Dr Nick Ward, Research Director, General Lighthouse ... · Introduction Origins of positioning...
Transcript of Dr Nick Ward, Research Director, General Lighthouse ... · Introduction Origins of positioning...
Dr Nick Ward, Research Director, General Lighthouse Authorities of the UK & Ireland
Contents
Introduction
Origins of positioning
Lighthouses
History
Development
Radio-navigation
History
Current status
Electronic Positioning
History
Current status
E-Navigation
Definition
Schedule
Applications
Origins of positioning
Landmarks – hills, trees
Pharos of Alexandria
Roman lighthouse at Dover
Lights in churches
Fires on hills
Special towers
Purpose-built lighthouse
Hazard warning
Navigation marks
Orientation
The Eddystone
First offshore lighthouse in
Europe
On the Eddystone Rock
13 miles off Plymouth
By Henry Winstanley in 1698
Five years later, destroyed in
a storm, Henry was lost.
Famous Lighthouses
The Stevensons – Bell Rock,
Skerryvore and many others
The Bell Rock has just reached
200 years in service
Eddystone, the present Douglass
tower is the fourth
The Needles
Bishop Rock
Wolf Rock
Development of lighthouses
Candles/Mirrors
Oil lamps
Lenses
Electric lights
Solar power
All UK Lighthouse are automatic
No lighthouse keepers
anymore
Maintained by helicopters
Need to make them very
reliable
Very low energy
Lighthouse development
More and more efficient lamps
From 3.5 kW incandescent
To 1 kW metal halide
Down to 35-150 W (enabling solar PV)
Now moving to LEDs
Old Head of Kinsale (South of Ireland)
Existing light sources:
2 x 150 W metal halide
Proposed LED replacement:
50 – 75 W
Casquets Lighthouse
(Channel Islands) • LED best appearance, white colour
• Power requirement allows PV
• Carbon discharge from 16T to < 1T p.a.
•
• Saving of around 150 tonnes over 10 yrs.
• Savings in fuel costs around £10,000 p.a.
Do we need lighthouses?
Ships now use satellites
Electronic chart displays
But electronics can fail
Visual AtoNs provide fallback
Also spatial awareness
Radio Navigation
GPS
30+ satellites
II/IIA/IIR/IIF
IIIA 2014 onwards
FOC 2020?
L1, L2, L5, L1C
GLONASS
Russian equivalent
FDMA, but CDMA coming
Now back to 24+ sats
Global coverage
Funding?
Galileo
EU “civil” system
GPS compatible
Open, SoL, PRS
Integrity
Funding?
Compass/Beidou
10th satellite launched in
February (GEO)
Mix of GEOs, MEOs and
HEOs
Regional coverage by end
2012
Global coverage 2020
SBAS
EGNOS
WAAS
MSAS
GAGAN
Electronic positioning
High accuracy Terrestrial systems
LF – Pulse 8
HF – HiFix/Hyperfix
UHF – Syledis
µwave – Microfix,
Trisponder, Mini-ranger
OmniStar/StarFire
Commercial services
Geo-stationary satellites
Different levels of
service
Centimetric accuracy
e-Navigation
e-Navigation - definition
The International Maritime
Organisation (IMO) has defined e-
Navigation as:
“the harmonised collection,
integration, exchange,
presentation and analysis of
maritime information onboard and
ashore by electronic means to
enhance berth to berth navigation
and related services, for safety
and security at sea and protection
of the marine environment”
Based on User Requirements
Common Information Structure
Automated & Standardised
Reporting
Effective and Robust
communications
Human Centred Presentation
Needs
Human Machine Interface
Data and System Integrity
Analysis
Training
e-Navigation Schedule
Complete Gap Analysis - 2012
Risk Analysis – 2013
Cost Benefit Analysis – 2013
Strategy Implementation Plan – 2014
Implementation (phase 1?) 2014 – 2018?
Integrating existing equipment, using current standards
Implementation (phase 2?) 2018 – 2025?
Introducing new systems
ACCSEAS
e-Navigation in the North Sea
e-Navigation solutions in the congested North
Sea
• increasing density of shipping
• reduced sea room
• more offshore installations
• larger ships
• more traffic pinch-points
• approach to major ports
• traffic separation schemes
► reduce risk of collision & grounding
► safer & more efficient access to the region
and its ports
Resilient PNT - GNSS/DGNSS
Assessment of effects of solar activity on GNSS performance in runup to the next
solar maximum, around 2013.
Monitoring of GPS, GLONASS and EGNOS status and performance, to
understand the technical and policy implications.
Assessment of options for providing a DGNSS service to meet needs of existing
users and take account of GNSS developments.
GNSS hardening to improve resilience to accidental and deliberate interference.
Participation in standards bodies to ensure harmonisation of services amongst all
DGNSS service providers.
GNSS is at risk during Solar max
Polar scintillation, courtesy University of Bath
GNSS signal refraction & diffraction
Phase scintillation
- significant delay in pseudorange measurement
Amplitude scintillation
- strong fades may lead to GNSS receiver losing
signal tracking
Standalone range errors up to 60m
Loss of navigation solution
Solar cycle
Effects on GNSS
Plot of 95% position error observed from a raw GPS (dotted line) and DGPS (solid
line) receivers during September 2011 solar events
Multiple constellations
Resilient PNT - eLoran
Business Case analysis shows clear economic benefit (2:1) over the lifetime of the
system.
Planning and development is for initial operational eLoran service in 2013, FOC
2018.
Demonstrations carried out to show that eLoran meets requirements of e-
Navigation. Software and hardware being developed to support deployment
Common plan under discussion among European states with Loran facilities, in
particular France and Norway, but also Russia.
European Commission being encouraged by many bodies to progress towards a
European Radio Navigation Plan, to coordinate provision of all services.
eLoran coverage
Racons
Radar beacons are a very valuable aid to navigation, independent of GNSS,
providing location relative to a hazard, turning point or TSS
Performance may be affected by introduction of New Technology (solid-state) S-
band radars
Trials carried out with NT radar show that performance can be maintained by
improved specification
Navigation requirement for racons reaffirmed, technical specification modified
Forward-looking strategy for racons now an IALA Guideline ensuring harmonious
development worldwide
Potential for absolute position-fixing with enhanced racons as part of e-Navigation
Racon on Kish LH and AIS targets
Virtual AtoNs
AIS allows rapid provision of AtoNs on an electronic display
prior to deployment of physical AtoNs
Marking of new hazard, such as wrecks
Dynamic marking to deal with changing situation
Requires AIS network, or:
AIS AtoNs on vessels and key lighthouses
Transportable units
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Four cardinal virtual AtoNs round floating
container (ECDIS) - simulation
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Four cardinal virtual AtoNs round floating
container (radar) - simulation
Common Data Structure
IHO S-100
S-101 ENCs
Non-hydrographic:
AtoNs
VTS
AIS
New applications – 3D
Courtesy of NOAA
Is e-Navigation the answer?
Human element
Harmonisation/integration
Necessary information
Coherent presentation
Resilient infrastructure
Navigation/communications
Essential data (ENCs, MSI)
Training & awareness
Further information