Challenges in Transforming Intermittent

Water Supply to 24x7 Continuous Supply

- A Case Study of the Aurangabad City

FORMER MEMBER SECRETARY Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran, MumbaiPAST PRESIDENT Indian Water works Association

NETWORK AND 24/7 SYSTEM SPECIALIST World Bank

MD Dahasahasra Waternet Solutions

Dr. Sanjay Dahasahasra

Dr Mukund MahajanProfessor Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur

Why No 24x7 Water Supply in India?

Prerequisites

for 24x7 Supply

Developed Countries(24x7 Supply)

India(Intermittent Supply)

Missing

Proper Engineering Study

• Tanks operations (emptying)• GIS Maps• Operational Zones• GIS Hydraulic Model• DMA methodology• NRW reduction• Refurbishment of network • Equitable distribution and

pressures

India- Missing Pre-Requisites

Contents of Presentation

Overview of water supply in India

Difficulties and challenges of Urban Water Sector

Objectives

Challenges in Aurangabad

GIS Hydraulic model

Equitable distribution of water

O&M of 24x7 water supply

24x7

Water

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Replication missing

No attempt for PPP

Smart City

Utility Life > 29 years

Meters (Negligeble)

Coverage 49%

Supply Hours < 3

NRW 50%

Challenges of Urban Water in India

Source: HPEC GoI

Managing Burden on the Infrastructure

Source: HPEC GoI

Smart Cities Mission

Aurangabad

Challenges in Urban India

100 Cities in the list of smart cities

High NRW

Few Supply Hours

Low LPCD

No Meters

Water Shortage

Smart city encompass six important sectors that need to work in unison to achieve a common goal of making a city more livable, sustainable and efficient for its residents.

What is smart city?

Source: www.waterworld.com

Key ‘smart” sectors

smart energy

smart integration

smart public services

smart mobility

smart buildings

smart water

Smart City Smart Water 24x7 Continuous

Water

Efficient Water

Distribution Management

• Water supply round the clock to all areas of the city;

• Equitable flow and pressure;

• Technology of 24/7 water supply, suitable to India;

• Reduction of non-revenue water and

• Refurbishment and expansion of transmission and distribution

network.

System of 24/7 water supply for Aurangabad City

• Discusses use of advanced technologies of GIS

• Simulation of pipe network system using WaterGEMS

• Suggest the modifications required to rebuild the system

⁃ Scenario Management

⁃ Boundary of operational zones

⁃ Active Topology tool- to create boundary of DMA

⁃ Darwin Designer for optimization of pipe network;

⁃ Darwin Calibrator

⁃ Identify the probable leaking pipes

⁃ Criticality tool- locations of isolating valves

⁃ Step Tests required for determining NRW in DMAs.

Aurangabad City

▪ Admini. HQ of Marathwada,

▪ Tourism Capital of Maharashtra,

▪ Fastest growing city,

▪ Population- 1.2 Million (2011)

Challenges of the Existing Water Supply of Aurangabad

Nath Sagar

MBR

WTP

26 Kms

10.95 Kms

Total Length of Distribution System = 1061 Kms

Aurangabad City

Intake

• Shortage of Water: 50 LPCD

• Losses = 22%

• Old Pumping Machinery: 1974 and 1991

Bulk Water

Jayakwadi Dam

Challenges of the Existing Water Supply of Aurangabad

Nath Sagar

MBR

WTP

26 Kms

10.95 Kms

Total Length of Distribution System = 1061 Kms

Aurangabad City

Intake

Distribution System

Jayakwadi Dam

• Uneven Terrain:

• Level difference, in

the range of 525 m to

840 m

There is a water loss

Old GI and Non-metallic pipes

Joints of AC pipes loosen

Aurangabad: Old AC Pipes

Length (Kms) of Existing Pipelines

561

259

53 478

373

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

AC CI RCC MS GI DI PVC

Tampering of Pipelines

Water collection

during supply

PVC pipes have been punctured

Water is collected

in pits

Pumps are used to suck water

Outside dirt enters

in PVC pipeline

People suffer a lot due to low pressure

1

2

3 4

5

6

Nath Sagar

MBR

WTP

26 Kms

10.95 Kms

Total Length of Distribution System = 1061 Kms

Aurangabad City

Intake

Jayakwadi Dam

LocationNRW (%)

From To

Head work MBR 10.96

MBR ESR 7.04

ESR Consumer 39.67

Total 58%

Aurangabad: High NRW

Head Work

MBR

WTP

Dirt

Contamination due to Intermittent Supply

Empty Pipeline

Dirt

Ho

w D

ise

ase

Sp

rea

ds?

Vacuum

When empty, pipeline

creates a back siphoning

effect that sucks in

contaminants

Challenges in Distribution System

Intermittent Supply HoursChallenges in Distribution System

Water with low Pressure

45 Minutes once in 2

days

Common Man Says..

We Build-Neglect and Rebuild

Service Tank

DMA-1 DMA-2 DMA-3

Large Number of Valves

Challenges in Distribution System

No. of valves = 2646No. of valvemen = 123

Service Tank

DMA-1 DMA-2 DMA-3

Large Number of Valves

Challenges in Distribution System

Tanks Remain Empty or Overflowing

t

iq

Getting

EmptyOverflowing

t

iqLSL

FSL

t

iq

No

t D

esir

able

Store water in non-peak

hours and release in

peak hours

How engineers

manage ?

Improper Operation Zones

Challenges in Distribution System

Standard India Maharashtra Aurangabad

100% 49% 48.03% 85%

135 LPCD 132 LPCD 75 LPCD 61

100% Negligible 14.9 0%

20% 50% 37% 58%

24 Hours 3 Hours 1.7 HoursOnce in 3 days- 45 minutes

100% NA 95.17% 95%

80% NA 93.63% 30%

100% 30-35% 54.46% 27%

90% NA 38.06% 67%

Source: World Bank Study, 2011

Solutions Proposed

How We proceeded?

Converting to 24x7 Water Supply System?

Present W.S.

Technical

GISIllegal

Connections

Hyd. ModelRehabilitation

of network

DMA

Pressure Management

Leakage Management

Metering Bulk + Consumer

OrganizationO&M to

Sustain 24x7

CommercialVolumetric

Pricing

PolicyManagement

Contracts

Budget Adequate

24x7 Water Supply

Redu-ction

of NRW

5 Important Measures

The Strategies

24x7 Continuous Supply System

Y

All DMAs tackled? Tackle all

DMAs

N

Intermittent Supply System

Base Drawing

Prepare Hydraulic Model

Scenario of zones and DMAs

Install meters and PRVs

Water Audit

Tackle leakiest DMA

Leak repair, Rehabilitate pipes

Implementation Steps

Basic principle ▪Save water by plugging leaks.

▪The saved water is then used to increase the supply hours.

Design Stage

Construction and O&M Stage

24x7 Continuous

water supply

NRW reduction

GIS based Hydraulic

Model

Answer is..

How can we overcome challenges of our current Water Supply Systems?

Drawings required

Digital Globe Satellite:

▪ Pan sharpened

▪ 0.5 m Resolution

Satellite Image of a city

GIS Hydraulic

Model

GIS

Bentley

WaterGEMS

Map Creation

24/7 Water Supply

Leakage Control

Pipe Rehabilitation

Replacing Consumer Pipe

DMA Creation

Water Audit

Reforms- Not Possible- Without

GIS Based Hydraulic Model

GIS Based Hydraulic Model

Operation Zone Creation

Intermittent System

GIS Based Hydraulic Model

Source: Haestead methods- advanced water distribution modelling and management

Definition

Network Modelling

Actual water supply system

Computer software

process of creating a representation

using

Node Continuity Equations

1

2

3

4

Pipe Energy Equations

1

2

3

4

1 1 4q Q Q

1 2 2Q q Q

2 3 3Q Q q

4 4 3Q q Q

1.85

4 1 4 4 4( )fh H H k Q

1.85

1 1 2 1 1( )fh H H k Q

1.85

2 2 3 2 2( )fh H H k Q

1.85

3 4 3 3 3( )fh H H k Q

2

1

3

4Inflow

q1 q4

q3q2

Pipe 1

Outflow

Pipe 2

Pipe 3

Pipe 4

Q4

Q1

Q2

Q3

H1

H2

H3

H4

1 852.fh kQ

1 852 4 87

10 68. .

. Lk

C D

Hazen-William Equation:

Solving Equations

Linear: No Exponent

Non-Linear: Exponent

Node Continuity Equations

1

2

3

4

Pipe Energy Equations

1

2

3

4

1 1 4q Q Q

1 2 2Q q Q

2 3 3Q Q q

4 4 3Q q Q

1.85

4 1 4 4 4( )fh H H k Q

1.85

1 1 2 1 1( )fh H H k Q

1.85

2 2 3 2 2( )fh H H k Q

1.85

3 4 3 3 3( )fh H H k Q

1 852.fh kQ

Solving Equations

Linear: No Exponent

Non-Linear: Exponent

No Solution

1 1 4q Q Q 1.85

1 1 2 1 1( )fh H H k Q

Co

nve

rgen

ce

Met

ho

ds

Hardy-

Cross

Method

Linear

Theory

Method

Global

Gradient

Method

Newton-

Raphson

Method

No

n-Lin

ear

Solution

Scientist

Global Gradient Method

How we created

GIS based Hydraulic Model

of Aurangabad City?

Remodelling of Aurangabad

Distribution Pipe Network

Remodeling of Aurangabad

Distribution Pipe Network

Use existing pipe

network?

Construct a new pipe network?

Or

Construct a new pipe network?

Use existing pipe

network?

▪ Discard old and leaking AC, PVC pipes

▪ Existing pipes with exact maps and database are used

▪ For 100% coverage new pipes are designed

Rationale We thought

Remodeling of Aurangabad Distribution Pipe Network

We had to discard 80% existing pipes

Discarding Old and leaking Non-metallic Pipes

Sr. No.

Diameter (mm)

MaterialLength (km)

1 80 to 400 AC 561

2 80 to 750 CI 259

3 80 to 450 RCC 53

4 200 to 1400 MS 47

5 50 to 100 GI 8

6 150 to 600 DI 37

7 63 to 250 PVC 3

967

Diameter (mm)

Existing (Km)

CI DI Total

100 5.7 10.8 26.5

150 24.8 9.6 34.4

200 12.0 3.1 15.1

250 4.6 1.2 5.8

300 5.1 1.9 7.0

350 0.9 0.0 0.9

400 0.1 0.0 0.1

450 0.0 0.0 0.0

500 0.7 0.0 0.7

600 0.0 0.0 0.0

Grand Total

54 27 91

Before After

Dis

card

ed

Model of Existing and New

Pipelines

3D stereo paired

satellite image

Create shape files of roads, buildings, WTP, tanks, water bodies etc

Identify places where pipelines are not supposed to be laid

Show new pipes for 100% coverage

Creation of GIS Based Hydraulic

Model

Stereo 1

Stereo 2

Convergence Angle

Demand to nodes

Elevations to Nodes

Prepare operational

zonesWe purchased this image for Aurangabad

335

335

GIS Hydraulic

Model

GIS

Bentley

WaterGEMS

Aurangabad: Growth by Land Use Pattern

Real World

Land Usage

Elevation

Buildings

Population Density

Roads

GIS Hydraulic

Model

GIS

Bentley

WaterGEMS

Load Builder

Theissen Polygon

GIS P.D. Layer

Pipes served by existing tanksPipes unserved by any tanks

Creating Operational Zones

of Aurangabad using GIS

based Hydraulic Model

Source: Water Loss management, Bentley

WTP

Source

MBR

Operational

Zone

Boundary

DMA Boundary

Trunk Main

DMA-1

DMA-2DMA-3 ESR-1

City Boundary

ESR-2

ESR-3

What is Operational Zone?

Using this demand compute tank capacity using mass curve method

Is tank getting empty?

Modify boundary of the zone

Find the demand of nodes which fall within this boundary

Y

Tentatively fix boundary of zone for ESR

Modified boundary is correct

Is tank getting overflow?

Lower demand or pumping hours

Increase demand or modify pumping

hours

N

N

Y

Scenarios in Aurangabad

Existing: 26

New: 45Total

Scenarios: 71

One scenario per operational

zone

DMA Creation in Aurangabad

How Active Topology of WaterGEMS helped?

DMA

inlet

District Meter

Customer’s House

DMA Boundary

Customer’s Meter

Hydraulically discrete-Closed Valves painted in red

Pipe

Network

Qnrw = Qin - Qc

What is DMA?

500 to 3000 Customers

Active Topology- Creating DMAs

PD_1PD_2

PD_3PD_4

DMA Creation in Aurangabad

▪ Inactive pipes- grey colour,

▪ Active pipes- 4 colours,

▪ Only active elements are evaluated

▪ DMAs Pd_1, Pd_2, Pd_3 and Pd_4 are marked,

Pundalik Nagar DMAs

Steady State Method

Present Demand Future Demand

Is Velocity

1.8 m/s and Pressure

17 m

Sizes Adequate

N

Y

Modify Size of pipe

Steady State AnalysisChecking Adequacy of Pipe Size

Modify Size of pipe

What is Darwin Designer?

Darwin Designer

Genetic Algorith

m

Optimise Pipe

Network

2.8 million years ago

Homo heidelbergensis

50,000 years ago

50,000 to 100,000 years ago

Homo sapiensHomo habilis

Darwin’s Principle

of Evolution

Fittest to survive

What happens inside Darwin Designer?

100 100 150 100 200 200

100 200 200100 150 200

A B

CrossoverMutation

Objective Function: Minimise

cost

Constraints

Pool of Solution

s- A.. B..C

Checks for

Fitness

Set of optimal

solutions

Design using GIS based Hydraulic Model

Equitable Flow and Pressure

Exclusive inlet to each DMA

▪ Ensures equal pressure and flow to all DMAs▪ Pundlik Nagar OZ for design

A tank supplying water to different DMAs by separate inlets

PN_2

PN_1

PN_3

PN_4

Inflow = Outflow

t

iq

FCV-1

FCV-2

Qin

Qout

t

iq

Getting

EmptyOverflowing

t

iq

LSL

FSL

t

iq

Inflow = Outflow

t

iq

Inflow < Outflow Inflow > Outflow

Inflow = Outflow

t

iq

FCV-1

FCV-2

• Float on top: FCV closes flow

• Float at bottom: FCV opens flow

Opens the gapIncreases Flow and pressure

Weight of water < Spring force

Throttles the gapReduces Flow and pressure

Weight of water > Spring force

O&M PlanningNRW Reduction for Converting to 24x7 Water Supply System?

Tools Used:

▪ Criticality

▪ Darwin Calibrator

Optimise Number of Isolation Valves

Aurangabad- Pundalik Nagar

User

Use of Criticality

Objectives:

• Place isolation valves optimally

• Segmentation

• Preparation of STEP test

“Criticality” – A Tool for Step Test of NRW Reduction Strategy

2

31

4

5

6

7

8

9

14

10

11

13

SN Section Controlling ISO valves1 S1 1, 3, 4, 18, 19, 202 S2 2, 3, 4, 5, 18, 20 243 S3 15, 21, 24, 324 S4 7, 13, 14, 15, 25, 31, 325 S5 5, 7, 25, 296 S6 5, 33, 347 S7 16, 17, 26, 348 S8 6, 16, 17, 22, 269 S9 22, 27, 28

10 S10 6, 27, 28 3711 S11 8, 9, 30 3612 S12 9, 10, 11, 12, 3013 S13 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, 3014 S14 2, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 31, 35

Total 24 sections are formed

12

Aurangabad- “Pundalik Nagar”

Step Test- To Compute NRW

▪ Systematic closure of section valves

▪ Measure flow at entry point of DMA

▪ Open valves in reverse way

▪ Again measure flow

Inflow is known

Measure consumer’s consumption at

mid-night

NRW = Supply - Consumption

Aurangabad- “Pundalik Nagar”

Aurangabad

High levels

• Poorly managed water utility

• Detrimental to financial viability

• Quality of water

Water that has been produced

Non revenue water(NRW)

“Lost” before it reaches

the customer

NRW is a good indicator for water utility performance

Water put into distribution system - Toatl water billed x 100

Water put into distribution systemNRW

Source: (1) MOUD, June 2012(2) Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 2013(3) AMRUT PPT

31

57 5850.9

30

69.563.6

31.3

42.6

55.3 52.7

37.5

5057.8

23.720.4

50

NR

W (

%)

Our Goal▪We must attempt to reduce NRW

System

Input

Volume

(m3/Yr)

Authorized

Consumption

(m3/Yr)

Revenue

Water

(m3/Yr)

Non

Revenue

Water

(m3/Yr)

BilledAuthorized

Consumption

UnbilledAuthorized

Consumption

ApparentLosses

RealLosses

Water

Losses

(m3/Yr)

Billed Metered Consumption

Unbilled Unmetered Consumption

Unauthorised Consumption

Customer Meter Inaccuracies

Leakage on Transmission andDistribution Mains

Billed Unmetered Consumption

Unbilled Metered Consumption

Leakage on Service Connectionsup to point of Customer Meter

Leakage and Overflows at Storage Tanks

Source: International Water Association (IWA)

Input Losses Consumption

Qin = Qnrw + Qc

Darwin Calibrator Helps to Locate Leaking Pipe

PUJ-441

PUJ-1PUJ-12

PUP-12

Flow Meter

Pressure Gauge

Tank

Flow Meter

Leak Detection- A Cumbersome Job

Darwin Calibrator Helps to Locate Leaking Pipe

PUJ-441

PUJ-1PUJ-12

PUP-12

PUP-12

Flow Meter

Pressure Gauge

Time (hour)

Observed Inflows: PUP-

12(MLD)

Observed Pressures

PUJ-1 (m)

PUJ-12 (m)

PUJ-441 (m)

0 2.60 12 12.74 25.71

1 2.60 11 12.74 25.71

2 3.60 10 12.74 25.71

3 16.79 8 5.21 12.61

4 16.39 10 11.19 15.52

5 31.97 11 12.59 16.45

6 32.96 10.53 11.12 19.85

7 32.96 10.53 11.12 19.85

8 32.96 10.53 11.12 19.85

9 32.96 10.53 11.12 19.85

10 24.97 10.96 11.59 21.45

11 4.20 11.55 12.23 23.67

12 4.20 11.55 12.23 23.67

13 4.20 11.55 12.23 23.67

14 4.20 11.55 12.23 23.67

15 4.20 11.55 12.23 23.67

16 4.20 11.55 12.23 23.67

17 24.97 10.96 11.59 21.45

18 32.96 10.53 11.12 19.85

19 32.96 10.53 11.12 19.85

20 32.96 10.53 11.12 19.85

21 32.96 10.53 11.12 19.85

22 16.98 11.28 11.93 22.65

23 5.79 11.53 12.21 23.61

Node

Original Emitter

Coefficient (L/s/(m H2O)^n)

Adjusted Emitter

Coefficient (L/s/(m H2O)^n)

PUJ-437 0 0.4

PUJ-193 0 0.4

PUJ-58 0 0.4

PUJ-397 0 0.4

PUJ-249 0 0.4

PUJ-99 0 0.4

PUJ-237 0 0.4

PUJ-414 0 0.3

PUJ-405 0 0.3

PUJ-438 0 0.3

Darwin Calibrator Helps to Locate Leaking Pipe

Leaking Nodes

Reduce NRW

DPR of PPP Project

Appoint Operator

Manage DMAs

24x7 Water Supply

• Jamshedpur with 573,000 inhabitants provided 25% of its residents with continuous water supply in 2009.

• Navi Mumbai, with more than 1m inhabitants, has achieved continuous supply for about half its population as of January 2009.

• Badlapur, city in the Mumbai Metropolitan Area with a population of 140,000, had achieved continuous supply in 3 out of 10 operating zones, covering 30% of its population.

• Thiruvananthapuram, with a population of 745,000 in 2001, is probably the largest Indian city that enjoys continuous water supply.

• Recently, Malkapur town, Jalochi urban agglomeration in Maharashtra have achieved the hallmark of 100% continuous water supply.

• In Amravati city 1.36 Lakhs people are getting benefit of continuous water supply.

• It is heartening to mention here that the Malkapur and Amravati city administrations get National Urban Water Award for this outstanding work.

74

GIS MapGIS

Hydraulic Model

Enough No. of tanks

and zones

Rehabilitation of distribution

pipes

Replacement of GI HSC by MDPE HSC

DMAMeteringPressure

Management

Reduction of NRW

Sustainable Utility

Improved service delivery

24x7

Aw

ard

s in

Ad

van

ce D

istr

ibu

tio

n

Mo

del

ing

21 Oct 2008, Best Engineer Award, at the hands of Hon. Governer, Maharashtra

15 Mar 2008, “24/7 Water Supply”, National Urban Water Award 2008, at Hydrabad, India

29 Mar 2008 , “24/7 Water Supply”, BE Excellence Award 2008, at Baltimore, USA

13 Oct 2009, “Disaster Management” , BE Excellence Award 2009, at Charlotte, USA

22 May 2006 , “Disaster Management” BE Excellence Award 2006, at Charlotte, USA

11th Dec. 2009, Prestressed Concrete Award at, Mangalore, Design and Research, I.E.

Mobile: 9987030080Email: drsvd14@gmail.comWeb: drsvd.com

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