DR. SANJAY KUMARAssociate Professor

Department of Defence Studies, Meerut College, Meerut

Visiting ProfessorNovana University,Delta State,Nigeria

Visiting FellowUnited Service Institution of India (USI),New Delhi

Visiting FellowIndia Studies Centre, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand

DR. SANJAY KUMARAssociate Professor

Department of Defence Studies, Meerut College, Meerut

Visiting ProfessorNovana University,Delta State,Nigeria

Visiting FellowUnited Service Institution of India (USI),New Delhi

Visiting FellowIndia Studies Centre, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand

Meaning of Interpretation

Tabular Interpretation

Graphical Interpretation

Situational Interpretation

Concurring Interpretation

Live Event Interpretation

TECHNIQUES

Meaning of Interpretation

Tabular Interpretation

Graphical Interpretation

Situational Interpretation

Concurring Interpretation

Live Event Interpretation

Introduction:Research reports are the final of any inquiry. Research reports varysignificantly in terms of results and design. However, they areexpected to follow a conventional pattern of style and form forsubmission to academic bodies. These matters of style and form arebased the principles of organization and presentation. While theformat and style suggested in this chapter are particularly appropriatefor a research report, it may also be useful in writing a researchproposal or review of a report.The report begins with the started of the problem in whichresearchers is expected to justify the investigation. It, then moves onwith a description of how the research question was investigated sothat readers can evaluate the validity of the research and of theknowledge that it produced. Next comes the results of theinvestigation: the data that provide a basis for answering thequestion. The report concludes with a discussion of the meaning ofthe data, the answers that they provide to the research questions

Introduction:Research reports are the final of any inquiry. Research reports varysignificantly in terms of results and design. However, they areexpected to follow a conventional pattern of style and form forsubmission to academic bodies. These matters of style and form arebased the principles of organization and presentation. While theformat and style suggested in this chapter are particularly appropriatefor a research report, it may also be useful in writing a researchproposal or review of a report.The report begins with the started of the problem in whichresearchers is expected to justify the investigation. It, then moves onwith a description of how the research question was investigated sothat readers can evaluate the validity of the research and of theknowledge that it produced. Next comes the results of theinvestigation: the data that provide a basis for answering thequestion. The report concludes with a discussion of the meaning ofthe data, the answers that they provide to the research questions

Structure of the Research Report:The structure of a report is perhaps most sensitive part of

writing a paper. The basic issue remains what information to beprovided and the order in which is to be placed. Fortunately, there isa structure or outline for reports in sciences: introduction, method,results and discussions. The section of method is further subdividedinto participants, materials and procedures.This all is preceded by a title and absent and is followed by areference list and appendices if any. The following outline presents,the sequence of topics covered in the typical research report, senioressays, dissertation and theses:1. Preliminary parts

Cover pageTitle

Author’s name and affiliation (institution)

Structure of the Research Report:The structure of a report is perhaps most sensitive part of

writing a paper. The basic issue remains what information to beprovided and the order in which is to be placed. Fortunately, there isa structure or outline for reports in sciences: introduction, method,results and discussions. The section of method is further subdividedinto participants, materials and procedures.This all is preceded by a title and absent and is followed by areference list and appendices if any. The following outline presents,the sequence of topics covered in the typical research report, senioressays, dissertation and theses:1. Preliminary parts

Cover pageTitle

Author’s name and affiliation (institution)

Inner pagesAcknowledgementTable of contentsList of TablesList of Figures

Main Body of the Research ReportIntroductionReview of LiteratureMethodology of the study

(A) Subjects or Participants of the study sampling technologies ifused data collections instruments Procedures of data collectionsdata analysis Techniques.

(B) Results of the study Discussion of the results summary,conclusion and recommendations

(C) End Parts(D) List of References Appendices, if any

Inner pagesAcknowledgementTable of contentsList of TablesList of Figures

Main Body of the Research ReportIntroductionReview of LiteratureMethodology of the study

(A) Subjects or Participants of the study sampling technologies ifused data collections instruments Procedures of data collectionsdata analysis Techniques.

(B) Results of the study Discussion of the results summary,conclusion and recommendations

(C) End Parts(D) List of References Appendices, if any

The Preliminary PartsThe title should be precise and clear. The title should not claim more for thestudy than it actually delivers. The title should be typed in block letters andbold. It also needs to be centered. When two or more lines are needed, itshould be double spaced. As possible, it should have an inverted triangleshape.

IMAPACT OF SUGARCANE CULTIVATIONON

RURAL DEVELOPMENT OFMAWANA SUGARMILL ZONE

IMAPACT OF SUGARCANE CULTIVATIONON

RURAL DEVELOPMENT OFMAWANA SUGARMILL ZONE

A THESIS SUBMITTED TOCH. CHARAN SINGH UNIVERSITY

MEERUTFOR THE AWARD OF

RESEARCH SUPERVISOR RESEARCH SCHOLARDR. KANCHAN SINGH NARENDER SINGH

PLACE OF RESEARCH

MARCH 2009

IMAPACT OF SUGARCANE CULTIVATIONON

RURAL DEVELOPMENT OFMAWANA SUGARMILL ZONE

DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY(PH.D.) IN GEOGRAPHY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHYMEERUT COLLEGE MEERUT

MARCH 2009

IMAPACT OF SUGARCANE CULTIVATIONON

RURAL DEVELOPMENT OFMAWANA SUGARMILL ZONE

NARENDER SINGH SINDHU

CH. CHARAN SINGH UNIVERSITYMEERUT

AN EXAMPLE OF INSIDE PAGE AN EXAMPLE OF COVER PAGE

Following the cover page, there is an inner page which contains thedetails such as title of the research work, name of the author, thereason why research work was carried out, the name of thesupervisor, Principal investigator / research scholar, name of theinstitution and the time of submission. The third page contains thecertificate stating about the originality of the work and regularity ofthe period required for such work. The certificate needs to be signedby the supervisor of the research work or the principal investigator.The fourth page is assigned for the “Acknowledgements”. Theacademic, physical, financial and other essential assistances receivedfrom individuals or institution are acknowledged by the researcher.Next to acknowledgement comes the list of content, list of tables, listof figures and the list of photographs. List of contents provideschapters, their sub titles and page numbers related to them in asequence. The list of contents ends with references, appendicesschedules of interview and questionnaires similarly, list of tables,figures and photographs provide titles for each and their pagenumbers in the thesis. It helps the reader to find the desired factwithout wasting much time.

Following the cover page, there is an inner page which contains thedetails such as title of the research work, name of the author, thereason why research work was carried out, the name of thesupervisor, Principal investigator / research scholar, name of theinstitution and the time of submission. The third page contains thecertificate stating about the originality of the work and regularity ofthe period required for such work. The certificate needs to be signedby the supervisor of the research work or the principal investigator.The fourth page is assigned for the “Acknowledgements”. Theacademic, physical, financial and other essential assistances receivedfrom individuals or institution are acknowledged by the researcher.Next to acknowledgement comes the list of content, list of tables, listof figures and the list of photographs. List of contents provideschapters, their sub titles and page numbers related to them in asequence. The list of contents ends with references, appendicesschedules of interview and questionnaires similarly, list of tables,figures and photographs provide titles for each and their pagenumbers in the thesis. It helps the reader to find the desired factwithout wasting much time.

The Main Body of the Report:The main body of the research report is divided into four major

sections: introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, Conclusion andRecommendation.

A well-Written introduction has at least five components. Theresearchers must give a clear and definitive statement of the researchproblem. The problem should state the necessity of research. It must alsoillustrate why the problem is important in terms of theory and/or practicee.g. the significance of the study. The researcher should also clearlyshow the purpose of the study. It helps the reader to understand what theresearcher should is going to do in the process of the research. The othercomponent of the introduction includes research questions and/orhypotheses answered or verified. Each question or hypothesis must bestated so that it is clear how it will be tested. A formal statement of eachhypothesis needs to be given. Besides these statements, definition of theterms and variables be given and explained as to how they areinvestigated and controlled. The predicted outcomes must ne measurable.

The Main Body of the Report:The main body of the research report is divided into four major

sections: introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, Conclusion andRecommendation.

A well-Written introduction has at least five components. Theresearchers must give a clear and definitive statement of the researchproblem. The problem should state the necessity of research. It must alsoillustrate why the problem is important in terms of theory and/or practicee.g. the significance of the study. The researcher should also clearlyshow the purpose of the study. It helps the reader to understand what theresearcher should is going to do in the process of the research. The othercomponent of the introduction includes research questions and/orhypotheses answered or verified. Each question or hypothesis must bestated so that it is clear how it will be tested. A formal statement of eachhypothesis needs to be given. Besides these statements, definition of theterms and variables be given and explained as to how they areinvestigated and controlled. The predicted outcomes must ne measurable.

The delimitation of the study shows the area on which theresearch is going to be carried out, the variables to be treated in thestudy, the mature of the participants and the justification forincluding the variables. It is also important to carry out the study inthat particular site.Distinguish between a research report and research proposal?

Limitations of the Study:when a researcher is faced with a problem that could not be

attended. It should be reported as problem limitation of the study asthe problem might have certain inputs on the results of the study. Itacts as a caution to the reader while going through the researchreport.

Review of the Literature:a review of previous literature on the topic is also an essential

component of the main body of the research study. The researchermust demonstrate an understanding of the issue underinvestigation should also be included. The author also needs tologically connect the previous body of literature with the currentwork.

The delimitation of the study shows the area on which theresearch is going to be carried out, the variables to be treated in thestudy, the mature of the participants and the justification forincluding the variables. It is also important to carry out the study inthat particular site.Distinguish between a research report and research proposal?

Limitations of the Study:when a researcher is faced with a problem that could not be

attended. It should be reported as problem limitation of the study asthe problem might have certain inputs on the results of the study. Itacts as a caution to the reader while going through the researchreport.

Review of the Literature:a review of previous literature on the topic is also an essential

component of the main body of the research study. The researchermust demonstrate an understanding of the issue underinvestigation should also be included. The author also needs tologically connect the previous body of literature with the currentwork.

Methodology:Following the review of the literature, main body of the report

continues with the method section. It includes two or moresubsection and describes in detail just how the investigatorconducted and completed the research work. This provides thereader to determine how appropriate the procedures were and towhat extent results are dependable? The methodology section needsto be sufficiently detailed to enable a reader to replicate thecomponents of the study.

The subsection of the methodology are labeled at the leftmargin and are writer in bold face. There has to be at least twosubsections namely: subjects and procedures. The subjects needs toidentify the participants of the study, the number of personsincluded in the study and the means by which the participants wereselected. Major demographic characteristics, such as age, sex,region, religion, etc., are included as they relate to the study.Sufficient information must be provided to permit the reader to beable to replicate the sample.

Methodology:Following the review of the literature, main body of the report

continues with the method section. It includes two or moresubsection and describes in detail just how the investigatorconducted and completed the research work. This provides thereader to determine how appropriate the procedures were and towhat extent results are dependable? The methodology section needsto be sufficiently detailed to enable a reader to replicate thecomponents of the study.

The subsection of the methodology are labeled at the leftmargin and are writer in bold face. There has to be at least twosubsections namely: subjects and procedures. The subjects needs toidentify the participants of the study, the number of personsincluded in the study and the means by which the participants wereselected. Major demographic characteristics, such as age, sex,region, religion, etc., are included as they relate to the study.Sufficient information must be provided to permit the reader to beable to replicate the sample.

The selection procedures describes the actual steps carried out inconducting the study. This includes the data gathering instruments,experiments, the time period; units of observation comparison andanalysis. Besides, these sufficient other details must be provided topermit replication.

The for section or chapter of the main body is results. Thissection presents the data and the statistical analysis withoutdiscussing the implicates of the findings. Individual scores or rawdata are presented in single subject or very small sample sizestudies. All relevant finding are presented including those that donot support the hypotheses. The textual material has to besupplemented by tables and figures. They should be used when thedata can not be presented in a few sentences in the text. Data in thetext and in tables or figures should be relevant and supplementary.The text should indicate what the reader should expect to see in thetables and figures so as to clarify their meaning. The level ofsignificance for statistical treatments should be presented.

The selection procedures describes the actual steps carried out inconducting the study. This includes the data gathering instruments,experiments, the time period; units of observation comparison andanalysis. Besides, these sufficient other details must be provided topermit replication.

The for section or chapter of the main body is results. Thissection presents the data and the statistical analysis withoutdiscussing the implicates of the findings. Individual scores or rawdata are presented in single subject or very small sample sizestudies. All relevant finding are presented including those that donot support the hypotheses. The textual material has to besupplemented by tables and figures. They should be used when thedata can not be presented in a few sentences in the text. Data in thetext and in tables or figures should be relevant and supplementary.The text should indicate what the reader should expect to see in thetables and figures so as to clarify their meaning. The level ofsignificance for statistical treatments should be presented.

In fifth section or chapter of the report’s main body deals withthe discussion. After presently the results it is possible to determinethe implications of the study, including whether the hypothesis weresupported or should be rejected. It is appropriate to discuss boththeoretical implicates and practical applications of the study. A briefdiscussion regarding the limitations of the present investigation andproposals for future research is appropriate. New hypothesis. Theresearcher should also include conclusions that reflect whether theoriginal problem is better understand or even resolved, as a result ofthis study.

ExerciseDiscuss the structure of the research report. What should beincluded in the method section of a research report? Whichsubjections are required and which are optimal in the methodssection?The main body, finally concludes with the summary, conclusion andrecommendation section of the study. The summary includes theproblem under study, the research questions, characteristics of thesubjects, data collection techniques, procedures followed to gather

In fifth section or chapter of the report’s main body deals withthe discussion. After presently the results it is possible to determinethe implications of the study, including whether the hypothesis weresupported or should be rejected. It is appropriate to discuss boththeoretical implicates and practical applications of the study. A briefdiscussion regarding the limitations of the present investigation andproposals for future research is appropriate. New hypothesis. Theresearcher should also include conclusions that reflect whether theoriginal problem is better understand or even resolved, as a result ofthis study.

ExerciseDiscuss the structure of the research report. What should beincluded in the method section of a research report? Whichsubjections are required and which are optimal in the methodssection?The main body, finally concludes with the summary, conclusion andrecommendation section of the study. The summary includes theproblem under study, the research questions, characteristics of thesubjects, data collection techniques, procedures followed to gather

The data has been used in the major findings of the study and theconclusions researcher. If the research is of applied nature,researcher can also forward some recommendations. This is alsotrue for action research and evaluative study. However, it is notnecessary to give recommendations in case of every research study.

The End Parts: References and Appendices:The end parts of any research report or several output deals withreferences and appendices. References consist of all published aswell as unpublished; documentary and non documentary literaturethat has been used in the text. It also refers to the listing of relatedsubject matter, even if, it is not used in the study. As such articles,books, Chapters, Technical reports, Internet Documents, Journals,Weekly and daily newspapers available through print or non printmedia are arranged alphabetically and category wise.

certain tables and text that are long and seem impropriate forthe main body of the report/thesis are placed in appendices. Eachappendix begins on a new page with the label “Appendix” and its

The data has been used in the major findings of the study and theconclusions researcher. If the research is of applied nature,researcher can also forward some recommendations. This is alsotrue for action research and evaluative study. However, it is notnecessary to give recommendations in case of every research study.

The End Parts: References and Appendices:The end parts of any research report or several output deals withreferences and appendices. References consist of all published aswell as unpublished; documentary and non documentary literaturethat has been used in the text. It also refers to the listing of relatedsubject matter, even if, it is not used in the study. As such articles,books, Chapters, Technical reports, Internet Documents, Journals,Weekly and daily newspapers available through print or non printmedia are arranged alphabetically and category wise.

certain tables and text that are long and seem impropriate forthe main body of the report/thesis are placed in appendices. Eachappendix begins on a new page with the label “Appendix” and its

Identifying letter centered. The title of the appendix and its text istyped just below the label. Usually appendices provide details aboutdata gathering instruments, letters, quotations, computer output ofdata processing large figures and long tables.

Style of Writingthe style of writing a research report is a technical art. The

report should be presented in a clear, concise and creative manner.As far as possible phrases should be dignified and straight forward.However, it should not make the report dull or pedantic. Sentencesshould be short and coherent and the language of presentationshould be simple and comprehensible. Even the most profoundideas can be expressed in a very comprehensible. Even the mostprofound ideas can be expressed in a very simple and lucid manner.Hackneyed (Clichéd) or flippant phrases, slang folksy style,complex and pretty long sentences should be avoided as far aspossible.

Identifying letter centered. The title of the appendix and its text istyped just below the label. Usually appendices provide details aboutdata gathering instruments, letters, quotations, computer output ofdata processing large figures and long tables.

Style of Writingthe style of writing a research report is a technical art. The

report should be presented in a clear, concise and creative manner.As far as possible phrases should be dignified and straight forward.However, it should not make the report dull or pedantic. Sentencesshould be short and coherent and the language of presentationshould be simple and comprehensible. Even the most profoundideas can be expressed in a very comprehensible. Even the mostprofound ideas can be expressed in a very simple and lucid manner.Hackneyed (Clichéd) or flippant phrases, slang folksy style,complex and pretty long sentences should be avoided as far aspossible.

The research report should describe and explain the facts.Researcher is not expected to persuade or convince or more toaction. Because objectivity is the prime concern, reports need to beunambiguous and free from any bias. Research report is, thus,different from an essay or feature article, where writers try toconvince the reader.

Personal pronouns such as I, Me ,We etc. need t be avoided as usesare considered impropriate. Such words lack objectivity. However,if situation is such where use of personal pronouns is unavailable itcould be used. For example. “I believe ………..” is preferable to “The present believes………..” The write should, however refrainfrom using plural personal pronouns (e.g., we) unless there aremultiple authors.

Titles such as professor, Dr. Mr. Mrs., Dean etc. are omitted. Thelast names of the titled authorities are used. Researchers that havecompleted should be described in the past tense.

The research report should describe and explain the facts.Researcher is not expected to persuade or convince or more toaction. Because objectivity is the prime concern, reports need to beunambiguous and free from any bias. Research report is, thus,different from an essay or feature article, where writers try toconvince the reader.

Personal pronouns such as I, Me ,We etc. need t be avoided as usesare considered impropriate. Such words lack objectivity. However,if situation is such where use of personal pronouns is unavailable itcould be used. For example. “I believe ………..” is preferable to “The present believes………..” The write should, however refrainfrom using plural personal pronouns (e.g., we) unless there aremultiple authors.

Titles such as professor, Dr. Mr. Mrs., Dean etc. are omitted. Thelast names of the titled authorities are used. Researchers that havecompleted should be described in the past tense.

Abbreviations may be used only after their represent has beenspelled out, with the abbreviations following in parantheses. Thereare, however, a few exceptions to this rule for well-knownabbreviations such as IQ, UNESO, UNICEF.etc.Discussion of Quantitative Terms:Terms such as “Few in Number” and “less in quantity” are thepreferred forms of expression. Numbers beginning a sentenceshould always be spelled out. Use “one-half ” but for all figureswith fractions, use “4 ½” or “4.5”.percent is spelled out except in tables and figures. Use Roman/ orArabic numerals with percent (“18 percent”), unless they begins asentence. In numbers with more than three digits, commas shouldpoint off thousand or millionsStandard statistical formulate are not presented in the researchreport, nor are computations included. If a rather unusual formula isused in the analysis, it is appropriate to include it. Of course, theordinary rules of correct usage should prevail.

Abbreviations may be used only after their represent has beenspelled out, with the abbreviations following in parantheses. Thereare, however, a few exceptions to this rule for well-knownabbreviations such as IQ, UNESO, UNICEF.etc.Discussion of Quantitative Terms:Terms such as “Few in Number” and “less in quantity” are thepreferred forms of expression. Numbers beginning a sentenceshould always be spelled out. Use “one-half ” but for all figureswith fractions, use “4 ½” or “4.5”.percent is spelled out except in tables and figures. Use Roman/ orArabic numerals with percent (“18 percent”), unless they begins asentence. In numbers with more than three digits, commas shouldpoint off thousand or millionsStandard statistical formulate are not presented in the researchreport, nor are computations included. If a rather unusual formula isused in the analysis, it is appropriate to include it. Of course, theordinary rules of correct usage should prevail.

Rules of Typography Type setting is yet another landmark in upgrading the quatity of

research presentation. The following points help maintaining thestandard quality research output.1. The paper used for typing should be of superfine quality.

Preferably a good quality of white paper, A4 size and of80g/m2 weight should be used. Only one side of the sheetneed in type written manuscript.

2. Due care must be taken so that words are not divided at the endof the time.

3. Direct quotations not more than 4 words in length are includedin the text and enclosed in quotation marks. Quotations of 40words or more are set off from the text in a single spacedparagraph and intended five spaces from the left and rightmargins without quotation marks. Original paragraphindentations are retained.

4. Indicate the page numbers when using a direct quotations.

Rules of Typography Type setting is yet another landmark in upgrading the quatity of

research presentation. The following points help maintaining thestandard quality research output.1. The paper used for typing should be of superfine quality.

Preferably a good quality of white paper, A4 size and of80g/m2 weight should be used. Only one side of the sheetneed in type written manuscript.

2. Due care must be taken so that words are not divided at the endof the time.

3. Direct quotations not more than 4 words in length are includedin the text and enclosed in quotation marks. Quotations of 40words or more are set off from the text in a single spacedparagraph and intended five spaces from the left and rightmargins without quotation marks. Original paragraphindentations are retained.

4. Indicate the page numbers when using a direct quotations.

5. Typing a manuscript requires 1.5 spacing through out the paper.Leave margins of I inch at the top, bottom, and right of everypage. Leave 1.5 inch at the left margin to enable the thesis to havea better look, use Roman number for preliminary parts of thepaper, i.e. pages from I – IV. Number all pages beginning with theintroduction to appendices using Arabic numbers. For each part ofthe research paper/report, a new page is begin.

Pagination The pages of the report are numbered at the centre of the top

margin, one inch below the top of the page. However, pagenumbers should not appear on the beginning of a new chapter.

TablesTables enable the reader to comprehend and interpret datarapidly and to grasp significant details and relationships at aglance. Tables and figures should be used separately. As farpossible tables should not be cumbersome with too many

5. Typing a manuscript requires 1.5 spacing through out the paper.Leave margins of I inch at the top, bottom, and right of everypage. Leave 1.5 inch at the left margin to enable the thesis to havea better look, use Roman number for preliminary parts of thepaper, i.e. pages from I – IV. Number all pages beginning with theintroduction to appendices using Arabic numbers. For each part ofthe research paper/report, a new page is begin.

Pagination The pages of the report are numbered at the centre of the top

margin, one inch below the top of the page. However, pagenumbers should not appear on the beginning of a new chapter.

TablesTables enable the reader to comprehend and interpret datarapidly and to grasp significant details and relationships at aglance. Tables and figures should be used separately. As farpossible tables should not be cumbersome with too many

Details. Relatively small sized, simple tables with a limited numberof details are considered meaningful. It is always better to useseveral tables for various details. A good table coverage ideaseffectively. It also communicates relationships independently of thetext report.

Expiations in the text should refer to the table by number ratherthan expressions such as “Following table” or the “Table above”Table need to be placed on a single page and should not exceed thepage size of the manuscript. Tables that are too wide for the page,need to be turned sideways.

the table and its number are placed together in the left marginand typed in capital letters. The table number is given Arabicnumerals. Tables are numbered serially throughout the reportfollowed by a colon. The lines other than the first should beintended. No terminal punctuation is used. The title should be clear,brief and indicative of the data presented.

Details. Relatively small sized, simple tables with a limited numberof details are considered meaningful. It is always better to useseveral tables for various details. A good table coverage ideaseffectively. It also communicates relationships independently of thetext report.

Expiations in the text should refer to the table by number ratherthan expressions such as “Following table” or the “Table above”Table need to be placed on a single page and should not exceed thepage size of the manuscript. Tables that are too wide for the page,need to be turned sideways.

the table and its number are placed together in the left marginand typed in capital letters. The table number is given Arabicnumerals. Tables are numbered serially throughout the reportfollowed by a colon. The lines other than the first should beintended. No terminal punctuation is used. The title should be clear,brief and indicative of the data presented.

Maps, Charts and FiguresThe presentation of facts through visuals such as maps, Charts and

figures is one of the integral component of the report or thesis. Amap is a device that presents data in spatial form (area or regionspecific), chart presents flow or link in a systemic form and figureis applied to a wide variety of graphic form. However, the termfigure is applied to wide variety of graphs, diagrams, s andsketches and drawing also. The maps, chart and figures emphasizeon certain significant relationships.In terms of presentation the title should clearly indicate the datapresented and the period of reference. e.g. India: Density ofPopulation 2001. as much as possible figures should be neatlydrawn simple in communication and representative of the facts.Figure should be supported by the index and scale. Care must betaken to avoid over simplification, misrepresentation anddistortions. Too many figures detract rather than illuminate thepresentation.

Maps, Charts and FiguresThe presentation of facts through visuals such as maps, Charts and

figures is one of the integral component of the report or thesis. Amap is a device that presents data in spatial form (area or regionspecific), chart presents flow or link in a systemic form and figureis applied to a wide variety of graphic form. However, the termfigure is applied to wide variety of graphs, diagrams, s andsketches and drawing also. The maps, chart and figures emphasizeon certain significant relationships.In terms of presentation the title should clearly indicate the datapresented and the period of reference. e.g. India: Density ofPopulation 2001. as much as possible figures should be neatlydrawn simple in communication and representative of the facts.Figure should be supported by the index and scale. Care must betaken to avoid over simplification, misrepresentation anddistortions. Too many figures detract rather than illuminate thepresentation.

The placing of the figures should follow, not precede, the relatedtextual material. Figure need to be numbered and the use of ‘figurebelow’ or ‘figure above’ should be avoided. The title and thenumber of the figure should be placed under the figure. The titlesare also present at the top right margin of the figure and the figurenumber is provided under the figure at the centre.

The placing of the figures should follow, not precede, the relatedtextual material. Figure need to be numbered and the use of ‘figurebelow’ or ‘figure above’ should be avoided. The title and thenumber of the figure should be placed under the figure. The titlesare also present at the top right margin of the figure and the figurenumber is provided under the figure at the centre.

Question Time

Thanking you