Dr. Kannan Ganapathy Speaker at Knowledge Day 2015
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Transcript of Dr. Kannan Ganapathy Speaker at Knowledge Day 2015
Differential Diagnoses for Chicken Respiratory Diseases
K Ganapathy DVM PhD DipECPVS MRCVSLecturer in infectious diseases (poultry)
RCVS Recognized Specialist in Poultry MedicineDiplomate, European College of Poultry Veterinary Science
Email:[email protected]
A MEMBER OF THE RUSSELL GROUP
& School of Veterinary Science
Content: Chicken respiratory diseases• Anatomy & physiology
• Factors leading to respiratory diseases
• Clinical signs and lesions
• Differential diagnoses• Laboratory support• Control & Prevention• Conclusions
https://www.google.com/imghp
Broiler
Farm - arrival
Layer Breeder
Brooding
Growers
Respiratory system
• Upper respiratory tract• Nares
• Mechanical filters• Nasal cavity
• conchae• Paranasal sinus
• Infraorbital sinuses
micro-filteration, warms moisture
• Lower respiratory tract• Air passes through the Choanae to larynx.• Larynx – not connected to sound creation.• Larynx to trachea (complete cartilaginous rings)• End of trachea, bifurcates onto bronchus
]
Respiratory system• Syrinx
• Trachea bifurcation form the syrinx – movable structure responsible for sound cremation
• Syrinx compose:-• Caudal tracheal rings• First cartilaginous left bronchus• First cartilaginous right bronchus• Middle cartilaginous ‘partition wall’
https://www.google.com/imghp
Dr. A. Herrmann
A Herrmann
Respiratory system• Bronchi, air sacs and lungs
• No diaphragm in birds• Lungs are fixed, do not expand• Behind the syrinx, left and right primary bronchi
branches out from trachea• Primary bronchi crosses lungs, forms parabronchi and
tertiary bronchi, and all interconnected• Then empty into the air sacs• Air sacs – plays essential role
• Number of air sacs variable depending on species• See diagram for the locations of air sacs• Thoracic and abdominal muscle movements allows
inspiration and expiration of air and movements
Chicken respiratory disease – summary
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Chickens
Host Environment
AGENT
Interplay between AGENT, hosts and environment
Host Environment
AGENT
disease process
Outcome
others reproductiveneurology
skin m/skeletal GUTrespiratory
Immunosuppresed flock
Environment
AGENT
disease process
Severe-Outcome
others reproductiveneurology
skin m/skeletal GUTrespiratory
Chicken respiratory diseases
• InfectiousViruses BacteriaChlamydiaMycoplasmasProtozoaFungi/yeastsInternal parasitesExternal parasites
• Non-infectiousTumoursBehaviourNutritionManagementEnvironmentPhysicalChemical
Chicken respiratory diseases
• Non-infectiousTumoursBehaviour
NutritionManagementEnvironmentPhysicalChemical
Vitamin A deficiency
Respiratory signs – ocular and nasal discharges,IOS swelling, cheesy exudate in eyes.
Lesions – exudate in the IOS, mostly cheesy - swelling of oesophageal glands
Other impact – integrity of respiratory epithelium affected.
Chicken respiratory diseases
• Non-infectiousTumoursBehaviourNutritionManagementEnvironmentPhysical
Chemical
Excessive use of formalinhatcheries
Respiratory signs – increased mortality week 1, sneezing, coughing, ocular-
nasal discharge, gasping?Lesions – those associated with CCRD including tracheal plugsOther impact – disease and losses due to hatchery vaccination due to respiratory injuries
Chicken respiratory diseases
• Non-infectiousTumoursBehaviourNutritionManagementEnvironmentPhysical
Chemical
Feed – mycotoxins- BF, thymus and others
- reduce feed intake
Adverse effects on respiratory tracthealth due to immunosuppressionand loss of micronutrients.
Chicken respiratory diseases
• Non-infectiousTumoursBehaviourNutritionManagement
EnvironmentPhysicalChemical
Poor ventilation, enclosed buildingStuffy micro-environmentAmmonia building-upDust
Chicken respiratory infections…• Infectious
Viruses BacteriaChlamydiaMycoplasmasFungi/yeastsParasites
- protozoa- worms
• Non-infectiousPhysiological/malfunctionTumoursBehaviourNutritionManagementEnvironmentPhysicalChemical
Avian influenza– H5/H7Newcastle disease
Infectious bronchitis virus (IB) LPAI – H9N2 Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) Fowl pox (FP)
Chicken respiratory infections…• Infectious
Viruses BacteriaChlamydiaMycoplasmasFungi/yeastsParasites
- protozoa- worms
• Non-infectiousPhysiological/malfunctionTumoursBehaviourNutritionManagementEnvironmentPhysicalChemical
E coli Pasteurella multocida (F cholera) Avibacterium paragallinarum (IC) Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) Salmonella sp Others
Chicken respiratory infections…• Infectious
Viruses BacteriaChlamydiaMycoplasmasFungi/yeastsParasites
- protozoa- worms
• Non-infectiousPhysiological/malfunctionTumoursBehaviourNutritionManagementEnvironmentPhysicalChemical
M. gallisepticum (Mg)M. synoviae (Ms)
E coli Pasteurella multocida (F cholera) Avibacterium paragallinarum (IC) Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) Salmonella sp Others
Chicken respiratory infections…• Infectious
Viruses BacteriaChlamydiaMycoplasmasFungi/yeastsParasites
- protozoa- worms
• Non-infectiousPhysiological/malfunctionTumoursBehaviourNutritionManagementEnvironmentPhysicalChemical
Aspergillus fumigatus
Chicken respiratory infections…• Infectious
Viruses BacteriaChlamydiaMycoplasmasFungi/yeastsParasites
- protozoa- worms
• Non-infectiousPhysiological/malfunctionTumoursBehaviourNutritionManagementEnvironmentPhysicalChemical
Syngamus tracheaCryptosporidium baileyi
Chicken respiratory disease – clinical signs and lesions
- Nasal and ocular discharges- Wheezing, rales- Sneezing, Coughing- Gasping- Head-shaking/scratching- Mortality and morbility, variable
Conjunctivitis Sinusitis Rhinitis Laryngitis Tracheitis
Chicken respiratory disease – clinical signs and lesions
- Abdominal breathing- Wheezing
Tracheal plug Pneumoniae Lung congestion Airsacculitis
Mild Moderate Severe
Fibrinous airsacculitis Yellowish spots (fungi)
Chicken respiratory infections– differential diagnoses
• Signs and lesions similar for the listed pathogens….
• except:– HPAI, high sudden mortality, rapid morbidity– NDV, high sudden mortality, rapid morbidity*– LPAI, variable mortality, rapid morbidity *– IBV, variable mortality, rapid morbidity *– aMPV, low mortality, low morbidity *– ILT, variable mortality, low morbidity *– Mycoplasmas and other bacterial infections, variable
mortality and low morbidity *
• Also for ILT, coughing with blood and haemorrhagic tracheitis, characteristic
Chicken respiratory infections– differential diagnoses
Chicken respiratory diseases –differential diagnosesFor Mg + Ms, similar signs, often mild and prolonged, except
exacerbation when complicated with other pathogens
Mg MsYear 1935/
19601960/1964
Respiratory disease +++ ++Reproductive disease +++ +++
Musculoskeletal + +++
Diagnostic priorities +++ +++
Ms becoming as important as Mg - worldwide
Mg MsYear 1935/
19601960/1964
Respiratory disease +++
Reproductive disease +++
Musculoskeletal + +++
Diagnostic priorities +++
Feberwee, et al., 2009
Agent Resp GIT Neu Repr Renal M/S etc
HPAI √ √ √ √ √ √
LPAI √ √ √ √ √
NDV √ √ √ √ √ √
IBV √ ? √ √ √?
ILTV √
aMPV √ √ √
FP √ √ √
Respiratory infections = respiratory + systems (normally)
Agent Resp GIT Neu Repr Renal M/S etc
Mg √ √
Ms √ √ √
PM √ √ √
AvP √
ORT √
Ec √ √ √ √ √ √
Sal √ √ √ √ √ √
Respiratory infections = respiratory + systems (normally)
Agent Resp GIT Neu Repr Renal M/S etc
Syntr √
Crypb √ √
Respiratory infections = respiratory + systems (normally)
AgentSerology
ELISA HI SNT Pen-site
HPAI √ √ √ √LPAI √ √ √NDV √ √ √IBV √ √ √ILTV √ √
aMPV √ √
Respiratory infectionslaboratory diagnosis - serology
• Availability• Cost• Speed(delivering results)• Assay
• Convenience • User friendly• Sensitivity• Specificity
• Sample collection….• Antigen detection
• Culture, isolation and identification• Bacteria and fungal• Mycoplasmas• Viruses• Parasites (identification)
• Molecular detection, genotyping or finger-printing• Conventional PCR• Real-time PCR
Virus isolation versus PCRlaboratory diagnosis – antigen detection
Direct demonstration• EM• Immunostaining
• Non-specific versus suggestive findings• Some differential is possible but non-confirmatory• In the case of ILT
• Intranuclear inclusion bodies in the mucosa
Histopathologylaboratory diagnosis: general versus suggestive
Control and prevention: respiratory diseases(outline)
Biosecurity
ChickensManagement
Vaccine &Vaccination; strategic medication;
health tonic
Conclusions Consider non-infectious prior to the infectious
causes Investigate the potential ‘underlying’ issues… Laboratory support essential for narrowing respiratory diagnoses Serology most preferred, however, best to complement with antigen detection Molecular detection preferred but should be companied with culture, isolation and identification
Thanks for your kind attention…Email:[email protected]
Acknowledgments