Dr. Smiljana Antonijević

Epistemic Encounters: Studying epistemic

cultures

OverviewWhat are epistemic cultures and trading zones?

What is the field of digital humanities and social sciences, and what changes does it initiate?

Research: how do epistemic cultures encounter each other in the field of digital humanities and social sciences?

Why is this relevant for my work?

Epistemic cultures

Epistemology: episteme (knowledge) + logos (study).

Epistemic cultures

Epistemology: episteme (knowledge) + logos (study).

Culture: the diversity of ways in which human begins establish and live their lives.

Epistemic cultures

Epistemology: episteme (knowledge) + logos (study).

Culture: the diversity of ways in which human begins establish and live their lives.

Epistemic cultures: the diversity of ways in which experts and expert communities establish and conduct their work .

Epistemic cultures

Epistemic communities: expert communities that produce and warrant knowledge.

Epistemic cultures: social and

symbolic dimensions of expert communities- focus on social construction of

knowledge and knowledge claims;- practices and beliefs that

constitute a community’s attitude toward knowledge;

- ways of constructing and justifying knowledge.

Epistemic cultures

Epistemic communities: expert communities that produce and warrant knowledge.

Epistemic cultures: social and

symbolic dimensions of expert communities- focus on social construction of

knowledge and knowledge claims;- practices and beliefs that

constitute a community’s attitude toward knowledge;

- ways of constructing and justifying knowledge.

“This science of possibilities (anthropology)

develops not just from an openness to its

subject matter—the axiom that everything

could always be otherwise—but from the

manner in which work gets done. It often

gets done despite theoretical inclinations

and specific analytics.”

(Strathern, 2005: 453; italics in the original)

“The strength of anthropology is that we appreciate

multi-perspectivism. Our recognition of this universe

of pluralities is surely anthropology’s real

competence.” (p. 101)

Diane Forsythe (1998) Studying Those Who Study Us: An

Anthropologist in the World of Artificial Intelligence

Karin Knorr-Cetina (1999)Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge

Trading zones A metaphor used to describe various aspects of scientific

collaboration.

Rooted in anthropological studies of intercultural exchange of goods, taking place despite differences in language and culture.

Peter Galisonn (1997): collaboration between physicists, doctors, and engineers in developing radar, MRI.

Physicists and engineers had to gradually develop a pidgin

language that involves shared concepts.

Digital humanities and social sciences

Use of digital technologies in the humanities and social science research and teaching.

Broad range of applications, from very simple to

very complex (word processing, Google search, linguistic computing, visualization, augmented reality …).

Digital data, collections, archives, virtual research environments, digital tools, digitized and born digital materials.

Digital humanities and social sciences

Use of digital technologies in the humanities and social science research and teaching.

Broad range of applications, from very simple to

very complex (word processing, Google search, linguistic computing, visualization, augmented reality …).

Digital data, collections, archives, virtual research environments, digital tools, digitized and born digital materials.

Digital humanities and social sciences

Use of digital technologies in the humanities and social science research and teaching.

Broad range of applications, from very simple to

very complex (word processing, Google search, linguistic computing, visualization, augmented reality …).

Digital data, collections, archives, virtual research environments, digital tools, digitized and born digital materials.

Epistemic changes Evolutionary changes

Small and gradual changes, sometimes even difficult to notice; using email, word processor, Google search, electronic databases …

aradigm changesChanges of the basic assumptions — paradigms — in scientific theories (Khun, 1962).

Universal humanismUniversal scholarly diversity, epistemic multiculturalism.

Epistemic changes Evolutionary changes

Small and gradual changes, sometimes even difficult to notice; using email, word processor, Google search, electronic databases …

Paradigm changesChanges of the basic assumptions — paradigms — in scientific theories (Khun, 1962).

Universal humanismUniversal scholarly diversity, epistemic multiculturalism.

Epistemic changes Evolutionary changes

Small and gradual changes, sometimes even difficult to notice; using email, word processor, Google search, electronic databases …

Paradigm changesChanges of the basic assumptions — paradigms — in scientific theories (Khun, 1962).

Universal humanismUniversal scholarly diversity, epistemic multiculturalism.

Epistemic changes Evolutionary changes

Small and gradual changes, sometimes even difficult to notice; using email, word processor, Google search, electronic databases …

Paradigm changesChanges of the basic assumptions — paradigms — in scientific theories (Khun, 1962).

Universal humanismUniversal scholarly diversity, epistemic multiculturalism.

Paradigm changes

Changes of the basic assumptions — paradigms — in scientific theories (Khun, 1962).

disciplinary work – epistemic encounters (literary studies, history, computer sciences, anthropology, electrical engineering, art history ...)

- different premises of knowledge-seeking (objects of inquiry, research questions, methodologies)

- different research practices (collaborative vs. individual)- different scholarly outputs

Paradigm changes

Changes of the basic assumptions — paradigms — in scientific theories (Khun, 1962).

Interdisciplinary work – epistemic encounters

(literary studies, history, computer sciences, anthropology, electrical engineering, art history ...)ifferent premises of knowledge-seeking (objects of inquiry,

research questions, methodologies)- different research practices (collaborative vs. individual)- different scholarly outputs

Paradigm changes

Changes of the basic assumptions — paradigms — in scientific theories (Khun, 1962).

Interdisciplinary work – epistemic encounters

(literary studies, history, computer sciences, anthropology, electrical engineering, art history ...)

- different premises of knowledge-seeking (objects of inquiry, research questions, methodologies)

- different research practices (collaborative vs. individual)

- different scholarly outputs

The dislocation and relocation of concepts are inherent to the practice of making knowledge.

But it would be naïve to imagine that along with the borrowing of

constructs goes the borrowing of the understandings that produced them.

It is important to know the way such borrowings recontextualize the

conceptual intent with which the constructs were once used.

‘I went to sleep one day a cultural criticand woke the next metamorphosed into a data processor.’

Alan Liu, 2004

Research Three projects: Alfalab, Humanities Information Practices,

Digital Scholarly Workflow - 2009-2010: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences;

University of Oxford.- 2012-present: Penn State University

Fieldwork: site visits, observation, in-depth interviews (observing epistemic cultures in action).

Linguists, historians of religion, art historians, anthropologists, musicologists, computer scientists, experts in science and technology studies, and so on.

Site visits

Case studies

Interviews

In those days [10 years ago] computer scientists at your own university wouldn’t even want to talk to you.

Even now when we work with them what computer science recognizes as research and what humanities and social sciences recognize as research are different things. So you have to find a common set of research goals.

Dr Neil Fraistat

MITH

“

Karina van Dalen-Oskam

It was as if the scales dropped from our eyes, it was as we had seen the future. The world was the same and yet completely different and new, it was amazing, we were just blown away.

We’ve gotten much more familiar with these kinds of technologies and possibilities, we do not have that sort of ‘ah’ experience every day.

Dr Anthony Cascardi UC Berkeley

“

Mariken Teeuwen

Humanists and social scientists … are lacking a frame within which to say what they might expect, or what they might want, in a way that would help development process.

The first thing that we need more of is just better and easier communications across IT people, computer scientists and humanists and social scientists. The languages are very different, hugely different.

Dr Johanna Drucker

UCLA

“

Maarten Hoogerwerf

I took the classes in computer science in part because my parents were concerned that I wanted to be a professional historian and wanted to make sure that I came out of college with some practical skills. I really enjoyed programming, but went the history rout.

And then, when I got here, I was looking at some historical materials and I was thinking ‘wow, this would work great in a database!’ … So, I did not come to them [programmers] and said ‘build me this tool’; I said, ‘I want you to teach me how to build my tool’.

Jean Bauer, PhD student

University of Virginia

“

The humanities increasingly need good criteria for assessing the intellectual content of the project. We need for big professional groups to be able to say what is the intellectual value here, what is it contributing to the field, where is the new knowledge, what are the research methods, are they sound.

Michael Hall

Dr Janice Reiff

UCLA

“

Joris van Zundert

InterfaceLab promotes cross-disciplinary use of data and tools among researchers, by demonstrating how their different methods can be bridged.

User-testing sessions

Connecting epistemic cultures

Developing cross-disciplinary understanding

Promoting user-centered approach

Implementing feedback cycles

Team meetings

Discussing epistemological and methodological differences

Developing common vocabulary

Promoting collaborative writing

Supporting shared values

Fieldwork

Listening to voices from the field

Harvesting best practices

Sharing experiences

Supporting collaboration

Dissemination

Sharing experiences and practices Presenting our approach

Supporting interaction within the community of practice

Promoting critical reflection

Structure

Content

UseMy approach

Structure

Content

Fostering epistemic encounters and user involvement early and often. Developing non-data driven approach (data linked to interrogation).

Recognizing researchers’ sensibility to new ways of working. Understanding epistemic cultures and cultures of formalization.

Accepting boundaries or limits of technology.

UseMy approach

- variety of strategies to stimulate and enhance collaborative work among researchers across epistemic cultures;

- development of shared research agendas, common vocabularies, understanding researchers’ needs when working in digital settings;

- cultural interfaces between researchers specifically suited to digital humanities and social sciences;

My outputs

- integrated perspectives of various disciplines and stakeholders—from medievalists, to software developers, to funders …

- conceptual input for- demonstrators (TextLab, GeoLab, and LifeLab) and

the portal, (http://alfalab.ehumanities.nl/ ) - two project reports- three peer-reviewed publications- fifteen peer-reviewed conference panels and

presentations- participation in more than a dozen expert meetings.

My outputs

Universal humanismUniversal scholarly diversity, epistemic multiculturalism.

Revealing layers between alternative understandings of the “human”.

“Lived experience refuses to fit any single, stable organization of the variety of human knowledges.” (Liu, 2009: 29)

Understanding the full diversity of humanity requires

full methodological/disciplinary diversity.

How do you understand epistemic multiculturlism?

In what ways your epistemic cultural background influences your research?

In what ways your epistemic cultural background influences your understanding of the examined phenomena?

As a student of cultural encounters, how would you foster interdisciplinary collaboration?

Thank you

Questions?