Dr. Swanchara – Dual Enrollment Biology Summer Assignment/Review

Welcome to Dr. Swanchara’s DE/AP Biology class. If you need to contact me, my email is karen.swanchara@lcps.org. In order to prepare for DE Biology, it is important for you to review the material you learned in 9th/10th grade Biology. The following activities will help you do that. Any new material and any questions you have from these chapters will be reviewed in class. There are 3 parts to the Summer Assignment/Review:

1. Complete Book Review and submit by August 28th to TurnItIn.com. Instructions will be given in class the first week of school.

2. Complete Reading Guides as Review 3. Complete Graphing Practice

1. Summer Reading Assignments: Instructions: Pick one of the books from the list below, they can all be found in the Riverside library

and can be checked out over the summer. The books can also be found in the Loudoun County Public

Library or purchased online. This assignment will be submitted to TurnItIn.com by August 28th. Your

instructor will provide instructions the first day of class.

Type a 3 page essay (12 pt, ds, 1 inch margins) that covers the following:

Things to include in your essay: A brief summary of the book; a paragraph or two should address this point. Include

which Big Idea for AP Biology is being covered in the book. The Big Ideas are:

BIG IDEA #1: Process of Evolution drives diversity and unity of life.

BIG IDEA #2: Biological systems use free energy and molecular building blocks to grow,

reproduce and maintain dynamic homeostasis.

BIG IDEA #3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential

to life processes.

BIG IDEA #4: Biological systems interact and these systems and their interactions possess

complex properties.

Comment on the author's style-How well did the author make his or her point? How does the information relate to what you know about Biology? How does this book fit into the 7 unifying themes of Biology?

o Cell theory describes the organization of living systems. o The molecular basis of inheritance explains the continuity of life. o The relationship between structure and function underlies living systems. o The diversity of life arises by evolutionary change. o Evolutionary conservation explains the unity of living systems. o Cells are information processing systems. o Living systems exist in a nonequilibrium state.

What did you learn from this book? What feelings/thoughts/new questions or concerns do you have after reading this

selection?

Reading List:

o Why We get sick - Randolph M Nesse and George C Williams

o The Hot Zone - Richard Preston o The Language of Genes - Steve Jones o The Universe Within - Neil Shubin o Your Inner FIsh - Neil Shubin o Design in Nature - Adrian Bejan and J. Peder Zane o Zoobiquity - Barbara Natterson-Horowitz and Kathryn Bowers o When Germs Travel - Howard Markel o The story of the human body - Daniel Leiberman o Life - Richard Fortey o Microcosm - Carl Zimmer o The Beak of the Finch - jonathan Weiner o Time, Love, memory - Jonathan Weiner o Insectopedia - Hugh Raffles o The Undead - Dick Teresi o The Sixth Extinction - Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin o Designer Food – Carl Zimmer o Lucy – Donald Johnson and Maitland Edey o Our Daily Poison – Marie-Monique Robin o Designer Food – Gregory E Pence o Darwin and the Barnacle – Rebecca Stott o Secret Agents – Madeline Drexler o T-rex and the Crater of Doom – Water Alvarez o Winter World – Berad heinrich o The Sports Gene – David Epstein o The Little Book of Forensics – David Owen o Identically Different Why we Change our Genes – Tim Spector

2. Complete the 4 Reading Guides: The first chapters of our Advanced Biology book cover background information from your Biology class. These reading guides are meant as a review of what you have previously learned. They are due on August 28th To complete the following reading guides, I highly, highly recommend the Preparing for the Biology AP Exam (Pearson Education AP Test Prep) 3rd Edition (available on Amazon ) or use the online website for your textbook: http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0003292010/ 3. Complete the Graphing Practice Worksheets due on

August 28th. 4. You are registered as a Northern Virginia Community

College student. If you have time this summer you can stop by the NVCC campus in Sterling and get a student ID and sign up for online library services. You also have access to the NVCC writing center and NVCC tutoring services. All you need is you NVCC student ID number

that you received when you registered for the NVCC DE class.

Name _______________________________________________________________________________________ Summer Enrichment Work All work must be done by hand – do NOT do the reading guides or vocabulary on the computer. This work is for you; complete sentences are not required; drawings are strongly recommended. Vocabulary Make flash cards for the following words with the word on one side and the definition on the back. DO NOT copy from the text book or other source. Put the definitions in your own words to receive credit! I need to know you understand the meaning of the term, not that you can copy out of a book. Diagrams help most people learn and are encouraged! Ch. 1

1. inductive reasoning 2. deductive reasoning 3. homologous 4. analogous

Ch. 2

1. atomic number, atomic mass 2. isotope 3. radioactive isotope 4. half-life 5. cation, anion 6. oxidation/reduction 7. octet rule (rule of eight) 8. ionic bond 9. covalent bond 10. polar 11. hydrogen bonds 12. specific heat 13. hydration shell 14. cohesion 15. adhesion 16. properties of water 17. hydrophilic, hydrophobic 18. buffer

Ch. 3

1. dehydration synthesis/hydrolysis 2. peptide bond 3. polypeptide 4. motif 5. domain 6. primary, second, and quaternary

structure of proteins 7. chaperonins

8. denaturation 9. dissociation 10. nucleotide (include a diagram of the

structure) 11. complementary 12. ATP (include structure and show where

energy is stored) 13. phospholipid 14. triacylglycerol 15. terpene 16. steroid 17. monosaccharide (include examples) 18. disaccharide (include examples) 19. isomer 20. glycogen 21. cellulose 22. chitin

Ch. 26

1. homeostasis 2. Miller-Urey experiment 3. microfossil 4. primary abiogenesis 5. coacervate 6. prokaryote 7. eukaryote 8. archaebacteria 9. methanogen 10. extremophiles 11. anaerobic 12. halophile, thermophile 13. eubacteria 14. endosymbiotic theory

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Reading Guides: o Chapter 1 – The Science of Biology Reading Guide and vocabulary o Chapter 2 - The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of Water Reading Guide and vocabulary

o Chapter 3 – The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Reading Guide and vocabulary

o Chapter 26 – The Tree of Life Reading Guide and vocabulary Chapter 1: The Science of Biology Raven and Johnson, 2011

1. All Living things have 7 basic characteristics. Briefly describe each one.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

2. The biological world is organized in levels that build on the level below it. Briefly describe each

one.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

3. What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning? Give an example of each.

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4. How does a scientific theory differ from a hypothesis?

5. Briefly describe Darwin’s trip on the Beagle.

6. What were Malthus’ main conclusions? How do these relate to natural selection?

7. Briefly describe evidence that led Darwin to the idea that evolution occurs by natural selection?

8. How did artificial selection add to Darwin’s belief in natural selection?

9. Who was Alfred Russel Wallace?

10. Did Darwin include the evolution of humans in his books?

11. How have the following added to the theory of evolution recently? a. fossil record

b. age of the Earth

c. mechanisms of heredity

d. comparative anatomy

e. molecular evidence

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12. What are the 7 unifying themes in Biology. 1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

Chapter 2: Nature of Molecules and Properties of Water Raven and Johnson, 2011

1. Briefly review the structure of atoms.

2. Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. Explain what these numbers mean and how to get them.

3. Draw the structure of a carbon molecule using energy rings. How many valence electrons does it have? How many bonds can it form?

4. What is an isotope? How do the isotopes of carbon differ from one another?

5. The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5600 years. If a sample contains one gram of C14, how many grams would it have contained 11200 years ago? (Yes you have to show your work.)

6. What is an ion? anion? cation? Are their masses different than the neutral atom?

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7. What happens when an electron changes energy rings?

8. Explain oxidation and reduction. These are important terms that we will be using throughout the year.

a. oxidation b. reduction

9. Why are valence electrons important in chemical reactions? 10. What is the octet rule and how does it affect the chemical nature of atoms? Does helium fulfill the

octet rule (this is tricky!)? 11. How do atoms form ionic or covalent bonds? Give an example of each. 12. Draw 2 atoms forming a covalent bond. An ionic bond.

13. Which is the strongest covalent bond - single, double, or triple bond?

14. What is a chemical reaction? What things affect chemical reactions?

15. Why is water considered to be made of polar covalent bonds?

16. What are hydrogen bonds?

17. List the special properties of water and why they are important to living things.

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18. Why are hydrogen bonds important for the properties of water? 19. Sketch a few water molecules. Indicate the polarity and where the H-bonds form.

20. How does water organize nonpolar molecules such as lipids?

21. Explain pH. What does it measure? Give examples.

22. A substance at pH 6 will have how many more hydrogen ions than a substance of pH 9?

23. How do buffers work? Why are they necessary in living systems?

24. Consider the overall reaction for photosynthesis shown below. a. Label which compounds are the reactants and which are the products.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

b. Remember that oxygen is highly electronegative. Which molecules would you guess are polar?

CO2 H2O C6H12O6 O2

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Water and its properties 1. The properties of water are in large part due to hydrogen bonds. Each water molecule can form ___

(how many) hydrogen bonds. Why does water form hydrogen bonds? Use the terms electronegativity and polar covalent in your answer.

2. Why are each of the following properties of water important to living organisms? (Short free

response) a. cohesion

b. transpiration

c. high specific heat

d. solid ice is less dense than liquid water

e. polarity leading to water as a medium for the metabolic processes of cells

3. The pH scale is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions. Explain why buffers, including carbonic acid, are important for maintaining homeostasis in animals.

4. Carbon dioxide plus water make carbonic acid. What would happen in the buffer system below if

an animal had excess CO2 such as during exercise? Would blood pH be maintained within its required narrow pH range (7.35 – 7.45)?

carbonic acid / bicarbonate blood buffer system

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Chapter 3: Chemical Building Blocks of Life Raven and Johnson, 2011 1. What do biologic organic molecules consist of mostly? 2. Functional groups have specific chemical properties. Give the structural formula of each of the

following functional groups and where they are found.

Group Structural formula/chemical structure

Found in which compounds

Hydroxyl

carbonyl

carboxyl

amino

sulfhydryl

phosphate

methyl

3. Describe the reaction by which chemical subunits are put together to make macromolecules. 4. Describe the reaction by which macromolecules are disassembled into subunits.

5. What is the basic ratio of carbon, hydrogen , and oxygen in carbohydrates? 6. What is the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide?

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7. What are the two 5-carbon sugars? the three 6-carbon sugars? 8. What is an isomer? 9. What are the components of the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, and lactose? 10. Complex carbohydrates are energy-storage molecules. What are starch and glycogen, and where

are they found? 11. Complex carbohydrates can also be used for structure. What are two important structural

carbohydrates, and where are they found? 12. Draw a nucleic acid including all 3 components.

a. Label the diagram of DNA with nucleotide, phosphodiester bond, hydrogen bond, sugar,

phosphate group, base, 5’ end, and 3’ end.

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13. What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines? Draw them. 14. What are the basic structures of (a) DNA, (b) RNA, (c) ATP? 15. How does RNA differ from DNA?

16. What are the 7 functions of proteins? Give an example for each.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

17. Draw the structure of an amino acid.

18. What does the ‘R’ stand for?

19. What are the 5 side group categories? These are important in how proteins fold.

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20. What is the bond called that connects amino acids into peptides?

21. The way proteins fold is very important to how they function. What are the 4 levels of protein structure? Indicate what bonds are used to maintain these structures.

22. What is the function of a chaperone protein? 23. What diseases can result from incorrectly folded proteins? 24. How does denaturation differ from disassociation? 25. Why are saturated and unsaturated fats different structurally? 26. Lipids: Give the functions of the following lipids:

a. fats

b. waxes

c. phospholipids

d. cholesterol

e. steroid hormones

f. Label the diagram of triglycerides with glycerol and fatty acids. Label each fatty acid

with saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated.

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27. Label the diagram of a phospholipid with head, tail, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and indicate the location of the phosphate group

28. Why do phospholipids form membranes while triglycerides form insoluble droplets? Chapter 26: The Tree of Life Raven and Johnson, 2011

1. What are the 8 fundamental properties of life? Give an example of each.

2. What are the 3 theories of the origin of life, briefly describe each one? Which do you think is a plausible theory?

3. How did Miller and Urey’s experiment support the spontaneous origin of life theory? What compounds have been made using their techniques?

4. Which do you think sound more likely as the first major molecules: RNA, proteins, or peptide-

nucleic acid

5. What is Oparin’s bubble theory? (Use the terms primary abiogenesis and protobionts.) – not in the book

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6. What is a coacervate? – not in the book

7. What role did Cyanobacteria play in transforming the Earth’s atmosphere? 8. Explain how taxonomists name and group organisms. 9. What are the origins of the nuclear membrane and the ER thought to be? 10. What is Lynn Margulis’s theory of endosymbiosis? What organelles are involved? 11. Complete the following table.

Organization of Living Organisms

Domains

Eukarya

Kingdoms

Major characteristics of each kingdom

Example organisms

12. What is an evolutionary advantage of compartmentalization?

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13. What is an evolutionary advantage of multicellularity? 14. What is an evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction? Can all eukaryotes undergo sexual

reproduction?

15. List the function and other important information for each of the following parts of eukaryotic cells.

Part of the cell

Structural characteristics

function and other important information

List if this cell part is located in plant(P), animal(A) or prokaryotes (P)

plasma membrane

nucleus

ribosome

smooth ER

rough ER

Golgi apparatus

lysosomes

vesicles

large central vacuole

mitochondria

chloroplasts

peroxisome

cytoskeleton

microtubules

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microfilaments

intermediate filaments

centrosomes

centrioles

flagella

cilia

extracellular matrix

tight junctions

desmosomes

gap junctions

cell wall

plasmodesmata

16. When cell increases in size, what happens to surface area: volume ratio? How does it affect the efficiency of cell to transport material in and out of the cell?

17. The plasma membrane forms a boundary of a cell. Label the part of plasma membrane in the following diagram.

Name: _______________________________________________________ Date: _________ Block: _______

Graphing and Data skills practice Packet Math and Statistics for AP Biology - Research the answer to the following questions

1. In designing an experiment or other scientific study, why do scientists sample from a

population rather than using an entire population?

2. Suppose you are designing an experiment to test the effects of nicotine on the heart rate of rats. What are the disadvantages of having too small a sample size (i.e., testing on too few rats)? What are the disadvantages of having too large a sample size (i.e., testing on too many rats)?

3. Explain the difference between discrete variables and continuous variables. Give an example of each.

4. Explain the difference between quantitative and categorical variables. Give an example of each.

5. What is a null hypothesis?

6. What are some steps that scientists can take in designing an experiment to avoid false negatives?

Graphing Practice

Graphing is an important procedure used by scientists to display the data that is collected during a controlled experiment. Line graphs must be constructed correctly to accurately portray the data collected.

A graph contains five major parts: Title – needs to be descriptive The independent variable with units The dependent variable with units The scales for each variable A legend or a key

The TITLE: depicts what the graph is about. By reading the title, the reader should get an

idea about the graph. It should be a concise statement placed above the graph.

The INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: is the variable that can be controlled by the

experimenter. It usually includes time (dates, minutes, hours, etc.), depth (feet, meters),

and temperature (Celsius). This variable is placed on the X axis (horizontal axis).

The DEPENDENT VARIABLE: is the variable that is directly affected by the independent

variable. Example: How many oxygen bubbles are produced by a plant located five meters

below the surface of the water? The oxygen bubbles are dependent on the depth of the

water. This variable is placed on the Y-axis or vertical axis.

The SCALES for each Variable: In constructing a graph one needs to know where to plot the points

representing the data. In order to do this a scale must be employed to include all the data points. The

scales should start with 0 and climb based on intervals such as: multiples of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, or

100. The scale of numbers will be dictated by your data values.

The LEGEND: is a short descriptive narrative concerning the graph's data. It should be

short and concise and placed under the graph.

The MEAN for a group of variables: To determine the mean for a group of variables, divide

the sum of the variables by the total number of variables to get an average.

The MEDIAN for a group of variables: To determine median or “middle” for an even number

of values, put the values in ascending order and take the average of the two middle values.

Example: 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10. Add 4+5 (2 middle values) and divide by 2 to get 4.5.

The MODE for a group of variables: The mode for a group of values is the number that

occurs most frequently. Example: 2, 5, 8, 2, 6, 11. The number 2 is the mode because it

occurred most often (twice).

Problem A: Using the following data to answer the questions below and then construct a line graph.

Number of bubble per minute Depth in meters Plant A Plant B

2 29 21 5 36 27

10 45 40 16 32 50 25 20 34 30 10 20

1. What is the dependent variable and why?

2. What is the independent variable and why?

3. What are the mean, median, and mode of all three columns of data?

Depth : Mean_______ Median _______Mode____

Bubble Plant A.: Mean_______ Median _______Mode____

Bubbles Plant B: Mean_______ Median _______Mode____

4. Title: ______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Problem B: Diabetes is a disease affecting the insulin producing glands of the pancreas. If there is not enough insulin being produced by these cells, the amount of glucose in the blood will remain high. A blood glucose level above 140 for an extended period of time is not considered normal. This disease, if not brought under control, can lead to severe complications and even death.

Answer the following questions concerning the data below and then graph it on a line graph.

Glucose mL per Liter of Blood Time After Eating (Hours) Person A Person B

0.5 170 180 1 155 195

1.5 140 230 2 135 245

2.5 140 235 3 135 225 4 130 200

1. What is the dependent variable and why? 2. What is the independent variable and why?

3. What title would you give the table above?

4. Which, if any, of the above individuals (A or B) has diabetes?

5. What data do you have to support this conclusion?

6. If the time period were extended to 6 hours, what would the expected blood glucose level for Person B? Explain why.

Title: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Problem C:

Temperatures were obtained in November in a fairly arid area of Nevada. At two different sites, temperature readings were taken at a number of heights above and below the soil surface. One site was shaded by a juniper (a plant) whereas the other was not. This should be done on a bar graph.

Condition Height in cm from soil

surface

Temperature (OC)

Beneath Forest cover Unshaded Field

Air 150 18 20

Air 90 18 21

Air 60 18 20

Air 30 18 21

Soil Surface 0 16 33

Humus -6 12 19

Mineral -15 9 15

Mineral -30 7 12

Construct a bar graph, plot the data, and give an appropriate title in the space below.

Problem D: A researcher interested in the disappearance of fallen leaves in a deciduous forest carried out a field experiment that lasted nearly a year. She collected all the leaves from 100 plots scattered throughout the forest. She measured the amount of leaves present in November, May and August. The percentages reflect the number of leaves found, using the November values as 100 percent. Complete the table by calculating the missing percentages.

Collection Date Ash Beech Elm Hazel Oak Willow

November 4271g

100%

3220g

100%

3481g

100%

1723g

100%

5317g

100%

3430g

100%

May 2431g

57%

3190g

91%

1739g

______%

501g

_______%

4401g

83%

1201g

35%

August 1376g

32%

2285g

71%

35g

______%

62g

_______%

1759g

33%

4g

0.1%

Construct an appropriate line graph for the ash and elm leaves on the graph below.

Problem E: A species of insect has been accidentally introduced from Asia into the US. The success of this organism depends on its ability to find a suitable habitat. The larval stage is very sensitive to changes in temperature, humidity and light intensity. Expose to situations outside the tolerance limits results in a high mortality (death) rate. Study the data table below.

Temperature (oC)

Mortality

(%)

Relative Humidity

(%)

Mortality

(%)

Light Intensity (fc)

Mortality

(%) 15 100 100 80 300 0

16 80 90 10 400 0

17 30 80 0 600 10

18 10 70 0 800 15

19 0 60 0 1000 20

20 0 50 50 1200 20

21 0 40 70 1400 90

22 0 30 90 1600 95

23 20 20 100 1800 100

24 80 10 100 2000 100

25 100 0 100 2200 100

Plot line graphs for the effects of temperature and humidity on mortality rates.