facebook.com/Drabrajibhttp://in.linkedin.com/pub/dr-a-b-rajib-hazarika/25/506/549http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Drabrhhttp://www.diphugovtcollege.org/http://www.karbianglong.nic.in/diphugovtcollege.org/teaching.htmlhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/PhDhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/FRAShttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/FRAShttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/FRAShttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/AEShttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Jammuhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Diphu_Government_Collegehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Diphuhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Assamhttp://www.karbianglong.nic.in/diphugovtcollege/teaching.htmlhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Assamhttp://www.diphugovtcollege.org/DGC%20prospectus%2008-09.pdfhttp://www.diphugovtcollege.org/DGC%20prospectus%2008-09.pdfhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Royal_Astronomical_Societyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Royal_Astronomical_Societyhttp://www.ras.org.uk/member?recid==5531http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Royal_Astronomical_Societyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Londonhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Londonhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Association_of_Mathematical_Physicshttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Association_of_Mathematical_Physicshttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Association_of_Mathematical_Physicshttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Focus_Fusion_Societyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Focus_Fusion_Societyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Focus_Fusion_Societyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Dense_Plasma_Focushttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Dense_Plasma_Focushttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Dense_Plasma_Focushttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indian_National_Science_Academyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indian_Science_Congress_Associationhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indian_Science_Congress_Associationhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Biographical_Centrehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#Early_lifehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#Early_lifehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#Early_lifehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#Early_careerhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#Early_careerhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#Early_careerhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#Currently_workinghttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#Currently_workinghttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#Currently_workinghttp://www.waset.org/NaturalandAppliedSciences.php?page=45http://www.waset.org/NaturalandAppliedSciences.php?page=45http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Sunni_Islamhttp://www.facebook.com/Drabrajibhttp://in.linkedin.com/pub/dr-a-b-rajib-hazarika/25/506/549http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Drabrhhttp://www.diphugovtcollege.org/http://www.karbianglong.nic.in/diphugovtcollege.org/teaching.htmlhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/PhDhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/FRAShttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/AEShttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Jammuhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Diphu_Government_Collegehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Diphuhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Assamhttp://www.karbianglong.nic.in/diphugovtcollege/teaching.htmlhttp://www.diphugovtcollege.org/DGC%20prospectus%2008-09.pdfhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Assamhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Royal_Astronomical_Societyhttp://www.ras.org.uk/member?recid==5531http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Londonhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Association_of_Mathematical_Physicshttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Association_of_Mathematical_Physicshttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Focus_Fusion_Societyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Dense_Plasma_Focushttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Dense_Plasma_Focushttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indian_National_Science_Academyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Indian_Science_Congress_Associationhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Biographical_Centrehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#Early_lifehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#Early_careerhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#Currently_working 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2 Career
3 Research
4 Patent & Innovation
5 Research Guidence
6 Personal life
7 Quotes
8 Awards and recognition
9 References
10 External links
Early life
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika was born into the famous Hazarika family, a prominent family belonging to Dhing's
wealthy Muslim Assamese community ofNagaondistrict. He was born to Anjena Begum Hazarika and
Rusmat Ali Hazarika. He is eldest of two childrens of his parents younger one is a Shamim Ara
Rahman(nee Hazarika)daughter .
Early career
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika completed his PhD degree in Mathematicsfrom J N Vyas University of Jodhpur in
1995 with specialization inPlasma instability, thethesiswas awarded best thesis byAssociation of
Indian Universitiesin 1998 and the Post-Doctoral Fellow Program from Institute of Advanced Study in
Science & Technology[5] inGuwahatiAssamin 1998 asResearch AssociateinPlasma Physics Division
in theory group studying the Sheath phenomenon. As a Part-time Lecturer in Nowgong college, Assam
before joining the present position in Diphu Government College ,Diphu in KarbiAnglong district[6],[7]
He is a member of the wikipedia[8],[9].
He is Fellow of Royal Astronomical Society[10],member of International Association Mathematical
Physics [11], member of World Academy of Science,Engineering & Technology [12], [13],member ofPlasma Science Society of India[14] ,[15] ,member of Focus Fusion Society forum [16],member of Dense
Plasma Focus [17], Member of Assam Science Society[18], Member of Assam Academy of Mathematics
[19]
Currently working
He joined theDiphu Government College [20] in July 2004 asLecturerinMathematics (Gazetted officer)
through Assam Public Service commission[21] in Assam Education Service [22],AES-I. [23] now
redesignated as Assistant Professor.
Career
In May 1993, Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika was awarded Junior Research Fellowship, University GrantsCommission,National Eligibility Test and eligibility for Lecturership ,Govt. of India and worked as
JRF(UGC,NET) in Department of Mathematics and Statistics of J N Vyas University in Jodhpur. Later on
in May 1995 got Senior Research Fellowship(UGC,NET) and continued research for completion ofPhDon
27th Dec 1995 .From 1993 onwards taught in Kamala Nehru College for women, Jodhpur and in Faculty of
Science in J N Vyas University in Jodhpur up to the completion ofPhD.In 1998 May joined Plasma
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8/7/2019 Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika's Pattern Recognition on Fusion
6/47Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarikas Pattern Recognition on Fusion6
Physics Division of Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology in Guwahati as Research
Associate forPDF in theory group to study the sheath phenomena of National Fusion Programme [24] of
Govt. of India. Then joined Nowgong College as a part-time Lecturer after which in 2004, July joined the
present position of Lecturer in Diphu Government College which is redesignated as Assistant Professor.
Research
During PhD http://www.iopscience.iop.org/1402-4896/51/6/012/pdf/physcr_51_6_012.pdf http://www.iopsciences.iop.org/1402-4896/53/1/011/pdf/1402-4896_53_1_011.pdf
http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/abstractingjournals/isa_1jul08.asp
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wikitionary:Sandbox
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PhyS..53...578
duringPDF the research was based on Astronomy, Astrophysics, Geophysics , for plasma instability with
the title of thesis as Some Problems of instabilities in partially ionized and fully ionized plasmas which
later on in 1998 was assessed as best thesis of the year by Association of Indian Universities in New Delhi.His current interest lies in Astronomy, Astrophysics, Geophysics, Fusion Plasma, and innovation of fusion
devices, design of fusion devices, simulation codes and theoretical mathematical modeling.He is known for
his theoretical research work on Gravitational instability and gravitational collapse M=23/2 Msun as a new
formula for Chandrasekhar limit now known as Bhatia-Hazarika Limit , when the rotating neutron star,
pulsars are formed .When the mass of the star is more than this limit a neutron star shrinks or abberates due
to gravitational collapse up to a point size in space. As it is known that when the star passes limit of the size
of old star more than three times that of mass of sun it passes the Schwarchild radius and there on is a black
hole from where we can receive no more information as its gravitational field is too intense to permitanything , even photons to escape.Research at Diphu Govt. College
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Drabrh/File:Drabrhdouble_trios_saiph_star01.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drabrh_bayer_rti.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columb_drabrh.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drabrh_double_trios.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drabrhiterparabolic2007.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drabrh_mctc_feedbackloop.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drabrh_tasso_07.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abstracts.pdf?page=2
Patent & Innovation
Applied forpatentin US patent and trademarks office has innovated three future fusion devices Double
Tokomak collider (DTC),Magnetic confinement Tokomak collider (MCTC) hub, Duo Triad Tokomak
collider (DTTC) hub .A Hall thruster as diffusion associated neoclassical indigenous system of Hallassembly (DANISHA)is designed applied for international application No.PCT/IB2009/008024 in World
Intellectual Property Organisation [25] .He has innovated a new simulation code Fuzzy Differential
Inclusion Code in 2003 for fusion process.[26], [27]
Research Guidence
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8/7/2019 Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika's Pattern Recognition on Fusion
7/47Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarikas Pattern Recognition on Fusion7
Research guidence is given to two students in Mathematics forMPhildegree
Personal life
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika has a metallic Scarlet red Tata Indigo CS ofTata motorsmake and loves to drivehimself.
Quotes
"Fakir(saint) and lakir(line) stops at nothing but at destination"
"Expert criticizes the wrong but demonstrates the right thing"
Intellectuals are measured by their brain not by their age and experience
Two type of persons are happy in life one who knows everything another who doesnt know
anything
Implosion in device to prove every notion wrong for fusion
Meditation gives fakir(saint) long life and fusion devices the long lasting confinement
Awards and recognition
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika got Junior Research Fellowship,Government of India
Senior Research Fellowship,Government of India
Research AssociateshipDST Government of India
Fellow ofRoyal Astronomical Society[28]
Member of Advisory committee of Mathematical Education Royal SocietyLondon
Member of Scientific and Technical committee & editorial review board on Natural and applied sciences of
World Academy of Science ,Engineering &Technology[29]Leading professional of the world-2010 as noted and eminent professional from International Biographical
CentreCambridge
References
1. http://www.kvafsdigaru.org/Poona College of Arts, Science &Commerce
Template:Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:contributions/Drabrh
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.RajibHazarika
[30]
Dr.A.B.Rajib Hazarika's profile on the Linkedin Website
[31] ]]
http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/MPhilhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/MPhilhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/MPhilhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Tata_motorshttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Tata_motorshttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Tata_motorshttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/DSThttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/DSThttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/DSThttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Fellowhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Fellowhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Royal_Astronomical_Societyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Royal_Astronomical_Societyhttp://www.ras.org.uk/members?recid=5531http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Royal_Societyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Royal_Societyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Londonhttp://www.waset.org/NaturalandAppliedSciences.php?page=46http://www.waset.org/NaturalandAppliedSciences.php?page=46http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Biographical_Centrehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Biographical_Centrehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Cambridgehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Cambridgehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#cite_ref-0http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#cite_ref-0http://www.kvafsdigaru.org/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarikahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarikahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarikahttp://www.diphugovtcollege.org/http://www.diphugovtcollege.org/http://in.linkedin.com/pub/dr-a-b-rajib-hazarika/25/506/549=http://in.linkedin.com/pub/dr-a-b-rajib-hazarika/25/506/549=http://www.facebook.com/Drabrajibhttp://www.facebook.com/Drabrajibhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/MPhilhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Tata_motorshttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/DSThttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Fellowhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Royal_Astronomical_Societyhttp://www.ras.org.uk/members?recid=5531http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Royal_Societyhttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Londonhttp://www.waset.org/NaturalandAppliedSciences.php?page=46http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Biographical_Centrehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/International_Biographical_Centrehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/Cambridgehttp://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/User:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarika#cite_ref-0http://www.kvafsdigaru.org/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarikahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drabrh/Dr.A.B.Rajib_Hazarikahttp://www.diphugovtcollege.org/http://in.linkedin.com/pub/dr-a-b-rajib-hazarika/25/506/549=http://www.facebook.com/Drabrajib -
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dr ab rajib hazarika aes 19:01, 16 October 2010 (UTC) dr ab rajib hazarika aes
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CHAPTER-2
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PATTERN RECOGNITION DRABRH-DANISHA ECONOMIC MODEL FOR STOCK MARKET
An economic model for stock market is presented as DRABRH-DANISHA for economic boom. The
present model is for the banking sector in the stock market as it provides with certain parameters which
allows having such boom by using this model. Directly the growth rate and the power factor are presented
as a mathematical formula for better understanding as follows along with the confinement time factor:
Growth-rate
In secs
For power of DRABRH-DANISHA
73
3
=
pipi
heDANISHAl
ccnCmP
hC =Hazarika cost holistic=2.646
First bracket term is volatility component; second bracket term is a constant non-dimensional quantity.
Wpi=wholesale price index
C=cost
w=wholesale valuel= liquidity
Ln=inflation
Vx=volatility
The analysis of the above equation in terms of interpretations provides into the insight of the utility of the
economic model. The growth rate is dependent on inflation as the inflation goes up the growth rate goes
down. Same is the case with the cost as the cost increases the growth rate decreases. Similarly the Hazarika
cost holistic also provides the stability in the growth rate, whereas the volatility, liquidity and wholesale
price index are directly related to the growth rate as these values goes up the growth rate also goes up.
The power of the stock market comes from term Hazarika cost holistic as it varies as the cubic power along
with the earlier presented models in the past. This model provides with the power which is 18.525 times the
earlier models. So that the extra thrust is provided to the stock market leading to the economic boom.
In such process the wholesale price index provides the largest hare to pull down the power of the sharemarket, parameter which plays the crucial role is liquidity because this also leads to the downfall of the
power of stock market. As is known that the power and thrust is necessary for the banking sector the
inverse growth rate provides with the longevity in the banking sector.
1
1
4
2
1
+
== n
pi
h
X gLc
l
lC
V
1=
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Cost is another factor which influences the thrust in the stock market as goes ten folds. The growth rate
decreases seven folds whereas the confinement time increases seven folds leading to the economic boom in
the stock market.
CHAPTER-3
FUZZY PATTERN ON QUARKS
It is a pioneering effort to relate the two streams i.e., fuzzy set theory of mathematics and quark theory ofphysics .It is an inter displinary study, which can be used in future pattern recognition for defining and
describing with fuzzy logics. Fuzzy set, fuzzy differential equation and fuzzy differential inclusion (FDI).
A fuzzy set is defined as g: P(X) [ ]1,0 which assign to each crisp subset of X a number in the unitinterval [ ]1,0 .Domain of function g is the power set P(X) is a crisp set X. Now let us define fuzzydifferential equation as follows:
Here x is a phase space , t is time x(t) is a fuzzy valued function defined
on
( ) ( ) CXKXtfdt
dX == 0,,, , where C is a triangular fuzzy number.
Fuzzy differential inclusion (FDI) can be defined as a set of such fuzzy number.
Where ( ) 0,10 xax
For second order derivative we have
where K is a Trapezoidal fuzzy number.
For
Where L, M are Triangular fuzzy numbers.
( ) ( )( ) ( ) 0,, xaxtxtftx ==
( ) ( )( ) ( ) 0,, xaxtxtftx
( ) ( )( ) ( )0,],[ xaxtxtftx
( ) [ ]0,][ Kkkxtx
( ) ][Ltx
( ) ( ) [ ]00,][ xxMtx
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Now I shall try to correlate the above fuzzy set theory with the Quark theory by having an analogous
study , for the Pion triplet defined as fuzzy triangular number L for the I(third isospin) with the numbers (-
1,0,1) and pion as ( + ,, 0
0.4 0.6 11.20
.4
-
0
1-
1+
1
Trapezoidal fuzzy no. K
Triangular fuzzy no. L Triangular fuzzy no. M
-
Trian ular fuzz no. x
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Quartet Kauons can be defined as trapezoidal fuzzy no. K with I (third isospin no.) as (-1,-1/2, 1, +1/2) and
is denoted by + KKKK ,,,0
0
Eta meson0
can be represented by trapezoidal fuzzy number K. Basic Quantum number of threeQuarks u, d, s ,i.e., up, down and strange is ,-1/2,0 respectively can be again written in the triangular
fuzzy number L for I(third isospin) condition.
- 0
-
- -
-
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Whereas the symmetries can be modeled as trapezoidal fuzzy number K (-2/3, -1/3, 0, 1/3) Y (hypercharge)
values.
Similarly, for Q values we have the three Quark model as the trapezoidal fuzzy number (-1/3, 0, 1/3, 2/3)where Q is coordinates.
One can study similarly for the anti- quarks Y and Q values as the Y values of Quark become Q values of
the anti-quark and it we take Q value of quark it becomes Y values of anti- quark.
Baryon can be obtained as trapezoidal fuzzy number K (-1, 0, 1, 2)
Delta can be defined as trapezoidal fuzzy number K for I (third isospin).
Sigma can be represented as triangular fuzzy number L (-1, 0, 1)
If I go further for fuzzy pattern which are useful in plasma modeling leading to he Quark-Gluon
Plasma(QGP) and for studying Quantum chromo dynamics (QCD) which was presented by Hazarika(2003)
in National symposium on plasma science and technology, PLASMA-2003.
-
-
- -
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CHAPTER-4
SOLVEV ASSUMPTION PATTERN
A. Solovev a Russian Physicist in 1962 tried to find some similarities in certain theory of the
Jews Torat and the science said in the present days by using certain analogous theory which suffices the
persistent theory in Physics with arts, culture ,tradition, religion, trade and commerce , science and
astronomy in olden days. Earlier a pattern theory was presented by Christian group as Holy Grail in
Islam as Nikah code and so on. Presently such a pattern is known as Solovev assumption. Here I am trying
to put forward such pattern for tokomaks (BETA machine, SST-1, ADITYA Tokomak, SINP Tokomak, or
any other tokomak with circular minor radius). The internal inductance and the poloidal beta as well as the
safety factor on-axis in IR-T1 Tokomak using Solovev assumption in the solution of Grad-Shafranov
equation (GSE) is solved by considering linear source functions and fixed boundary conditions. This
solution has the three quantities (plasma current pI , plasma minor radius pr and 2/ip l+ ) that they are
as input data. The quantities are measured by Rogowski coil, Cosine and Saddle coil and array of discrete
magnetic coils, respectively in IR-T1 Tokomak. This method can be used to evaluate the plasma parameters
for other circular cross section Tokomak. In two typical discharges on IR-T1 Tokomak, we concluded that
the internal inductance at a low value is required to extend the duration of Tokomak plasma discharge.
4.1-Introduction:
In a Tokomak, external magnetic measurements have been applied to determine the important information
on plasma shapes, the safety factor, the sum of the average poloidal beta p and half the plasma internal
inductance 2/il , and for sufficiently elongated plasmas p and il separately Lao et al (1985).There are
methods for extraction of plasma parameters from external magnetic measurements. Swain and Neilson
(1982) presented an efficient method to reconstruct the plasma shapes and line integrals of the boundary
poloidal magnetic field from external magnetic measurements. In their method, the plasma current
distribution is approximated by using a few filament currents. In Luxon and Browns approach (1982), the
plasma current is modeled using distributed sources. The non-linear Grad-Shafranov equation (GSE) is
solved repeatedly to search the best-fit current density profile by considering linear source functions and
circular fixed boundary conditions for circular cross section IR-T1 Tokomak and obtained the poloidal flux
function. This solution has the three quantities (plasma current pI , plasma minor radius pr and 2/ip l+
) that they are as input data in the method. The quantities are measured by Rogowski coil, Cosine and
Saddle coil and array of discrete magnetic coils, respectively. Then according to the definition of the
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internal inductance and the poloidal beta and the safety factor, we substituted the poloidal flux function that
obtained by our solution into their definitions. Finally we calculated the time evolution of the
plasma parameters for typical discharges IR-T1 Tokomak and we discussed by them on the subject of
MHD instability.
4.2-Solution of GSE using fixed boundary conditions:
In the reference Zheng et al (1996) is yielded the analytical solution of GSE using linear source function
10A
P=
, 2AF
F =
The function F is a flux function associated with the poloidal current in the system (
( ) 2/0 polIRBF == ), and ( )P is the thermal pressure, 1A and 2A are constant.
This assumption obviously reduces the set of the possible toroidal current density profile shapes to
( )RARAJ /2/1 210 += ; the shape of the current profile is essentially flat. The poloidal magnetic
flux is obtained as in Zheng et al (1992),
224122
4
224
3
2
2128
))ln(()4( ZA
RA
ZRRcZRRcRcc +++= (1)
The equation can be used for Tokomaks that have up-down symmetric or limiter D-shape plasma cross
section. Here, we selected circular contour since IR-T1 (Vacuum camber major radius cmR 450 = ,vacuum chamber minor radius ma c16= , triangularity 0= , and elongation 0= ) has circular crosssection.
We have the six coefficients, it is necessary to have the six equations. We assumed that the plasma
enclosed in a perfectly conducting toroidal boundary with circular cross section where the plasma pressure
vanishes at the boundary ( ( ) 0,)/(),( 01 == boundaryZRAZRp ) Maschik (1996). So using the fixed
boundary conditions, the four equations can be obtained
08)ln()0,(412
4
4
3
2
21 =+++= iiiiii RA
RRcRcRccR (2)
08
)ln()0,( 41244
3
2
21 =+++= oooooo RA
RRcRcRccR (3)
( ) 028
)ln()4(),( 2241224224
3
2
21 =+++= ttttttttttt ZA
RA
ZRRcZRRcRccZR (4)
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( ) 02
1)ln(2)2(42),(1 21
4
22
32 =+++= tttttt R
ARcZRcc
dR
ZRd
R
(5)
Here the equatorial innermost and outermost points are iR and oR , and the coordinates of the highest point
is ( tt ZR , ) or equivalently, the plasma major radius 2/)( oim RRR += , the plasma minor radius
2/)( iop RRr = , elongation pt rZ /= , and triangularity 2/)( tm RR = .
The plasma current can be clearly measured by Rogowski coil, so the plasma current can be written
( )
+= dRdZRARAIp /2 210 (6)
We also selected the constraint 2/ip l+ , because the parameter can be experimentally deduced using
four discrete magnetic probes in a circular cross section Tokomak Freidelberg et al (1993) such as IR-T1
Tokomak,
+
=+ dRdZR
ZRAdRdZRZRA
RdRdZI
dll
p
ip
),(5.0),(5.2
)2(
)(2/
212
0
2
. (7)
The sum of the poloidal beta and half the plasma internal inductance, 2/ip l+ and the plasma horizontal
displacement can be measuredFig 1. The magnetic probes position around the chamber.
+
+
=
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
exp11
2ln21
4m
p
m
P
p
m
m
p
p
mp
r
rB
r
rB
I
r
r
r
r
r
R
rH
(8)
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( ) ( )
BB
I
R
r
rl
pm
p
ip+++=+
0
0ln12/ (9)
here, pI is the plasma current, pr the plasma minor radius, p the plasma poloidal beta, il plasma
internal inductance,0
R the major radius of the vacuum vessel, expH the plasma measured horizontal
displacement from0
R ,the toroidal and poloidal magnetic field are B = )()0( == BB ,
and B = )2/3()2/( == BB .
If this solution is used for D-shaped Tokomaks, p must be selected as constraint rather than 2/ip l+ ,
because the poloidal beta p can be measured by diamagnetic flux in the D-shaped Tokomaks.
For the determination of plasma minor radius pr , first the plasma horizontal displacement expH is
obtained by multipole moment method,
Fig.2.a) Cosine coil-b) Saddle coil is installed in IR-T1 Tokomak.
The plasma horizontal displacement can be deduced by the expression
( ) ( )0
2
0000
0000 4
)()(
)()( R
rtVtV
dkNI
rtVtV
AknI
rH m
downupp
m
LRp
m
multipole
+
+= (10)
mr Cosine and Saddle radius on the surface of vacuum vessel, 0n turns per length of Cosine coil, A
Cosine coil cross section, N turns of Saddle coil, k and k depend on the circuit characteristics and the
integrator that terminated Cosine and Saddle coils.0
d, depends on Saddle width. The )(0 tV L and )(0 tVR
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are voltage signal of left and right Cosine coils. The )(0 tV up and )(0 tV down are voltage signal of up and
down Saddle coils. So that the left side of equation (8) has been found by Cosine and Saddle coilsthe
finding of horizontal displacement by the multipole moment method dont require to knowing the plasma
minor radius- then the plasma minor radius pr can be found by solving nonlinear equation (8) in term of pr
. So this solution has the three parameters (plasma current pI , plasma minor radius pr and 2/ip l+ ) that
are as input data. The parameters are measured by Rogowski coil, Cosine and Saddle coil and array of
discrete magnetic coils, respectively in IR-T1 Tokomak.
4.3-The calculation of the internal inductance and the poloidal beta and the safety factor on-axis:
The six coefficients 214321 ,,,,, AAcccc by solving equations (2-7) can be derived by using Cramers
Rule as can be seen in appendix I. So the poloidal magnetic flux is obtained by substituting the six
coefficients. According to the definition of the internal inductance Atanasui et al (2004)
=RdRdZI
dRdZjdll
p
i 2
0
2
2
)(
(11)
We can acquire the internal inductance with Solovevs assumption
( )dRdZRZRAdRdZRZRARdRdZIdl
lp
i )/),((),()2(
)(
212
0
2
+= (12)
Also the poloidal beta with Solovevs assumption can be gotten as follow Atanasui et al (2004)
( )dRdZRZRARdRdZI
dl
p
p = ),(2)2(
)(
12
0
2
(13)
All the double integrals in the above written relations have to be performed over the total cross-section area
of the plasma column in the IR-T1 Tokomak.
The safety factor at any flux surface can be calculated with the known relation Wesson (2004)
= +=
cons
ZR BBR
dlFq
2222
)((14)
Where RB and ZB are the components of the poloidal magnetic field. The line integral has to be
performed around a flux surface at any cross section. The value of the safety factor on the magnetic axis
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axq can be calculated as the continuous limit of the relation (14). For the determination of the magnetic
axis, we can obtain by solving nonlinear equation
02
4))ln(21(2)0,( 21342 =
+++=
axisR
axis RAcRccdRRd (15)
The safety factor on-axis with Solovevs assumption in IR-T1 Tokomak is
=
+
=cons
axis
ax
ZRR
dlRAq
22
2
)()(2
)0,(2
(16)
The line integral in the above relation has to be performed over the circular cross section of the plasma
column in the IR-T1 Tokomak with radius. The is deviation of the magnetic axis from the geometriccenter of the vacuum chamber. So the equation 16 can be written
((
)
( ) )22403223
010004
2
0
3
03020
2
0
2
)2)cos(8()sin(
)cos(5.0)cos())coslog()cos(2())sin)(cos(8
)cos(4()cos(2)cos(/2
)0,(2
AcRc
RARRRcR
RcRcRdRA
qaxis
ax
++++
+++++++
++++
=
(17)
Therefore the poloidal beta and the internal inductance and safety factor can be calculated by above
expressions with knowing the six coefficients.
We yielded a method for the calculation of the internal inductance and the poloidal beta and the safety
factor on the magnetic axis in the circular cross section Tokomaks. According to the aforementioned
definitions of the internal inductance and the poloidal beta and the safety factor on-axis, the calculated
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evolution in term of time is illustrated for different discharges on the IR-T1 Tokomak in the figure 3, 4.
Figure3-thecalculated evolution in term of time the internal inductance and the poloidal beta and the safety
factor on-axis for a discharge with a flat current region on the IR-T1 Tokomak. (Courtesy: A Ahmed Radi
and Ghoranevesis).
These discharges have obtained from different initial pressures of hydrogen gas. In the two figures can be
clearly observed that the calculated internal inductance and the calculated poloidal beta and the calculated
safety factor on-axis depend on kind of discharge or plasma current. The figure 3 shows a discharge that the
plasma current has a 15ms zone of flat-top current. The calculated safety factor on-axis, the calculated
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internal inductance and the calculated poloidal beta have the value of about 1, .5 and .5 respectively, except
the begging zone.
Figure4-the calculated evolution in term of time the internal inductance and the poloidal beta and the safety
factor on-axis for a discharge with current disruption on the IR-T1 Tokomak (Courtesy: A Ahmed Radi and
Ghoranevesis).
The figure 4 shows a discharge that the plasma current has hard disruption in the 14ms and the calculated
safety factor on-axis approach to zero in the region of 7-14ms. The calculated internal inductance and the
calculated poloidal beta approach to 0.57 and 1.5 respectively, in the ending of discharge. We know that the
safety factor on-axis is limited by saw tooth oscillations and the actual limiting value is about 7.0axq
as given by Staceys book in the figure 3 the calculated safety factor on-axis has a value between 6.0 to
2.1 in the discharge time 2-32ms, so the saw tooth constrain hold in this discharge, but in the figure 4 the
calculated safety factor on-axis has a value between 1.5 to 0 in the discharge time 2-7ms and the zero value
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in the discharge time 7-14ms. Maybe the zero value of safety factor on-axis has caused the disruption of
plasma current. This saw tooth constraint limits the allowable values of internal inductance. With
comparison the discharges in the figures 3, 4 can be understood that the internal inductance at a low value
is required to extend the duration of Tokomak plasma discharge.
References:
Lao (1985)- L.L. Lao, et al, Nuclear Fusion, .25, (1985)1611
Swain and Neilson (1982)-Swain, D.W., Neilson, G.H., Nuclear fusion 22 (1982)1015
Luxon and Brown (1982)- Luxon, J.L., Brown, B.B., Nuclear fusion 22(1982)813.
Zheng et al (1996)- S. B. Zheng, A. J. Wootton, and E. R. Solano, Phys. Plasmas 3, 1176 (1996)
Maschik (1996)-E. K. MASCHK, Plasma Physics, Vol. 15, pp. 535 541(1996)Freidelberg et al (1993)- J P Freidberg, et al, Plasma. Phys. Control. Fusion 35 (1993) 1641-1648.
Atanasui et al (2004)-C. V. Atanasiu, et al Physics of Plasma Volume 11, number 7 July 2004
Mukhovatov and Shefranov(1971) Mukhovatov, V. S. And Shafranov, V.D., Nucl, fusion 11 (1971)605
Hiromasa and Suzuki(1982) Hiromasa, Ninomiya and Norio Suzuki, Japanese Journal of Applied physics,
Vol.21, No. 9 ,September, 1982 pp. 1323-1327
Lopez-Callejas (2001) - R. Lopez-Callejas. et.al .Fusion Engineering and Design 54 (2001(
2129
Chen (1997)-Lei Chen, et al, Fusion Engineering and Design 34-35 (1997)721724
Wesson (2004)- Wesson J 2004 Tokomaks (CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD)
Stacey (2004)- Weston M. Stacey, Fusion plasma physics, WILEY-VCH
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CHAPTER-5
A FEW IDEAS FROM KNOT PHYSICS PATTERN
In knot physics we use a topological approach to describe particles. To do this a 4-dimensional space-time
manifold in a Minkowski 6-space is considered. From this simple assumption, we can derive many physical
results.
Something easier to imagine:
Let's begin with a simple example. Suppose we have a space-time manifold that has 1 dimension of spaceand 1 dimension of time. We would embed that manifold in 4 dimensions. A constant time slice of the
space-time manifold looks like an infinitely long piece of string embedded in 3 dimensions. By taking
consecutive constant time slices, we can watch the string move around. We require that the string cannot
pass through itself. This means that a knot in the string cannot be removed. If there are multiple knots in the
string then they can move around and interact with each other. In this description, the string is like space
and the knots are like particles. This space-time manifold with 1 space dimension and 1 time dimension has
its own physics. Can a similar type of physics also apply to a space-time with more dimensions?
This is a constant time slice of a space-time manifold with 1 dimension of space and 1 dimension of time.This constant time slice is knotted.
More like our universe:
Suppose we have a space-time manifold with n dimensions of space and 1 dimension of time. Is it still
possible to have knots on the space-time manifold? We can consider the constant time slices. Each constanttime slice is a n-dimensional manifold. From topology, we know that an n-dimensional manifold can have
knots if and only if it is embedded in an n+2-dimensional space. We assume that the space-time manifold
has 3 dimensions of space and 1 dimension of time. Therefore, knots in the space-time manifold require
that the manifold is embedded in a space with 3+2+1=6 dimensions.
Distinguishing time and space:
We now have a 4-dimensional manifold embedded in a 6-dimensional space. What distinguishes a "time"direction from a "space" direction? The manifold is embedded in a 6-dimensional space and we assume that
the 6-space is Minkowski. The metric on the Minkowski 6-space is diag (1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1). The metric on
the space-time manifold comes from the metric on the Minkowski 6-space. This gives the space-time
manifold a metric which is Lorentzian almost everywhere. The directions on the space-time manifold that
have positive metric signature are time like.
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How can this make physics?
We know that we need a space-time manifold to explain physics. Relativity describes the manifold as
Lorentzian and gravity results when the metric is not constant. The space-time manifold we describe here is
embedded in a 6-space and it does not need to be flat. When it is not flat, it has curvature. We show in the
papers that the equations of its curvature match the equations of general relativity.
But what else can we explain using just the manifold? If particles are knots on the manifold then the
properties of those knots should generate the properties of particles. Particle topology affects the manifold
geometry. We show in the papers that the affect on manifold geometry explains the observed fields.
Therefore we have an explanation of particles and fields that only assumes the space-time manifold.
Has anyone else tried this?
There is one result that discouraged further research into knots as an explanation of particles: a Lorentzian
manifold cannot change topology. If we take constant time slices of a manifold that is everywhere
Lorentzian, then those slices must always have the same topology. If the manifold cannot change topology
then there can be no knots and therefore no particles in this description. People typically assume that the
space-time manifold is everywhere Lorentzian.
So... that's the end of the story, right?
In knot physics the space-time manifold is embedded in a Minkowski 6-space. An embedded manifold is
Lorentzian if it is moving at less than light speed. If it is moving at light speed then the metric is
degenerate. The manifold must have finite energy. By relativity, if the manifold is moving then the energy
density is proportional to . But is infinite at light speed. That means that the manifold must be Lorentzian
everywhere except a set of measure zero. The metric is degenerate on the measure zero set. A degeneratemetric means the manifold can be kinked. This allows topology change.
An example :
Let's try this with an example in lower dimensions with a cylinder
to describe a space-time manifold we use a n-manifold embedded in a Minkowski space. In this example
our space-time is a 3-manifold with boundary. This picture is a space like slice of the space-time. It is a 2-
manifold with boundary; specifically, it is a cylinder.
Now rotate the cylinder in the direction of the red arrow. Every point is in motion and the blue line segment
is moving at light speed.
It can describe the manifold as "moving". It can also describe the manifold as having a shape in space and
time. The descriptions are equivalent.
This induces a relativistic length contraction along the blue line segment. The metric is degenerate at the
point where the cylinder meets the blue line.
For any speed less than light speed, the manifold is Lorentzian: we can make a change of reference frame
that puts the manifold velocity equal to zero. At light speed, there is no such frame change. At that speed
the metric is degenerate.
We can twist around that point of degeneracy. This produces a twist in the cylinder.
At the metric degeneracy the manifold tapers to a point and it can rotate freely around that point.
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If we stop moving the manifold it returns to being Lorentzian. The metric degeneracy disappears. However,
the twist in the cylinder remains. It is now a Mobius strip.
The Mobius strip has different topology than the cylinder. This topology change is a convenient example
because it is easy to visualize. However, the Mobius strip is a manifold with boundary, unlike the space-time manifold. Performing an analogous change on a 2-manifold without boundary makes a P2 (a projective
plane). If the manifold has a field (like space-time) then the P2 must be produced in pairs, like particle/anti-
particle pairs.
What happened? Relativity uses a Minkowski metric. If the manifold is always moving at less than lightspeed then no topology change is possible because the Minkowksi metric makes the manifold everywhere
Lorentzian. However, that same metric allows a topology change if we allow some part of the manifold tomove at light speed.
We can use this same technique to allow topology change on the space-time manifold. For a cylinder, the
topology change can make a Mobius strip. The degenerate metric allows the manifold to "kink". Then wecan twist around that kink. For space-time, a degenerate metric also produces a kink. When we twist around
that kink, the topology change can produce a pair of twists. Each twist is a topology called S 1P2. A S1P2
is fermions in knot physics. In the papers we show how S1P2 can produce fractional spin statistics, charge,
and spin angular momentum. The correspondence between S1P2 and the fermions is precise. There are
three generations with particles corresponding to charged leptons, neutrinos, and quarks.
For hadrons we link multiple copies of S1P2. This is similar to the way that circles can be linked, but in
higher dimensions. Each S1P2 is a quark and the linked quarks are hadrons. Linked S 1P2 cannot be
separated, in the same way that quarks cannot be removed from their hadrons.
Linked circles embedded in 3 dimensions cannot be separated. Similarly, linked P2 in 4 dimensions cannot
be separated. Let L be a link of multiple P2. Then S1L is a link of multiple S1P2 in 5 dimensions. EachS1P2 is a quark and the quarks cannot be separated. This corresponds to quark confinement. At close
distances the links exert no force on each other. This corresponds to asymptotic freedom. Extending this
idea produces a field equation that is quite similar to QCD.
This is only a brief introduction. The papers cover this material in greater detail as well as many other
aspects of the theory. In particular, the papers demonstrate the fields and forces, quantum field theory, and
a variety of other topics.
If you find this interesting, feel free to contact me and send this on to anyone else. (Contact info is available
in the papers.)
Knot Theory
There is of course an enormous body of work on knot invariants, the 3-manifold topology of knotcomplements, connections between knot theory and statistical mechanics, etc. I am instead interested here
primarily in geometric questions arising from knot embeddings.
Atlas of oriented knots and links , Corinne Cerf extends previous lists of all small knots and links,
to allow each component of the link to be marked by an orientation.
http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/topo.htmlhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/topo.htmlhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/topo.htmlhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/topo.htmlhttp://at.yorku.ca/t/a/i/c/31.htmhttp://at.yorku.ca/t/a/i/c/31.htmhttp://at.yorku.ca/t/a/i/c/31.htmhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/topo.htmlhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/topo.htmlhttp://at.yorku.ca/t/a/i/c/31.htm -
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Borromean rings don't exist . Geoff Mess relates a proof that the Borromean ring configuration (in
which three loops are tangled together but no pair is linked) can not be formed out of circles. Dan
Asimov discusses some related higher dimensional questions. Matthew Cook conjectures the
converse.
Are Borromean links so rare? S. Javan relates the history of the links and describes variousgeneralizations with more than three rings. For more history and symbolism of the Borromean
rings, seePeter Cromwell's web site.
Borromean paper clips .
A Brunnian link . Cutting any one of five links allows the remaining four to be disconnected from
each other, so this is in some sense a generalization of the Borromean rings. However since each
pair of links crosses four times, it can't be drawn with circles.
Colinear points on knots .Greg Kuperbergshows that a non-trivial knot or link in R3 necessarily
has four colinear points.
Curvature of knots . Steve Fenner proves the Fary-Milnor theorem that any smooth, simple, closedcurve in 3-space must have total curvature at least 4 pi.
Cut-the-knot logo . With a proof of the origami-folklore that this folded-flat overhand knot forms a
regular pentagon.
Detecting the unknot in polynomial time , C. Delman and K. Wolcott, Eastern Illinois U.
Figure eight knot / horoball diagram . Research of A. Edmonds into the symmetries of knots,relating them to something that looks like a packing of spheres. The MSRI Computing Group uses
another horoball diagram as their logo.
Geometric Arts . Knots, fractals, tesselations, and op art. Formerly Quincy Kim's World of
Geometry.
Geometry and the Imagination in Minneapolis . Notes from a workshop led by Conway, Doyle,
Gilman, and Thurston. Includes several sections on polyhedra, knots, and symmetry groups.
Hyperbolic Knot . From Eric Weisstein's treasure trove of mathematics.
Aaron Kellner Linear Sculpture . Art in the form of geometric tangles of metal and wood rods. Knot art . Keith and Fran Griffin.
Knot pictures . Energy-minimized smooth and polygonal knots, from the ming knot evolver, Y.
Wu, U. Iowa.
KnotPlot . Pictures of knots and links, from Robert Scharein at UBC.
Knots on the Web , P. Suber. Includes sections on knot tying and knot art as well as knot theory.
Mathematical imagery by Jos Leys . Knots, Escher tilings, spirals, fractals, circle inversions,
hyperbolic tilings, Penrose tilings, and more.
Louis Bel's povray galleries: les polyhdres rguliers, knots, andmore knots.
Maille Weaves . Different repetitive patterns formed by linked circles along a plane in space, asused for making chain mail. Along with some linear patterns for jewelry chains.
Mathematics in John Robinson's symbolic sculptures . Borromean rings, torus knots, fiber bundles,
and unorientable geometries.
Meru Foundation appears to be another sacred geometry site, with animated gifs of torus knots
and other geometric visualizations and articles.
Modularity in art. Slavik Jablan explores connections between art, tiling, knotwork, and other
mathematical topics.
http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/borromeo.htmlhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/borromeo.htmlhttp://paradise.caltech.edu/~cook/Workshop/Math/Borromean/Borrring.htmlhttp://paradise.caltech.edu/~cook/Workshop/Math/Borromean/Borrring.htmlhttp://paradise.caltech.edu/~cook/Workshop/Math/Borromean/Borrring.htmlhttp://paradise.caltech.edu/~cook/Workshop/Math/Borromean/Borrring.htmlhttp://members.tripod.com/vismath5/bor/index.htmlhttp://members.tripod.com/vismath5/bor/index.htmlhttp://www.liv.ac.uk/~spmr02/rings/index.htmlhttp://www.liv.ac.uk/~spmr02/rings/index.htmlhttp://www.liv.ac.uk/~spmr02/rings/index.htmlhttp://members.aol.com/mensanator/borromean_paper_clips.htmhttp://members.aol.com/mensanator/borromean_paper_clips.htmhttp://www.lsus.edu/sc/math/rmabry/venn/5colors.gifhttp://www.lsus.edu/sc/math/rmabry/venn/5colors.gifhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/knot-colinear.htmlhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/knot-colinear.htmlhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/knot-colinear.htmlhttp://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~greg/http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~greg/http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~greg/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/knot-curvature.htmlhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/knot-curvature.htmlhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/knot-curvature.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fary-Milnor_theoremhttp://www.cut-the-knot.com/logo.htmlhttp://www.cut-the-knot.com/logo.htmlhttp://www.cut-the-knot.com/logo.htmlhttp://www.math.uiowa.edu/~wu/conf/delman.htmlhttp://www.math.uiowa.edu/~wu/conf/delman.htmlhttp://www.math.uiowa.edu/~wu/conf/delman.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~rcapub/v17n2/10c.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~rcapub/v17n2/10c.htmlhttp://www.msri.org/local/computing/logo/http://geometricarts.googlepages.com/http://geometricarts.googlepages.com/http://web.archive.org/web/20030416234110/http:/geometricarts.freeyellow.com/Main.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20030416234110/http:/geometricarts.freeyellow.com/Main.htmhttp://math.dartmouth.edu/~doyle/docs/gi/gi/gi.htmlhttp://math.dartmouth.edu/~doyle/docs/gi/gi/gi.htmlhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperbolicKnot.htmlhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperbolicKnot.htmlhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperbolicKnot.htmlhttp://www.aaronkellner.com/http://www.aaronkellner.com/http://web.archive.org/web/20010226184203/http:/galifrey.triode.net.au/Maths/Knots/knots.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20010226184203/http:/galifrey.triode.net.au/Maths/Knots/knots.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/19990218170103/http:/www.math.uiowa.edu/~wu/examples.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/19990218170103/http:/www.math.uiowa.edu/~wu/examples.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/19990218170103/http:/www.math.uiowa.edu/~wu/examples.htmlhttp://www.math.uiowa.edu/~wu/min/ming.htmlhttp://www.math.uiowa.edu/~wu/min/ming.htmlhttp://www.cs.ubc.ca/nest/imager/contributions/scharein/KnotPlot.htmlhttp://www.cs.ubc.ca/nest/imager/contributions/scharein/KnotPlot.htmlhttp://www.earlham.edu/suber/knotlink.htmhttp://www.earlham.edu/suber/knotlink.htmhttp://www.earlham.edu/suber/knotlink.htmhttp://www.josleys.com/http://www.josleys.com/http://www.josleys.com/http://louisbel.free.fr/scenes/scene02.shtmlhttp://louisbel.free.fr/galerie/gal10.shtmlhttp://louisbel.free.fr/galerie/gal10.shtmlhttp://louisbel.free.fr/galerie/gal11.shtmlhttp://louisbel.free.fr/galerie/gal11.shtmlhttp://www.doomlegends.com/maille/weaves.htmlhttp://www.doomlegends.com/maille/weaves.htmlhttp://www.doomlegends.com/maille/weaves.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20010221183755/http:/www.cpm.sees.bangor.ac.uk/sculmath/intromath.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20010221183755/http:/www.cpm.sees.bangor.ac.uk/sculmath/intromath.htmhttp://www.meru.org/http://www.meru.org/http://www.mi.sanu.ac.yu/~jablans/osn.htmhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/borromeo.htmlhttp://paradise.caltech.edu/~cook/Workshop/Math/Borromean/Borrring.htmlhttp://paradise.caltech.edu/~cook/Workshop/Math/Borromean/Borrring.htmlhttp://members.tripod.com/vismath5/bor/index.htmlhttp://www.liv.ac.uk/~spmr02/rings/index.htmlhttp://members.aol.com/mensanator/borromean_paper_clips.htmhttp://www.lsus.edu/sc/math/rmabry/venn/5colors.gifhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/knot-colinear.htmlhttp://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~greg/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/knot-curvature.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fary-Milnor_theoremhttp://www.cut-the-knot.com/logo.htmlhttp://www.math.uiowa.edu/~wu/conf/delman.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~rcapub/v17n2/10c.htmlhttp://www.msri.org/local/computing/logo/http://geometricarts.googlepages.com/http://web.archive.org/web/20030416234110/http:/geometricarts.freeyellow.com/Main.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20030416234110/http:/geometricarts.freeyellow.com/Main.htmhttp://math.dartmouth.edu/~doyle/docs/gi/gi/gi.htmlhttp://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperbolicKnot.htmlhttp://www.aaronkellner.com/http://web.archive.org/web/20010226184203/http:/galifrey.triode.net.au/Maths/Knots/knots.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/19990218170103/http:/www.math.uiowa.edu/~wu/examples.htmlhttp://www.math.uiowa.edu/~wu/min/ming.htmlhttp://www.cs.ubc.ca/nest/imager/contributions/scharein/KnotPlot.htmlhttp://www.earlham.edu/suber/knotlink.htmhttp://www.josleys.com/http://louisbel.free.fr/scenes/scene02.shtmlhttp://louisbel.free.fr/galerie/gal10.shtmlhttp://louisbel.free.fr/galerie/gal11.shtmlhttp://www.doomlegends.com/maille/weaves.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20010221183755/http:/www.cpm.sees.bangor.ac.uk/sculmath/intromath.htmhttp://www.meru.org/http://www.mi.sanu.ac.yu/~jablans/osn.htm 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Mutations and knots . Connections between knot theory and dissection of hyperbolic polyhedra.
Orthogonal discrete knots . Hew Wolff asks questions about the minimum total length, or the
minimum volume of a rectangular box, needed to form different knots as three-dimensional
polygons using only integer-length axis-parallel edges.
Penrose mandala and five-way Borromean rings. The Pretzel Page . Eric Sedgwick uses animated movies of twisting pretzel knots to visualize a
theorem about Heegard splittings (ways of dividing a complex topological space into two simple
pieces).
Programming for 3d modeling , T. Longtin. Tensegrity structures, twisted torus space frames,
Moebius band gear assemblies, jigsaw puzzle polyhedra, Hilbert fractal helices, herds of turtles,
and more.
In search of the ideal knot . Piotr Pieranski applies an iterative shrinking heuristic to find the
minimum length unit-diameter rope that can be used to tie a given knot.
SnapPea , powerful software for computing geometric properties of knot complements and other 3-manifolds.
Soap films on knots . Ken Brakke, Susquehanna.
Space Cubes plastic geometric modeling puzzle based on a rectangular Borromean link.
Square Knots . This article by Brian Hayes for American Scientist examines how likely it is that arandom lattice polygon is knotted.
String figure mathematics, or trivial knot theory .
Morwen Thistlethwait , sphere packing, computational topology, symmetric knots, and giant ray-
traced floating letters.
Trefoil knot stairs . Java animation of an Escher-like infinite stair construction, intended as a
Montreal metro station sculpture, by Guillaume LaBelle.
Triangulating 3-dimensional polygons . This is always possible (with exponentially many Steiner
points) if the polygon is unknotted, but NP-complete if no Steiner points are allowed. The proof
uses gadgets in which quadrilaterals arestacked like Pringlesto form wires. UMass Gang libraryof knots, surfaces, surface deformation movies, and minimal surface meshing software.
Just for a be