DR RESENDE2011

EAST MEETS WESTEAST MEETS WESTat the threshold of a worldwide revolution in learningat the threshold of a worldwide revolution in learning

TEACHING TEACHING METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

PROBLEM:A new electronic learning environment

is replacing the linear, text-bound culture of conventional schools.

SOLUTION:We need to free ourselves from the

conventional education model.

GOAL OF THIS LECTURE: GOAL OF THIS LECTURE: CHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURYCHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY

1800 world's population = 1 billion1927 world's population = 2 billion1959 world's population = 3 billion1974 world's population = 4 billion1987 world's population = 5 billion1999 world's population = 6 billion2011 world's population = 7 billion

To meet the education needs of this demographic explosion, we must think outside the box of conventional schooling.

GOAL OF THIS LECTURE: GOAL OF THIS LECTURE: CHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURYCHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY

DEMOGRAPHIC EXPLOSIONDEMOGRAPHIC EXPLOSION

HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS LECTUREHIGHLIGHTS OF THIS LECTURE

NEW LEARNING AGE: DIGITAL ERA新学习时代：数字时代

NEW TEACHING METHODOLOGY: 4 SKILLS新教学法： 4 种技能

EAST AND WEST FACE SAME CHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY 21 世纪东西方共同面临的挑战

OVERVIEW OF THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE教学法综述：过去，现在和未来

CONTENTS OF THIS LECTURECONTENTS OF THIS LECTURE

PRESENT: Education in China and America – similarities and differences.

PAST: Foundations of Education in the East and West - Confucius and Socrates.

FUTURE: Common Challenges for the East and West in the 21st century.

WHAT IS THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM LIKE IN CHINA? AND IN

AMERICA?

EAST MEETS WESTEDUCATION IN CHINA AND AMERICA

PRESENT

Personal ExperiencePersonal Experience

HierarchyThe hierarchy of China education system can be illustrated in the following figure.

     HierarchyThe hierarchy of China education system can be illustrated in the following figure.

    EDUCATION IN AMERICA

DO STUDENTS HAVE SIMILAR

EXPERIENCES?

EAST MEETS WESTEDUCATION IN CHINA AND AMERICA

PRESENT

EDUCATION IN CHINA AND AMERICACompare and Contrast

EXAM-ORIENTED

EDUCATION IN CHINA AND AMERICACompare and Contrast

SKILLS-ORIENTEDGROUP STUDY

SELF STUDY

MEMORIZATION

DISCUSSION

TEACHER CENTERED

STUDENT CENTERED

COMPARISON COMPARISON AND CONTRASTAND CONTRAST

STUDENTS ARE FORCED TO STUDY

FOCUS ON COGNITIVE SKILLS

ROTE MEMORIZATION

REPETITION AND IMITATION

EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

GOAL: REALIZING PARENTS’ DREAM

CHINACHINA

COMPARISON COMPARISON AND CONTRASTAND CONTRAST

STUDENTS ARE FREE TO STUDY

FOCUS ON ANALYTICAL SKILLS

CREATIVE PROGRAMS

SELF-STUDY

ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION

GOAL: REALIZING ONE’S POTENTIAL

AMERICAAMERICA

LET’S LOOK AT THE FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION:

SOCRATES AND CONFUCIUS

PAST

EAST MEETS WESTFOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

CONFUCIUS ON LEARNINGCONFUCIUS ON LEARNING Confucius' pedagogical method: asking questions, citing

the classics, using analogies.

Learning as a process of observation of some type of subject matter - books, objects, or people - followed by reflection and inner change.

LEARNING = MATURATION

SOCRATES ON LEARNINGSOCRATES ON LEARNING Socrates' pedagogical method: seeking truth requires

questioning and interpreting the wisdom and knowledge of others.

Learning as a process of observation of the wise, examining their lives, examining oneself and attaining moral knowledge.

LEARNING = SEEKING TRUTH

CONFUCIUS’ METHODOLOGYCONFUCIUS’ METHODOLOGY

Set a good example and inspire students

Guide students to practise self-control and self-analysis

Explain the present in the light of the past

Combine theory and practice

Encourage independent thought

Welcome criticism and accept correction

SOCRATES’ METHODOLOGYSOCRATES’ METHODOLOGY

Discover knowledge

Use a dialectic method, investigate problems through dialogue discussions - Socratic method

Use critical inquiry

Know your limitations

Know your weaknesses and control negative tendencies.

Life-long pursuit of self-improvement and moral standards

SIMILARITIES Learning as a personal and highly individual activity. Learning as the seeking of virtue and self-control; thus,

raising individual moral standards. Learning is not for an elite but for all and it encourages

competence through meritocracy. Learning has a profound effect on society; it promotes

intellectual and moral development. Learning fosters critical thinking which is laborious

work.

学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆Study without thought is labor lost; thought without study is dangerous.

EAST MEETS WESTAT THE THRESHOLD OF A

WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION IN LEARNING

WHAT COMMON CHALLENGES DO THE WEST AND EAST FACE

IN THE 21ST CENTURY?

FUTURE

EAST MEETS WESTAT THE THRESHOLD OF A

WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION IN LEARNING

FACTSFACTSFewer of us are reading books and more of us are surfing the internet.

Current education system clearly shows that thestandardized testing regime and the outdated

curricula are wasting the potential of our youth.

EAST MEETS WESTAT THE THRESHOLD OF A

WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION IN LEARNING

Can we blend Confucius and Socrates’

wisdom with the current digital culture?

Can we adapt the outdated educational systems

to a rapidly changing world?How do we align the flexible cognitive frameworks

with the age of electronic learning?

HYPOTHESISHYPOTHESIS

EAST MEETS WESTAT THE THRESHOLD OF A

WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION IN LEARNING

Is technology propelling

a new age of enlightenment

or a faulty set of trivialities?

DILEMMADILEMMA

“The Internet culture facilitates

egocentric, sociocentric and ethnocentric views which are profoundly

anti-intellectual.”

MARK BAUERLEIN’S BOOKThe Dumbest Generation (2008)

NEGATIVE

SIDE

GERALD HUFF AND BROR SAXBERG “Full immersion - How will 10-year-olds learn?”(2009)

“Technology Is an extension of our minds. Immersive technologies such as

multitouch displays; telepresence ; 3-D environments; intelligent software;

and simulations—will transform teaching and learning by 2025.”

POSITIVE

SIDE

BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY FOR

TEACHING METHODOLOGY?

Learning would take place both in and out of school.

Teachers would no longer manage learning but would facilitate learning, creatively adapting curriculum to their students' needs.

Like any creative effort, this collective journey would include errors, lack of good information, and false starts but the learning process would be a continuum.

Teachers could act as guides and focus on 21st century thinking skills of critical reflection, empirical reasoning, collective intelligence, and metacognition, thus developing a new approach to education.

FINDINGSFINDINGS

CRITICAL REFLECTION CRITICAL REFLECTION 批判性反思批判性反思 It is essential to distinguish fact from factoid, reality It is essential to distinguish fact from factoid, reality

from fiction, and truth from liesfrom fiction, and truth from lies.

Critical reflection enables us to see the world from Critical reflection enables us to see the world from

multiple points of view multiple points of view and imagine alternate outcomes.and imagine alternate outcomes.

NEW APPROACH TO EDUCATIONNEW APPROACH TO EDUCATION

EMPIRICAL REASONING EMPIRICAL REASONING 实证推理实证推理 It is essential to base our methods of inquiry on direct It is essential to base our methods of inquiry on direct

observation, objective analysis, scientific spirit and pragmatic observation, objective analysis, scientific spirit and pragmatic

outlook. We need a healthy and viable approach to tackle the outlook. We need a healthy and viable approach to tackle the

world’s problems and live harmoniously.world’s problems and live harmoniously.

NEW APPROACH TO EDUCATIONNEW APPROACH TO EDUCATION

COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE 集体智慧 集体智慧

All knowledge is social; we are not educational All knowledge is social; we are not educational

islands. Therefore, we need teamwork, we need to islands. Therefore, we need teamwork, we need to

think collectively to solve common problems.think collectively to solve common problems.

NEW APPROACH TO EDUCATIONNEW APPROACH TO EDUCATION

METACOGNITIONMETACOGNITION 元认知元认知 We need metacognitive skills that lead to self-We need metacognitive skills that lead to self-

disciplined, self-monitored and self-corrective thinking. disciplined, self-monitored and self-corrective thinking.

We need to We need to align these flexible, expansive and align these flexible, expansive and

adaptive cognitive frameworks adaptive cognitive frameworks

with with the age of electronic learning.the age of electronic learning.

NEW APPROACH TO EDUCATIONNEW APPROACH TO EDUCATION

THE FUTURE OF THE FUTURE OF TEACHING METHODOLOGYTEACHING METHODOLOGY

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

We need to stop thinking of schools as buildings and start thinking of learning

as occurring in many different places; we need to free ourselves from the

conventional education model that still dominates our thinking.

REFERENCES Cookson Jr., Peter (2009) “What Would Socrates Say?” Teaching for

the 21st Century, Volume 67(1), 8-14.

Howe, N, Strauss, W, Matson, R.J. (2000) Millennials Rising: The Next Generation. Vintage Books, N.Y.

Huff, G., & Saxberg, B. (2009) “Full immersion—How will 10-year-olds learn?”Education Next, 9(3), 79–82.

Reynard, Ruth (2008) “21st Century Teaching and Learning: Assessing New Knowledge” The Journal

Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1999) “Schools as knowledge building organizations.” In D. Keating & C. Hertzman (Eds.), Today's children, tomorrow's society: The developmental health and wealth of nations.

Siemens, G. (2004). “Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age.”

Soloman, G; Schrum, L. (2007) “Web 2.0: new tools, new schools.” International Society for Technology in Education OR, USA.