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Dr. Paul CharlesworthMichigan Technological UniversityDr. Paul Charlesworth
Michigan Technological University
C h a p t e rC h a p t e r
Chemistry, 4th EditionMcMurry/Fay
Chemistry, 4th EditionMcMurry/Fay
22Atoms, Molecules, and IonsAtoms, Molecules, and Ions
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Atomic TheoryAtomic Theory
• Robert Boyle (1627–1691)
• Joseph Priestley (1733–1804)
• Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794)
• Joseph Proust (1754–1826)
• John Dalton (1766-1844)
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Robert BoyleRobert Boyle
• Robert Boyle (1627–1691): Provided evidence for the atoms and defined the nature of an element. More than anyone else, invented the modern experimental method.
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Joseph PriestlyJoseph Priestly
• Joseph Priestley (1733–1804): Isolated oxygen gas from decomposition of mercury(II) oxide. Identified 8 new gases (more than anyone else). Minister. Revolutionary.
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Antoine LavoisierAntoine Lavoisier
Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794): Showed that mass of products is exactly equal to the mass of reactants. Father of modern chemistry. Metric system. Beheaded during the revolution.
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Conservation of MassConservation of Mass
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Conservation of MassConservation of Mass
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Atomic TheoryAtomic Theory
• Law of Mass Conservation: Mass is neither
created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
• Law of Definite Proportions: Different samples of
a pure chemical substance always contain the
same proportion of elements by mass.
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Joseph Louis ProustJoseph Louis Proust
Joseph Louis Proust (1754–1826): Proved the law of definite proportions (sometimes called Proust’s Law). Father was an apothecary. Discovered 3 vegetable sugars.
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Law of Definite ProportionsLaw of Definite Proportions
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Atomic TheoryAtomic Theory
• Nitrogen & oxygen combine to form NO or NO2:
• In NO the N:O mass ratio is 7:8
• In NO2 the N:O mass ratio is 7:16
• Hydrogen & oxygen combine to form H2O or H2O2:
• In H2O the H:O mass ratio is 1:8
• In H2O2 the H:O mass ratio is 1:16
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Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory
• John Dalton (1766–
1844): Proposed
explanations for the laws
of mass conservation
and definite proportions.
Provided a unified atomic
theory. Avid
meteorologist. Worked
with Nitrous Oxide and
Nitrogen Dioxide.
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Law of Multiple ProportionsLaw of Multiple Proportions
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Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory
• John Dalton (1766–1844): Proposed explanations for the
laws of mass conservation and definite proportions.
Postulate #1
• Elements are composed of tiny particles
called atoms
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Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory
• John Dalton (1766–1844): Proposed explanations for the
laws of mass conservation and definite proportions.
Postulate #2
• All atoms of a given element are identical
having the element’s unique properties
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Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory
• John Dalton (1766–1844): Proposed explanations for the
laws of mass conservation and definite proportions.
Postulate #3
• Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in
chemical reactions
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Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory
• John Dalton (1766–1844): Proposed explanations for the
laws of mass conservation and definite proportions.
Postulate #4
• Compounds are formed when atoms of more
than one elenment combine. A given compound
always has the same relative numbe of atoms
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Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory
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• Law of Multiple Proportions: • When two elements form two different compounds, the mass ratios are related by small whole numbers.
Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory
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Law of Multiple ProportionsLaw of Multiple Proportions
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Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory
• Methane and ethane are both constituents of natur
al gas. A sample of methane contains 11.40 g of ca
rbon and 3.80 g of hydrogen, whereas a sample of
ethane contains 4.47 g of carbon and 1.118 g of hy
drogen. Show that the two substances obey the law
of multiple proportions.
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
• Cathode-Ray Tube (Thomson, 1856–1940):
• Cathode rays
consist of tiny
negatively
charged particles,
now called
electrons.
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
• Deflection of electron depends on three factors:
• Strength of electric or magnetic field
• Size of negative charge on electron
• Mass of the electron
• Thomson calculated the electron’s charge to mass
ratio as 1.758820 x 108 Coulombs per gram.
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
• Oil Drop Experiment (Millikan, 1868–1953): Applied a voltage to oppose the downward fall of charged drops and suspend them.
• Voltage on plates place 1.602176 x 10-19 C of charge on each oil drop.
• Millikan calculated the electron’s mass as 9.109382 x 10-28 grams.
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
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• Discovery of Nucleus (Rutherford, 1871 – 1937):• Rutherford irradiated
gold foil with a beamof alpha () particlesto search for positivecharged particles.
The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
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Discovery of Nucleus (Rutherford, 1871–1937):Rutherford irradiatedgold foil with a beamof alpha () particlesto search for positivecharged particles.
Atom must be mostly empty space except for a central positive mass concentration.
The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
• Structure of the Atom:
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
Atomic Mass Unit
1 amu = 1/12 of the mass of on atom of Carbon-12
1 amu = 1.6605 x 10-24 g
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
• Isotopes: Atoms with identical atomic numbers, but different mass numbers.
• Atomic Mass: A weighted average of the isotopic masses of an element’s naturally occurring isotopes.
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
• The isotope is used medically for diagnosis of
pancreatic disorders. How many protons, neutrons,
and electrons does an atom of have?
• An atom of element X contains 47 protons and 62
neutrons. Identify the element, and write the
symbol for the isotope in the standard format.
7534Se
7534Se
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
• Chlorine has two naturally occurring isotopes:
with an abundance of 75.77% and an isotopic mass
of 34.969 amu, and with an abundance of
24.23% and an isotopic mass of 36.966 amu. What
is the atomic mass of chlorine?
3717 Cl
3517 Cl
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The Structure of AtomsThe Structure of Atoms
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Compounds and MixturesCompounds and Mixtures
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IonsIons
• Electrically charged atom or group of atoms
• Cation: (+) charge• Anion: (-) charge
• Ionic Compound: A compound that consists of ions
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IonsIons
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IonsIons
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Atoms, Molecules, and IonsAtoms, Molecules, and Ions
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Atoms, Molecules, and IonsAtoms, Molecules, and Ions
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Naming CationsNaming Cations
1. Elements having just one characteristic ionic charge
Simply use the name of the element:
Na+ sodium ion Zn2+ zinc ionK+ potassium ion Al3+ aluminum
ionCa2+ calcium ion etc.
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Naming CationsNaming Cations
2. Elements forming more than one type of cation
Follow the name of the element with its stock number (Roman numeral equal to the number of electrons lost):
Fe2+ iron (II) ion Pb2+ lead (II) ionFe3+ iron (III) ion Pb4+ lead (IV) ion
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Naming AnionsNaming Anions
Stem + ide
F- fluorideCl- chlorideBr- bromideO2- oxideS2- sulfideN3- nitride
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Naming OxoanionsNaming Oxoanions
Stem + ate
If more than one combination exits:
Stem + ate → larger number of O atoms
Stem + ite → smaller number of O atoms
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Some Common OxoanionsSome Common Oxoanions
(NO3)- nitrate
(NO2)- nitrite
(SO4)2- sulfate
(SO3)2- sulfite
(PO4)3- phosphate
(CO3)2- carbonate
OH- hydroxide
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Some Common OxoanionsSome Common Oxoanions
Dichromate (Cr2O7)2-
Permanganate (MnO4)-
Hydrogen Carbonate (HCO3)-
Bromate (BrO3)-
Chlorate (ClO3)-
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Polyatomic IonsPolyatomic Ions
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Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds
• Ionic Bonding (Ionic Solids): These are formed by a transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.
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Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds
• Which of the following drawings represents an ionic compound, and which a molecular compound?
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Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds
• Main Group Cations and Anions.
Ions combine to form neutral compounds.
Examples:
Na+ and Cl– combine to form NaCl.
Ca2+ and Cl– combine to form CaCl2.
Al3+ and Cl– combine to form AlCl3.
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Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds
Combine Ion NamesCation + Anion
NaCl sodium chlorideCuCl copper (I) chlorideCuCl2 copper (II) chloride
CaCO3 calcium carbonate
Al2O3 aluminum oxide
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Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds
• If the green spheres represent cations, and the
blue represent anions, which of the formulas are
consistent with the figure?
(a) LiBr
(b) NaNO2
(c) CaCl2
(d) K2CO3
(e) Fe2(SO4)3
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Common OxoacidsCommon Oxoacids
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MoleculesMolecules
• Covalent Bonding (Molecules): The most common type of chemical bond is formed when two atoms share some of their electrons.
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MoleculesMolecules
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• Molecule: A definite and distinct group of bonded atoms
• Molecular compound: A compound consisting of molecules
• Molecular formula: Water → H20
• Molecular Weight (MW): The average mass of one of the molecules of a compound.
Molecules and CompoundsMolecules and Compounds
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Naming Molecular CompoundsNaming Molecular Compounds
MUCH more complicated!
Binary compounds are often named as if they were ionic:
HCl hydrogen chlorideCO2 carbon dioxide
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The AlkanesThe Alkanes
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The AlkanesThe Alkanes
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Other Interesting CompoundsOther Interesting Compounds
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Other Interesting CompoundsOther Interesting Compounds